Stabil-30

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
KASTEELPARK
KASTEELPARK ARENBERG 40 B-3001 LEUVEN
KATHOLIEKE
UNIVERSITEIT
LEUVEN
StaBIL: A FINITE ELEMENT TOOLBOX FOR MATLAB
VERSION 3.0
USER’S GUIDE
Report BWM-2014-***
David DOOMS, Miche JANSEN, Guido DE ROECK, Geert DEGRANDE,

Geert LOMBAERT, Mattias SCHEVENELS, Stijn FRANÇ
FRANC
¸ OIS
September 2014
Contents
1 Functio
unctions
ns — By cate
categor
gory
y 1
1.1 Genera
Generall functio
functions
ns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Postp
Postproce
rocessi
ssing
ng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.3
1.3 Dyna
Dynami
mics
cs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
1.4
1.4 Beam
Beam funct
functio
ions
ns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
1.5 Truss functio
functions
ns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
1.6 Genera
Generall shel
shelll functio
functions
ns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
1.7 Shell4
Shell4 functio
functions
ns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
1.8 Shell8
Shell8 functio
functions
ns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
1.9 Nonline
Nonlinear
ar anal
analysi
ysiss functi
functions
ons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
2 Tutor
utoria
iall 71
2.1 Tutorial
utorial:: static
static anal
analysi
ysiss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
2.2 Tutorial
utorial:: dynamic
dynamic analysi
analysiss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
2.2.
2.2.11 Eige
Eigenm
nmode
odess . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
2.2.2 Modal superposition
superposition:: time domain:
domain: piecewise
piecewise exact
exact integrat
integration
ion . . . . . . . . . 79
2.2.3
2.2.3 Modal superpos
superpositi
ition:
on: transform
transform to freq
frequen
uency
cy domai
domain
n. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
2.2.4
2.2.4 Direct
Direct time
time integ
integrat
ration
ion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
2.2.5
2.2.5 Direct
Direct solu
solutio
tion
n in the frequenc
frequency
y domain
domain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
2.2.
2.2.66 Compa
Compari
riso
son
n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
2.3 Tutorial
utorial:: shell analys
analysis
is . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
2.4 Tutorial
utorial:: nonline
nonlinear
ar anal
analysi
ysiss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
3 Ex
Exam
ampl
ples
es 97
3.1
3.1 Exam
Exampl
plee 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
3.2
3.2 Exam
Exampl
plee 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
3.3
3.3 Exam
Exampl
plee 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
3.4
3.4 Exam
Exampl
plee 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
ii Contents
3.5
3.5 Exam
Exampl
plee 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
3.6
3.6 Exam
Exampl
plee 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
3.7
3.7 Exam
Exampl
plee 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
4 Functions
unctions — Alpha
Alphabetica
beticall list
list 127
Chapter 1
Functions — By category
1.1 General functions
getdof Get the vector with the degrees of freedom of the model. p.2
asmkm Assemble stiffness and mass matrix. p.2
removedof Remove DOF with Dirichlet boundary conditions equal to zero. p.2
addconstr Add constraint equations to the stiffness matrix and load vector. p.3
tconstr Return matrices to apply constraint equations. p.3
nodalvalues Construct a vector with the values at the selected DOF. p.4
elemloads Equivalent nodal forces. p.4
accel Compute the distributed loads due to an acceleration. p.4
elemforces Compute the element forces. p.5
elemdisp Select the element displacements from the global displacement vector. p.5
selectdof Select degrees of freedom. p.6
unselectdof Unselect degrees of freedom. p.7
selectnode Select nodes by location. p.7
reprow Replicate rows from a matrix. p.7
multdloads Combine distributed loads. p.8
2 Functions — By category
getdof
GETDOF Get the vector with the degrees of freedom of the model.
DOF=getdof(Elements,Types) builds the vector with the

labels of the degrees of freedom for which stiffness is present in the
finite element model.
Elements Element definitions [EltID TypID SecID MatID n1 n2 ...]

Types Element type definitions {TypID EltName Option1 ... }
DOF Degrees of freedom (nDOF * 1)
See also DOF_TRUSS, DOF_BEAM, GETDOF.
removedof
REMOVEDOF Remove DOF with Dirichlet boundary conditions equal to zero.
DOF=removedof(DOF,seldof) removes the specified Dirichlet boundary

conditions from the degrees of freedom vector.

seldof Dirichlet boundary conditions equal to zero [NodID.dof]
See also GETDOF.
asmkm
ASMKM Assemble stiffness and mass matrix.
[K,M] = asmkm(Nodes,Elements,Types,Sections,Materials,DOF)
K = asmkm(Nodes,Elements,Types,Sections,Materials,DOF)
K = asmkm(Nodes,Elements,Types,Sections,Materials)
assembles the stiffness and the mass matrix using the finite element method.
Nodes Node definitions [NodID x y z]

Sections Section definitions [SecID SecProp1 SecProp2 ...]
Materials Material definitions [MatID MatProp1 MatProp2 ... ]
K Stiffness matrix (nDOF * nDOF)
General functions 3
M Mass matrix (nDOF * nDOF)
See also KE_TRUSS, KE_BEAM.
addconstr
ADDCONSTR Add constraint equations to the stiffness matrix and load vector.
[K,F]=addconstr(Constr,DOF,K,F)
[K,F,M]=addconstr(Constr,DOF,K,[],M)
[K,F,M]=addconstr(Constr,DOF,K,F,M)
modifies the stiffness matrix, the mass matrix and the load vector according
to the applied constraint equations. The dimensions of the stiffness matrix,
the mass matrix and the load vector are kept the same. The resulting
stiffness and mass matrix are not symmetric anymore. This function can be
used as well to apply imposed displacements.
Constr Constraint equation:

Constant=CoefS*SlaveDOF+CoefM1*MasterDOF1+CoefM2*MasterDOF2+...
[Constant CoefS SlaveDOF CoefM1 MasterDOF1 CoefM2 MasterDOF2 ...]
F Load vector (nDOF * nSteps)
tconstr
TCONSTR Return matrices to apply constraint equations.
[T,Q0,MasterDOF]=tconstr(Constr,DOF)
returns matrices to apply constraint equations to the stiffness and mass
matrix and the load vector: Kr=T.’*K*T, Mr=T.’*M*T and Fr=T.’*(F-K*Q0).
The original displacement vector is computed using U=T*Ur+Q0.
Constr Constraint equation:

Constant=CoefS*SlaveDOF+CoefM1*MasterDOF1+CoefM2*MasterDOF2+...
[Constant CoefS SlaveDOF CoefM1 MasterDOF1 CoefM2 MasterDOF2 ...]
nodalvalues
NODALVALUES Construct a vector with the values at the selected DOF.
F=nodalvalues(DOF,seldof,values)
constructs a vector with the values at the selected DOF. This function can
be used to obtain a load vector, initial displacements, velocities or
accelerations.

seldof Selected degrees of freedom [NodID.dof] (nValues * 1)
values Corresponding values [Value] (nValues * nSteps)
F Load vector (nDOF * nSteps)
See also ELEMLOADS.
elemloads
ELEMLOADS Equivalent nodal forces.
F=elemloads(DLoads,Nodes,Elements,Types,DOF)
computes the equivalent nodal forces of a distributed load
(in the global coordinate system).
DLoads Distributed loads [EltID n1globalX n1globalY n1globalZ ...]

F Load vector (nDOF * 1)
See also LOADS_TRUSS, LOADS_BEAM, NODALVALUES.
accel
ACCEL Compute the distributed loads due to an acceleration.
DLoads=accel(Accelxyz,Elements,Types,Sections,Materials)
computes the distributed loads due to an acceleration.
In order to simulate gravity, accelerate the structure in the direction
opposite to gravity.
General functions 5
Accelxyz Acceleration [Ax Ay Az] (1 * 3)

See also ELEMLOADS, ACCEL_BEAM, ACCEL_TRUSS.
elemforces
ELEMFORCES Compute the element forces.
[ForcesLCS,ForcesGCS]
=elemforces(Nodes,Elements,Types,Sections,Materials,DOF,U,DLoads)
[ForcesLCS,ForcesGCS]
=elemforces(Nodes,Elements,Types,Sections,Materials,DOF,U)
computes the element forces in the local (beam convention) and the
global (algebraic convention) coordinate system.

U Displacements (nDOF * 1)
ForcesLCS Element forces in LCS (beam convention) [N Vy Vz T My Mz]
(nElem * 12)
ForcesGCS Element forces in GCS (algebraic convention) (nElem * 12)
See also FORCES_TRUSS, FORCES_BEAM.
elemdisp
ELEMDISP Select the element displacements from the global displacement vector.
UeGCS = elemdisp(Type,NodeNum,DOF,U) selects the element

displacements from the global displacement vector.
Type Element type e.g. ’beam’,’truss’, ...

N j
y V yj
x M yj
T j
z
j V zj
M zj
V zi
M yi
T i i
V yi
N i M zi
Figure 1.1: Beam convention.
NodeNum Node numbers (1 * nNodes)

UeGCS Elements displacements
See also ELEMFORCES, DOF_BEAM, DOF_TRUSS.
selectdof
SELECTDOF Select degrees of freedom.
L=selectdof(DOF,seldof)
[L,I]=selectdof(DOF,seldof)
L=selectdof(DOF,seldof,’Ordering’,ordering)
creates the matrix to extract degrees of freedom from the global degrees of
freedom by matrix multiplication.

seldof Selected DOF labels (kDOF * 1)
L Selection matrix (kDOF * nDOF)
I Index vector (kDOF * 1)
ordering ’seldof’,’DOF’ or ’sorted’ Default: ’seldof’
General functions 7
Ordering of L and I similar as seldof, DOF or sorted
unselectdof
UNSELECTDOF Unselect degrees of freedom.
L=unselectdof(DOF,seldof)
[L,I]=unselectdof(DOF,seldof)
creates the matrix to unselect degrees of freedom from the global degrees of
freedom.

seldof Unselected dof labels (ndof * 1)
L Selection matrix ((nDOF-ndof) * nDOF)
I Index vector ((nDOF-ndof) * 1)
See also SELECTDOF.
selectnode
SELECTNODE Select nodes by location.
Nodesel=selectnode(Nodes,x,y,z)
Nodesel=selectnode(Nodes,xmin,ymin,zmin,xmax,ymax,zmax)
selects nodes by location.

Nodesel Node definitions of the selected nodes
reprow
REPROW Replicate rows from a matrix.
Matrix=reprow(Matrix,RowSel,nTime,RowInc)
replicates the selected rows from a matrix a number of times and adds them
below the existing rows. The k-th time the increment RowInc is added k times
to the copied rows.
Matrix Matrix (nRow * nCol)

RowSel Rows to be copied (1 * kRow)
nTime Number of times
RowInc Increments that are added to the different columns of the copied
rows (1 * nCol)
multdloads
MULTDLOADS Combine distributed loads.
DLoads=multdloads(DLoads_1,DLoads_2,...,DLoads_k)
combines the distributed loads of multiple load cases into one 3D array.
Each plane corresponds to one load case.
DLoads_k Distributed loads [EltID n1globalX n1globalY n1globalZ ...]

(nElem_k * 7)
(maxnElem * 7 * k)
See also ELEMLOADS.

Postprocessing 9
1.2 Postprocessing
plotnodes Plot the nodes. p.10

plotelem Plot the elements. p.10
plotdisp Plot the displacements. p.11
plotforc Plot the forces. p.11
plotlcs Plot the local element coordinate systems. p.12
plotstress Plot the stresses. p.13
Plot filled contours of stresses.
plotstresscontourf p.14
animdisp Animate the displacements. p.14
getmovie Get the movie from a figure where an animation has been played. p.15
printdisp Display the displacements in the command window. p.15
printforc Display the forces in the command window. p.16
plotnodes
PLOTNODES Plot the nodes.
plotnodes(Nodes)
plots the nodes.
plotnodes(...,ParamName,ParamValue) sets the value of the specified

parameters. The following parameters can be specified:
’Numbering’ Plots the node numbers. Default: ’on’.
’GCS’ Plots the global coordinate system. Default: ’on’.
’Handle’ Plots in the axis with this handle. Default: current axis.
Additional parameters are redirected to the PLOT3 function which plots
the nodes.
h = PLOTNODES(...) returns a struct h with handles to all the objects

in the plot.
See also PLOTELEM, PLOTDISP.
plotelem
PLOTELEM Plot the elements.
plotelem(Nodes,Elements,Types)
plots the elements.

plotelem(...,ParamName,ParamValue) sets the value of the specified

’Numbering’ Plots the element numbers. Default: ’on’.
’GCS’ Plots the global coordinate system. Default: ’on’.
the elements.
h = PLOTELEM(...) returns a struct h with handles to all the objects

in the plot.
See also COORD_TRUSS, COORD_BEAM, PLOTDISP.

Postprocessing 11
plotdisp
PLOTDISP Plot the displacements.
plotdisp(Nodes,Elements,Types,DOF,U,DLoads,Sections,Materials)
plotdisp(Nodes,Elements,Types,DOF,U,[],Sections,Materials)
plotdisp(Nodes,Elements,Types,DOF,U)
DispScal=plotdisp(Nodes,Elements,Types,DOF,U,DLoads,Sections,Materials)
plots the displacements. If DLoads, Sections and Materials are supplied, the
displacements that occur due to the distributed loads if all nodes are fixed,
are superimposed.

(use empty array [] when shear deformation (in beam element)
is considered but no DLoads are present)
DispScal Displacement scaling
plotdisp(...,ParamName,ParamValue) sets the value of the specified

’DispScal’ Displacement scaling. Default: ’auto’.
’DispMax’ Mention maximal displacement. Default: ’on’.
’Undeformed’ Plots the undeformed mesh. Default: ’k:’.
the deformations.
[DispScal,h] = plotdisp(...) returns a struct h with handles to all the

objects in the plot.
See also DISP_TRUSS, DISP_BEAM, PLOTELEM.
plotforc
PLOTFORC Plot the forces.
plotforc(ftype,Nodes,Elements,Types,Forces,DLoads)
plotforc(ftype,Nodes,Elements,Types,Forces)
plots the forces (in beam convention).
ftype ’norm’ Normal force (in the local x-direction)

’sheary’ Shear force in the local y-direction
’shearz’ Shear force in the local z-direction
’momx’ Torsional moment (around the local x-direction)
’momy’ Bending moment around the local y-direction
’momz’ Bending moment around the local z-direction
Forces Element forces in LCS (beam convention) [N Vy Vz T My Mz]
(nElem * 12)
plotforc(...,ParamName,ParamValue) sets the value of the specified

’ForcScal’ Force scaling. Default: ’auto’.
’Values’ Force values. Default: ’on’.
’Undeformed’ Plots the undeformed mesh. Default: ’k-’.
the forces.
[ForcScal,h] = plotforc(...) returns a struct h with handles to all the

See also FDIAGRGCS_BEAM, FDIAGRGCS_TRUSS.
plotlcs
PLOTLCS Plot the local element coordinate systems.
[h,vLCS] = plotlcs(Nodes,Elements,Types)
[h,vLCS] = plotlcs(Nodes,Elements,Types,[],varargin)
plotlcs(Nodes,Elements,Types,vLCS,varargin)

vLCS Element coordinate systems (nElem * 9)
plotlcs(...,ParamName,ParamValue) sets the value of the specified
’GCS’ Plot the GCS. Default: ’on’.
’Handle’ Plots in the axis with this handle. Default: current
axis.
Postprocessing 13
See also ELEMSTRESS
plotstress
PLOTSTRESS Plot the stresses.
plotstress(stype,Nodes,Elements,Types,Sections,Forces,DLoads)
plotstress(stype,Nodes,Elements,Types,Sections,Forces)
plots the stresses.
stype ’snorm’ Normal stress due to normal force

’smomyt’ Normal stress due to bending moment
around the local y-direction at the top
’smomyb’ Normal stress due to bending moment
around the local y-direction at the bottom
’smomzt’ Normal stress due to bending moment
around the local z-direction at the top
’smomzb’ Normal stress due to bending moment
around the local z-direction at the bottom
’smax’ Maximal normal stress (normal force and bending moment)
’smin’ Minimal normal stress (normal force and bending moment)
Elements Element definitions [EltID TypID SecID MatIDn1 n2 ...]
Sections Section definitions [A ky kz Ixx Iyy Izz ytyb zt zb]
Forces Element forces in LCS (beam convention) [N Vy VzT My Mz]
(nElem * 12)
plotstress(...,ParamName,ParamValue) sets the value of the specified

’StressScal’ Stress scaling. Default: ’auto’.
’Values’ Stress values. Default: ’on’.
the stresses.
[StressScal,h] = plotstress(...) returns a struct h with handles to all the

See also SDIAGRGCS_BEAM, SDIAGRGCS_TRUSS.

plotstresscontourf
PLOTSTRESSCONTOURF Plot filled contours of stresses.
plotstresscontourf(stype,Nodes,Elements,Types,S)
plotstresscontourf(stype,Nodes,Elements,Types,S,DOF,U)
plots stress contours (output from ELEMSTRESS).
stype ’sx’ Normal stress (in the global/local x-direction)

’sy’
’sz’
’sxy’ Shear stress
’syz’
’sxz’
S Element stresses in GCS/LCS [sxx syy szz sxy syz sxz]
(nElem * 72)
plotstresscontourf(...,ParamName,ParamValue) sets the value of the
specified parameters. The following parameters can be specified:
’location’ Location (top,mid,bot). Default: ’top’.
’minmax’ Add location of min and max stress. Default: ’on’.
’colorbar’ Add colorbar. Default: ’on’.
’ncolor’ Number of colors in colormap. Default: 10.
See also ELEMSTRESS.
animdisp
ANIMDISP Animate the displacements.
DispScal=animdisp(Nodes,Elements,Types,DOF,U)
animates the displacements.

U Displacements (nDOF * nSteps)
DispScal Displacement scaling
ANIMDISP(...,ParamName,ParamValue) sets the value of the specified

Postprocessing 15
’DispScal’ Displacement scaling. Default: ’auto’.

’Fps’ Frames per second. Default: 12.
’CreateMovie’ Saves the movie in the userdata of the axis of the figure.
Use getmovie to get the movie from the axis. Default: ’off’.
’Counter’ Displays the number of the frame for transient displacements.
Default: ’on’.
Additional parameters are redirected to the PLOTDISP function which plots
the individual frames of the movie.
See also GETMOVIE, PLOTDISP.
getmovie
GETMOVIE Get the movie from a figure where an animation has been played.
mov=getmovie(h)
gets the movie from the userdata of the axis of a figure where an animation
has been played. In order to save the movie in the userdata the animation
should have been played using animdisp(...,’CreateMovie’,’on’). This
function blocks the command prompt until the movie has become available.
h Handle of the axis e.g. gca

mov Struct with the frames of the movie
The movie can be played with movie(gcf,mov).
See also ANIMDISP, MOVIE.
printdisp
PRINTDISP Display the displacements in the command window.
printdisp(Nodes,DOF,U)
displays the displacements in the command window.

See also PRINTFORC, PLOTDISP.

printforc
PRINTFORC Display the forces in the command window.
printforc(Elements,Forces)
displays the forces in the command window.

Forces Element forces [N Vy Vz T My Mz] (nElem * 12)
See also PRINTDISP.

Dynamics 17
1.3 Dynamics
eigfem Compute the eigenmodes and eigenfrequencies of the finite element model. p.18
msupt Modal superposition in the time domain. p.18
msupf Modal superposition in the frequency domain. p.18
cdiff Direct time integration for dynamic systems - central diff. method. p.19
newmark Direct time integration for dynamic systems - Newmark method p.19
wilson Direct time integration for dynamic systems - Wilson-theta method p.20
ldlt LDL Gauss factorization of symmetric matrices. p.20
eigfem
EIGFEM Compute the eigenmodes and eigenfrequencies of the finite element model.
[phi,omega]=eigfem(K,M,nMode)
[phi,omega]=eigfem(K,M)
computes the eigenmodes and eigenfrequencies of the finite element model.

nMode Number of eigenmodes and eigenfrequencies (default: all)
phi Eigenmodes (in columns) (nDOF * nMode)
omega Eigenfrequencies [rad/s] (nMode * 1)
msupt
MSUPT Modal superposition in the time domain.
x = MSUPT(omega,xi,t,pm,x1,y1,interp) calculates the modal displacements

x(t) of a dynamic system with the eigenfrequencies omega and the modal
damping ratios xi due to the modal excitation pm(t), given the initial
conditions x1 and y1.
The solution of the modal differential equations is performed by means of
the piecewise exact method. Interp can be ’foh’ (first order hold) or ’zoh’
(zero order hold). In the first case the excitation is assumed to vary
linearly within each time step while in the second case it is assumed to be
constant: if t(k) <= t < t(k+1) then p(t) = p(k).

xi Modal damping ratios [ - ] (nMode * 1) or (1 * 1), constant modal
damping is assumed in the (1 * 1) case.
t Time points (1 * N) of the sampling of p, x and t.
pm Modal excitation (nMode * N).
x1 Modal displacements at time point t(1) (nMode * 1), defaults to zero.
y1 Modal velocities at time point t(1) (nMode * 1), defaults to zero.
interp Interpolation scheme: ’foh’ or ’zoh’, defaults to ’foh’.
x Modal displacements (nMode * N).
msupf
MSUPF Modal superposition in the frequency domain.

Dynamics 19
[X,H] = MSUPF(omega,xi,Omega,Pm) calculates the modal transfer functions H

and the modal displacements x(t) = X * EXP(i * Omega * t) of a dynamic
system with the eigenfrequencies omega and the modal damping ratios xi due
to the modal excitation pm(t) = Pm * EXP(i * Omega * t).

xi Modal damping ratios [ - ] (nMode * 1) or (1 * 1), constant modal
damping is assumed in the (1 * 1) case.
Omega Excitation frequencies [rad/s] (1 * N).
Pm Complex amplitude of the modal excitation (nMode * N).
X Complex amplitude of the modal displacements (nMode * N).
H Modal transfer functions (nMode * N).
cdiff
CDIFF Direct time integration for dynamic systems - central diff. method.
[u,t] = CDIFF(M,C,K,dt,p,u0,u1) applies the central difference method for
the calculation of the nodal displacements u of the dynamic system with
the system matrices M, C and K due to the excitation p.
M Mass matrix (nDof * nDof)

C Damping matrix (nDof * nDof)
K Stiffness matrix (nDof * nDof)
dt Time step of the integration scheme (1 * 1). Should be small enough
to ensure the stability and the precision of the integration scheme.
p Excitation (nDof * N). p(:,k) corresponds to time point t(k).
u0 Displacements at time point t(1)-dt (nDof * 1). Defaults to zero.
u1 Displacements at time point t(1) (nDof * 1). Defaults to zero.
u Displacements (nDof * N). u(:,k) corresponds to time point t(k).
t Time axis (1 * N), defined as t = [0:N-1] * dt.
newmark
NEWMARK Direct time integration for dynamic systems - Newmark method

[u,v,a,t] = NEWMARK(M,C,K,dt,p,u0,v0,a0,[alpha delta]) applies the Newmark
method for the calculation of the nodal displacements u, velocities v and
accelerations a of the dynamic system with the system matrices M, C and K
due to the excitation p.


u0 Displacements at time point t(1)-dt (nDof * 1). Defaults to zero.
v0 Velocities at time point t(1)-dt (nDof * 1). Defaults to zero.
a0 Accelerations at time point t(1)-dt (nDof * 1). Defaults to zero.
wilson
WILSON Direct time integration for dynamic systems - Wilson-theta method

[u,v,a,t] = WILSON(M,C,K,dt,p,u1,v1,[alpha delta theta]) applies the
Wilson-theta method for the calculation of the nodal displacements u,
velocities v and accelerations a of the dynamic system with the system
matrices M, C and K due to the excitation p.

u1 Displacements at time point t(1) (nDof * 1). Defaults to zero.
v1 Velocities at time point t(1) (nDof * 1). Defaults to zero.
ldlt
LDL Gauss factorization of symmetric matrices.
[L,D] = LDL(A) returns the triangle matrix L and the vector D so that
A = L.’ * diag(D) * L. You should consider renumbering A with SYMRCM before
factoring the matrix. See details in K.J. Bathe, ’Finite Element Procedures
in Engineering Analysis’, Prentice-Hall, 1982, p. 442
Beam functions 21
1.4 Beam functions
dof_beam Element degrees of freedom for a beam element. p.22

ke_beam Beam element stiffness and mass matrix in global coordinate system. p.22
kelcs_beam Beam element stiffness and mass matrix in local coordinate system. p.22
trans_beam Transform coordinate system for a beam element. p.23
loads_beam Equivalent nodal forces for a beam element in the GCS. p.23
loadslcs_beam Equivalent nodal forces for a beam element in the LCS. p.24
accel_beam Compute the distributed loads for a beam due to an acceleration. p.24
forces_beam Compute the element forces for a beam element. p.24
forceslcs_beam Compute the element forces for a beam element in the LCS. p.25
nelcs_beam Shape functions for a beam element. p.25
nedloadlcs_beam Shape functions for a distributed load on a beam element. p.26
coord_beam Coordinates of the beam elements for plotting. p.26
disp_beam Return matrices to compute the displacements of the deformed beams. p.26
dispgcs2lcs_beam Transform the element displacements to the LCS for a beam. p.27
fdiagrgcs_beam Return matrices to plot the forces in a beam element. p.28
fdiagrlcs_beam Force diagram for a beam element in LCS. p.28
sdiagrgcs_beam Return matrices to plot the stresses in a b eam element. p.29
sdiagrlcs_beam Stress diagram for a beam element in LCS. p.30
dof beam
DOF_BEAM Element degrees of freedom for a beam element.
dof = dof_beam(NodeNum) builds the vector with the

beam element.
NodeNum Node definitions [NodID1 NodID2] (1 * 2)

dof Degrees of freedom (12 * 1)
See also GETDOF.
ke beam
KE_BEAM Beam element stiffness and mass matrix in global coordinate system.
[Ke,Me] = ke_beam(Node,Section,Material,Options) returns the element

stiffness and mass matrix in the global coordinate system
for a two node beam element (isotropic material)
Node Node definitions [x y z] (3 * 3)

Section Section definition [A ky kz Ixx Iyy Izz]
Material Material definition [E nu rho]
Options Element options {Option1 Option2 ...}
Ke Element stiffness matrix (12 * 12)
Me Element mass matrix (12 * 12)
See also KELCS_BEAM, TRANS_BEAM, ASMKM, KE_TRUSS.
kelcs beam
KELCS_BEAM Beam element stiffness and mass matrix in local coordinate system.
[KeLCS,MeLCS] = kelcs_beam(L,A,ky,kz,Ixx,Iyy,Izz,E,nu,rho,Options)
[KeLCS,MeLCS] = kelcs_beam(L,A,ky,kz,Ixx,Iyy,Izz,E,nu,rho)
KeLCS = kelcs_beam(L,A,ky,kz,Ixx,Iyy,Izz,E,nu)
returns the element stiffness and mass matrix in the local coordinate system
for a two node beam element (isotropic material)
L Beam length
A Beam cross section
Beam functions 23
ky Shear deflection factor A_sy = ky * A

kz Shear deflection factor A_sz = kz * A
Ixx Moment of inertia
Iyy Moment of inertia
Izz Moment of inertia
E Young’s modulus
nu Poisson coefficient
rho Mass density
Options Options for the mass matrix: {’lumped’}, {’norotaroryinertia’}
KeLCS Element stiffness matrix (12 * 12)
MeLCS Element mass matrix (12 * 12)
See also KE_BEAM, KELCS_TRUSS.
trans beam
TRANS_BEAM Transform coordinate system for a beam element.
t = trans_beam(Node)
computes the transformation matrix between the local and the global
coordinate system for the beam element.

t Transformation matrix (3 * 3)
See also KE_BEAM, TRANS_TRUSS.
loads beam
LOADS_BEAM Equivalent nodal forces for a beam element in the GCS.
F = loads_beam(DLoad,Node)
DLoad Distributed loads [n1globalX; n1globalY; n1globalZ; ...]

(6 * 1)
F Load vector (12 * 1)
See also LOADSLCS_BEAM, ELEMLOADS, LOADS_TRUSS.

loadslcs beam
LOADSLCS_BEAM Equivalent nodal forces for a beam element in the LCS.
FLCS = loadslcs_beam(DLoadLCS,L)
(in the local coordinate system).
DLoadLCS Distributed loads [n1localX; n1localY; n1localZ; ...]

(6 * 1)
L Beam length
FLCS Load vector (12 * 1)
See also LOADS_BEAM.
accel beam
ACCEL_BEAM Compute the distributed loads for a beam due to an acceleration.
DLoads=accel_beam(Accelxyz,Elements,Sections,Materials,Options)
computes the distributed loads for a beam due to an acceleration.

See also ACCEL, ACCEL_TRUSS.
forces beam
FORCES_BEAM Compute the element forces for a beam element.
[ForcesLCS,ForcesGCS]=forces_beam(Node,Section,Material,UeGCS,DLoad,Options)
[ForcesLCS,ForcesGCS]=forces_beam(Node,Section,Material,UeGCS,DLoad)
[ForcesLCS,ForcesGCS]=forces_beam(Node,Section,Material,UeGCS)
computes the element forces for the beam element in the local and the
global coordinate system (algebraic convention).
Beam functions 25

Section Section definition [A ky kz Ixx Iyy Izz]
Material Material definition [E nu]
UeGCS Displacements (12 * 1)
(6 * 1)
ForcesLCS Element forces in the LCS (12 * 1)
ForcesGCS Element forces in the GCS (12 * 1)
See also FORCESLCS_BEAM, ELEMFORCES.
forceslcs beam
FORCESLCS_BEAM Compute the element forces for a beam element in the LCS.
Forces=forceslcs_beam(KeLCS,UeLCS,DLoadLCS,L)
Forces=forceslcs_beam(KeLCS,UeLCS)
computes the element forces for the beam element in the local coordinate
system (algebraic convention).

UeLCS Displacements (12 * 1)
Forces Element forces [N; Vy; Vz; T; My; Mz](12 * 1)
See also FORCES_BEAM, FORCESLCS_TRUSS
nelcs beam
NELCS_BEAM Shape functions for a beam element.
NeLCS = nelcs_beam(Points)
NeLCS = nelcs_beam(Points,phi_y,phi_z)
determines the values of the shape functions in the specified points.
Points Points in the local coordinate system (1 * nPoints)

NeLCS Values (nPoints * 12)
phi_y Shear deformation constant in y dir (scalar)
phi_z Shear deformation constant in z dir (scalar)
See also DISP_BEAM.
nedloadlcs beam
NEDLOADLCS_BEAM Shape functions for a distributed load on a beam element.
NeLCS = nedloadlcs_beam(Points)
NeLCS = nedloadlcs_beam(Points,phi_y,phi_z)
determines the values of the shape functions for a distributed load in
the specified points. These are used to compute the displacements that
occur due to the distributed loads if all nodes are fixed.

NeDLoad Values (nPoints * 6)
phi_y Shear deformation constant in y dir (scalar)
phi_z Shear deformation constant in z dir (scalar)
See also DISP_BEAM, NELCS_BEAM.
coord beam
COORD_BEAM Coordinates of the beam elements for plotting.
coord_beam(Nodes,NodeNum)
returns the coordinates of the beam elements for plotting.
Nodes Node definitions [NodID x y z] (nNodes * 4)

NodeNum Node numbers [NodID1 NodID2 NodID3] (nElem * 3)
X X coordinates (2 * nElem)
Y Y coordinates (2 * nElem)
Z Z coordinates (2 * nElem)
See also COORD_TRUSS, PLOTELEM.
disp beam
DISP_BEAM Return matrices to compute the displacements of the deformed beams.

Beam functions 27
[Ax,Ay,Az,B,Cx,Cy,Cz]
=disp_beam(Nodes,Elements,DOF,EltIDDLoad,Sections,Materials,Points)
[Ax,Ay,Az,B,Cx,Cy,Cz]
=disp_beam(Nodes,Elements,DOF,EltIDDLoad,Sections,Materials)
[Ax,Ay,Az,B]
=disp_beam(Nodes,Elements,DOF,[],Sections,Materials)
[Ax,Ay,Az,B]
=disp_beam(Nodes,Elements,DOF)
returns the matrices to compute the displacements of the deformed beams.

The coordinates of the specified points along the deformed beams element are
computed using X=Ax*U+Cx*DLoad+B(:,1); Y=Ay*U+Cy*DLoad+B(:,2) and
Z=Az*U+Cz*DLoad+B(:,3). The matrices Cx,Cy and Cz superimpose the
displacements that occur due to the distributed loads if all nodes are fixed.

EltIDDLoad Elements with distributed loads [EltID]
(use empty array [] when shear deformation is considered but no DLoads are pres
Ax Matrix to compute the x-coordinates of the deformations
Ay Matrix to compute the y-coordinates of the deformations
Az Matrix to compute the z-coordinates of the deformations
B Matrix which contains the x-, y- and z-coordinates of the
undeformed structure
Cx Matrix to compute the x-coordinates of the deformations
Cy Matrix to compute the y-coordinates of the deformations
Cz Matrix to compute the z-coordinates of the deformations
See also DISP_TRUSS, PLOTDISP, NELCS_BEAM, NEDLOADLCS_BEAM.
dispgcs2lcs beam
DISPGCS2LCS_BEAM Transform the element displacements to the LCS for a beam.
UeLCS=dispgcs2lcs_beam(UeGCS,Node)
transforms the element displacements from the GCS to the LCS for a beam
element.

UeGCS Displacements in the GCS (12 * 1)
UeLCS Displacements in the LCS (12 * 1)
See also DISPGCS2LCS_TRUSS.
fdiagrgcs beam
FDIAGRGCS_BEAM Return matrices to plot the forces in a beam element.
[ElemGCS,FdiagrGCS,ElemExtGCS,ExtremaGCS,Extrema]
= fdiagrgcs_beam(ftype,Forces,Node,DLoad,Points)
= fdiagrgcs_beam(ftype,Forces,Node,DLoad)
returns the coordinates of the points along the beam in the global
coordinate system and the coordinates of the forces with respect to the beam
in the global coordinate system. These can be added in order to plot the
forces: ElemGCS+FdiagrGCS. The coordinates of the points with extreme values
and the coordinates of the extreme values with respect to the beam are given
as well and can be similarly added: ElemExtGCS+ExtremaGCS. Extrema is the
list with the correspondig extreme values.

Forces Element forces in LCS (beam convention) [N; Vy; Vz; T; My; Mz]
(12 * 1)
(6 * 1)
ElemGCS Coordinates of the points along the beam in GCS (nPoints * 3)
FdiagrGCS Coordinates of the force with respect to the beam in GCS
(nValues * 3)
ElemExtGCS Coordinates of the points with extreme values in GCS (nValues * 3)
ExtremaGCS Coordinates of the extreme values with respect to the beam in GCS
(nValues * 3)
Extrema Extreme values (nValues * 1)
See also PLOTFORC, FDIAGRLCS_BEAM, FDIAGRGCS_TRUSS.
fdiagrlcs beam
FDIAGRLCS_BEAM Force diagram for a beam element in LCS.

Beam functions 29
[FdiagrLCS,loc,Extrema] = fdiagrlcs_beam(ftype,Forces,DLoadLCS,L,Points)
computes the elements forces at the specified points. The extreme values are
analytically determined.

Forces Element forces in LCS (beam convention) [N; Vy; Vz; T; My; Mz](12 * 1)
DLoadLCS Distributed loads in LCS [n1localX; n1localY; n1localZ; ...](6 * 1)
FdiagrLCS Element forces at the points (1 * nPoints)
loc Locations of the extreme values (nValues * 1)
See also FDIAGRGCS_BEAM.
sdiagrgcs beam
SDIAGRGCS_BEAM Return matrices to plot the stresses in a beam element.
[ElemGCS,SdiagrGCS,ElemExtGCS,ExtremaGCS,Extrema]
= sdiagrgcs_beam(stype,Forces,Node,DLoad,Section,Points)
= sdiagrgcs_beam(stype,Forces,Node,DLoad,Section)
returns the coordinates of the points along the beam in the global
coordinate system and the coordinates of the stresses with respect to the beam
stresses: ElemGCS+SdiagrGCS. The coordinates of the points with extreme values
and the coordinates of the extreme values with respect to the beam are given


Forces Element forces in LCS (beam convention) [N; Vy; Vz; T; My; Mz]
(12 * 1)
(6 * 1)
Section Section definition [A ky kz Ixx Iyy Izz yt yb zt zb]
ElemGCS Coordinates of the points along the beam in GCS (nPoints * 3)
SdiagrGCS Coordinates of the stress with respect to the beam in GCS
(nValues * 3)
ExtremaGCS Coordinates of the extreme values with respect to the beam in GCS
(nValues * 3)
See also PLOTSTRESS, SDIAGRLCS_BEAM, SDIAGRGCS_TRUSS.
sdiagrlcs beam
SDIAGRLCS_BEAM Stress diagram for a beam element in LCS.
[SdiagrLCS,loc,Extrema] = sdiagrlcs_beam(ftype,Forces,DLoadLCS,L,Points)
computes the stresses at the specified points. The extreme values are
analytically determined.

Forces Element forces in LCS (beam convention) [N; Vy; Vz; T; My; Mz](12 * 1)
DLoadLCS Distributed loads in LCS [n1localX; n1localY; n1localZ; ...](6 * 1)
SdiagrLCS Stresses at the points (1 * nPoints)
loc Locations of the extreme values (nValues * 1)
See also SDIAGRGCS_BEAM.

Truss functions 31
1.5 Truss functions
dof_truss Element degrees of freedom for a truss element. p.32

ke_truss Truss element stiffness and mass matrix in global coordinate system. p.32
kelcs_truss Truss element stiffness and mass matrix in local coordinate system. p.32
trans_truss Transform coordinate system for a truss element. p.33
loads_truss Equivalent nodal forces for a truss element in the GCS. p.33
accel_truss Compute the distributed loads for a truss due to an acceleration. p.33
forces_truss Compute the element forces for a truss element. p.34
forceslcs_truss Compute the element forces for a truss element in the LCS. p.34
coord_truss Coordinates of the truss elements for plotting. p.35
disp_truss Return matrices to compute the displacements of the deformed trusses. p.35
dispgcs2lcs_trussTransform the element displacements to the LCS for a truss. p.36
fdiagrgcs_truss Return matrices to plot the forces in a truss element. p.36
sdiagrgcs_truss Return matrices to plot the stresses in a truss element. p.37
dof truss
DOF_TRUSS Element degrees of freedom for a truss element.
dof = dof_truss(NodeNum) builds the vector with the

truss element.
NodeNum Node numbers [NodID1 NodID2] (1 * 2)

See also GETDOF.
ke truss
KE_TRUSS Truss element stiffness and mass matrix in global coordinate system.
[Ke,Me] = ke_truss(Node,Section,Material,Options) returns the element

stiffness and mass matrix in the global coordinate system
for a two node truss element (isotropic material)
Node Node definitions [x1 y1 z1; x2 y2 z2] (2 * 3)

Section Section definition [A]
See also KELCS_TRUSS, TRANS_TRUSS, ASMKM, KE_BEAM.
kelcs truss
KELCS_TRUSS Truss element stiffness and mass matrix in local coordinate system.
[KeLCS,MeLCS] = kelcs_truss(L,A,E,rho,Options)
KeLCS = kelcs_truss(L,A,E)
returns the element stiffness and mass matrix in the local coordinate system
for a two node truss element (isotropic material)
L Truss length
A Truss cross section
E Young’s modulus
Truss functions 33
rho Mass density

Options Options for the mass matrix: {’lumped’}
See also KE_TRUSS, KELCS_BEAM.
trans truss
TRANS_TRUSS Transform coordinate system for a truss element.
t = trans_truss(Node)
coordinate system for the truss element.

See also KE_TRUSS, TRANS_BEAM.
loads truss
LOADS_TRUSS Equivalent nodal forces for a truss element in the GCS.
F = loads_truss(DLoad,Node)
DLoad Distributed loads [n1globalX n1globalY n1globalZ ...]

(6 * 1)
See also ELEMLOADS, LOADS_BEAM.
accel truss
ACCEL_TRUSS Compute the distributed loads for a truss due to an acceleration.

DLoads=accel_truss(Accelxyz,Elements,Sections,Materials,Options)
computes the distributed loads for a truss due to an acceleration.

See also ACCEL, ACCEL_BEAM.
forces truss
FORCES_TRUSS Compute the element forces for a truss element.
[ForcesLCS,ForcesGCS]=forces_truss(Node,Section,Material,UeGCS)
computes the element forces for the truss element in the local and the
global coordinate system (algebraic convention).

Material Material definition [E]
UeGCS Displacements (6 * 1)
ForcesLCS Element forces in the LCS (12 * 1)
ForcesGCS Element forces in the GCS (12 * 1)
See also FORCESLCS_TRUSS, ELEMFORCES.
forceslcs truss
FORCESLCS_TRUSS Compute the element forces for a truss element in the LCS.
Forces=forceslcs_truss(KeLCS,UeLCS)
computes the element forces for the truss element in the local coordinate
system (algebraic convention).

Truss functions 35
UeLCS Displacements (6 * 1)
Forces Element forces [N; 0; 0](6 * 1)
See also FORCES_TRUSS, FORCESLCS_BEAM
coord truss
COORD_TRUSS Coordinates of the truss elements for plotting.
coord_truss(Nodes,NodeNum)
returns the coordinates of the truss elements for plotting.

NodeNum Node numbers [NodID1 NodID2] (nElem * 2)
See also COORD_BEAM, PLOTELEM.
disp truss
DISP_TRUSS Return matrices to compute the displacements of the deformed trusses.
[Ax,Ay,Az,B]=disp_truss(Nodes,Elements,DOF,[],[],[],Points)
[Ax,Ay,Az,B]=disp_truss(Nodes,Elements,DOF)
returns the matrices to compute the displacements of the deformed trusses.
The coordinates of the specified points along the deformed beams element are
computed using X=Ax*U+B(:,1); Y=Ay*U+B(:,2) and Z=Az*U+B(:,3).

See also DISP_BEAM, PLOTDISP.

dispgcs2lcs truss
DISPGCS2LCS_TRUSS Transform the element displacements to the LCS for a truss.
UeLCS=dispgcs2lcs_truss(UeGCS,Node)
transforms the element displacements from the GCS to the LCS for a truss
element.

UeGCS Displacements in the GCS (6 * 1)
UeLCS Displacements in the LCS (6 * 1)
See also DISPGCS2LCS_BEAM.
fdiagrgcs truss
FDIAGRGCS_TRUSS Return matrices to plot the forces in a truss element.
= fdiagrgcs_truss(ftype,Forces,Node,[],Points)
= fdiagrgcs_truss(ftype,Forces,Node)
returns the coordinates of the points along the truss in the global
coordinate system and the coordinates of the forces with respect to the truss
forces: ElemGCS+FdiagrGCS. The coordinates of the points with extreme values
and the coordinates of the extreme values with respect to the truss are given

Forces Element forces in LCS [N; 0; 0; 0; 0; 0](12 * 1)
ElemGCS Coordinates of the points along the truss in GCS (nPoints * 3)
FdiagrGCS Coordinates of the force with respect to the truss in GCS
(nValues * 3)
ExtremaGCS Coordinates of the extreme values with respect to the truss in GCS
(nValues * 3)
See also PLOTFORC, FDIAGRGCS_BEAM.

Truss functions 37
sdiagrgcs truss
SDIAGRGCS_TRUSS Return matrices to plot the stresses in a truss element.
= sdiagrgcs_truss(stype,Forces,Node,[],Section,Points)
= sdiagrgcs_truss(stype,Forces,Node,[],Section)
returns the coordinates of the points along the truss in the global
coordinate system and the coordinates of the stresses with respect to the truss
stresses: ElemGCS+SdiagrGCS. The coordinates of the points with extreme values
and the coordinates of the extreme values with respect to the truss are given

Forces Element forces in LCS [N; 0; 0; 0; 0; 0](12 * 1)
ElemGCS Coordinates of the points along the truss in GCS (nPoints * 3)
SdiagrGCS Coordinates of the force with respect to the truss in GCS
(nValues * 3)
ExtremaGCS Coordinates of the extreme values with respect to the truss in GCS
(nValues * 3)
See also PLOTSTRESS, SDIAGRGCS_BEAM.

1.6 General shell functions
elempressure Equivalent nodal forces for pressure ⊥ shell surface. p.39

elemshellf Compute the shell forces and moments (element solution). p.39
elemstress Compute the element stresses (element solution). p.39
gaussq Gauss points for 2D numerical integration. p.40
makemesh Creates a mesh of quadrilateral elements for a surface defined by 4 lines. p.41
nodalshellf Compute the nodal shell forces/moments from element solution. p.42
nodalstress Compute the nodal stresses from element solution. p.42
plotprincstress Plot the principal stresses. p.43
plotshellfcontour Plot contour lines of forces/moments per unit length. p.43
plotstresscontour Plot stress contour lines. p.44
plotshellfcontourfPlot filled contours of shell forces. p.44
principalstress Compute the principal stresses and directions. p.45
printshellf Display forces/moments in command window (shell elements). p.46
printstress Display stresses in command window (shell elements). p.46
General shell functions 39
elempressure
ELEMPRESSURE Equivalent nodal forces for a pressure load on a shell element.
F = elempressure(Pressures,Nodes,Elements,Types,DOF)
computes the equivalent nodal forces of a distributed pressure
(in the local coordinate system xyz, with z perpendicular to the surface).
Pressures Pressure perpendicular to surface or edge [EltID n1localZ n2localZ n3localZ ..

F Load vector (nDOF * 1)
See also PRESSURE_SHELL8, PRESSURE_SHELL4, NODALVALUES.
elemshellf
ELEMSHELLF Compute the shell forces and moments per unit length for shell elements
(element solution).
[FeLCS] = elemshellf(Elements,Sections,SeLCS)
computes the element forces/moments per unit length in the local coordinate system.

SeLCS Element stresses in LCS in corner nodes IJKL and
at top/mid/bot of shell (nElem * 72)
[sxx syy szz sxy syz sxz]
FeLCS Element forces/moments per unit length (nElem * 32)
(32 = 8 forces * 4 corner nodes)
[Nx Ny Nxy Mx My Mxy Vx Vy]
elemstress
ELEMSTRESS Compute the element stresses.
[SeGCS,SeLCS,vLCS] = elemstress(Nodes,Elements,Types,Sections,Materials,DOF,U)
[SeGCS,SeLCS] = elemstress(Nodes,Elements,Types,Sections,Materials,DOF,U)
SeGCS = elemstress(Nodes,Elements,Types,Sections,Materials,DOF,U)
computes the element stresses in the global and the local coordinate system.

elemstress(...,ParamName,ParamValue) sets the value of the specified
’GCS’ Sets the gcs in which SeGCS is returned.
Default: ’cart’. Type of values:
’cart’: cartesian coordinate system
’cyl’ : cylindrical coordinate system
’sph’ : spherical coordinate system
SeGCS Element stresses in GCS in corner nodes IJKL and

72 = 6 stresscomp. * 4 nodes * 3 locations
vLCS Unit vectors of LCS (nElem * 9)
See also SE_SHELL8, SE_SHELL4.
gaussq
GAUSSQ Gauss points for 2D numerical integration.
[x,H] = gaussq(n) returns the coordinates and weights for a 2D

gauss-legendre quadrature.
n number of points in one direction = 2 or 3

x coordinates of gauss-points (n^2 * 2)
H weights used in summation (1 * n^2)
See also KE_SHELL8, KELCS_SHELL4

makemesh
MAKEMESH Creates a mesh of quadrilateral elements for a surface defined by 4 lines
[Nodes,Elements,Edge1,Edge2,Edge3,Edge4] =
makemesh(Line1,Line2,Line3,Line4,m,n,Type,Section,Material)
Line1,2,3,4 Lines that define the surface. (n1 * 3)

These lines:
-should be defined in a clockwise or counter-clockwise order
(this means: first point of Line2 is the last point of Line1
in the case of a counter-clockwise direction)
-can be defined by any number of points
m Number of elements that divide Line2 and Line4

n Number of elements that divide Line1 and Line3
Type Cell containing Type number and name {TypeID EltName}
Section Section ID
Material Material ID
Nodes Nodes definitions [NodID x y z]

Edge1,2,3,4 vector containing Nodes on Line1,2,.. ((m+1) * 1) or ((n+1) * 1)
Normals Normals of shell surface in Nodes [NodID nx ny nz]
makemesh(...,ParamName,ParamValue)sets the value of the specified

’L1method’ Specify the interpolation scheme for Line1.
default: ’spline’. This method is used in the MATLAB
INTERP1 function. See DOC INTERP1 for available
interpolation schemes.
’L2method’
’L3method’
’L4method’
’UniformSpacing’ {’on’,default: ’off’}
If UniformSpacing is set to ’off’, the distance between
consecutive nodes along the edges of the mesh is based on the spacing
between the points in the corresponding Line.
If UniformSpacing is ’on’, makemesh attempts to distribute
the nodes uniformly along the lines regardless of the
initial spacing between the points by approximating the
natural parametrizations of the lines.
See also GRID_SHELL8, GRID_SHELL4.

nodalshellf
NODALSHELLF Compute the nodal shell forces/moments per unit length from the element solutio
[FnLCS,FnLCS2] = nodalshellf(Nodes,Elements,Types,FeLCS)
FnLCS = nodalshellf(Nodes,Elements,Types,FeLCS)
computes the nodal forces from the element solution.

FeLCS Element forces/moments per unit length in corner nodes IJKL
(nElem * 32) [Nx Ny Nxy Mx My Mxy Vx Vy]
FnLCS Nodal forces/moments per unit length in corner nodes IJKL
FnLCS2 Nodal forces per node (nNodes * 9)
(9 = NodID + 8 fcomp.)
[NodID Nx Ny Nxy Mx My Mxy Vx Vy]
See also ELEMSHELLF.
nodalstress
NODALSTRESS Compute the nodal stresses from the element solution.
[Sn,Sn2] = nodalstress(Nodes,Elements,Types,Se)
Sn = nodalstress(Nodes,Elements,Types,Se)
computes the nodal stresses from the element solution.

Se Element stresses in corner nodes IJKL and
[sxx syy szz sxy syz sxz ...]
Sn Nodal stress in corner nodes IJKL and
Sn2 Nodal stresses per node
at top/mid/bot of shell (nNodes * 19)
(19 = NodID + 3 locations * 6 scomp.)
[NodID sxx syy szz sxy syz sxz ...]
plotprincstress
PLOTPRINCSTRESS Plot the principal stresses in shell elements.
plotprincstress(Nodes,Elements,Types,Spr,Vpr)
plots the principal stresses in shell elements with a vector plot.

Spr Principal stresses (nElem * 72) [s3 s2 s1 0 0 0 ...]
Vpr Principal dir. matrix (output from principalstress)
{nElem * 12}
plotprincdir(...,ParamName,ParamValue) sets the value of the specified
’VectScal’ Vector scaling. Default: ’auto’.
’Handle’ Plots in the axis with this handle. Default: current
axis.
See also PRINCIPALSTRESS.
plotshellfcontour
PLOTSHELLFCONTOUR Plot forces/moments per unit length in shell elements.
plotshellfcontour(ftype,Nodes,Elements,Types,F)
plots force contours (output from ELEMSHELLF/NODALSHELLF).
ftype ’Nx’ Membrane forces

’Ny’
’Nxy’
’Mx’ Bending moments
’My’
’Mxy’
’Vx’ Shear forces
’Vy’
F Forces/moments per unit length
plotshellfcontour(...,ParamName,ParamValue) sets the value of the specified
’Ncontour’ Number of contours. Default: ’10’.

See also ELEMSHELLF, SCONTOUR_SHELL8, SCONTOUR_SHELL4.
plotstresscontour
PLOTSTRESSCONTOUR Plot stress contour lines in shell elements.
plotstresscontour(stype,Nodes,Elements,Types,S)
plots stress contours (output from ELEMSTRESS/NODALSTRESS).
stype ’sx’ Normal stress (in the global/local x-direction)

’sy’
’sz’
’sxy’ Shear stress
’syz’
’sxz’
S Element stresses in GCS/LCS [sxx syy szz sxy syz sxz]
(nElem * 72)
plotstresscontour(...,ParamName,ParamValue) sets the value of the specified
’Ncontour’ Number of contours. Default: ’10’.
See also ELEMSTRESS, SCONTOUR_SHELL8, SCONTOUR_SHELL4.
plotshellfcontourf
PLOTSHELLFCONTOURF Plot filled contours of shell forces in shell elements.
plotshellfcontourf(stype,Nodes,Elements,Types,F)
plotshellfcontourf(stype,Nodes,Elements,Types,F,DOF,U)
plots force contours (output from ELEMSTRESS).
ftype ’Nx’ Membrane forces

’Ny’
’Nxy’
’Mx’ Bending moments
’My’
’Mxy’
’Vx’ Shear forces
’Vy’
F Forces/moments per unit length
plotshellfcontourf(...,ParamName,ParamValue) sets the value of the
specified parameters. The following parameters can be specified:
’ncolor’ Number of colors in colormap. Default: 10.
See also ELEMSHELLF, PATCH_SHELL8, PATCH_SHELL4.
principalstress
PRINCIPALSTRESS Compute the principal stresses and directions in shell elements.
[Spr,Vpr] = principalstress(Elements,SeGCS)
computes the principal stresses and directions.
Elements Element definitions [EltID TypID SecID MatID n1 n2...]

Spr Principal stress (nElem * 72)
[s1 s2 s3 0 0 0 ...]
Vpr Principal stress directions {nElem * 12}
See also ELEMSTRESS, PLOTPRINCDIR.

printshellf
PRINTSHELLF Display forces/moments in command window (shell elements).
printshellf(Elements,F)
displays shell forces in command window.

F Shellf matrix [Nx Ny Nxy Mx My Mxy Vx Vy] (nElem * 32)
See also PRINTSTRESS.
printstress
PRINTSTRESS Display stress in command window (shell elements).
printstress(Elements,S,location)
printstress(Elements,S)
displays stress in command window.

S Stress matrix [sx sy sz sxy syz szx] (nElem * 72)
See also PRINTSHELLF.

Shell4 functions 47
1.7 Shell4 functions
dof_shell4 Element degrees of freedom for a shell4 element. p.48

ke_shell4 Shell4 element stiffness and mass matrix in global coordinate system. p.48
kelcs_shell4 Shell4 element stiffness and mass matrix in local coordinate system. p.49
trans_shell4 Transform coordinate system for a shell4 element. p.49
ke_dkt DKT plate element stiffness and mass matrix. p.50
q_dkt Q matrix for a DKT element. p.50
sh_qs4 Shape functions for a quadrilateral serendipity element with 4 nodes. p.51
sh_t Shape functions for a triangular plate element. p.51
se_shell4 Compute the element stresses for a shell4 element. p.53
selcs_shell4 Compute the element stresses for a shell4 element. p.54
accel_shell4 Compute the distributed loads for a shell due to an acceleration. p.51
loads_shell4 Equivalent nodal forces for a shell4 element in the GCS. p.52
loadslcs_shell4 Equivalent nodal forces for a shell4 element in the LCS. p.52
pressure_shell4 Equivalent nodal forces for a shell4 element in the GCS due to a pressure. p.53
coord_shell4 Coordinates of the shell4 elements for plotting. p.54
disp_shell4 Matrices to compute the displacements of the deformed shell. p.55
scontour_shell4 Matrix to plot contours in a shell4 element. p.55
patch_shell4 Patch information of the shell4 elements for plotting. p.56
grid_shell4 Grid in natural coordinates for mapped meshing. p.56
dof shell4
DOF_SHELL4 Element degrees of freedom for a shell4 element.
dof = dof_shell4(NodeNum) builds the vector with the

shell4 element.
NodeNum Node definitions [NodID1 NodID2 ... NodIDn] (1 * 4)

See also GETDOF.
ke shell4
KE_SHELL4 shell element stiffness and mass matrix in global coordinate system.
[Ke,Me] = ke_shell4(Node,Section,Material,Options)
Ke = ke_shell4(Node,Section,Material,Options)
returns the element stiffness and mass matrix in the global coordinate system
for a four node shell element (isotropic material).

Nodes should have the following order:
4---------3
| |
| |
| |
1---------2
Section Section definition [h]

This shell element consists of a bilinear membrane element and

four overlaid DKT triangles for the bending stiffness.
See also KE_BEAM, ASMKM, KE_TRUSS.

Shell4 functions 49
kelcs shell4
KELCS_SHELL4 shell element stiffness and mass matrix in element

coordinate system.
[Ke,Me] = kelcs_shell4(Node_lc,h,E,nu,rho)
Ke = kelcs_shell4(Node_lc,h,E,nu)
returns the element stiffness and mass matrix in the element
coordinate system for a four node shell element (isotropic material).

4---------3
| |
| |
| |
1---------2
h Shell thickness
E Young’s modulus
rho Mass density
Options Element options [NOT available yet] {Option1 Option2 ...}
This element is a flat shell element that consists of a bilinear

membrane element and four overlaid DKT triangles for the bending
stiffness.
See also KE_SHELL8, ASMKM, KE_DKT.
trans shell4
TRANS_SHELL4 Transform coordinate system for a shell4 element.
[t,Node_lc,W] = trans_shell4(Node)
[t,Node_lc] = trans_shell4(Node)
t = trans_shell4(Node)
coordinate system and the correction matrix for non-coplanar nodes
for the shell4 element.

Node_lc Nodes in LCS [x y z] (4 * 3)
W Correction matrix for warped elements

(24 * 24)
See also KE_BEAM, TRANS_TRUSS.
ke dkt
KE_DKT DKT plate element stiffness and mass matrix.
[Ke,Me] = ke_dkt(Node,h,E,nu,rho)
Ke = ke_dkt(Node,h,E,nu)
for a three node plate element (isotropic material) in the xy-plane.
Node Node definitions [x y] (3 * 2)

h Plate thickness (uniform or defined in nodes) [h]/[h1 h2 h3]
E Young’s modulus
rho Mass density
This element is a Discrete Kirchoff Triangle plate element. This code

is a MATLAB code based on the E-2 element FORTRAN coding, described in:
Construction of new efficient three-node triangular thin plate bending
elements, C. Jeyachandrabose and J. Kirkhope, Computers & Structures
Vol. 23, No. 5, pp. 587-603, 1986.
See also Q_DKT, SH_T, KE_DKT4.
q dkt
Q_DKT Q matrix for a DKT element.
Q = Q_DKT(b,c,det) returns the Q matrix of the DKT element,

which is used to compute the curvatures of the plate element
b Geometrical property of the triangle (see ke_dkt) (3 * 1)

c Geometrical property of the triangle (3 * 1)
det Determinant of the parametric transformation (=2*area of
triangle)
Shell4 functions 51
See also KE_DKT, KELCS_SHELL4, SE_SHELL4.
sh qs4
SH_QS4 Shape functions for a quadrilateral serendipity element with 4

nodes.
[Ni,dN_dxi,dN_deta] = sh_qs4(xi,eta) returns the shape functions and

its derivatives to the natural coordinates in the point (xi,eta).
xi Natural coordinate (scalar)

eta Natural coordinate (scalar)
Ni Shape functions in point (xi,eta) (4 * 1)
dN_dxi Derivative of Ni to xi (4 * 1)
dN_deta Derivative of Ni to eta (4 * 1)
See also KELCS_SHELL4.
sh t
SH_T Shape functions for a triangular plate element.
[Ni] = sh_t(L,b,c) returns the shape functions and

its derivatives in point L.
L Area coordinates [L1,L2,L3] (3 * 1)

b Geometrical property of the triangle (see ke_dkt) (3 * 1)
c Geometrical property of the triangle (3 * 1)
Ni Shape functions and derivatives (9 * 1)
in point L
These shape functions are used to determine the mass matrix of a

triangular plate element.
See also KE_DKT.
accel shell4
ACCEL_SHELL4 Compute the distributed loads for shell4 elements due to an

acceleration.
DLoads = accel_shell4(Accelxyz,Elements,Sections,Materials,Options)
computes the distributed loads for shell4 elements due to an acceleration.

See also ACCEL, ACCEL_TRUSS.
loads shell4
LOADS_SHELL4 Equivalent nodal forces for a shell4 element in the GCS.
F = loads_shell4(DLoad,Node)

in corner Nodes (12 * 1)
loadslcs shell4
LOADSLCS_SHELL4 Equivalent nodal forces for a shell4 element in the LCS.
F = loadslcs_shell4(DLoadLCS,Node)
(in the local coordinate system).

in corner Nodes (12 * 1)
Shell4 functions 53
FLCS Load vector (24 * 1)
pressure shell4
PRESSURE_SHELL4 Equivalent nodal forces for a shell4 element in the GCS

due to a pressure normal to the element surface.
F = pressure_shell4(Pressure,Node)
computes the equivalent nodal forces of a pressure load normal to the
elements surface.
Pressure Distributed pressure in corner Nodes [p1lobalZ; ...]

(4 * 1)
See also ELEMPRESSURE, PRESSURE_SHELL8.
se shell4
SE_SHELL4 Compute the element stresses for a shell4 element.
[SeGCS,SeLCS,vLCS] = se_shell4(Node,Section,Material,UeGCS,Options,GCS)
[SeGCS,SeLCS] = se_shell4(Node,Section,Material,UeGCS,Options,GCS)
SeGCS = se_shell4(Node,Section,Material,UeGCS,Options,GCS)
computes the element stresses in the global and the
local coordinate system for the shell4 element.

4---------3
| |
| |
| |
1---------2

UeGCS Displacements (24 * nTimeSteps)
GCS Global coordinate system in which stresses are returned

’cart’|’cyl’|’sph’
at top/mid/bot of shell (72 * nTimeSteps)
72 = 6 stress comp. * 4 nodes * 3 locations
vLCS Unit vectors of LCS (1 * 9)
See also ELEMSTRESS, SE_SHELL8.
selcs shell4
SELCS_SHELL4 Compute the element stresses for a shell4 element.
[SeLCS] = selcs_shell4(Node,Section,Material,UeGCS,Options)
computes the element stresses in the global and the
local coordinate system for the shell4 element.

h Shell thickness
E Young’s modulus
rho Mass density
UeLCS Displacements (24 * nTimeSteps)
See also ELEMSTRESS, SE_SHELL4.
coord shell4
COORD_SHELL4 Coordinates of the shell elements for plotting.
[X,Y,Z] = coord_shell4(Nodes,NodeNum)
returns the coordinates of the shell4 elements for plotting.

Shell4 functions 55
NodeNum Node numbers [NodID1 NodID2 NodID3 NodID4] (nElem * 4)

disp shell4
DISP_SHELL4 Matrices to compute the displacements of the deformed shell4.
[Ax,Ay,Az,B] = disp_shell4(Nodes,Elements,DOF,U)
returns the matrices to compute the displacements of the deformed shell4.
The coordinates of the nodes of the shell4 element are
computed using X=Ax*U+B(:,1); Y=Ay*U+B(:,2) and
Z=Az*U+B(:,3).

See also DISP_TRUSS, PLOTDISP, DISP_SHELL8.
scontour shell4
SCONTOUR_SHELL4 Matrix to plot contours in a shell4 element.
Scontour = scontour_shell4(Node,Stress,Svalues) returns a matrix used

for plotting contours in a shell4 element.

Stress Stress in nodes (4 * 1)
Svalues Values of contours (nContour * 1)
Scontour Coordinates of contours in GCS
See also PLOTSTRESSCONTOUR, PLOTSHELLFCONTOUR.

patch shell4
PATCH_SHELL4 Patch information of the shell4 elements for plotting.
[pxyz,pind,pvalue] = patch_shell4(Nodes,NodeNum,Values) returns matrices

to plot patches of shell4 elements.

Values Values assigned to nodes used for coloring (nElem * 4)
pxyz Coordinates of Nodes (4*nElem * 3)
pind indices of Nodes (nElem * 4)
pvalue Values arranged per Node (4*nElem * 1)
See also PLOTSTRESSCONTOURF, PLOTSHELLFCONTOURF.
grid shell4
GRID_SHELL4 Grid in natural coordinates for mapped meshing.
[s,t,NodeNum,Elements] = grid_shell4(m,n,Type,Section,Material)
returns matrices of a grid in the natural coordinate system, which can
be used for mapped meshing.
s s-coordinate of nodes (1 * nNodes)

t t-coordinate of nodes (1 * nNodes)
NodeNum Node numbers order on grid ((m+1) * (n+1))
Elements Node numbers are saved per element here (nElem * 8)
Type Type ID of meshed elements
Section Section ID of meshed elements
Material Material ID of meshed elements
See also MAKEMESH, GRID_SHELL8.

Shell8 functions 57
1.8 Shell8 functions
dof_shell8 Element degrees of freedom for a shell8 element. p.58

ke_shell8 shell8 element stiffness and mass matrix in global coordinate system. p.58
sh_qs8 Shape functions for a quadrilateral serendipity element with 8 nodes. p.59
b_shell8 B matrix for a shell8 element in global coordinate system. p.59
se_shell8 Compute the element stresses for a shell8 element. p.60
accel_shell8 Compute the distributed loads for a shell due to an acceleration. p.61
loads_shell8 Equivalent nodal forces for a shell8 element in the GCS. p.61
pressure_shell8 Equivalent nodal forces for a shell8 element in the GCS due to a pressure. p.61
coord_shell8 Coordinates of the shell8 elements for plotting. p.62
disp_shell8 Matrices to compute the displacements of the deformed shell. p.62
scontour_shell8 Matrix to plot contours in a shell8 element. p.63
patch_shell8 Patch information of the shell8 elements for plotting. p.63
grid_shell8 Grid in natural coordinates for mapped meshing. p.63
dof shell8
DOF_SHELL8 Element degrees of freedom for a shell8 element.
dof = dof_shell8(NodeNum) builds the vector with the

shell8 element.
NodeNum Node definitions [NodID1 NodID2 ... NodIDn] (1 * 8)

See also GETDOF.
ke shell8
KE_SHELL8 shell element stiffness and mass matrix in global coordinate system.
[Ke,Me] = ke_shell8(Node,Section,Material,Options)
Ke = ke_shell8(Node,Section,Material,Options)
for an eight node shell element.

4----7----3
| |
8 6
| |
1----5----2
Section Section definition [h] or [h1 h2 h3 h4]

(uniform thickness or defined in corner nodes(1,2,3,4))
Material Material definition [E nu rho] or [Exx Eyy nuxy muxy muyz muzx theta rho
Options Element options struct. Fields:
-LCSType: determine the reference local element
coordinate system. Values:
’element’ (default) or ’global’
-MatType: ’isotropic’ (default) or ’orthotropic’
-Offset: nodal offset from shell midplane. Values:
’top’, ’mid’ (default), ’bot’ or numerical value
-RotaryInertia: 0 (default) or 1
This element is based on chapter 15 of

The Finite Element Method: for Solid and Structural Mechanics,
Shell8 functions 59
Zienkiewicz (2005).
See also KE_BEAM,

KE_BEAM, ASMKM, KE_TRUSS.
KE_TRUSS.
sh qs8
SH_Q
SH_QS8
S8 Shap
Shape
e func
functi
tion
ons
s for
for an 8 node
node quadr
quadril
ilat
ater
eral
al ser
seren
endi
dipi
pity
ty ele
eleme
ment
nt.
.
[Ni,dN_dx
[Ni,dN_dxi,dN
i,dN_deta
_deta]
] = sh_qs8(xi
sh_qs8(xi,eta
,eta)
) returns
returns the shape functions
functions and
its deriva
derivativ
tives
es with
with respec
respect
t to the natura
natural
l coordi
coordinat
nates
es in the point
point (xi,et
(xi,eta).
a).
xi n at u ra l co o rd i na t e (s c al a r)
et a n at u ra l co o rd i na t e (s c al a r)
Ni s ha p e f u nc t io n s i n p oi n t ( x i, e ta ) (8 * 1)
dN _ dx i de
d erivative of Ni to xi (8 * 1)
dN _ de t a derivative of Ni to eta (8 * 1)
see also KE_SHELL8

KE_SHELL8.
.
b shell8
B_SH
B_SHEL
ELL8
L8 b matr
matrix
ix for a shel
shell8
l8 eleme
element
nt in glob
global
al coord
coordin
inat
ate
e system
system.
.
[Bg,J] = b_shell8(Ni,dN_dxi,dN_deta,z
b_shell8(Ni,dN_dxi,dN_deta,zetar,Node,
etar,Node,h,v1i,v2i,v
h,v1i,v2i,v3i)
3i) returns
the element
element b matrix
matrix in the global
global coordina
coordinate
te system
system and the Jacobian
Jacobian
of the parame
parametri
tric
c transf
transform
ormati
ation.
on. Both
Both are evalua
evaluated
ted in the natura
natural
l
coordi
coordinat
nates
es (xi,et
(xi,eta
a and zetar)
zetar) which
which were
were used
used to calcul
calculate
ate
Ni,dN_dxi
Ni,dN_dxi,dN_
,dN_deta
deta and zetar.
zetar.
No d e Node definitions [x y z] (8 * 3)
Nodes
Nodes should
should have
have the follow
following
ing order:
order:
4----7----3
| |
8 6
| |
1----5----2
Ni Shape functions for quadratic serendipity element (8 * 1)
dN _ dx i first derivatives of shape functions Ni (8 * 1)
dN _ de t a first derivatives of shape functions Ni (8 * 1)
h scalar or vector containing thickness sc a la r o r ( 8 * 1)
v(1,
v(1,2,2,3)3)i
i comp
compon
onen
ents
ts of the local
local coord
coordin
inat
ate
e syste
system
m in node
node i (8 * 3)
d Nodal offset from shell mid plane sc a la r ( d ef a ul t = 0)
Bg b matrix of shell8 element (6 * 48)

J Jacobian of the parametric transformation (3 * 3)
See also SE_SHELL8

SE_SHELL8,
, KE_SHELL8
KE_SHELL8.
.
se shell8
SE_S
SE_SHE
HELL
LL8
8 Comp
Comput
ute
e the
the elem
elemen
ent
t stre
stress
sses
es for a shel
shell8
l8 elemen
element.
t.
[SeGCS,SeLCS,vLCS]
[SeGCS,SeLCS,vLCS] = se_shell8(Node,Section,Materi
se_shell8(Node,Section,Material,UeGCS,O
al,UeGCS,Options,gc
ptions,gcs)
s)
[SeGCS
[SeGCS,Se
,SeLCS
LCS]
] = se_she
se_shell8
ll8(No
(Node,
de,Sec
Sectio
tion,
n,Mat
Materi
erial,
al,UeG
UeGCS,
CS,Opt
Option
ions,g
s,gcs
cs)
)
SeG
SeGCS = se_s
se_sh
hell
ell8(N
8(Node
ode,Se
,Secti
ction,
on,Mat
Materi
erial,U
l,UeGCS
eGCS,O
,Opt
ptiions
ons,gc
,gcs)
comput
computes
es the elemen
element
t stress
stresses
es in the global
global and the
local
local coordi
coordinat
nate
e system
system for the shell8
shell8 elemen
element.
t.
Nodes
Nodes should
should have
have the follow
following
ing order:
order:
4----7----3
| |
8 6
| |
1----5----2
Se c ti o n Section definition [h ] o r [ h 1 h 2 h 3 h 4 ]
(uniform
(uniform thickness
thickness or defined
defined in corner
corner nodes(1,2
nodes(1,2,3,4,3,4))
))
Mate
ateria
rial Mat
Materi
erial def
defini
initio
tion [E nu rho]
rho] or [Ex[Exx Eyy nux nuxy muxy
muxy muy
muyz muzx
uzx thet
theta
a rho
rho
UeGC
eGCS Dis
Displa
placem
cement
ents (48
(48 * nTim
nTimeeSte
Steps)
ps)
Opti
Option
onss Elem
Elemen
ent
t opti
option
ons
s stru
struct
ct.. Fiel
Fields
ds::
-LCSType:
-LCSType: determine
determine the reference
reference local element
element
coordinate
coordinate system.
system. Values:
Values:
’element’
’element’ (default)
(default) or ’global’
’global’
-MatType:
-MatType: ’isotropic
’isotropic’’ (default)
(default) or ’orthotrop
’orthotropic’ ic’
-Offse
-Offset:
t: nodal
nodal offset
offset from
from shell
shell midpla
midplane.ne. Values
Values: :
’top’,
’top’, ’mid’
’mid’ (defau
(default)
lt),, ’bot’
’bot’ or numeri
numericalcal value
value
GCS Glo
Global
bal coor
coorddina
inate syst
ystem in whi
which str
stress
esses are ret return
urned
’cart’|’cyl’|’sph’
SeGC
eGCS Ele
Elemen
ment str
streesse
sses in
in GC
GCS in
in cor
cornner nod
nodes IJKLJKL anand
at top/mi
top/mid/b
d/bot
ot of shell
shell (72 * nTimeS
nTimeStepteps)
s)
72 = 6 stress comp. * 4 nodes * 3 locations
[sxx
[sxx syy
syy szz
szz sxy
sxy syz
syz sxz]
sxz]
SeLC
eLCS Ele
Elemen
ment str
streesse
sses in
in LC
LCS in
in cor
cornner nod
nodes IJKLJKL anand
at top/mi
top/mid/b
d/bot
ot of shell
shell (72 * nTimeS
nTimeStepteps)
s)
[sxx
[sxx syy
syy szz
szz sxy
sxy syz
syz sxz]
sxz]
vL C S Unit vectors of LCS (3 * 3)
See also ELEMSTRES

ELEMSTRESS,
S, SE_SHELL4.
SE_SHELL4.
Shell8 functions 61
accel shell8
ACCEL_
ACCEL_SHE
SHELL8
LL8 Comput
Compute
e the distri
distribut
buted
ed loads
loads for shell8
shell8 elemen
elements
ts due to an accelera
acceleratio
tion.
n.
DLoads = accel_shell8(Accelxyz,Elemen
accel_shell8(Accelxyz,Elements,Section
ts,Sections,Materials
s,Materials,Options)
,Options)
comput
computes
es the distri
distribut
buted
ed loads
loads for shell8
shell8 elemen
elements
ts due to an accele
accelerat
ration
ion.
.
In order
order to simula
simulate
te gravit
gravity,
y, accele
accelerat
rate
e the struct
structure
ure in the direct
direction
ion
opposite
gravity.
Accelxyz A c ce l er a ti o n [A x A y A z ] ( 1 * 3)
Elem
Elemen
ents
ts Elem
Elemen entt defi
defini niti
tion
ons
s [Elt
[EltID
ID TypI
TypID D SecI
SecID
D MatI
MatIDD n1
n1 n2
n2 ...
...]
]
Sect
Sectio
ions
ns Sect
Sectio ionn defi
defini niti
tion
ons
s [Sec
[SecID
ID SecP
SecProrop1
p1 SecP
SecPro
rop2
p2 ...]
...]
Mate
Materi
rial
alss Mate
Materi rial
al defi
defininiti
tion
onss [Mat
[MatID
ID MatP
MatProrop1
p1 MatP
MatPro
rop2
p2 ...
... ]
Opti
Option
ons
s Elem
Elemenent t opti
option ons
s stru
struct
ct.
. Fiel
Fields
ds::
-MatType:
-MatType: ’isotropic
’isotropic’ ’ (default)
(default) or ’orthotrop
’orthotropic’
ic’
DLoa
Loads Dis
Distri
tribut
buted loa loads [Elt
EltID n1g
n1glob
lobalX
alX n1g
n1glob
lobalY
alY n1gl
n1gloobal
balZ ...]
...]
See also ACCEL,

ACCEL, ACCEL_TRU
ACCEL_TRUSS.
SS.
loads shell8
LOAD
LOADS_
S_SH
SHEL
ELL8
L8 Equi
Equiva
vale
lent
nt nodal
nodal forces
forces for a shel
shell8
l8 eleme
element
nt in the
the GCS.
GCS.
F = loads_she
loads_shell8(D
ll8(DLoad
Load,Node
,Node)
)
comput
computes
es the equiva
equivalen
lent
t nodal
nodal forces
forces of a distri
distribut
buted
ed load
load
(in the global
global coordinate
coordinate system).
system).
DLoa
Load Dis
Distri
tribut
buted loaloads [n1g
[n1glloba
obalX;
lX; n1gl
n1glo
obal
balY; n1gl
1globa
obalZ;
lZ; ...
...]
i n c o rn e r N od e s (1 2 * 1)
F Load vector (4 (48 * 1)
See also LOADSLCS_

LOADSLCS_BEAM
BEAM,
, ELEMLOADS,
ELEMLOADS, LOADS_TRU
LOADS_TRUSS.
SS.
pressure shell8
PRES
PRESSU
SURE
RE_S
_SHE
HELL
LL8
8 Equi
Equiva
vale
lent
nt nodal
nodal forc
forces
es for
for a shel
shell8
l8 elemen
element
t in the
the GCS
GCS
due to a pressu
pressure
re normal
normal to the element
element surfac
surface.
e.
F = pressure_
pressure_shell
shell(Pre
(Pressure
ssure,Nod
,Node)
e)
comput
computes
es the equiva
equivalen
lent
t nodal
nodal forces
forces of a pressu
pressure
re load
load normal
normal to
the elements
elements surface.
surface.
Pressure Distributed loads in corner Nodes [p1localZ; ...]

(4 * 1)
See also ELEMPRESSURE, PRESSURE_SHELL4.
coord shell8
COORD_SHELL8 Coordinates of the shell8 elements for plotting.
[X,Y,Z] = coord_shell8(Nodes,NodeNum)
returns the coordinates of the shell8 elements for plotting.

disp shell8
DISP_SHELL8 Matrices to compute the displacements of the deformed shell.
[Ax,Ay,Az,B] = disp_shell8(Nodes,Elements,DOF,U)
returns the matrices to compute the displacements of the deformed shell.
The coordinates of the nodes of the shell8 element are
computed using X=Ax*U+B(:,1); Y=Ay*U+B(:,2) and
Z=Az*U+B(:,3).

Shell8 functions 63
See also DISP_TRUSS, PLOTDISP, DISP_SHELL4.
scontour shell8
SCONTOUR_SHELL8 Matrix to plot contours in a shell8 element.
Scontour = scontour_shell8(Node,Stress,Svalues) returns a matrix used

for plotting contours in a shell4 element.

Stress Stress in nodes (4 * 1) or (8 * 1)
Svalues Values of contours (nContour * 1)
Scontour Coordinates of contours in GCS
See also PLOTSTRESSCONTOUR, PLOTSHELLFCONTOUR.
patch shell8
PATCH_SHELL8 Patch information of the shell8 elements for plotting.
[pxyz,pind,pvalue] = patch_shell8(Nodes,NodeNum,Values)
returns matrices to plot patches of shell8 elements.

Values Values assigned to nodes used for coloring (nElem * 8)
pxyz Coordinates of Nodes (8*nElem * 3)
pind indices of Nodes (nElem * 8)
pvalue Values arranged per Node (8*nElem * 1)
See also PLOTSTRESSCONTOURF, PLOTSHELLFCONTOURF.
grid shell8
GRID_SHELL8 Grid in natural coordinates for mapped meshing.
[s,t,NodeNum,Elements] = grid_shell8(m,n,Type,Section,Material)
returns matrices of a grid in the natural coordinate system, which can
be used for mapped meshing.
s s-coordinate of nodes (1 * nNodes)

t t-coordinate of nodes (1 * nNodes)
NodeNum Node numbers order on grid ((m+1) * (n+1))
Elements Node numbers are saved per element here (nElem * 12)
Type Type ID of meshed elements
Section Section ID of meshed elements
Material Material ID of meshed elements
See also MAKEMESH, GRID_SHELL4.

Nonlinear analysis functions 65
1.9 Nonlinear analysis functions
nlsolver Solve static nonlinear problems. p.66

lincrpoint Interpolation-based linear estimate of critical p oints. p.67
nlincrpoint Determine nonlinear critical points (bisection). p.67
nlincrpoint2 Determine nonlinear critical points (direct method). p.68
nlsolver
NLSOLVER Solve static nonlinear problems
[U,K,lambda] = nlsolver(Nodes,Elements,Types,Sections,Materials,DOF,Pf);
[U,K,lambda,ds,HistPar,crpoint_info] = nlsolver(Nodes,Elements,Types,...
Sections,Materials,DOF,Pf,U0,Options,HistPar,Constr,P0);
This function contains several algorithms for solving nonlinear problems
of the form R(U)-lambda*Pf = 0
The standard algorithm uses a load control strategy with Newton-Raphson as
nonlinear solver
INPUT:
Pf External load vector (nDOF * 1)
Contains the final load vector
(i.e. multiplier lambda varies from 0 to 1 in load control steps)
U0 Initial displacement vector (nDOF * 1)
Options Struct containing optional parameters. Fiels:
.nloadincrem Number of load increments in load control strategy
.method Solver for nonlinear system:
’NR’: Newton-Raphson (default)
’MNR’: Modified Newton-Raphson
’QN’: Quasi-Newton (BGFS)
.tolerance Convergence tolerance on residual for nonlinear solvers (default: 1e-4)
.arclength Use arclength control
{’off’: load control (default) |’on’: arclength control}
.arclength_strategy Select arclength strategy/constraint type:
{’hyperplane’ (default)| ’cylinder’}
.adapt_arclength Use heuristic scheme to adapt arclength during
iterations {true (default)| false}
.maxiter Maximum number of sub-iterations in each load or arclength
substep
.maxoiter Maximum number of outer iterations in arclength methods
.lsmethod Add line-search method to load control strategy:
{’no’ (default) | ’energy’ | ’armijo’}
.initdl Initial arclength (default = 0)
when set to 0 an initial arclength is estimated based on the
equivalent number of load steps (nloadincrem)
.ksym Assume symmetric tangent stiffness matrix {true | false (default)}
.check_crpoint Check whether a critical point is passed in each step
(true | false (default))
.printiter Print information during each iteration of the algorithm
(true (default)| false)
HistPar Element related history parameters
Constr Impose linear constraint equations (see ADDCONSTR function)
P0 Initial load vector for solving systems: R(U)-lambda*Pf-P0 = 0

OUTPUT:
U Displacement history (nDOF * nloadincrem)
K Final tangent stiffness
lambda Load multiplier history (1 * nloadincrem)
ds Arclength history (1 * nloadincrem)
crpoint_info Struct containing information on critical points
lincrpoint
LINCRPOINT Linear estimate of critical points based on exact

geometrical stiffness in two equilibrium points.
[lambda,phi] = lincrpoint(Nodes,Elements,Types,Sections,Materials,DOF,P);
[lambda,phi] = lincrpoint(Nodes,Elements,Types,Sections,Materials,DOF,P,...
nmode,lambda0,U0,Options);
estimates the critical load factor (e.g. buckling/bifurcation load factor)
by linear interpolation of the tangent stiffness matrix of two distinct
equilibrium points (see p.630 Bathe and p.362 Belytschko).
Input:
P Load vector (nDOF * 1)
Optional input:
nmode number of modes (default: 10)
lambda0 load factors of the two reference equilibrium points (default: [0 1])
U0 Initial displacements used in finding the equilibrium points (nDOF x 2)
Options Options struct (passed to nlsolver function)
nlincrpoint
NLINCRPOINT Determine nonlinear critical point (bisection)
[lambda,phi] = nlincrpoint(Nodes,Elements,Types,Sections,Materials,DOF,P,...
lambda0,U0,Options,HistPar,Constr);
locate nonlinear critical point between two states using a simple
bracketing algorithm.
Input:
lambda0 Load factors of the two reference equilibrium points (nDOF x 2)
U0 Displacements of the reference equilibrium points (nDOF x 2)
Options Options struct. Fields:
.nlsolver Nonlinear solver strategy (loadcontrol (default)| arclength)
.tolerance Convergence tolerance bisection algorithm (default: 1e-3)
.maxiter Maximum number of iterations (default: 20)
.verbose Print information during iterations (true (default)| false)
Constr Impose linear constraint equations (see ADDCONSTR function)
nlincrpoint2
NLINCRPOINT2 Determine nonlinear critical point (direct method)
[lambda,phi] = lincrpoint2(Nodes,Elements,Types,Sections,Materials,DOF,P);
[lambda,phi] = lincrpoint2(Nodes,Elements,Types,Sections,Materials,DOF,P,...
nmode,lambda0,U0,phi0,Options);
locates a nonlinear critical point by directly solving the extended
system of equations. Not applicable to elasto-plastic problems. More
information on this algorithm can be found in e.g. Wriggers (2008),
Nonlinear Finite Element Methods (p.262).
Input:
lambda0 Initial guess of critical load factor (scalar)
U0 Initial displacements used the equilibrium points (nDOF x 2)
phi0 Initial gueess of critical mode (nDOF x 1)
Options Options struct. Fields:
.nphi0iters Number of iterations to estimate initial critical mode (default: 3)
.tolerance Convergence tolerance on residual (default: 1e-7)
.maxiter Maximum number of iterations (default: 20)

.verbose Print information during iterations (true (default)| false)
Output:
lambda critical point load factor estimates (scalar)
phi buckling modes (ndof x 1)
kenl truss
KENL_TRUSS Geometric (exact) nonlinear truss element:

internal force vector, element stiffness and mass matrix in
global coordinate system.
[Re,Ke] = kenl_truss(Node,Section,Material,Ue,Options)
returns the internal force vector, the element stiffness and mass matrix in the
global coordinate system for a two node truss element (isotropic
material)

Ue Element displacement vector (6 * 1)
HistPar History parameters (not used)
ElemCache Element cache (not used)
Re Element internal force vector (6 * 1)
See also KENLLCS_TRUSS, TRANS_TRUSS, NLASMKM.
kenl plane4
KENL_PLANE4 plane element internal force vector and tangent stiffness

matrix in global coordinate system.
[Re,Ke] = kenl_plane4(Node,Section,Material,Ue,Options)
Re = kenl_plane4(Node,Section,Material,Ue,Options)
returns internal force vector and tangent stiffness matrix of
the element in the global coordinate system for a four
node plane element (isotropic material).

plane4 only operates in the 2D xy-plane so
z-coordinates should be equal to zero
4---------3
| |
| |
| |
1---------2

-only plane stress implemented
kenl kbeam
KENL_TRUSS Geometric (exact) nonlinear beam element:

internal force vector, element stiffness and mass matrix in
global coordinate system.
[Re,Ke] = kenl_beam(Node,Section,Material,Ue,Options)
returns the internal force vector, the element stiffness and mass matrix in the
global coordinate system for a two node beam element (isotropic
material)

Ue Element displacement vector (24 * 1)
HistPar History parameters (not used)
ElemCache Element cache (not used)
Implementation of beam element described in:

Nielsen, M. & Krenk, S. Explicit free-floating beam element
International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering, 2014, 98, 59-78
Chapter 2
Tutorial
72 Tutorial
2.1 Tutorial: static analysis
A frame is clamped at node 1 and has a hinge at node 5. An internal hinge is present at nodes 2
and 3. At node 4 a point load F = 5 kN is applied and the vertical beam on the left is loaded by a
distributed load p = 2 kN/m.
The frame consists of rectangular concrete beams (Young’s modulus E = 30 × 106 kN/m2 and Poisson
coefficient ν = 0.2) with a height of 0.25m and a width of 0.1 m. A diagonal steel cable (Young’s
modulus E = 210 × 106 kN/m2 and Poisson coefficient ν = 0.3) with a radius of 0.004 m, supports the
frame.
Figure 2.1: Example 1: nodes, loads and boundary conditions.
% StaBIL manual
% Tutorial: static analysis
% Units: m, kN
% Nodes=[NodID X Y Z]
Nodes= [1 0 0 0;
2 0 4 0;
3 0 4 0;
4 4 4 0;
5 4 0 0;
6 1 5 0]; % reference node
% Check the node coordinates as follows:

figure
plotnodes(Nodes);
% Element types -> {EltTypID EltName}

Types= {1 beam ;
2 truss };
b=0.10;
Tutorial: static analysis 73
h=0.25;
r=0.004;
% Sections=[SecID A ky kz Ixx Iyy Izz yt yb zt zb]

Sections= [1 b*h Inf Inf 0 0 b*h^3/12 h/2 h/2 b/2 b/2;
2 pi*r^2 NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN];
% Materials=[MatID E nu];
Materials= [ 1 30e6 0.2; % concrete
2 210e6 0.3]; % steel
% Elements=[EltID TypID SecID MatID n1 n2 n3]

Elements= [1 1 1 1 1 2 6;
2 1 1 1 3 4 6;
3 1 1 1 5 4 6;
4 2 2 2 1 4 NaN];
% Check node and element definitions as follows:

hold( on );
plotelem(Nodes,Elements,Types);
title( Nodes and elements );
% Degrees of freedom
% Assemble a column matrix containing all DOFs at which stiffness is
% present in the model:
DOF=getdof(Elements,Types);
% Remove all DOFs equal to zero from the vector:

% - 2D analysis: select only UX,UY,ROTZ
% - clamp node 1
% - hinge at node 5
seldof=[0.03; 0.04; 0.05; 1.00; 5.01; 5.02];
DOF=removedof(DOF,seldof);
% Assembly of stiffness matrix K

K=asmkm(Nodes,Elements,Types,Sections,Materials,DOF);
% Nodal loads: 5 kN horizontally on node 4.

seldof=[4.01];
PLoad= [5];
% Assembly of the load vectors:

P=nodalvalues(DOF,seldof,PLoad);
% Distributed loads are specified in the global coordinate system

% DLoads=[EltID n1globalX n1globalY n1globalZ ...]
DLoads= [1 2 0 0 2 0 0];
P=P+elemloads(DLoads,Nodes,Elements,Types,DOF);
% Constraint equations: Constant=Coef1*DOF1+Coef2*DOF2+ ...

% Constraints=[Constant Coef1 DOF1 Coef2 DOF2 ...]
Constr= [0 1 2.01 -1 3.01;
0 1 2.02 -1 3.02];
% Add constraint equations

74 Tutorial
[K,P]=addconstr(Constr,DOF,K,P);
% Solve K * U = P
U=K\P;
% Plot displacements
figure
% The displacements can be displayed as follows:

printdisp(Nodes,DOF,U);
% Compute element forces

Forces=elemforces(Nodes,Elements,Types,Sections,Materials,DOF,U,DLoads);
% The element forces can be displayed in a orderly table:

printforc(Elements,Forces);
% Plot element forces

figure
plotforc( norm ,Nodes,Elements,Types,Forces,DLoads)
title( Normal forces )
figure
plotforc( sheary ,Nodes,Elements,Types,Forces,DLoads)
title( Shear forces )
figure
plotforc( momz ,Nodes,Elements,Types,Forces,DLoads)
title( Bending moments )
% Plot stresses
figure
plotstress( snorm ,Nodes,Elements,Types,Sections,Forces,DLoads)
title( Normal stresses due to normal forces )
figure
plotstress( smomzt ,Nodes,Elements,Types,Sections,Forces,DLoads)
title( Normal stresses due to bending moments around z: top )
figure
plotstress( smomzb ,Nodes,Elements,Types,Sections,Forces,DLoads)
title( Normal stresses due to bending moments around z: bottom )
figure
plotstress( smax ,Nodes,Elements,Types,Sections,Forces,DLoads)
title( Maximal normal stresses )
figure
plotstress( smin ,Nodes,Elements,Types,Sections,Forces,DLoads)
title( Minimal normal stresses )
76 Tutorial
173714
−71
24 −271
−71
173714
24 −271
(a) normal forces
2325
0 −2325 0 2325
−2325
760 −760
−8525 0 8525 0
(b) b ending moments around z: top (c) b ending moments around z: b ottom
173714 173714
−71
24 2254
2054 −71
24 −2597
−2397
785 −736
173714 173714
8549 −271 −8501 −271

(c) maximal (d) minimal
Figure 2.3: Normal stresses.

Tutorial: dynamic analysis 77
2.2 Tutorial: dynamic analysis
A dynamic analysis is made of the frame that was treated in section 2.1.
% StaBIL manual
% Tutorial: dynamic analysis: model
% Units: m, N
L=4;
H=4;
nElemCable=8;
Nodes= [1 0 0 0;
2 L 0 0];
Nodes=reprow(Nodes,1:2,4,[2 0 H/4 0]);
Nodes= [Nodes;
11 0 H 0];
Nodes=reprow(Nodes,11,3,[1 L/4 0 0]);
Nodes= [Nodes;
Nodes= [Nodes;
16 0 0 0];
Nodes=reprow(Nodes,16,nElemCable,[1 L/nElemCable H/nElemCable 0]);

figure
plotnodes(Nodes);

Types= {1 beam };
b=0.10;
h=0.25;
r=0.004;
% Sections=[SecID A ky kz Ixx Iyy Izz]

Sections= [1 b*h Inf Inf 0 0 b*h^3/12;
2 pi*r^2 Inf Inf 0 0 pi*r^4/4];
Materials= [1 30e9 0.2 2500; % concrete
2 210e9 0.3 7850]; % steel

Elements= [1 1 1 1 1 3 15;
2 1 1 1 2 4 15];
Elements=reprow(Elements,1:2,3,[2 0 0 0 2 2 0]);
Elements=[ Elements;
9 1 1 1 11 12 15;
10 1 1 1 12 13 15;
11 1 1 1 13 14 15;
12 1 1 1 14 10 15;
13 1 2 2 16 17 15];
Elements=reprow(Elements,13,(nElemCable-1),[1 0 0 0 1 1 0]);
78 Tutorial

hold( on );
% Boundary conditions
seldof=[0.03; 0.04; 0.05; 1.01; 1.02; 1.06; 2.01; 2.02; 16.01; 16.02];

[K,M]=asmkm(Nodes,Elements,Types,Sections,Materials,DOF);

DLoads=[1 2000 0 0 2000 0 0;
3 2000 0 0 2000 0 0;
5 2000 0 0 2000 0 0;
7 2000 0 0 2000 0 0];
b=elemloads(DLoads,Nodes,Elements,Types,DOF); % Spatial distribution, nodal (nDOF * 1)
% Constraint equations: Constant=Coef1*DOF1+Coef2*DOF2+ ...

% Constraints=[Constant Coef1 DOF1 Coef2 DOF2 ...]
Constr= [0 1 9.01 -1 11.01;
0 1 9.02 -1 11.02;
0 1 10.01 -1 (16.01+nElemCable);
0 1 10.02 -1 (16.02+nElemCable)];
[K,b,M]=addconstr(Constr,DOF,K,b,M);
2.2.1 Eigenmodes
% StaBIL manual
% Tutorial: dynamic analysis: eigenvalue problem
% Units: m, N
% Assembly of M and K
tutorialdyna;
% Eigenvalue problem
nMode=12;
[phi,omega]=eigfem(K,M,nMode);
% Display eigenfrequenties
disp( Lowest eigenfrequencies [Hz] );
disp(omega/2/pi);
% Plot eigenmodes
figure;
plotdisp(Nodes,Elements,Types,DOF,phi(:,1), DispMax , off )
figure;
figure;

figure;
figure;
figure;
% Animate eigenmodes
figure;
animdisp(Nodes,Elements,Types,DOF,phi(:,1))
title( Eigenmode 1 )
figure;
figure;
figure;
figure;
figure;
2.2.2 Modal superposition: time domain: piecewise exact integration
% StaBIL manual
% Tutorial: dynamic analysis: modal superposition: piecewise exact integration
% Units: m, N
tutorialdyna;
% Sampling parameters
T=2.5; % Time window
dt=0.002; % Time step
N=T/dt; % Number of samples
t=[0:N-1]*dt; % Time axis
% Eigenvalue analysis
nMode=12; % Number of modes to take into account
[phi,omega]=eigfem(K,M,nMode); % Calculate eigenmodes and eigenfrequencies
xi=0.07; % Constant modal damping ratio
% Excitation
bm=phi. *b; % Spatial distribution, modal (nMode * 1)
80 Tutorial
(a) Eigenmode 1 (b) Eigenmode 2
(b) Eigenmode 5 (c) Eigenmode 8
(d) Eigenmode 11 (e) Eigenmode 12
Figure 2.4: Results of example 1.

q=zeros(1,N); % Time history (1 * N)

q((t>=0.50) & (t<0.60))=1; % Time history (1 * N)
pm=bm*q; % Modal excitation (nMode * N)
% Modal analysis
x= msupt(omega,xi,t,pm, zoh );
% Modal displacements -> nodal displacements

u=phi*x; % Nodal response (nDOF * N)
% Figures
figure;
plot(t,x);
title( Modal response (piecewise linear exact integration) );
xlabel( Time [s] );
xlim([0 4.1])
ylabel( Displacement [m kg^{0.5}] );
legend([repmat( Mode ,nMode,1) num2str([1:nMode]. )]);
figure;
c=selectdof(DOF,[9.01; 13.02; 17.02]);
plot(t,c*u);
title( Nodal response (piecewise linear exact integration) );
xlabel( Time [s] );
xlim([0 4.1])
ylabel( Displacement [m] );
legend( 9.01 , 13.02 , 17.02 );
% Movie
figure;
animdisp(Nodes,Elements,Types,DOF,u);
% Display
disp( Maximum modal response );
disp( max(abs(x),[],2));
disp( Maximum nodal response 9.01 13.02 17.02 );

disp( max(abs(c*u),[],2));
2.2.3 Modal superposition: transform to frequency domain
% StaBIL manual
% Tutorial: dynamic analysis: direct method: frequency domain
% Units: m, N
tutorialdyna;
N=2048; % Number of samples
T=N*dt; % Period
F=N/T; % Sampling frequency
df=1/T; % Frequency resolution
82 Tutorial
f=[0:N/2-1]*df; % Pos
Positiv
itive
e fre
freque
quenci
ncies
es cor
corres
respon
pondin
ding
g to FFT [Hz
[Hz]
]
Omega=2*pi
Omega=2*pi*f;
*f; % Ide
Idem
m [ra
[rad/
d/s]
s]
% Eigenv
Eigenvalue
alue analysis
nMode=12; % Numb
Number
er of mo
mode
des
s to ta
take
ke in
into
to ac
acco
coun
unt
t
[phi,omega]=eigfem
[phi,omega]=eigfem(K,M,nMode);
(K,M,nMode); % Calcula
Calculate
te eigenmodes
eigenmodes and eigenf
eigenfrequen
requencies
cies
xi=0.07; % Con
Constan
stant
t mod
modal
al dam
dampin
ping
g rat
ratio
io
% Excita
Excitation
tion
bm=phi. *b; % Spatial dis
Spatial distri
tribut
bution
ion,
, mod
modal
al (nM
(nMode
ode * 1)
q=zeros
q=zeros(1,N);
(1,N); % Time
Time hi
hist
stor
ory
y (1 * N)
q((t>=0.50)
q((t>=0.50) & (t<0.60))=1;
(t<0.60))=1; % Time
Time hi
hist
stor
ory
y (1 * N)
Q=fft
Q=fft(q);
(q); % Freq
Frequen
uency
cy co
cont
nten
ent
t (1 * N)
Q=Q(1:N/2); % Frequen
Frequency
cy con
conten
tent,
t, pos
positi
itive
ve fre
freqq (1 * N/2
N/2)
)
Pm=bm*Q; % Modal
Modal exc
excita
itatio
tion
n, pos
positiv
itive
e fre
freq
q (nM
(nMode
ode * N/2
N/2)
)
% Mod
Modal
al ana
analys
lysis
is
[X,H]= msupf
msupf(omega,xi,Omega,Pm);
(omega,xi,Omega,Pm); % Mod
Modal
al res
respon
ponse
se,
, pos
positiv
itive
e fre
freq
q (nM
(nMode
ode * N/2
N/2)
)
% F-
F-do
dom m -> t-
t-do
dom
m
X=[X, zeros(nMode,1),
zeros(nMode,1), conj(X(:,
conj(X(:,end
end:-1:2))];
:-1:2))];
x=ifft
x=ifft(X,[],2);
(X,[],2); % Mo
Moda
dal
l re
resp
spon
onse
se (n
(nMo
Mode
de * N)
% Mod
Modal
al dis
displa
placem
cement
ents
s -> nod
nodal
al dis
displa
placem
cements
ents
u=phi*x; % No
Noda
dal
l re
resp
spon
onse
se (n
(nDO
DOF
F * N)
% Fig
Figure
ures s
figure;
figure ;
subplot(3,2,1);
subplot (3,2,1);
plot(t,q,
plot(t,q, .- );
xlim([0
xlim([0 4.1])
ylim([0
ylim([0 1.2]);
title(
title( Excitation
Excitation time histor
history
y );
xlabel(
xlabel ( Time [s] );
ylabel(
ylabel ( Force [N/m] );
subplot(3,2,2);
subplot(3,2,2);
plot(f,
plot(f,abs
abs(Q)/F,
(Q)/F, .- );
title(
title( Excitation
Excitation frequen
frequency
cy conten
content
t );
xlabel(
xlabel( Frequency
Frequency [Hz] );
ylabel(
ylabel( Force [N/m/
[N/m/Hz]
Hz] );
subplot(3,2,4);
subplot(3,2,4);
plot(f,
plot(f,abs
abs(H),
(H), .- );
title(
title( Modal transf
transfer
er functi
function
on );
xlabel(
xlabel( Frequency
Frequency [Hz] );
ylabel(
ylabel( Displacement
Displacement [m/N] );
legend([repmat(
legend([repmat( Mode ,nMode,1) num2str([1:nMode].
num2str([1:nMode]. )]);
subplot(3,2,6);
subplot(3,2,6);
plot(f,
plot(f,abs
abs(X(:,1:N/2))/F,
(X(:,1:N/2))/F, .- );
title(
title( Modal respon
response
se );
xlabel(
xlabel( Frequency
Frequency [Hz] );
ylabel(
Displacement [m kg^{0
kg^{0.5}/
.5}/Hz]
Hz] );
subplot(3,2,5);
subplot(3,2,5);
plot(t,x);
plot(t,x);
title(
title( Modal response (calculation
(calculation in f-dom
f-dom)
) );
xlabel(
xlabel( Time [s] );
xlim([0
xlim([0 4.1])
ylabel(
kg^{0.5}]
.5}] );
figure;
figure;
plot(t,x);
plot(t,x);
title(
title( Modal response (calculation
f-dom)
) );
xlabel(
xlabel( Time [s] );
xlim([0
xlim([0 4.1])
ylabel(
kg^{0.5}]
.5}] );
legend([repmat(
legend([repmat( Mode ,nMode,1) num2str([1:nMode].
num2str([1:nMode]. )]);
figure;
figure;
c=selectdof
c=selectdof(DOF
(DOF,[9.01
,[9.01;
; 13.02; 17.02]);
17.02]);
plot(t,c*u);
plot(t,c*u);
title(
title( Nodal response (calculation
f-dom)
) );
xlabel(
xlabel( Time [s] );
xlim([0
xlim([0 4.1])
ylabel(
Displacement [m] );
legend(
legend( 9.01 , 13.02 , 17.02 );
% Mo
Movi
viee
figure;
figure;
animdisp (Nodes,Elements,Types,DOF,u);
% Dis
Displa
playy
disp(
disp( Maximum
Maximum modal respon
response
se );
disp(
disp( max
max((abs
abs(x),[],2));
(x),[],2));
disp( Maximum
disp( Maximum nod
nodal
al res
respon
ponse
se 9.0
9.01
1 13.
13.02
02 17.
17.02
02 );
disp(
disp( max
max((abs
abs(c*u),[],2));
(c*u),[],2));
2.2.4
2.2.4 Direc
Directt tim
time
e int
integr
egrati
ation
on
% StaBIL
StaBIL manual
% Tutori
Tutorial:
al: dynamic analys
analysis:
is: direct time integration:
integration: trapez
trapezium
ium rule
% Un
Unit
its
s: m, N
% Assembly of M, K and C
tutorialdyna;
[phi,omega]=eigfem
[phi,omega]=eigfem(K,M);
(K,M); % Calcul
Calculate
ate eigenm
eigenmodes
odes and eigenf
eigenfrequen
requencies
cies
xi=0.07; % Dam
Dampin
ping
g rat
ratio
io
nModes=length
nModes=length(K)-
(K)-size
size(Constr,1);
(Constr,1);
C=M. *phi(:,1:nModes)*diag
*phi(:,1:nModes)*diag(2*xi*omega(1:nModes))*phi(:,1:nModes).
(2*xi*omega(1:nModes))*phi(:,1:nModes). *M;
% Mo
Moda
dal
l -> fu
full
ll da
damp
mpin
ing
g ma
matr
trix
ix C
% Sampli
Sampling
ng parame
parameters
ters
T=2.5; % Time win
Time window
dow
dt=0.002; % Time
Time st
step
ep
N=T/dt; % Number
Number of sam
sample
ples
s
t=[0:N-1]*dt; % Time
Time ax
axis
is
% Excita
Excitation
tion
84 Tutorial
Excitation time history Excitation frequency content

0.1
1 0.08
]
] z
m
0.8 H
/
/
N m0.06
/
[
e 0.6 N
[
c
r e 0.04
o c
r
F 0.4 o
F
0.2 0.02
0 0
0 1 2 3 4 0 10 20 30 40 50
Time [s] Frequency [Hz]
Modal transfer function

Mode 1
0.8
Mode 2
Mode 3 ]
N0.6
/
Mode 4
m
[
Mode 5 t
n
Mode 6 e
m0.4
Mode 7 e
c
a
l
Mode 8 p
s 0.2
i
Mode 9 D
Mode 10
Mode 11 0
Mode 12 0 10 20 30 40 50
Frequency [Hz]
Modal response (calculation in f−dom) −3 Modal response

x 10
0.15 8
]
] z
5
. H
/
0 5
.
g 0.1 0 6
k g
m k
[
t m
[
n t 4
e 0.05 n
m e
e m
c e
a
l c
p 0 a 2
l
s
i p
D s
i
D
−0.05 0
0 1 2 3 4 0 10 20 30 40 50
Time [s] Frequency [Hz]
Figure 2.5: Modal superposition in frequency domain.
q=zeros
q=zeros(1,N);
(1,N); % Ti
Time
me hi
hist
stor
ory
y (1 * N)
q((t>=0.50)
q((t>=0.50) & (t<0.60))=1;
(t<0.60))=1; % Ti
Time
me hi
hist
stor
ory
y (1 * N)
p=b*q; % No
Noda
dal
l ex
exci
cita
tati
tion
on (n
(nDO
DOF
F * N)
% Dir
Direct
ect time int
integr
egrati
ation
on - tra
trapez
pezium
ium rule
alpha=1/4;
delta=1/2;
theta=1;
u=wilson
u=wilson(M,C
(M,C,K,dt
,K,dt,p,[a
,p,[alpha
lpha delta theta]);
theta]);
0.1 0.1
Mode 1 Mode 1
Mode 2 Mode 2
0.08 0.08
Mode 3 Mode 3
Mode 4 Mode 4
] ]
5
. 0.06 Mode 5 5
. 0.06 Mode 5
0 0
g Mode 6 g Mode 6
k k
m
[
Mode 7 m
[
Mode 7
t
0.04 t
0.04
n Mode 8 n Mode 8
e Mode 9 e Mode 9
m m
e 0.02 Mode 10 e 0.02 Mode 10
c c
a
l Mode 11 a
l Mode 11
p p
s
i Mode 12 s
i Mode 12
D 0 D 0
−0.02 −0.02
−0.04 −0.04
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
Time [s] Time [s]
(a) Modal superposition in time domain (b) Modal superposition in frequency domain
Figure 2.6: Modal response: comparison.
% Figures
figure;
c=selectdof(DOF,[9.01; 13.02; 17.02]);
plot(t,c*u);
title([ Nodal response (direct time integration) ]);
xlabel( Time [s] );
xlim([0 4.1])
ylabel( Nodal displacements [m] );
legend( 9.01 , 13.02 , 17.02 );
% Movie
figure;
% Display
2.2.5 Direct solution in the frequency domain
% StaBIL manual
% Tutorial: dynamic analysis: modal superposition: transform to f-dom
% Units: m, N
% Assembly of M, K and C
tutorialdyna;
[phi,omega]=eigfem(K,M); % Calculate eigenmodes and eigenfrequencies
xi=0.07; % Damping ratio
nModes=length(K)-size(Constr,1);
C=M. *phi(:,1:nModes)*diag(2*xi*omega(1:nModes))*phi(:,1:nModes). *M;
% Modal -> full damping matrix C
86 Tutorial
N=2048; % Number of samples

T=N*dt; % Period
F=N/T; % Sampling frequency
df=1/T; % Frequency resolution
f=[0:N/2-1]*df; % Positive frequencies corresponding to FFT [Hz]
Omega=2*pi*f; % Idem [rad/s]
% Excitation
q=zeros(1,N); % Time history (1 * N)
q((t>=0.50) & (t<0.60))=1; % Time history (1 * N)
Q=fft(q); % Frequency content (1 * N)
Q=Q(1:N/2); % Frequency content, positive freq (1 * N/2)
Pd=b*Q; % Nodal excitation, positive freq (nDOF * N/2)
% Solution for each frequency

Ud=zeros(size(Pd));
for k=1:N/2
Kd=-Omega(k)^2*M+Omega(k)*i*C+K;
Ud(:,k)=Kd\Pd(:,k);
end
% F-dom -> t-dom

Ud=[Ud, zeros(length(K),1), conj(Ud(:,end:-1:2))];
u=ifft(Ud,[],2); % Nodal response (nDOF * N)
% Figures
figure;
c=selectdof(DOF,[9.01; 13.02; 17.02]);
plot(t,c*u);
title( Nodal response (direct method in f-dom) );
xlabel( Time [s] );
xlim([0 4.1])
ylabel( Displacement [m] );
legend( 9.01 , 13.02 , 17.02 );
% Movie
figure;
% Display
2.2.6 Comparison
Time domain Freq domain

Computational cost in seconds Modal superposition 0.167 0.147
Direct method 0.213 0.789
−3 −3
x 10 x 10
5 5
9.01 9.01
13.02 13.02
4 4
17.02 17.02
3 3
] ]
m
[ m
[
t t
n 2 n 2
e e
m m
e e
c c
a
l 1 a
l 1
p p
s
i s
i
D D
0 0
−1 −1
−2 −2
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
Time [s] Time [s]
(a) Modal superposition in time domain (b) Modal superposition in frequency domain
−3 −3
x 10 x 10
5 5
9.01 9.01
13.02 13.02
4 4
17.02 17.02
]
m
[ 3 3
s ]
t m
n [
e t
m 2 n 2
e e
c m
a
l e
p c
s
i 1 a
l 1
d p
l s
i
a D
d
o 0 0
N
−1 −1
−2 −2
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
Time [s] Time [s]
(b) Direct time integration (c) Direct method in frequency domain
Figure 2.7: Nodal response: comparison.

88 Tutorial
2.3 Tutorial: shell analysis
A barrel vault roof subjected to its self weight is analysed. The curved edges are simply supported
and the straight edges are free. Due to symmetry only a quarter of the roof is modelled and symmetry
boundary conditions are applied.
Edge 2: simply supported
Edge 1:
symmetry
Edge 3: conditions
free
boundary
zy
x
Edge 4: symmetry conditions
Figure 2.8: 8 × 8 mesh of a quarter of a cylindrical roof.
% A BARREL VAULT ROOF SUBJECTED TO ITS SELF WEIGHT

% Reference: COOK, CONCEPTS AND APPL OF F.E.A., 2ND ED., 1981, PP. 284-287.
%% Parameters
R=25; % Radius of cylindrical roof
L=50; % Length of cylindrical roof
t=0.25; % Thickness of roof
theta = 40*pi/180; % Angle of cylindrical roof
E = 4.32*10^8; % Youngs modulus
nu = 0; % Poisson coefficient
rho = 36.7347; % Density
N = 8; % Number of elements
%% Mesh
% Lines = [x1 y1 z1;x2 y2 z2;...]

Line1 = [0 0 0;0 0 L/2];
Line2 = [R*sin(theta*(0:0.1:1). ) R*cos(theta*(0:0.1:1). )-R L*ones(11,1)/2];
Line3 = [R*sin(theta) R*cos(theta)-R L/2; R*sin(theta) R*cos(theta)-R 0];
Tutorial: shell analysis 89
Line4 = [R*sin(theta*(1:-0.1:0). ) R*cos(theta*(1:-0.1:0). )-R zeros(11,1)];
% Specify element type for mesh

Materials = [1 E nu rho];
Sections = [1 t];
Types = {1 shell8 };
% Mesh the area between lines 1,2,3,4 with N * N elements of type shell8,
% section number 1 and material number 1.
[Nodes,Elements,Edge1,Edge2,Edge3,Edge4] = ...
makemesh(Line1,Line2,Line3,Line4,N,N,Types(1,:),1,1);
% Check mesh:
figure;
plotnodes(Nodes, numbering , off );
hold( on )
plotelem(Nodes,Elements,Types, numbering , off );
%% Assemble stiffness matrix
% Select all dof:

DOF = getdof(Elements,Types);
% Apply boundary conditions:

% - Line1 and Line4: symmetry condition
% - Line2: simply supported
sdof = [Edge1+0.01;Edge1+0.06;Edge1+0.05;Edge2+0.02;Edge2+0.01;
Edge2+0.06;Edge4+0.03;Edge4+0.04;Edge4+0.05];
DOF = removedof(DOF,sdof);
% Assemble K:
K = asmkm(Nodes,Elements,Types,Sections,Materials,DOF);
%% Solution
% Apply gravitational acceleration and determine equivalent nodal forces:

DLoads=accel([0 9.8 0],Elements,Types,Sections,Materials);
P=elemloads(DLoads,Nodes,Elements,Types,DOF);
% Solve K * U = P:
U = K\P;
% Plot displacements:
figure;
title( Displacements )
% Check target displacement:

TP1 = selectdof(DOF,intersect(Edge3,Edge4)+0.02);
Utp1 = TP1*U
ratio_u = -Utp1/0.3016
%% Stress
90 Tutorial
% Determine element stress in global and local(element) coordinate system:

[SeGCS,SeLCS,vLCS]=elemstress(Nodes,Elements,Types,Sections,Materials,DOF,U);
% print stress:
printstress(Elements,SeGCS)
% plot stress contour:

figure;
plotstresscontour( sx ,Nodes,Elements,Types,SeGCS, location , bot )
title( sx in gcs (element solution) )
% plot filled contours:

figure;
plotstresscontourf( sx ,Nodes,Elements,Types,SeGCS, location , bot )
title( sx in gcs (element solution) )
figure;
plotstresscontour( sx ,Nodes,Elements,Types,SeLCS, location , bot )
title( sx in lcs )
% plot lcs for shell elements

figure;
plotlcs(Nodes,Elements,Types,vLCS)
title( local coordinate system )
% Calculate nodal solution

% SnGCS: stress arranged per element
% SnGCS2: stress arranged per node
[SnGCS,SnGCS2]=nodalstress(Nodes,Elements,Types,SeGCS);
figure;
plotstresscontour( sx ,Nodes,Elements,Types,SnGCS, location , bot );
title( sx in gcs (nodal solution) )
% Stress ratios:
ratio_sz = SnGCS2(intersect(Edge3,Edge4),16)/358420
ratio_st = SnGCS2(intersect(Edge4,Edge1),14)/(-213400)
%% Shell forces
% Shell forces (element solution):

[FeLCS]=elemshellf(Elements,Sections,SeLCS);
figure;
plotshellfcontour( my ,Nodes,Elements,Types,FeLCS)
title( my (element solution) )
% Nodal solution:
[FnLCS,FnLCS2]=nodalshellf(Nodes,Elements,Types,FeLCS);
figure;
plotshellfcontour( my ,Nodes,Elements,Types,FnLCS)
title( my (nodal solution) )
%% Principal stress
% Principal stresses:
[Spr,Vpr]=principalstress(Elements,SnGCS);
Tutorial: shell analysis 91
figure;
plotstresscontour( s1 ,Nodes,Elements,Types,Spr, location , bot );
title( s1 )
% plot principal stresses:
figure;
plotprincstress(Nodes,Elements,Types,Spr,Vpr)
title( principal stress directions )
92 Tutorial
zy
x
(a) Local coordinate systems (b) Displacements

5 5
x 10 x 10
0.0599 3.5841
−0.1401 3.2082
−0.3401 2.8323
−0.5401 2.4564
−0.7401 2.0804
−0.9401 1.7045
−1.1401 1.3286
−1.3401 0.9527
−1.5401 zy 0.5768 zy
x x
MIN
−1.7401 0.2008 MIN
−1.9401 −0.1751
MAX
MAX
−2.1401 −0.551
(c) σxx at bottom of shell in GCS (element solution) (d) σxx at bottom of shell in LCS (element solution)
2079.965
1881.9048
1683.8446
1485.7844
1287.7242
1089.6639
891.6037
693.5435
495.4833 zy
zy
x
MAX x
297.4231
99.3629
MIN
−98.6973
(e) my in LCS (nodal solution) (f ) Principal stresses at top of shell
Figure 2.9: Cylindrical roof: results.

Tutorial: nonlinear analysis 93
2.4 Tutorial: nonlinear analysis
This tutorial performs a geometric nonlinear analysis of an arc loaded by a point force. Several
methods are used to compute the critical buckling load.
clear
%% GEOMETRIC NONLINEAR ARC
% (Example based on p268 of Nonlinear Finite Element Methods, Wriggers (2008))
Rin = 100; % Inner radius arc
Rout = 103; % Outer radius arc
alpha = 60*pi/180; % Arc angle
E = 40000; % Young s modulus
nu = 0.2; % Poisson s coefficient
m = 6; % number of elements in radial direction
n = 150; % number of elements in tangential direction
Types = {1 plane4 }; % {EltTypID EltName}
Sections = [1 1]; % [SecID t]
Materials = [1 E nu]; % [MatID E nu]
%% MESH
npoints = 100;
theta = linspace(-alpha/2+pi/2,alpha/2+pi/2,npoints). ;
[Xin,Yin] = pol2cart(flipud(theta),Rin*ones(npoints,1));
[Xout,Yout] = pol2cart(theta,Rout*ones(npoints,1));
Yin = Yin-Rin*cos(alpha/2);
Yout = Yout-Rin*cos(alpha/2);
Z = zeros(npoints,1);
Line1 = [Xin(end) Yin(end) 0;Xout(1) Yout(1) 0];
Line2 = [Xout Yout Z];
Line3 = [Xout(end) Yout(end) 0;Xin(1) Yin(1) 0];
Line4 = [Xin Yin Z];
[Nodes,Elements,Edge1,Edge2,Edge3,Edge4] = makemesh(Line1,Line2,Line3,Line4,n,m,Types(1,:),1,1);
figure;
title( Elements );
%% DOF
sdof = [Edge1((end-1)/2+1);Edge3((end-1)/2+1)];
sdof = [sdof+0.01;sdof+0.02];
%% LOAD
pdof = Edge2((end-1)/2+1)+0.02;
Lp = selectdof(DOF,pdof);
pmax = 1000;
P = -pmax*Lp. ;
%% LINEAR ANALYSIS
U = K\P;
%% Newton Raphson
Options.method = nr ; % Nonlinear solver: Newton-Raphson
Options.nloadincrem = 50; % Number of load increments
Tutorial: nonlinear analysis 95
hold on;
plot(-Lp*Ual,lambda_al*pmax);
plot(-Lp*Ual(:,alstability.nonpositivepivots>0),lambda_al(alstability.nonpositivepivots>0)*pmax, x- )
xlabel( U ); ylabel( P );axis tight; ax = axis;
plot([ax(1),ax(2)],[lambda(1) lambda(1)], k-- );
plot(-Lp*Unlcr,lambdanlcr*pmax, rx );
plot(-Lp*Ual2,lambda_al2*pmax, r-- )
legend( Stable path , Unstable path , Linear critical load ,...
Nonlinear critical load , Bifurcated path );
title( Load-displacement curve );
hold off;
%% ANIMATE LOAD DISPLACEMENT CURVE

nstep = size(Ual,2);
figure
for istep = [(1:10:nstep),nstep]
clf
subplot(2,1,1)
plotdisp(Nodes,Elements,Types,DOF,Ual(:,istep), dispscal ,1, dispmax , off );
subplot(2,1,2)
plot(-Lp*Ual(:,1:istep),pmax*lambda_al(:,1:istep), .- );
xlabel( U ); ylabel( P ); axis(ax);
pause(0.1)
end
96 Tutorial
1000
Stable path
800 Unstable path
Linear critical load
600 Nonlinear critical load
Bifurcated path
400
200
P
y 0
z x −200
−400
−600
−800
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
U
(a) Mesh (b) Nonlinear load-displacement curve
Maximal displacement: 8.76453 Maximal displacement: 30.7559

(c) Linear small displacements (d) Nonlinear displacements
Figure 2.10: Arc: results.

Chapter 3
Examples
98 Examples
3.1 Example 1
A frame is clamped
clamped at node 1 and has a hinge
hinge at node 8. An intern
internal
al hinge is presen
presentt at nodes 2 and
3. At node 4 a point load
load of −20 kN is applied and at node 7 a bending
b ending momen
momentt of −1 kNm is applied.
applied.
At node 8 a vertical displacement of −0.02m is imposed.
The frame consists
consists of rectangular
rectangular concrete beams (Young’s
(Young’s modulus E = 30 × 106 kN
modulus E = kN//m2 and Poisson
coefficient ν
coefficient ν =
= 0.2) with a height of 0.
0 .4m and a width of 0.
0 .2 m.
2
3 4 5
2 3
6 7
5
9
1
1z x 8
Figure 3.1: Example 1: nodes, elements, loads and boundary conditions.
% StaBIL
StaBIL manual
% Ex
Exam
ampl
ple
e 1
% Un
Unit
its
s: m, kN
% Nod
Nodes
es=[
=[No
NodI
dID
D X Y Z]
Nodes= [1
[1 0 0 0;
0;
2 0 4 0;
3 0 4 0;
4 4 4 0;
5 6 4 0;
6 6 3 0;
7 7 3 0;
8 6 0 0;
9 2 2 0]; % ref
refere
erence
nce nod
node
e
% Che
Check
ck the nod
node
e coo
coordin
rdinate
ates
s as fol
follow
lows:
s:
figure
plotnodes(Nodes);
plotnodes(Nodes);
% Ele
Elemen
ment
t typ
types
es -> {El
{EltTy
tTypID
pID EltName}
EltName}
Type
Types=
s= {1 beam };
b=0.20;
h=0.40;

Sections= [1
[1 b*h Inf In
I nf 0 0 b*h^3/12];
Example 1 99
% Mat
Materi
erials
als=[M
=[MatI
atID
D E nu]
nu];
;
Materials= [1 30e6 0.2]; % con
concre
crete
te
% Ele
Elemen
ments
ts=[E
=[EltI
ltID
D TypID
TypID SecID
SecID MatID
MatID n1 n2 n3]
Elements= [1 1 1 1 1 2 9;
2 1 1 1 3 4 9;
3 1 1 1 4 5 9;
4 1 1 1 5 6 9;
5 1 1 1 6 7 9;
6 1 1 1 6 8 9];
% Che
Check
ck ele
elemen
ment
t def
defini
initio
tions
ns as fol
follow
lows:
s:
hold(
hold( on );
plotelem (Nodes,Elements,Types);
title(
title( Nodes and ele
element
ments
s );
% Deg
Degree
rees
s of fre
freedo
edom
m
% Ass
Assemb
emble
le a col
column
umn matrix containi
containing
ng all DOF
DOFs
s at whi
which
ch sti
stiffn
ffness
ess is
% pr
pres
esen
ent
t in th
the
e mo
mode
del:
l:
DOF=getdof
(Elements,Types);
% Re
Remo
move
ve al
all
l DO
DOFs
Fs eq
equal
ual to ze
zero
ro fr
from
om th
the
e ve
vect
ctor
or:
:
% - 2D analys
analysis
is:
: se
selec
lect
t on
only
ly UX,UY
UX,UY,R
,ROT
OTZ
Z
% - cla
clamp no
n ode 1
% - re
remo
move
ve the horizo
horizont
ntal
al displ
displac
acem
emen
ent
t at no
node
de 8
seldof=[0.03
seldof=[0.03;; 0.04; 0.05; 1.00; 8.01];
DOF=removedof
(DOF,seldof);
% Ass
Assemb
embly
ly of sti
stiffn
ffness
ess matrix
matrix K
K=asmkm
K=asmkm(Nodes,Elements,Types
(Nodes,Elements,Types,Sections,Materials
,Sections,Materials,DOF);
,DOF);
% No
Noda
dal
l lo
load
ads:
s: -2
-20
0 kN vert
vertic
ical
ally
ly on no
node
de 4
% -1 kNm on node 7.
seldof=[4.02
seldof=[4.02;
; 7.06];
PLoad=[-20;
PLoad=[-20; -1];
% Ass
Assemb
embly
ly of the load vec
vector
tors:
s:
P=nodalvalues
(DOF,seldof,PLoad);
% Constr
Constraint
aint equati
equations
ons:
: Consta
Constant=
nt=Coef1
Coef1*DOF1
*DOF1+Coef2
+Coef2*DOF2
*DOF2+
+ ...
% Constra
Constraint
ints
s=[C
=[Cons
onstan
tant
t Coe
Coef1
f1 DOF1
DOF1 CoeCoef2
f2 DOF2
DOF2 ...]
...]
% Imp
Impose
osed
d dis
displa
placem
cement
ent -0.02 m ver
vertic
ticall
allyy in nod
nodee 8.
Constr= [0 1 2.01 -1 3.01;
0 1 2.02 -1 3.02;
-0.02 1 8 . 02 Na
N aN NaN];
% Add con
constr
strain
aintt equ
equatio
ations
ns
[K,P]=addconstr
[K,P]=addconstr(Constr,DOF,K,P);
(Constr,DOF,K,P);
% Solve K * U = P
U=K\P;
displacements
figure
100 Examples
% The dis
displa
placem
cement
ents
s can be dis
displa
played
yed as fol
follow
lows:
s:
% Com
Comput
pute
e ele
elemen
ment
t for
forces
ces
Forces=elemforces
Forces=elemforces(Nodes,Elements,Types
(Nodes,Elements,Types,Sections,Materials
,Sections,Materials,DOF,U);
,DOF,U);
% Th
The
e el
elem
emen
ent
t fo
forc
rces
es ca
can
n be di
disp
spla
laye
yed
d in a or
orde
derl
rly
y ta
tabl
ble:
e:
% Plo
Plott ele
elemen
ment
t for
forces
ces
figure
plotforc(
plotforc ( norm ,Nodes,Elements,Types,Forces)
title(
figure
plotforc(
plotforc ( sheary ,Nodes,Elements,Types,Forces)
title(
figure
plotforc(
plotforc ( momz ,Nodes,Elements,Types,Forces)
title(
title( Bending moment
moments
s )
Example 1 101
−8.823 −11.177
3.485 3.485 3.485
0.000 −11.177
0.000
−8.823 −11.177
(a) Displacements (b) Normal forces

−11.177 −11.177
3.485 −3.485 0.000

0.000 12.939
12.939
8.823 8.823 −0.000
−3.485
−3.485
−0.000 −1.000 −1.000
10.454
9.454
35.293
35.293
3.485 −3.485 −13.939 0.000
(c) Shear forces (d) Bending moments

102 Examples
3.2 Example 2
y
1z x 2 3 6
1 2 5
3 4
4 5
% StaBIL manual
% Example 2
% Units: m, kN
Nodes= [1 0 0 0;
2 0.5 0 0;
3 1 0 0;
4 0 -0.25 0;
5 1 -0.25 0;
6 1.25 0 0;
7 0.3 0.4 0]; % reference node

figure
plotnodes(Nodes);

Types= {1 beam ;
2 truss };
b=0.02;
h=0.05;
A=0.0002;

Sections= [1 b*h Inf Inf 0 0 b*h^3/12;
2 A NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN];
Materials= [1 210e6 0.3]; % steel

Elements= [1 1 1 1 1 2 7;
2 1 1 1 2 3 7;
Example 2 103
3 2 2 1 1 4 NaN;
4 2 2 1 3 5 NaN;
5 2 2 1 3 6 NaN];
% Check element definitions as follows:

hold( on );
% Assemble a column matrix containing all DOFs at which stiffness is
% present in the model:

% - 2D analysis: select only UX,UY,ROTZ
% - clamp nodes 4, 5, 6
seldof=[0.03; 0.04; 0.05; 4.00; 5.00; 6.00];

% Distributed loads are specified in the global coordinate system

DLoads= [1 0 0 0 0 -0.02 0;
2 0 -0.02 0 0 0 0;];
% Solve K * U = P
U=K\P;
figure


Forces=elemforces(Nodes,Elements,Types,Sections,Materials,DOF,U,DLoads);
% The element forces can be displayed in an orderly table:


figure
plotforc( norm ,Nodes,Elements,Types,Forces,DLoads)
figure
plotforc( sheary ,Nodes,Elements,Types,Forces,DLoads)
104 Examples
figure
plotforc( momz ,Nodes,Elements,Types,Forces,DLoads)
title( Bending moments )
−5000e−6 0e−6 0e−6 −5000e−6 0e−6 0e−6
−5000e−6 −5000e−6
(a) Displacements (b) Normal forces

5000e−6
0e−6 0e−6 0e−6
−5000e−6 −1667e−6
−1667e−6
(c) Shear forces (d) Bending moments

Example 3 105
3.3 Example 3
The frame consists of rectangular concrete beams (Young’s modulus E = 30 × 106 kN/m2 and Poisson
coefficient ν = 0.2) with a height of 0.2m and a width of 0.1 m.
6
11
8
10
12
3
15 7
5
14
7 9 6
13 10
4 2
2
8 3
z
y 5 1
9
x
4
1
% StaBIL manual
% Example 3
% Units: m, kN
Nodes= [1 2.5 0 0;
2 2.5 5 0;
3 2.5 5 2.5;
4 2.5 0 2.5;
5 1.25 0 3.75;
6 1.25 5 3.75;
7 0 0 2.5;
8 0 5 2.5;
9 0 0 0;

figure
106 Examples
plotnodes(Nodes);

Types= {1 beam };
b=0.1;
h=0.2;

Sections= [1 b*h Inf Inf 0.229*h/b^3 h*b^3/12 b*h^3/12];
Materials= [1 30e6 0.2]; % concrete

Elements= [1 1 1 1 1 2 3;
2 1 1 1 2 10 3;
3 1 1 1 10 9 8;
4 1 1 1 9 1 5;
5 1 1 1 1 4 3;
6 1 1 1 2 3 4;
7 1 1 1 10 8 7;
8 1 1 1 9 7 8;
9 1 1 1 3 4 2;
10 1 1 1 3 6 10;
11 1 1 1 8 6 10;
12 1 1 1 5 6 8;
13 1 1 1 4 5 9;
14 1 1 1 7 5 9;
15 1 1 1 7 8 10];

hold( on );

% clamp nodes 1, 2, 9 and 10
seldof=[1.00; 2.00; 9.00; 10.00];

% Nodal loads: load case 1: 6 kN horizontally on nodes 4, 7, 5

% load case 2: 15 kN horizontally on nodes 7
seldof=[4.02; 7.02; 5.02];
PLoad=[6 0;
6 15;
6 0];
% Assembly of the load vectors:

Example 3 107
% Solve K * U = P
U=K\P;
figure

printdisp(Nodes,DOF,U(:,1));
printdisp(Nodes,DOF,U(:,2));

Forces=elemforces(Nodes,Elements,Types,Sections,Materials,DOF,U);
% The element forces can be displayed in a orderly table:

printforc(Elements,Forces(:,:,1));
printforc(Elements,Forces(:,:,2));

figure
plotforc( norm ,Nodes,Elements,Types,Forces(:,:,1))
figure
plotforc( sheary ,Nodes,Elements,Types,Forces(:,:,1))
title( Shear forces along the y-axis )
figure
plotforc( shearz ,Nodes,Elements,Types,Forces(:,:,1))
title( Shear forces along the z-axis )
figure
plotforc( momx ,Nodes,Elements,Types,Forces(:,:,1))
title( Torsional moments )
figure
plotforc( momy ,Nodes,Elements,Types,Forces(:,:,1))
title( Bending moments around the y-axis )
figure
plotforc( momz ,Nodes,Elements,Types,Forces(:,:,1))
title( Bending moments around the z-axis )
figure
plotforc( norm ,Nodes,Elements,Types,Forces(:,:,2))
figure
plotforc( sheary ,Nodes,Elements,Types,Forces(:,:,2))
title( Shear forces along the y-axis )
figure
plotforc( shearz ,Nodes,Elements,Types,Forces(:,:,2))
title( Shear forces along the z-axis )
108 Examples
figure
plotforc( momx ,Nodes,Elements,Types,Forces(:,:,2))
title( Torsional moments )
figure
plotforc( momy ,Nodes,Elements,Types,Forces(:,:,2))
title( Bending moments around the y-axis )
figure
plotforc( momz ,Nodes,Elements,Types,Forces(:,:,2))
title( Bending moments around the z-axis )
Figure 3.6: Displacements for load cases 1 and 2.

Example 3 109
(a) Normal forces (b) Torsional moments
(c) Shear forces along z (d) Shear forces along y
(e) Bending moments around y (f) Bending moments around z
Figure 3.7: Results for load case 1 of example 3.

110 Examples
(a) Normal forces (b) Torsional moments
(c) Shear forces along z (d) Shear forces along y
(e) Bending moments around y (f) Bending moments around z

Example 4 111
3.4 Example 4
The frame consists of rectangular concrete beams (Young’s modulus E = 35 × 109 N/m2 and Poisson
coefficient ν = 0.2) with a height of 0.5m and a width of 0.2 m and concrete columns of 0.3m by
0.2 m.
205
307 206
105 206
203
303 106 308
5 203 106
103 204
6305 304 205
103 6 201 204
3 104
210
301 105310
309 306
3 201 104
101 1104 202
5 302
101 4 202
1 10 102
z
y 102
1 x
2
% StaBIL manual
% Example 4
% Units: m, kN
% Types={EltTypID EltName}
Types= {1 beam ;
2 truss };
% Sections
bCol=0.2; % Column section width
hCol=0.3; % Column section height
bBeam=0.2; % Beam section width
hBeam=0.5; % Beam section height
Atruss=0.001;
112 Examples
% Sections=[SecID A ky kz Ixx Iyy Izz yt y

Sections= [1 hCol*bCol Inf Inf 0.196*bCol^3*hCol bCol^3*hCol/12 hCol^3*bCol/12 hCol/2 h
2 hBeam*bBeam Inf Inf 0.249*bBeam^3*hBeam bBeam^3*hBeam/12 hBeam^3*bBeam/12 hBeam/2 h
3 Atruss NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN N
% Materials=[MatID E nu rho];
Materials= [1 35e9 0.2 2500; %concrete
2 210e9 0.3 7850]; %steel
L=5;
H=3.5;
B=4;
Nodes= [1 0 0 0;
2 L 0 0]
Nodes=reprow(Nodes,1:2,2,[2 0 0 H])
Nodes=[Nodes;
10 2 0 2] % reference node
Nodes=reprow(Nodes,1:7,2,[100 0 B 0])
figure
plotnodes(Nodes);

Elements=[ 1 1 1 1 1 3 10;
2 1 1 1 2 4 10];
Elements=reprow(Elements,1:2,1,[2 0 0 0 2 2 0])
5 1 2 1 3 4 10;
6 1 2 1 5 6 10];
301 2 3 2 3 103 NaN;
302 2 3 2 4 104 NaN];
309 2 3 2 4 106 NaN;
310 2 3 2 6 104 NaN];
hold( on );
% Plot elements in different colors in order to check the section definitions

figure
plotelem(Nodes,Elements(find(Elements(:,3)==1),:),Types, r );
hold( on );
plotelem(Nodes,Elements(find(Elements(:,3)==2),:),Types, g );
plotelem(Nodes,Elements(find(Elements(:,3)==3),:),Types, b );
title( Elements: sections )
Example 4 113
% Boundary conditions: hinges

seldof=[ 1.01; 1.02; 1.03; 2.01; 2.02; 2.03;
101.01; 101.02; 101.03; 102.01; 102.02; 102.03;
201.01; 201.02; 201.03; 202.01; 202.02; 202.03;];

% Loads
% Own weight
DLoadsOwn=accel([0 0 9.81],Elements,Types,Sections,Materials);
% Wind load

DLoadsWind =[1 0 0 0 0 1500 0;
2 0 0 0 0 1500 0;
3 0 1500 0 0 1500 0;
4 0 1500 0 0 1500 0];
DLoads= multdloads(DLoadsOwn,DLoadsWind);
% Solve K * U = P
U=K\P;
figure
plotdisp(Nodes,Elements,Types,DOF,U(:,1),DLoads(:,:,1),Sections,Materials)
title( Displacements: own weight )
figure
plotdisp(Nodes,Elements,Types,DOF,U(:,2),DLoads(:,:,2),Sections,Materials)
title( Displacements: wind )
% Compute forces
[ForcesLCS,ForcesGCS]=elemforces(Nodes,Elements,Types,Sections,Materials,DOF,U,DLoads);
% Compute reaction forces for load case 1

Freac=reaction(Elements,ForcesGCS(:,:,1),[1.03; 2.03; 101.03; 102.03; 201.03; 202.03])
% Plot element forces for load case 1

figure
plotforc( norm ,Nodes,Elements,Types,ForcesLCS(:,:,1),DLoads(:,:,1))
title( Normal forces: Own weight )
figure
plotforc( sheary ,Nodes,Elements,Types,ForcesLCS(:,:,1),DLoads(:,:,1))
title( Shear forces along y: Own weight )
figure
plotforc( shearz ,Nodes,Elements,Types,ForcesLCS(:,:,1),DLoads(:,:,1))
title( Shear forces along z: Own weight )
figure
plotforc( momx ,Nodes,Elements,Types,ForcesLCS(:,:,1),DLoads(:,:,1))
114 Examples
title( Torsional moments: Own weight )

figure
plotforc( momy ,Nodes,Elements,Types,ForcesLCS(:,:,1),DLoads(:,:,1))
title( Bending moments around y: Own weight )
figure
plotforc( momz ,Nodes,Elements,Types,ForcesLCS(:,:,1),DLoads(:,:,1))
title( Bending moments around z: Own weight )
% Plot element forces for load case 2

figure
plotforc( norm ,Nodes,Elements,Types,ForcesLCS(:,:,2),DLoads(:,:,2))
title( Normal forces: Wind )
figure
plotforc( sheary ,Nodes,Elements,Types,ForcesLCS(:,:,2),DLoads(:,:,2))
title( Shear forces along y: Wind )
figure
plotforc( shearz ,Nodes,Elements,Types,ForcesLCS(:,:,2),DLoads(:,:,2))
title( Shear forces along z: Wind )
figure
plotforc( momx ,Nodes,Elements,Types,ForcesLCS(:,:,2),DLoads(:,:,2))
title( Torsional moments: Wind )
figure
plotforc( momy ,Nodes,Elements,Types,ForcesLCS(:,:,2),DLoads(:,:,2))
title( Bending moments around y : Wind )
figure
plotforc( momz ,Nodes,Elements,Types,ForcesLCS(:,:,2),DLoads(:,:,2))
title( Bending moments around z: Wind )
% Load combinations
% Safety factors
gamma_own=1.35;
gamma_wind=1.5;
% Combination factors
psi_wind=1;
% Load combination
U_UGT=gamma_own*U(:,1)+gamma_wind*psi_wind*U(:,2);
Forces_UGT=gamma_own*ForcesLCS(:,:,1)+gamma_wind*psi_wind*ForcesLCS(:,:,2);
DLoads_UGT(:,1)=DLoads(:,1,1)
DLoads_UGT(:,2:7)=gamma_own*DLoads(:,2:7,1)+gamma_wind*psi_wind*DLoads(:,2:7,2);
figure
plotdisp(Nodes,Elements,Types,DOF,U_UGT,DLoads_UGT,Sections,Materials)
printdisp(Nodes,DOF,U_UGT);
printforc(Elements,Forces_UGT);

figure
plotforc( norm ,Nodes,Elements,Types,Forces_UGT,DLoads_UGT)
title( Normal forces: UGT )
figure
plotforc( sheary ,Nodes,Elements,Types,Forces_UGT,DLoads_UGT)
Example 4 115
title( Shear forces along y: UGT )

figure
plotforc( shearz ,Nodes,Elements,Types,Forces_UGT,DLoads_UGT)
title( Shear forces along z: UGT )
figure
plotforc( momx ,Nodes,Elements,Types,Forces_UGT,DLoads_UGT)
title( Torsional moments: UGT )
figure
plotforc( momy ,Nodes,Elements,Types,Forces_UGT,DLoads_UGT)
title( Bending moments around y: UGT )
figure
plotforc( momz ,Nodes,Elements,Types,Forces_UGT,DLoads_UGT)
title( Bending moments around z: UGT )
% Plot stresses
figure
plotstress( snorm ,Nodes,Elements,Types,Sections,Forces_UGT,DLoads_UGT)
title( Normal stresses due to normal forces )
figure
plotstress( smomyt ,Nodes,Elements,Types,Sections,Forces_UGT,DLoads_UGT)
title( Normal stresses due to bending moments around y: top )
figure
plotstress( smomyb ,Nodes,Elements,Types,Sections,Forces_UGT,DLoads_UGT)
title( Normal stresses due to bending moments around y: bottom )
figure
plotstress( smomzt ,Nodes,Elements,Types,Sections,Forces_UGT,DLoads_UGT)
title( Normal stresses due to bending moments around z: top )
figure
plotstress( smomzb ,Nodes,Elements,Types,Sections,Forces_UGT,DLoads_UGT)
title( Normal stresses due to bending moments around z: bottom )
figure
plotstress( smax ,Nodes,Elements,Types,Sections,Forces_UGT,DLoads_UGT)
title( Maximal normal stresses )
figure
plotstress( smin ,Nodes,Elements,Types,Sections,Forces_UGT,DLoads_UGT)
title( Minimal normal stresses )
116 Examples
(a) Displacements
(b) Normal forces (c) Torsional moments
(d) Shear forces along z (e) Shear forces along y
(f) Bending moments around y (g) Bending moments around z

Example 4 117
(a) Displacements

118 Examples
(a) Displacements
Figure 3.12: Results for load combination UGT of example 4.

Example 4 119
(a) normal forces
(b) bending moments around y: top (c) bending moments around y: bottom
(d) bending moments around z: top (e) bending moments around z: bottom
(f) maximal (g) minimal
Figure 3.13: Normal stresses for load combination UGT of example 4.

120 Examples
3.5 Example 5
In this example the eigenfrequencies of a simply supported rectangular plate are calculated using shell4
and compared with the theoretical solution.
% dynamic plate problem (dkt element)
% parameters
Lx = 10; % length x-direction

Ly = 10; % length y-direction
t = 1; % thickness plate
E = 200000; % E-modulus
nu = 0.3; % Poisson-coeff.
rho = 7000; % mass density
m = 20; % number of elements in x-direction
n = 20; % number of elements in y-direction
Types = {1 shell4 }; % {EltTypID EltName}
Sections = [1 t]; % [SecID t]
Materials = [1 E nu rho]; % [MatID E nu]
% mesh
Line1 = [0 0 0;Lx 0 0];

Line2 = [Lx 0 0;Lx Ly 0];
Line3 = [Lx Ly 0;0 Ly 0];
Line4 = [0 Ly 0;0 0 0];
[Nodes,Elements,Edge1,Edge2,Edge3,Edge4] = makemesh(Line1,Line2,Line3,Line4,n,m,Types(1,:),1,1);
figure;
plotnodes(Nodes);
figure;
% DOFs (simply supported plate)
sdof = [0.01;0.02;0.06;[Edge1;Edge2;Edge3;Edge4]+0.03;[Edge1;Edge3]+0.05;[Edge2;Edge4]+0.04];
% K & M
[K,M] = asmkm(Nodes,Elements,Types,Sections,Materials,DOF);
% eigenmodes
nMode = 10;
[phi,omega] = eigfem(K,M,nMode);
figure;
animdisp(Nodes,Elements,Types,DOF,phi(:,1));
% analytical solution
[mm,nn] = meshgrid((1:m),(1:n));
aomega = sqrt(E*t^2/(12*(1-nu^2)*rho))*((mm*pi/Lx).^2+(nn*pi/Ly).^2);
Example 5 121
aomega = reshape(aomega,numel(aomega),1);
aomega = sort(aomega);
ratio = omega./aomega(1:nMode)
(a) 0.1268 Hz (b) 0.3170 Hz
(c) 0.3170 Hz (d) 0.5050 Hz
Figure 3.14: The first four eigenmodes of a thin plate.
f FEM[Hz] f analytical[Hz] f FEM/f analytical

0.1268 0.1270 0.9983
0.3170 0.3176 0.9982
0.3170 0.3176 0.9982
0.5050 0.5082 0.9939
0.6355 0.6352 1.0004
0.6355 0.6352 1.0004
0.8202 0.8258 0.9932
0.8202 0.8258 0.9932
1.0848 1.0799 1.0046
1.0848 1.0799 1.0046
Table 3.1: Eigenfrequencies of a thin plate.

122 Examples
3.6 Example 6
A thin disk with a circular hole is subjected to uniaxial tension. The stress concentration around the
hole is examined.
% Stress concentration around a circular hole in a disk.

r = 1; % Radius of hole [m]
L = 20; % Width of plate [m]
p = 1; % Uniform pressure [N/m^2]
n = 40; % Mesh parameter (nElem = m*n)
m = 20; % Mesh parameter
Types = {1 shell8 }; % {EltTypID EltName}
Sections = [1 1]; % [SecID t]
Materials = [1 200000 0]; % [MatID E nu]
% define lines
Line1 = [r 0 0;L/2 0 0];
Line2 = [L/2 0 0;L/2 L/2 0;0 L/2 0];
Line3 = [0 L/2 0;0 r 0];
Line4 = [r*sin((0:5). *pi/10) r*cos((0:5). *pi/10) zeros(6,1)];
[Nodes,Elements,Edge1,Edge2,Edge3,Edge4] = makemesh(Line1,Line2,Line3,Line4,...
m,n,Types(1,:),Sections(1,1),Materials(1,1), L2method , linear );
% Check mesh:
figure;
plotnodes(Nodes, numbering , off );
hold( on )
% Select all dof:

% Apply boundary conditions:
% - Line1 and Line3: symmetry condition
seldof = [0.03;0.04;0.05;0.06;Edge1+0.02;Edge3+0.01];
DOF = removedof(DOF,seldof);
% Assemble K:
% Apply load to upper edge (equivalent nodal forces):

C = selectdof(DOF,Edge2(1:(end-1)/2+1)+0.02);
P = C . *[1/6; repmat([2/3; 1/3],((length(Edge2)-1)/2-2)/2,1);2/3; 1/6]*p*L/m;
U = K\P;
% Calculate stress in cylindrical global coordinate system

[SeGCS]=elemstress(Nodes,Elements,Types,Sections,Materials,DOF,U, gcs , cyl );
% Get nodal stress from element solution

[SnGCS] = nodalstress(Nodes,Elements,Types,SeGCS);
% plot results
figure;
Example 6 123
plotstresscontourf( sx ,Nodes,Elements,Types,SnGCS)
title( \sigma_{r} )
figure;
plotstresscontourf( sy ,Nodes,Elements,Types,SnGCS)
title( \sigma_{\theta} )
figure;
plotstresscontourf( sxy ,Nodes,Elements,Types,SnGCS)
title( \sigma_{r\theta} )
(a) σθ (b) σr
(c) σrθ
Figure 3.15: Results.

124 Examples
3.7 Example 7
The geometrical nonlinear response of a truss is examined.
clear;
%% Geometric nonlinear truss with multiple snap-throughs
% based on example on p281 of Non-linear Modeling and Analysis of Solids
% and Structures, Krenk (2008)
h = 1; % Height truss
ll = 1.697; % Lower length
hl = 1.414; % Upper length
w = 2; % Width
Sections = [1 1];
Materials = [1 1 1 1];
Types = {1 truss };
Nodes = [(1:3). ll*(-1:1). zeros(3,2)];

Nodes = reprow(Nodes,(1:3),1,[3 0 w 0]);
Nodes = [Nodes; (7:9). hl*(-1:1). (w/2)*ones(3,1) h*ones(3,1)];
Elements = [1 2;2 3;4 5;5 6;1 4;2 5;3 6;

1 7;2 8;3 9;4 7;5 8;6 9;
1 8;3 8;4 8;6 8;7 8;8 9];
nElem = size(Elements,1);
Elements = [(1:nElem). ,ones(nElem,3),Elements];
figure;
plotnodes(Nodes);
hold on;
hold off;
title( Nodes and Elements );
% BOUNDARY CONDITIONS
seldof = [(1:6)+0.01,(1:6)+0.02,(1:6)+0.03]. ;
DOF = removedof(DOF,seldof);
% POINT LOAD
seldof = (7:9)+0.03;
L = selectdof(DOF,seldof);
P = L . *[-1.5;-1;-1.5];
% SELECT VERTICAL DISPLACEMENT MID SPAN

seldof = 8.03;
Lw = selectdof(DOF,seldof);
seldof = 9.03;
Lv = selectdof(DOF,seldof);
% LINEAR ANALYSIS
U = K\P;
% LOAD CONTROL (NEWTON-RAPHSON)

Options.method = nr ; % nonlinear solver: Newton-Raphson
Example 7 125
nloadincrem = ceil(1/0.03); % number of load increments

Options.nloadincrem = nloadincrem;
[Unr,K,lambda_nr] = nlsolver(Nodes,Elements,Types,Sections,Materials,DOF,P,[],Options);
% ARC-LENGTH CONTROL
Options.arclength = on ;
Options.maxoiter = 3000; % maximum number of arc-length steps
Options.initdl = 0.05; % Initial arc-length
[Ual,K,lambda_al] = nlsolver(Nodes,Elements,Types,Sections,Materials,DOF,P,[],Options);
% PLOT RESULTS
figure
plotdisp(Nodes,Elements,Types,DOF,U, dispscal ,1);
title( Linear small displacements )
figure
plotdisp(Nodes,Elements,Types,DOF,Unr(:,end), dispscal ,1);
title( Nonlinear large displacements )
v=axis;
figure
subplot(2,2,1)
plotdisp(Nodes,Elements,Types,DOF,[Ual(:,end),Unr(:,end)], dispscal ,1, dispmax , off );
subplot(2,2,2)
plot(-Lw*Ual,lambda_al,-Lw*Unr,lambda_nr);
axis([-0.5 2.5 -0.1 0.1]);xlabel( w );ylabel( P );
subplot(2,2,3)
plot(-Lv*Ual,lambda_al,-Lv*Unr,lambda_nr);
axis([-0.5 2.5 -0.1 0.1]);xlabel( v );ylabel( P );
subplot(2,2,4)
plot(-Lw*Ual,-Lv*Ual,-Lw*Unr,-Lv*Unr);
axis([-0.5 2.5 0 2]);xlabel( w );ylabel( v );
% ANIMATE LOAD DISPLACEMENT CURVE

nstep = size(Ual,2);
figure
for istep = 1:nstep
clf
subplot(2,2,1)
plotdisp(Nodes,Elements,Types,DOF,Ual(:,istep), dispscal ,1, dispmax , off );
axis(v);
subplot(2,2,2)
plot(-Lw*Ual(:,1:istep),lambda_al(:,1:istep), .- );
axis([-0.5 2.5 -0.1 0.1]);xlabel( w );ylabel( P );
subplot(2,2,3)
plot(-Lv*Ual(:,1:istep),lambda_al(:,1:istep), .- );
axis([-0.5 2.5 -0.1 0.1]);xlabel( v );ylabel( P );
subplot(2,2,4)
plot(-Lw*Ual(:,1:istep),-Lv*Ual(:,1:istep), .- );
axis([-0.5 2.5 0 2]);xlabel( w );ylabel( v );
pause(0.1)
end
126 Examples
7
11 18
4 8
16
8 3 12 19
5 14 5 9
17
1 9
4 13
6 15 6
1 z
y 10
2 x
7
2
3
Maximal displacement: 2.85617

(a) Elements (b) Nonlinear displacements
0.1
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
λ 0
−0.02
−0.04
−0.06
−0.08
−0.1
−0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
w
(c) Vertical load-displacement curve
Figure 3.16: Results.

Chapter 4
Functions — Alphabetical list
accel.tex p. 4
accel_beam.tex p. 24
accel_shell4.tex p. 51
accel_shell8.tex p. 61
accel_truss.tex p. 33
addconstr.tex p. 3
animdisp.tex p. 14
asmkm.tex p. 2
b_shell8.tex p. 59
cdiff.tex p. 19
coord_beam.tex p. 26
coord_shell4.tex p. 54
coord_shell8.tex p. 62
coord_truss.tex p. 35
disp_beam.tex p. 26
disp_shell4.tex p. 55
disp_shell8.tex p. 62
disp_truss.tex p. 35
dispgcs2lcs_beam.tex p. 27
dispgcs2lcs_truss.tex p. 36
dof_beam.tex p. 22
dof_shell4.tex p. 48
dof_shell8.tex p. 58
dof_truss.tex p. 32
eigfem.tex p. 18
elemdisp.tex p. 5
elemforces.tex p. 5
elemloads.tex p. 4
elempressure.tex p. 39
elemshellf.tex p. 39
elemstress.tex p. 39
fdiagrgcs_beam.tex p. 28
fdiagrgcs_truss.tex p. 36
fdiagrlcs_beam.tex p. 28
128 Functions — Alphabetical list
forces_beam.tex p. 24
forces_truss.tex p. 34
forceslcs_beam.tex p. 25
forceslcs_truss.tex p. 34
gaussq.tex p. 40
getdof.tex p. 2
getmovie.tex p. 15
grid_shell4.tex p. 56
grid_shell8.tex p. 63
ke_beam.tex p. 22
ke_dkt.tex p. 50
ke_shell4.tex p. 48
ke_shell8.tex p. 58
ke_truss.tex p. 32
kelcs_beam.tex p. 22
kelcs_shell4.tex p. 49
kelcs_truss.tex p. 32
kenl_kbeam.tex p. 70
kenl_plane4.tex p. 69
kenl_truss.tex p. 69
ldlt.tex p. 20
lincrpoint.tex p. 67
loads_beam.tex p. 23
loads_shell4.tex p. 52
loads_shell8.tex p. 61
loads_truss.tex p. 33
loadslcs_beam.tex p. 24
loadslcs_shell4.tex p. 52
makemesh.tex p. 41
msupf.tex p. 18
msupt.tex p. 18
nedloadlcs_beam.tex p. 26
nelcs_beam.tex p. 25
newmark.tex p. 19
nlincrpoint.tex p. 67
nlincrpoint2.tex p. 68
nlsolver.tex p. 66
nodalshellf.tex p. 42
nodalstress.tex p. 42
nodalvalues.tex p. 4
patch_shell4.tex p. 56
patch_shell8.tex p. 63
plotdisp.tex p. 11
plotelem.tex p. 10
plotforc.tex p. 11
plotlcs.tex p. 12
plotnodes.tex p. 10
plotprincstress.tex p. 43
plotshellfcontour.tex p. 43
plotshellfcontourf.tex p. 44

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FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

StaBIL: A FINITE ELEMENT TOOLBOX FOR MATLAB

David DOOMS, Miche JANSEN, Guido DE ROECK, Geert DEGRANDE,

1.1 General functions

DOF=getdof(Elements,Types) builds the vector with the

Elements Element definitions [EltID TypID SecID MatID n1 n2 ...]

See also DOF_TRUSS, DOF_BEAM, GETDOF.

REMOVEDOF Remove DOF with Dirichlet boundary conditions equal to zero.

DOF=removedof(DOF,seldof) removes the specified Dirichlet boundary

DOF Degrees of freedom (nDOF * 1)

See also GETDOF.

ASMKM Assemble stiffness and mass matrix.

Nodes Node definitions [NodID x y z]

M Mass matrix (nDOF * nDOF)

See also KE_TRUSS, KE_BEAM.

Constr Constraint equation:

TCONSTR Return matrices to apply constraint equations.

Constr Constraint equation:

NODALVALUES Construct a vector with the values at the selected DOF.

DOF Degrees of freedom (nDOF * 1)

See also ELEMLOADS.

ELEMLOADS Equivalent nodal forces.

DLoads Distributed loads [EltID n1globalX n1globalY n1globalZ ...]

See also LOADS_TRUSS, LOADS_BEAM, NODALVALUES.

ACCEL Compute the distributed loads due to an acceleration.

Accelxyz Acceleration [Ax Ay Az] (1 * 3)

See also ELEMLOADS, ACCEL_BEAM, ACCEL_TRUSS.

ELEMFORCES Compute the element forces.

Nodes Node definitions [NodID x y z]

See also FORCES_TRUSS, FORCES_BEAM.

UeGCS = elemdisp(Type,NodeNum,DOF,U) selects the element

Type Element type e.g. ’beam’,’truss’, ...

Figure 1.1: Beam convention.

NodeNum Node numbers (1 * nNodes)

See also ELEMFORCES, DOF_BEAM, DOF_TRUSS.

SELECTDOF Select degrees of freedom.

DOF Degrees of freedom (nDOF * 1)

Ordering of L and I similar as seldof, DOF or sorted

UNSELECTDOF Unselect degrees of freedom.

DOF Degrees of freedom (nDOF * 1)

See also SELECTDOF.

SELECTNODE Select nodes by location.

Nodes Node definitions [NodID x y z]

REPROW Replicate rows from a matrix.

Matrix Matrix (nRow * nCol)

MULTDLOADS Combine distributed loads.

DLoads_k Distributed loads [EltID n1globalX n1globalY n1globalZ ...]

See also ELEMLOADS.

plotnodes Plot the nodes. p.10

PLOTNODES Plot the nodes.

Nodes Node definitions [NodID x y z]

plotnodes(...,ParamName,ParamValue) sets the value of the specified

h = PLOTNODES(...) returns a struct h with handles to all the objects

See also PLOTELEM, PLOTDISP.

PLOTELEM Plot the elements.

Nodes Node definitions [NodID x y z]

plotelem(...,ParamName,ParamValue) sets the value of the specified

h = PLOTELEM(...) returns a struct h with handles to all the objects

See also COORD_TRUSS, COORD_BEAM, PLOTDISP.

PLOTDISP Plot the displacements.

Nodes Node definitions [NodID x y z]

plotdisp(...,ParamName,ParamValue) sets the value of the specified