AIM: To ob s er ve in p u t -ou t p u t wa vefor m s of com m on em it ter (CE ) a m p lifier .

To m ea s u r e ga in of a m p lifier a t d ifferen t freq u en cies a n d p lot

fr equ en cy res p on s e

In t ro du c t io n :

Com m on em it t er a m p lifier is u s ed t o a m p lify wea k s ign a l. It u t ilizes

en er gy fr om DC p ower s u p p ly t o a m p lify in p u t AC s ign a l. Bia s in g of
t r a n s is t or is d on e t o t ie Q p oin t a t t h e m id d le of th e loa d lin e. In t h e cir cu it
s h own , volt a ge d ivid er b ia s is for m ed u s in g r es is t or s 1 0 K a n d 2 .2 K. Du r in g
p os itive cycle, for wa r d b ia s of b a s e-em itt er ju n ct ion in crea s es a n d b a s e
cu r r en t in crea s es . Q p oin t m oves in u p wa r d d ir ect ion on loa d lin e a n d
collect or cu r ren t in cr ea s es β t im es t h a n b a s e cu r r en t . ( β is cu r r en t ga in ).
Collect or r es is t or d r op IcRc in cr ea s es d u e t o in cr ea s e in collect or cu r ren t Ic.
Th is will r ed u ce collect or volt a ge. Th u s d u r in g p os it ive in p u t cycle, we get
n ega t ive ou t p u t cycle. Wh en in p u t is n ega tive cycle, for wa rd b ia s of b a s e-
em it ter ju n ct ion a n d b a s e cu r ren t will red u ce. Collect or cu r r en t red u ces (Q
p oin t m oves d own s id e). Du e t o d ecr ea s e in collect or cu r r en t , collect or
r es is ta n ce volta ge d r op IcRc red u ces a n d collect or volta ge in cr ea s es . Ch a n ge
in collect or volt a ge is m u ch h igh er t h a n a p p lied b a s e volt a ge b eca u s e les s
b a s e cu r r en t va r ia t ion ca u s es la r ge collect or cu r r en t va r ia t ion d u e t o cu r r en t
ga in B . Th is la r ge collector cu r r en t fu r th er m u lt ip lied b y collect or r es is ta n ce
Rc wh ich p r ovid es la r ge volta ge ou t p u t . Th u s CE a m p lifier p r ovid es volt a ge
ga in a n d a m p lifies th e in p u t s ign a l. Wit h ou t em it t er r es is t a n ce ga in of
a m p lifier is h igh es t b u t it is n ot s ta b le. E m itt er res is t a n ce is u s ed t o p r ovid e
s t a b ilit y. To com p en s a t e effect of em it t er r es is t a n ce em itt er b yp a s s ca p a cit or
is u s ed wh ich p r ovid es AC gr ou n d t o t h e em it ter . Th is will in cr ea s e ga in of
a m p lifier .

CE a m p lifier d oes n ot p r ovid e con s t a n t volt a ge ga in a t a ll fr equ en cies .

Du e t o em it t er b yp a s s a n d cou p lin g ca p a cit or s r ed u ces ga in of a m p lifier a t
low fr equ en cy. Rea ct a n ce of ca p a cit or is h igh a t low fr eq u en cy, h en ce
em it ter b yp a s s ca p a citor d oes n ot p r ovid e p er fect AC gr ou n d (E m it t er
im p ed a n ce is h igh ). Th er e is volta ge d rop a cr os s cou p lin g ca p a cit or a t low
fr equ en cy b eca u s e of h igh r ea cta n ce a t low fr eq u en cies . Ga in of CE a m p lifier
a ls o red u ces a t ver y h igh frequ en cy b eca u s e of s t ra y ca p a cit a n ces . Au d io
fr equ en cy t ra n s is t or s lik e AC1 2 7 , AC1 2 8 wor k s for a u d io fr equ en cy r a n ge.
It d oes n ot p r ovid e la r ge volta ge ga in for fr equ en cy gr ea t er t h a n 2 0 KHz.
Med iu m fr equ en cy t r a n s is t or s a re BC1 4 7 / BC1 4 8 / BC5 4 7 / BC5 4 8 p r ovid es
volt a ge ga in u p to 5 0 0 KHz. High fr equ en cy t r a n s is t or s lik e
BF1 9 4 / BF5 9 4 / BF2 0 0 p r ovid es ga in a t r a d io frequ en cies in t h e MHz r a n ge.
 If we a p p ly la r ge s ign a l a t t h e in p u t of CE a m p lifier , t r a n s is t or d r iven
in t o s a t u r a t ion r egion d u r in g p os it ive p ea k a n d cu t -off r egion d u r in g n
ega t ive p ea k (Q p oin t r ea ch es t o s a t u r a t ion a n d cu t -off p oin t s ). Du e t o t h is
clip p in g occu r s in a m p lified s ign a l. S o we h a ve t o a p p ly s m a ll s ign a l a t t h e
in p u t a n d en s u r e th a t t r a n s is t or op era t es in a ct ive region .

Ci rc u it diag ra m :

Ex pe ri m e n t al p ro c e d u re :

• Con n ect fu n ct ion gen er a t or a t t h e in p u t of t h e a m p lifier cir cu it .

• S et in p u t volt a ge 1 0 m V a n d freq u en cy 1 0 0 Hz.

• Con n ect CRO a t t h e ou t p u t of t h e a m p lifier cir cu it .

• Ob s er ve a m p lified s ign a l a n d m ea s u r e ou t p u t volta ge

• In cr ea s e freq u en cy fr om t h e fu n ct ion gen era t or a n d r ep ea t a b ove s t ep

• Not e d own r ea d in gs of ou t p u t volt a ge in t h e ob s er va t ion t a b le for fr

equ en cy ra n ge fr om 1 0 0 Hz t o 1 0 MHz

• Ca lcu la t e volta ge ga in for d iffer en t fr equ en cies a n d ga in in d B. Plot

fr equ en cy res p on s e.
 :: WORKS HEET ::

Dra w c irc u it diag ram fro m t h e bo a rd av a ila ble in t h e la bo ra t o ry :

Obs e rva t io n t a ble :

In p u t volt a ge: Vi = 1 0 m V

S r . No. Fr equ en cy Ou t p u t volt a ge Vo Ga in A = Vo/ Vi Ga in in d B=

a t t h e in p u t 2 0 log1 0 (A)

1.

2.

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6.

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12.
Dr a w fr equ en cy res p on s e of CE a m p lifier (you ca n a ls o u s e loga r it h m ic
gr a p h or u s e log s ca le)

Co n c lu s io n :