Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
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B Baker cyst: A swelling in the space
behind the knee (the popliteal space)
Babcock test: a test for determining that is composed of a membrane-lined
the fat content of milk and milk sac filled with synovial fluid that has
products. escaped from the joint. Also known as
synovial cyst of the popliteal space.
Bacteremia: the usually transient
presence of bacteria in the blood. Balloon tamponade: A procedure in
which a balloon is inflated within the
Bacillus: a genus of rod-shaped gram- esophagus or stomach, to apply
positive endospore-producing usually pressure on bleeding blood vessels,
aerobic bacteria of the family compress the vessels, and stop the
Bacillaceae that include many bleeding. It is used in the treatment of
saprophytes and some parasites. bleeding veins in the esophagus
(esophageal varices) and stomach.
Bacillosis: infection with bacilli. Also known as esophagogastric
tamponade.
Back pressure-arm lift method:
artificial respiration in which the Barr body: A microscopic feature of
operator kneels at the head of the female cells that is due to the presence
prone victim, compresses the chest of two X chromosomes, one of which
manually by pressure on the back, and is inactive and crumples up.
then pulls up the elbows thereby
expanding the lungs Birth control: Birth control is the use
of any practices, methods, or devices
Bactericidin: a bactericidal antibody to prevent pregnancy from occurring
in a sexually active woman.
Bacteriostat: an agent that causes
bacteriostasis
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D declarative memory: Memory for
facts or events (episodic memory);
D2 receptor: A type of dopamine also called explicit memory.
receptor (see neurotransmitter
receptors) that seems to be decoction: An herbal product or tea
particularly important in addiction. made by boiling a plant in water.
daily value: A guide to the amount of deep sleep: Stage of sleep where the
nutrients in a given food; Daily values brain is less responsive to outside
are given in percentages based on a stimuli.
2,000-calorie-per-day diet.
deep venous thrombosis: A
dandruff: A mild and common dangerous condition in which blood
condition that is characterized by an clots form in veins deep in the body,
itchy, flaky scalp and that may extend usually the legs. They may break off
to the ears, face, and chest. Also and block blood flow in the lungs,
known as seborrheic dermatitis. seriously damaging organs or causing
death.
de Quervain's tendonitis: Painful
swelling of the tendons at the wrist defenses: Coping strategies a person
that move the thumb. adopts to make it easier to operate in
the world.
debility: Weakness or a loss of
physical strength. defibrillation: The delivery of an
electric shock to the heart to stop an
decibel: A unit of measurement for abnormal rhythm and restore a normal
the loudness of a sound. The highest heartbeat.
decibels indicate the loudest sounds.
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E Eclampsia: A serious condition
related to high blood pressure that can
Ear canal: A tube leading from the threaten the life of a pregnant woman
eardrum to the outer ear. and her fetus.
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F Fast-twitch fiber: One of two main
types of skeletal muscle fibers. Fast-
Facet joints: Paired joints that link a twitch fibers are recruited most
vertebra to its neighboring vertebrae. heavily when bursts of power are
They allow the spine to move as a needed, as in sprinting. See also slow-
unit. twitch fiber.
False negative: Test results that show Fatigue: A lack of energy. A decrease
that a disease or substance isn't over time in the ability to perform a
present, even though it is. physical or mental task.
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G Gastric: Relating to the stomach.
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H Harm reduction therapy: A
treatment strategy aimed at
Hair bulb: The root of the hair shaft. minimizing the harm associated with
an object of addiction. This strategic
Hair cells: Cells in the ear that approach helps people learn how to
transmit sound messages to the brain limit the degree to which they use
and play a vital role in hearing. their object of addiction, or limit the
risks associated with their use, but
Hair cells: Cells in the ear that they do not necessarily stop
transmit sound messages to the brain altogether.
and play a vital role in hearing.
Hashimoto's thyroiditis: A disease
Hallucination: A perception of in which the body's immune system
something that is not really there. prevents the thyroid gland from
producing enough thyroid hormone.
Hammertoe: A sometimes painful
condition in which the toe curls up Hay fever: A commonly used term
and under (resembling a hammer). for allergic rhinitis—seasonal or year-
round allergic condition marked by
Happiness: Feelings of contentment sneezing, runny nose, and congestion.
or joy; the overall experience of The most common type of allergy, it
pleasure and meaning in life. is caused by an IgE-mediated immune
response to inhaled airborne allergens.
Happiness set-point: An individual's
baseline level of happiness, Hearing aid: An electronic device
determined largely by genetics, worn in or behind the ear by people
around which moods fluctuate. After with hearing problems that makes
reacting to positive or negative life sounds louder.
changes, people tend to return to their
happiness set-points.
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I Ileum: The final section of the small
intestine.
Iatrogenic: Complications or poor
effects caused by medical treatment. Iliopsoas muscles: Two muscles,
running from the end of the spine to
IBD: Abbreviation for inflammatory the thighbone, that are responsible for
bowel disease, a general term for two lifting the knee.
disorders—ulcerative colitis and
Crohn's disease—that cause the Immediate hypersensitivity: A
intestines to become swollen and category of allergic reaction, triggered
inflamed. by specific allergens and involving
IgE. The majority of allergic reactions
ICD: Abbreviation for implantable to pollens, pets, dust, mold, food, and
cardioverter defibrillator, a device insect venom are of this type.
implanted in the chest and connected
to the heart that delivers a shock to Immobilize: To restrict the
stop a potentially deadly rhythm and movement of a limb or other part of
restore a normal (sinus) rhythm. the body to help in healing.
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K Keshan disease: Heart disease caused
by a lack of selenium, an element that
Kegel: An exercise that helps prevent the body needs to function properly.
and treat incontinence by
strengthening pelvic floor muscles. Ketones: Substances produced when
the body burns fat for energy or when
Keloid: An unusually hard or thick the body doesn't have enough insulin.
scar that forms after surgery or an
injury. Kidney failure: The final stage of
chronic kidney disease. At this point,
Keratectomy: A procedure in which the kidneys can no longer eliminate
a laser is used to correct vision waste products from the body.
problems by reshaping the cornea.
Kyphoplasty: A surgical procedure
Keratin: A protein and the major that eases or eliminates the pain of
component of the cuticle and cortex spinal fractures. It also restores
layers of hair; the same protein is vertebrae that have collapsed due to
found in nails, feathers, claws, and fractures to their normal size.
hooves.
Keratoconjunctivitis sicca:
Persistent dryness of the eye.
Keratoderma blennorrhagica: A
skin rash that sometimes occurs along
with an autoimmune condition called
Reiter's syndrome.
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L Lacunar stroke: A small ischemic
stroke caused by the blockage of one
Labile hypertension: Blood pressure of the smaller blood vessels in the
that frequently fluctuates between brain; the most common effect is
normal and abnormal during the weakness or disability on one side of
course of a day, often within only a the body.
few minutes.
Lamellar bone: Hard, dense tissue
Labyrinth: The inner ear. It contains that forms the outer shell of bones.
the cochlea, which is responsible for Also called compact bone.
hearing, as well as structures that are
needed for balance. Lamina: One of the two thin, plate-
like parts of each vertebra.
Laceration: A tear in the skin.
Laminectomy: An operation in
Lacrimal gland: The gland that which all or part of one or both
produces tears. laminae is removed.
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M Magenblase syndrome: Swallowing
too much air during a meal, causing
excessive gas and discomfort. Also
Macrocytic anemia: The presence of
known as stomach bubble syndrome.
larger-than-normal red blood cells in
circulation—even though there are
Magnetic resonance imaging: A
too few of them—caused by lack of
scan that creates detailed pictures of
folate and vitamin B12.
internal organs; commonly referred to
as MRI. Magnetic resonance imaging
Macronutrients: Substances that
uses radio waves, a strong magnetic
provide energy and that the body
field, and a computer to produce
needs for growth. The main categories
images of organs and internal tissues.
are: fat, carbohydrate, and protein.
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N Necrosis: The premature death of
living cells or tissues.
Nanograms per milliliter: A small
quantity of a substance; equivalent to Needle biopsy: Use of a hollow
one-billionth of a gram (454 grams needle to remove a small sample of
make 1 pound) in one-thousandth of a tissue for examination.
liter (1 liter is approximately 1 quart).
Abbreviated as ng/ml. Neoadjuvant therapy: A helper
treatment given before a primary
Narcolepsy: A sleep disorder that treatment is started, such as when
causes extreme sleepiness and chemotherapy is done before surgery
uncontrollable sleep attacks, making a in order to shrink a tumor.
person fall asleep at inappropriate
times during the day. Neonatal: Relating to an infant
younger than 4 weeks of age.
Nasolabial folds: Lines in the skin
leading from the nose to the outer Neoplasm: An abnormal growth of
corners of the mouth. Also known as tissue, either cancerous or benign.
smile or laugh lines.
Nephritis: Inflammation of the
Natural killer cells: A type of white kidneys.
blood cell of the immune system.
These cells destroy other cells that fail Nephropathy: Kidney disease.
to display the right chemical flags
signaling that they are normal cells. Nerve block: Injection of a
medication into one or more nerves to
Natural recoverers: People who relieve pain.
overcome addiction without treatment
or formal self-help programs. Neuralgia: A burning or stabbing
pain that follows the path of a nerve.
Nebulizer: A device that converts a
liquid medicine into a mist that can be
breathed in.
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O
Occult: Something not visible to the
Obesity: A body weight that is much naked eye but seen under a
higher than is healthy. Defined as microscope or through lab tests.
having a body mass index of 30 or
more. Obesity puts a person at greater Omega-3 Fatty Acids: Beneficial
risk of developing numerous chronic fats, also known as n-3 fatty acids.
diseases. These are polyunsaturated fat found in
fatty fish, such as salmon.
Object Of Addiction: The
psychoactive drug or rewarding Omega-6 Fatty Acids: Fatty acids
behavior with which a person with found in certain foods that the body
addiction has a pathological needs for good health but can't make
relationship. on its own. Also known as n-6 fatty
acids.
Obstructive Sleep Apnea: A
disorder marked by heavy snoring and Oncogene: A gene that, under certain
interrupted breathing during sleep. It conditions, can cause cancer.
increases the risk of developing high
blood pressure and having a stroke Oncologist: A physician who deals
and is more common in people who with the diagnosis and treatment of
are obese. cancer. There are three types—
medical oncologists, radiation
Occipital Lobe: The region in the oncologists, and surgical oncologists.
back of the brain responsible for
visual processing. Ondine's Curse: A rare and
potentially fatal disorder in which a
Occlusion: The closing or blocking of person may stop breathing, especially
a hollow organ or body part. at night. Also called congenital
central hypoventilation syndrome.
.
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Palpate: To examine a part of the
P body by touching it carefully.
Quantitative computed
tomography: A modification of
computed tomography that provides
measurements of bone mass as well as
an image.
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Radioactive Iodine: A radioactive
form of iodine that can be used as a
tracer during a radioactive iodine
R uptake test or a radioactive thyroid
scan. Much larger amounts are used in
Radial Tunnel the treatment of hyperthyroidism.
Syndrome: A
condition 30 in which the radial
nerve is compressed at the
elbow, causing pain, numbness, Radioallergosorbent Test: A blood
tingling, and muscle weakness in the test used for identifying allergens.
hand and arm.
Radiofrequency: A non-surgical
Radiation: Energy in the form of technique using an electromagnetic
particles or waves, such as x-rays and current to penetrate deep into the
gamma rays. Radiation is often used body's tissues, which can be used to
to help make a diagnosis, as in x-rays, treat pain, cancer, and heart rhythm
or as a treatment for cancer. disorders, among other conditions.
S
Sarcoma: A cancer that arises in the
Sacroiliitis: Inflammation of the soft tissues of the body that connect,
sacroiliac joints, which connect the support, and separate other tissues or
lower spine to the pelvis. organs. Sarcomas can occur almost
anywhere in the body.
Sacrum: The larger triangular bone at
the base of the spine. Satisficer: A person who can make a
choice and be satisfied with it when
Sad: Abbreviation for seasonal presented with an option that meets
affective disorder, sadness and his or her standards, without needing
depression brought on by a lack of to examine all options or find the
exposure to sunlight. SAD usually absolute best.
appears in the fall or winter and
subsides in the spring. Saturated Fat: A type of fat found in
animal foods such as meat, poultry
Saline: A watery solution that skin, butter, and whole-milk dairy
contains a small amount of salt and is products, as well in as palm and
often used to administer drugs or as a coconut oils. A diet high in saturated
substitute for plasma. fat tends to raise blood levels of
unhealthy low-density lipoprotein
Salivary Gland: One of three pairs of (LDL) cholesterol.
glands that pour lubricating fluids and
digestive enzymes into the mouth.
Sausage Digit: A toe or finger Tamsulosin: A drug used to treat
swollen and red along its entire symptoms of an enlarged prostate
length. gland. It relieves constriction of the
urethra and improves urine flow by
Scapulothoracic Joint: A shoulder relaxing the smooth muscle tissues in
joint that connects the scapula to the the capsule that surrounds the
ribs at the back of the chest. prostate. Unlike other drugs in this
class, tamsulosin does not decrease
blood pressure.
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Tangles: Also called
T neurofibrillary tangles—twisted
strands of proteins that are found
T cell: Abbreviation for T inside the dead or dying nerve cells of
lymphocyte, a type of white blood cell people with Alzheimer's disease.
that is produced in the bone marrow
and is part of the body's immune Tardive Dyskinesia: Involuntary
system. writhing movements of the arms, legs,
and tongue caused by high doses of
T lymphocyte: A type of white blood antipsychotic drugs over long periods
cell that is produced in the bone of time.
marrow and is part of the body's
immune system. Also called a T cell. Tarsal Coalition: An inherited
condition in which two bones of the
Tachycardia: An abnormally fast foot are fused together; can result in
heartbeat, usually above 100 beats per rigid flat feet.
minute.
Tartar: A hardened layer of plaque
Tamoxifen: A drug used by women that builds up on teeth. Also called
to prevent breast cancer or its calculus.
recurrence.
Tdd: Abbreviation for crop up later, often skewing a person's
telecommunications device for the response to an entirely different loss.
deaf—machinery that allows a person
who is deaf or hard of hearing to send Unsaturated Fat: Healthy dietary
and receive typed messages over the fats from plant sources such as
telephone. vegetable oils, nuts, and whole grains,
as well as from fatty fish. Includes
monounsaturated fat and
polyunsaturated fat.
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U
Unstable Angina: Chest pain that
Ulcer: A break in the skin or other occurs or worsens in frequency,
surface that often occurs along with severity, or duration when a person is
inflammation, infection, or cancerous at rest or engaging in mild activity.
growth.
Upper Airway Resistance
Ultrasound: A painless, noninvasive Syndrome: Inhalation that requires
imaging method that uses high- undue extra exertion; this extra work
frequency sound waves. may cause insomnia and daytime
sleepiness.
Unopposed Estrogen: Estrogen taken
without an accompanying Upper Esophageal Sphincter:
progestogen. Muscular valve located at the upper
portion of the esophagus that opens to
Unresolved Losses: Personal losses allow food or liquid to enter the
that are not acknowledged and digestive system.
mourned. Many mental health experts
believe that reactions to these losses Urea: A waste product of protein
digestion and metabolism.
the heart and prevent the backflow of
Ureter: The tube that connects each blood from one chamber to another
kidney to the bladder. during contraction of the heart.
Urethra: The tube leading from the Variant Angina Pectoris: Also
bladder through which urine is carried called Prinzmetal's angina, these are
from the body. attacks of chest pain caused by
spasms of one or more coronary
Urethral Hypermobility: Movement arteries almost always while a person
of the urethra out of place when is at rest.
abdominal pressure increases, leading
to stress incontinence.
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V Vascular: Having to do
with blood vessels and circulation.
Vaccination: A method of protecting
the body against disease by injecting Vascular Dementia: Dementia
parts or all of a microorganism that caused by narrowing or blockage of
will cause the body to develop blood vessels in the brain or by a
antibodies against the microorganism stroke or series of tiny strokes. Also
and later fight off disease. called multi-infarct dementia.
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Wernicke's Area: The brain region
Wall Stress: Force on the wall of the responsible for the comprehension of
heart muscle caused by pressure speech.
inside the heart's pumping chamber;
excessive wall stress can impair the Whiplash: The popular term for
heart's ability to pump and increase muscle and ligament damage resulting
the heart's need for oxygen. from rapid and extreme extension and
flexion of the neck. The term is also
Warfarin: An anticoagulant drug that used for the accident causing the
prevents blood clotting; people taking injury, most often a rear-end motor
it must have regular blood tests to vehicle accident.
determine that their blood does not
clot too readily or too slowly. White Matter: The inner portion of
the brain, composed primarily of
Wart: An abnormal fibrous growth axons, each surrounded by a myelin
caused by a viral infection. sheath that insulates the nerve fibers
(and appears white). Messages are
sent between different regions of the
brain (gray matter) via these nerve
fibers.
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X
Xanthelasma: A xanthoma on the
eyelid.
Y
YAG Capsulotomy: A laser
technique to correct blurred vision
caused by cloudiness that may
develop in the skin of the cataract left
in the eye after cataract surgery; a
laser is used to create a hole in the
membrane to allow light to enter
clearly focused onto the retina.
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