 

! " #
! " #
!
" #
! " #
! "
#
! " #
! " #

! " !# ! ! $ ! ! $
! ! $ ! ! $ ! ! $

%&
( ∩ ) = ( )− ( ∩ ∩ )− ( ∩ ∩ )=
×
×

! " " #
! # $
% #& #' #

( ω) = = ))) *

ω ))) × )) × )−&
= = =
× )

+ " ,- # = =)

. = +
( ) × (− ) = + = =−
−

∴/

"
" " 0 # '1
∆
0, !- σ #

2 3 2∆ =

'
∴ = = &)
× )−& ×
.!
& - 0, !-
−
= )
δ
4δ 3

−
))
δ
= )
= =& (
.

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  

=) ⇒ = ) )) ≈))
δ

( & ) = × +& + =
∴ =
(. ) = .× + + =
∴ =.

& 5 # "0

= = ( − ) 2 =

∴ ( − ) + − =)

( − ) =)

6 " - 6 − =)
−
= +
∴
= +

&
 
& 6 ! !"- # +   +
 

   
=  +  +  =
   

&&
)
= +

)
= −

))
= + &

2 #

=) → ,

∴ #

  &
&' 7, = +
+
  ( )

2 3 2 = −
( )
−
′( )
" ! =&
−& = ( )
′( )=
−& +&
+ = − = = +
&
∴ 2 =&

&

 π
=  + 
 
π  π 
 =  + ) =
   
π  π π  − &
′  =  + =
   
π  π  −
′′   =  + π = '
   
∴ 6 " 8

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  

& π  π
= +  − −  − 
   
 
− 
 
& −
 ( + ) =  
  >)
 

−  
−
 (& + ) = &
 &
&  
&(

=
=

( ) ( )
)) ))'
= ))
= =
 )) 
))
= 
) 

&. 1
< )Ω
'Ω &Ω

: <
< Ω
)∠);1
−
'Ω /
/

= ) (' + )+ − − + ') = ))
= (− ) °
= (' + ) −( ) = ' . ' −&' .°

/ 8 < )Ω
'Ω &Ω

: <
< Ω
)∠);1 /
−
/ 'Ω /

(. + &) − (' + − ) = ))
− (' − − ) + (' + + &) =)
+ "
, 0
=) 9 −.& &.

= = . & '. .Ω

&9

 ∆ 
 
&) )
= ⇒ = 
 ) ) − 
 
 
 )) )
 ) )   ) 
= = 
− )  − ) ) 
 ) ) 

∆ # &) × ) $ ) × ) # ))
0, $ "
""+ , "
"
 ) 
∴ %, "#
" : #  
− ) 

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  

= =
')
:
: :
υ
1 1
− −
−

ν = −( )
= +

# ) ν# 1
∴1 #1 # 1

+
= ν = −( )
+

× )− & = ⇒ + ='
+

ν# $ =

= −( )× × )− & ⇒ =

=&

' = + = + = ∠'
−
1

∠'

9);
'
1
∴ " 1 !- & ;

'& 0 # = ( − !) = −

= ( − !) = −

0 # = −

 
= −  = −
 

0 # = ( − ) = −

= −

∴
'' >-6 " 0 8
<1

ω#)? ω#?∞
@
? .) ω#): ? :<) ω#:∞

ω 0
'

=
" ( ) = =
α
→) + ( ) →)
"+
+α

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  

# −α #
"# = = = # =−
# # #
#

" = =
α
α
'. " A1/ ). 8

( ' & )

+B +BC D =+ ( A+C A( A A

) ) ) ) ) ) )

) .

) ) !" =+ (
=+
=+
& 3 ! ) ,
' ) !" =+ (
/ C/ !" /> = "
∴ "
" !"
'9 "0 0 2 ! "28

( ' & )

+ 5 D D E D -

) × × ) ×

) ! " * ,"
,0 F ! × -
=
2 0

=
( ) × ) &
)×. 9 = ) '9 × ) &

& '

A !"- µ = = = '& . * −
() '9 × ) &
)×( × )− 9
)×( ( × )− )

$ 
% =% − "0  
$ 
$ 
% −% = "0  
$ 

7, % −% =) & 2 # &));G

$ 
∴ ) & # &))G "0   ( )
$ 
2 &&);G >2 ", " C

$ 
(% −% ) = &)) "0   ( )
$ 

( ) 0, % − % = ) &&
( )

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  

0 2 6 ," 0 ' "

" 0
% ( )=). & 1

& × ))  ) 
∴ = +) .×  = (
( ) + )) )  ) + )) 
)Ω

(−) . 1B
= = ) ('
)
& −) ))
= = & Ω
)
&
β( )= =(
) (' ) .1
1 C

& 5 0 " " 0 ! "2 = # =

0 5 " "2 , 2 " 2

&) : )H # '
∴ " = + = +' = '

," =+ "! ," "

2 - "
"2 "2 5
0 " " 2 "
- ,"0
−
≤

= ) − )H =
− .
∴ = = ))Ω
' × )−&

& = ' + % + %
'
= ) (+) +) = 9

&= ( )) ) + % ⇒ = & × )−
= β = &
& × )−&
( = = = .. 9& × )−&
.

&))
= = = .
)) ))

'π = = ' &'Ω

6 ," 3 8
))G :
1B
:
1 G
&G
− 0 1 C
π

−
C

= )) 'π = ) )9
) =& =

= &
% = ) = )−& × & =&

( ( = .. 9&

'π
= = ) 9 .&
' π + ))
%

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  

) = −( ( & )=− ) (
∴ =− ) (

= $

)
− =

$ =.
−
= µ
+ ( − )
τ τ
− 
&  
= +   τ 
 
= ')µ

9
> ( " )+ ( " )+ ( > 0 )+ ( " &)

∴ = *+
/
/&
)) ) ) /

)) )

) ) ) )
/)
)

) ) )

'
β = = ' × )−
))

 
=  − 2 # H = &H
β 

( ) =
+β +

%[ ] = %[ ] %( ) = '
%[ ] = %[ + ] = %[ ] + %[ ] =
σ = %  − % [ ]
%  = %( × + )  = %' ×
  + %[' × × ] + % 
 

= '( − ') + ' (') + ( − ') = (

σ = ( − & = ')

A " " A " " -

A

I " "
"

∆ D ∆ ∆ &
A D -

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  

∆ = ∆ = +
∆ & = ∆
∆ )))
= &
= =.
∆
( − )= ))) +
= + )=( ) +

.
, =& + =− + = $ =.

( )= A 6 ," 0 0 " ,"

− −
$- = = +
= +
$

− (− )
" = = &9 )

∴ >6# ( × )? J
A 6 ," 0 "
"K 0 " 2 E# = ,
Ω

("$ )- = = ( . '=' 9
$-

= ) )=− (
+ + + '
+ &
+ =−
9
= &
+ =.+ = )

#? )
J ))) ))
( 0 $1 # $ # '1
0 $1 # $ # '1
(' 2 ! -
!
0 " %
"

+ =+
+ (9) + θ ) = + (9) − α )
+ θ =+ α

=
µ+ θ =µ+ α

θ α
=
µ µ
 θ
α = −
 .))) 
 

θ =' α =( × )−&
5#'
(
K

5#)

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  

+ = +) + +'

+) = × = (− ) )× = *

+' = × = ( ) ) × (− ) = *

%# ) *

&)) &)) λ &

(( λ = = =& & = = =
(*+ ) ))

& &
= =
σ σπ '

=
π'

%0 6 -

  & & π µ
 = 4 = =
 &  π' π' π' σ
µω
=
σ

& π µ
∴( ) =
π' σ

π × )) × ) × 'π × )−(
= = ) 9.)9Ω
π ×&× ) λ −'
( × )(

(&
η = +) 9.)9 = ) 99) = 99 ) H
(&
&
(.
.)
) )
( )= (' )
L
( )= ( )= (π ) -

 
( ) = &'   !( ) = !L ( ) = δ ( − )+δ ( + ) ? ? )
 '

= ∫ () () = ∫ ( )! ( )
L L
+ !- E" "
M

∞ ∞
&
= ∫ ( ) ! ( ) = ∫ δ ( − )+δ ( + ) =&
L

−∞ −∞

. 6 ) )
. !
$ 6
# ) ) #
# )
# )
)
#

& '

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  

" ! "
- # = = ')H
" ! "

- # = = ')H

- # = = ')H

. = ( " − ) = × × )− (& − ) = &) × )−

× &) × )−
( = = = &) × )− = ) )& "
"
" − &−

. ! 0 #0 = ) )& × )−& × ) × )& = ) &

.& +0 " E 8

? ?ω ? :ω ?ω :ω
)
() ( π )

+0 " 2 # ( )

$ 
> E ! # ( )  ω = $ω
 

( )
("$ ) =
'$ ω

.&! +0 " E 8

() ( π )( ( π + φ )) 2 M 0 E

# ( ) φ+ () ('π +φ)

> E 8

. ( )= ( ) ( π )+ () ( π ) () ( π )
+ ( ) ( π )( ( π + φ ))

= () φ+ () ('π +φ) + () (φ ) + ( ) ('π +φ) 2 M 0 E

+0 " 2 # () φ

> 2 # () φ+ () φ

= = ( )= $/
() () .

() φ
∴ "$ ( )=
$,

("$ )
0 # = φ
("$ )
.' #=

ω = =

∴τ =

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  

.'! &$ ! 2

=
+ ω

= =' *

. A µ' = ε' =

A " µ' = ε' = '

µ µ' η
η = = η) = )
ε ε' ε'
η)
η =
ε'

η −η ε' − ε' − −
= " C = = = =
'
η +η ε' + ε' + &

+
= " % − ' =
&

. ! = " 2 # %' × +' = × 2

9
2 #9× " 2 # 9J

η ε'
C# = = =
η +η ε' + ε' + &

η ε' '
%# = =
η +η ε' + ε' &

'
E 2 2 , # × 2 , 2 # .J
& &

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