DEPARTMENT OF PLANT

PATHOLOGY

DR.P.D.K.V.AKOLA

Ph.D. THESIS
ABSTRACTS
 DEPARTMENT OF PLANT PATHOLOGY, DR.P.D.K.V.AKOLA
ABSTRACTS OF Ph.D THESIS

Title of the thesis: Seed borne fungi of sorghum and their control.
(1989)
Full name of student: Rajendra Nilkanth Deshmukh
Advisor: Dr.J.G.Raut

Seed samples of sorghum cultivars CSH -9 of Kharif 1986,87 and 88

produce were tested for fungi and results showed that fungi and their
counts varied with the year of crop production. Among the eleven fungi
detected C.lunata and F.moniliforme were most predominant. Frequent rains
and high relative humidity between the seed setting and seed maturity were
found to be favour to establishment of fungi more. Pretreatment of seed
eliminated the saprophytic fungi but also reduced the count of C.lunata,
F.moniliforme E.halodes, Phoma sorghina and Fusarium semitectum.
Glumes and seeds both harboured various seed borne fungi and all the
three stages of seed development i.e. milk , dough and physiological
maturity. Among the seven fungi C.lunata and F. moniliforme were found to
colonized ovary and glume or considerabl spikelets even prior to seed
development.
Histopathological study C.lunata infected seed showed precise distribution
of the fungus in pericarp, seed coat aleorone layer endosperm and embryo.
Protein , fats carbohydrates and ash contents decrease with increase
discolouration of the seed. Culture filtrate of C.lunata , F.moniliforme and
E.halodes were found toxic to seed and reduction in germination.one, two
and three sprays of Thiram, Carbendazim, captan and dithan M 45 were not
effective in minimizing seed borne fungi to desired level and in improving the
seed germination to an economical level.
Seed treated with Thiram, rovral,captan, rovral + Thiram, Thiram +
Carbendazim, dithan M45 + Carbendazim, dithan Z78 + Carbendazim and
rovral + Carbendazim @ 0.3% were most effective which eliminated the seed
borne fungi to greatest extent and improve the germination by 29% over
control.
In treated seed germination was best upto seven months from treatment but
there after showed decline in storage.

Title of the thesis: Investigation on Ramularia areola causing dahiya

or gray mildew of cotton in relation to physiological
races , crop losses and control. (1989)
Full name of student: Sitaram Kashiram Shivankar
Advisor: Prof.P.D.Wangikar

In the present investigation it was observed that R.areola cause severe

infection on both surface of leaves of cotton and affected the buds and bolls.
The infected leaves defoliated within 15 days after severe infection. The
fungus grew well on modified Kirchhoff’s medium at 270C temperature and
80-100% humidity and pH ranging from 6.5 – 9.4. In nutritional studies
sucrose as carbon, asparagin as nitrogen, potassium dihydrogen phosphate
as phosphorous and potassium magnesium sluphate as magnesium source
were found to be favourable for optimum growth and sporulation of fungus.
It was further observed that heavy rainfall in the month of July and August,
temperature ranging form 30 to 190C and humidity from 45 to 85% favours
the disease incidence and further spread. Libration of spores was more at
day time along with direction of wind current, the conidial viability was 20
days under natural field condition and up to 90 days freezing temperature.
In the crop loss studies it was observed that there was heavy defoliation,
reduction in the number of bolls and size of bolls due to severity of disease.
Significant losses in yield of seed cotton and qualitative characters of seed
cotton were recorded.
In control measure studies, it was observed that all the fungicides were
effective in controlling the disease, sulphur fungicide gave highest cost
benefit ratio .

Title of the thesis: Seed borne fungi of Pearl millet, their transmission
and control. (1990)
Full name of student: Rajesh Walmikrao Ingle
Advisor: Dr. J.G. Raut

Seed samples of pearl millet genotypes WCC-75, H-90-4/s, MBH-110, MBH-

157, MH-179, CMV-87901 and ICTP 8203 were collected from Akola,
Amravati and Buldhana districts of Vidarbha from October harvested Kharif
crop'of 1988 and 1989.Eight fungi viz. Alternaria tenuis, Crvularia lunata,
Drechslera sacchari, D.tetramera. Exserohilum halodes, Fusarium
moniliforme, F.semitectum and Phoma sp. showed association with seeds.
Fungi and their counts varied with the genotype, location and year of
production. Among fungi, .C.lunata was most predominant and showed
association with 56.86% seeds (mean of samples of 7 8enotypes tested for
two years) and was followed by D.halodes (11.89%) F.moniliforme(8.39%) and
Phoma sp. (5.07). Samples of 1988 were more disco1coured because of more
rains and rainy days during seed development stages and hence showed
heavy association of fungi and poor germination. Comparatively seeds of
different genotypes grown at Amravati carried fungi in low percent ages.
Under natural field conditions, none of the genotype showed resistant
reaction to grain moulds. Same genotype during same year but at different
location reacted differently to infection of fungi. Pretreatment of seed with
0.1% HgC12 solution reduced infection counts important fungi like D.lunata,
D.halodesa and F.moniliforme by almost 63%,79% and 70% respectively and
improved germination by 11%. Antherlobes and corresponding seeds were
tested at milk and dough stages of seed development. It was evident that
antherlobes in considerable percentage carried fungi like C.lunata,
A.tenuius, F.moniliforme, D.sacchari and E.halodes. Antherlobe
corresponding seed however showed an50ciation or Fungi in high
percentage. Removal of antherlobes qt milk stage decreased the percentage
of infected seed by 7.5%.To know role of glume seeds and corresponding
glumes were examined for fungal association at grain filling, milk, dough
and physiological maturity stages of seed development. With glumes, among
the seven fungi, C.lunata was most predominant followed by F.moniliforme at
all stages of seed development.
At anthesis, spikelets and their parts when examined showed association
of 6 fungi with one or other C.lunata, D.sacchari, E.halodes and
F.moniliforme parts except anther. Among spikelet parts stigma carried more
fungi followed by blister, rachilla and glume but ovary showed least fungi.
Microtome section of infected seed showed invesion C.lunata. D.sacchari and
E.halodes in all the parts of seed i.e. peri carp , seed coat, alerurone layer,
endosperm, scutellum and embryo in the form of septate, brown inter- or
intra-cellular mycelium. Infected sprouted seeds when grown in pot soil
caused seed to plant transmission of diseases. C.lunata, D.sacchari and
E.halodes produced brown spots on the coleoptile, coleoptile sheath and first
true leaves whereas F.moniliforme caused purple discoloration of coleoptiles
sheath and stem below it.
Under field conditions, in general, spray of fungicide(s) at seed development
stages failed to check the establishment of grain moulds and improve the
seed germination to a desired level. Among various fungicides, sprays of
thiram + bavistin @ O. 25 followed by that of bavistin reduced the total seed-
borne fungi to some extent.
Treating seeds with thiram, captan. bavistin, rovral, rovral + bavistin (1:1
proportion),rovral + thiram (1: 1) and di thane M-45 + bavistin. (1: 1) all @
O.3%by seed weight, and testing immediately after treatment (in December)
and thereafter every three months up to next December showed that after 6
months effective treatment like rovral + thiram and rovral + bavistin had
minimised total seed-borne fungi by 93% and 91% and improved
germination by 40% and 39% respectively over 6 months old untreated
seeds. But 12 months after storage rovral + thiram and rovral + bavistin
though reduced seed-borne fungi by 98% and 96%, increase in germination
was only by 25% and 29% respectively.

Title of the thesis: Use of Cellulolytic fungi in degradation of

agricultural wastes (1990)
Full name of student: Subhash Ramkrishnrao Potdukhe
Advisor: Dr.R.B.Somani

Fifty six isolates representing 39 species of twenty genera were obtained

from various sources. These isolates were grown on filter paper strips and
on plain agar media. The fungi utilized and sporgulated well on filter paper
were considered to be utilizing filter paper as sole carbon source. These
fungi were further screened for cellulolsic producing ability and twenty
promising cultures were selected for lignolytic activity . All the isolates
utilized for degradation of agricultural wastes and was studies in laboratory
by measuring quantum of CO2 evolved, loss in weight and reduction in C:N
ratio. Maximum amount of CO2 evolved in first week. Ground nut shell
degrade fast followed by cotton stalk and sorghum stubbles. Trichoderma
viride, Chitomium globosum, Penicillium funiculosum and Aspergillum terreus
were observed to be promising. The inoculum potential of four promising
isolates in quick degradation of agricultural waste used for growth and yield
of wheat. The total uptake of nutrients and microbial population in the soil
increase considerably resulting in increase in residual nitrogen and organic
carbon, variation in pH was negligible.
The present study indicated that these lignocellulolytic fungi can be used for
decomposition of agricultural wastes under aerobic condition and non
pathogenic to the important crop grown in this area. The incorporation of
wheat straw along with fungal starter , hence in removal or organic debries
from the environment and improve soil fertility there by increasing yield of
wheat.

Title of the thesis: Studies on betelvine disease in Vidarbha (1991)

Full name of student: Shukadeo Vithobaji Waghe
Advisor: Dr.B.B.Bhombe

Betelvine is highly labour intensive cash crop grown commercially for the
leaves.
Its leaves used mainly for chewing purpose. This crop suffers for number of
diseases i.e basal rot caused by Sclerotium rolfsii root and stem rot caused
by R.bataticola, root rot caused by F.moniliforme, are the limiting factors in
reducing the yield and quality of crop. Drenching of soil with copper
oxychloride 0.5% + diazinon 0.05% or Bordeaux mixture 1% + diazinon
0.05% at monthly interval since July to January was effective in controlling
the betelvine soil borne diseases. Earhing up of sandy loam soil once or
twice in a year with drenching of Bordeaux mixture 1% + 0.05 diazinon well
before the onset of mansoon appreciably reduces the incidence of wilt
complex. The supporting of betelvine with nylon string is responsible for
reducing the wilt complex. Free aeration improve the micro environment by
increasing the C:N ration and phosynthetic activities which ultimately leads
to the improvement in quality and quantity of betelvine leaves.

Title of the thesis: Investigation of major foliar diseases of sunflower in

Vidarbha region of Maharashtra (1991)
Full name of student: Sheshrao Srawanji Wadibhasms
Advisor: Dr.B.B.Bhombe
Alternaria blight and rust are the severe diseases of sunflower specially
involved, temperate and semi arid tropic during the year of high rainfall.
Alternaria blight first appeared on cotyledonary leaves and subsequently
spread older leaves and all other aerial parts of the plant including seeds.
Occurrence of rust is evident first on lower leaves as small pin head circular
rust pustules, scattered over entire surface of leaf lamina on the dorsal
sides, petioles, stem and floral parts. Artificial inoculation revealed that the
crop is susceptible to Alternaria to all stages of crop growth. Minimum four
days incubation period is required for positive infection. The disease
development was favoured by temperature ranged 25 -300C and 100% RH.
Host range studies revealed that Alternaria helianthi besides sunflower cloud
infect eleven other hosts. The pathogens is seed borne and survive in plant
debris for above four months in lab conditions and up to three months in
open filed and serves as primary source of infection. The fungus was
effectively controlled by all the nine fungicides tested in vitro. But dithane
M-45 @ 0.25% and vitavax @ 0.1% proved highly effective in filed condition
in checking the infection and also in giving higher grain yield. Brassicol and
Thiram @ 3 g/kg proved to be best for controlling seed borne infection.
Under artificial condition the rust was found to be caused losses 13- 25% in
grain yield, 8.6 – 15.3% in seed weight and 1.6 – 4% in oil content of seed in
different variety. There were no correlation in severity of rust and losses
caused.

Title of the thesis: Studies on Biochemical status of resistant and

susceptible Sorghum bicolor cultivars against grain
mold (1992)
Full name of student: Radheshyam Bhagwandas Somani
Advisor: Prof.P.D.Wangikar

Grain mold of sorghum is a number one problem of sorghum in Vidarbha, of

this 23 fungi belonging to 14 genera, Curvularia lunata and Fusarium
moniliforme are predominant. Fusarial infection takes place mostly at
flowering stage and curvularia infection takes at any time , mostly form
dough stage onwards. RH 75% or more and maximum temperature in
between 28 -350C favours disease development, however rain is the only
important factor for disease development. Pretreatment eliminates
saprophytic fungi which are restricted to pericarp. Fusarium mostly entre
through hylar and curvularia form styler end and pericarp. Fusarium
moniliforme produces more toxic metabolites which reduced germination and
seedling vigour. C.lunata is fast grain deteriorating fungus since possess
more Cellulolytic , amylolytic, and pectinolytic activity.
Forty six genotypes screened for four season out of which eight were
promising form clean grain type sorghums. Surface wax, floaters density
and porosity differences do not separate resistant and susceptible types.
Hardness , water imbibitions , corneousess of endospore, non pigmented
and aleurone layer , less electrical conductivity in seed litches among the
physical characteristics contribute towards resistance. Leteuforal , tannin
but higher free phenolic compound were noticed in resistant white grain
sorghum.
Amino acids spectra did not very much however leucine / isoseucine ratio
was high in resistant genotypes. Grain mold results more reduction in
starch and crud fat contains , less reduction in protein and increase in crud
fiber content.
Carbendazim along with captan or Thiram and pre harvest sprays reduce
seed mycoflora and improved germination.
Title of the thesis: Studies on fruit rot and dieback of chilli caused by
Colletotrichum capsici. (1992)
Full name of student: Krishnrao Narayanrao Sapkal
Advisor: Dr. S.O.Kolte

Chi1li or red pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) is an important cash crop

among the spices and grown extensively in Vidarbha region of Maharashtra
State. The cultivation Especially areas Around Achalpur,Umred. Bhiwapur
and Malkapur have imbibed the art of chilli growing. Dried Chilli forms an
essential commodity in the day to day preparation of spicy and tasty food.
Green chilli is also consumed as vegetable in daily diet. In Maharashtra,
Vidarbha region Occupies nearly 50 per cent chilli growing area but
production was only 42.83 per cent during 1988-89.Chilli crop suffers from
many diseases, among them , die back and fruit rot incited By
Colletotrichum capsici ( Syd. ) Butler and Bisby are most and cause
considerable reduction In marketable fruit yield and By Colletotrichum
capsici ( Syd. ) Butler and Bisby are most and cause considerable reduction
In marketable fruit yield and quality. Survey of Vidarbha region revealed
that the intensity of die back and fruit rot diseases varied from 13.8 to 36.2
and 9.4 to 21.5 per cent. Respectively in the farmer' s fields irrespective of
chemical disease management. The disease is characterized by diverse
symptoms. The twig dieing or wither tip and fruit rot were noticed
prominently in the field. The crop is attacked by this disease at all the stages
of crop growth and it continued upto maturity.
Differences in growth rate was observed in the isolates collected from
different agroecological zones of Vidarbha region. It was maximum in isolate
IX from Bhiwapur and least in isolate VII from Yavatmal. Isolates VIII, IX
and X from high rainfall zone were more virulent than isolates from assured
and moderate rainfall zones in pathogenicity and contained high nitrogen.in
the mycelium. which increased the infectivity.
Study of two isolates viz. AKL(Akola) from assured rainfall zone and BWR
(Bhiwapur) from high rainfall zone.Indicated that BWR isolate recorded high
rate of growth on all the solid media tried than isolate AKL. Both the isolate
grew optimum on Richard' s agar, Host extract agar and PDA. Differences in
sporulation qid not occur in case of both the isolates.
Both the isolates grew better on a wide range of temperature 20-350C, RH
70-100% and pH 3-9 but optimum 28-300C and 90 per cent RH and pH 6-7.
The maximum mycelium yield and abundant sporulation was recorded in
sucrose and glucose by isolates BWR and AKL respectively. For other carbon
sources both isolates have shown similar preference but the growth
differences existed between them. Both the isolates preferred asparagine.
Peptone and potassium nitrate as anitrogen source for growth and
sporulation. II . From study Be that II I II I II the pathogen. Capsici
probably exists in the racial form as the it concluded the can isolates
differed morphologically. culturally physiologically.
The pathogen can survive in seed and plant for more than 8 to 17 months
which becomes a primary of infection for next season. The treatment or
Bavistin with Thiram seed 0.3 per cent by seed weight can eliminate seed
the infection to a great extent and increases seed germination and seedling
survival. Cuman L, Bavistin and Dithane M-45 were and debris source I I
@borne found 2-78 effective in completely inhibiting the growth and
sporulation least of the isolates in vitro but Dithane was both effective.
Under field test carried over for two years, significantly the Dithane proved
2-78 fungicides except superior over control in reducing infection intensity
of back and fruit rot in chilli with significant higher yields. Cuman L was
most effective and gave highest benefit ratio 1:19.49 followed by Bavistin
1:7.70 and Dithane M-45 1:6.85 as assessed on two years performance,
hence can be recommended for adoption. Host resistance is available which
can utilized for breeding programme.
Title of the thesis: Studies on fruit rotting fungi of chilli (1992)
Full name of student: Shrikant Wamarao Khodke
Advisor: Dr. K.B.Gahukar

Collected infected from chilli fruits of different varieties showed Alternaria

alternata, Cladosporium oxysporum, C.dematium, Dreschlera tetramera,
different locations C.qleosporioides, Curvularia lunata Exserohilum rostratum,
Fusarium moni1iforme association of F.semitectum, Phoma sp. and
Rhizoctonia bataticola with various parts. among fungi, C.dematium was
most predominant followed by A.alternata and R. bataticola, C. dematium
infect stem and fruits but failed to infect leave whereas A. alternata and R.
bataticola infect only fruits. All three fungi produced typical lesions on
semiripe and ripe fruits but the lesions are not conspecuous on green fruits.
As regards combinations, A.alternata + C. dematium caused more damage to
the fruits. The fruits infected with a. alternata showed oily depressed black,
circular to irregular spots of varying sizes. C. dematium infected fruits
showed small, black circular spots with black pin point acervuli allover the
infected parts in concentric rings. R. bataticola infected fruits showed black
minute sclerotia scattered allover the infected parts of fruits. All the three
fruit rotting fungi were found to survive in all the parts of chilli fruits upto
12 months and caused seed to plant transmission. C. dematium produced
brown discolouration on epicotyl but A. alternata and R. bataticola failed to
show any visible symptoms on infected parts of plant. The nitrogen content
in C.dematium and R. bataticola culture was found to reflect on the degree of
virulence but A.alternata did not show any relationship with nitrogen
content and the virulence. A.alternata, C.dematium and R. bataticola
increased crude protein content of chilli fruits. In case of am i no ac i d,
lysine, threonine, glutamic acid, prolin, cystin, valin, methionine, tyrosine
and phenylalanine were reduced and arginine, glycine and ammonia were
increased in in-fected fruits. Alanine, leucine and isoleucine were increased
due to infection of A. alternata and R. bataticola while reduced by
C.dematium infection. Fruits infected with R.bataticola showed increase in
aspartic acid content but reduction was found in A. alternata and
C.dematium infected fruits. Histidine content was reduced in A. alternata
and R.bataticola but increased in C.dematium infected fruits. All the three
fungi showed a drastic reduction in ascorbic acid and sugar (total, reducing
and non reducing) content of chilli fruits. Amount of phosphorus was
increased in fruits infected with A. alternata and C.dematium whereas it was
reduced in R. bataticola infected fruits. Amount of potash was reduced by all
the three fungi. The fruits infected with A. alternata and R. bataticola
showed increase in iron content but it did not increase in C. dematium
infected leaves. Zinc and manganese content were increased due to a.
alternata but reduced in C. dematium and R.bataticola 10 infected fruits.
amount of copper was increased by C.dematium and R.bataticola infection
but not by A. alternata Capsaicin content of the fruits infected with all the
three fungi was reduced to almost half. Fungicides which were effective in
laboratory were tested under field conditions against all the three fungi.
Carbendazim, thiophanate methyl and mancozeb were found superior in the
control of fruit rot caused by A. alternata. C.dematium and R. bataticola,
respectively, and in increasing the yield. Considering the disease control,
yield and economic returns, carbendazim <0.1%) ranked first and mancozeb
<0.2%) second. Out of 7 seed dressing fungicides tested thiram @0.3% by
seed weight gave better elimination of A. alternata and C.dematium and
improved seed germination. But captan proved more effective against ft.
bataticola. Under natural field conditions, the variety IHR-1 showed
resistant reaction against the pathogens whereas in artificial inoculation,
Jawahar and Chibhali No.4 showed resistant reaction against A. alternata.
Khurasni against C.dematium and X-206, 8 helgano, LCA-235, X-197, X-
235, Bharni, Pant C-l, Khurasni, 74-4, 8-green, Guntur and BLC 86-2
against R. bataticola.

Title of the thesis: Scheduling of time interval for control and

estimation of losses cuased by citrus canker of acid
lime. (1992)
Full name of student: Kishore Bhagwan Kale
Advisor: Dr. N.L.Peshney

Kagzilime [Citrus aurantifolia Swingle] in Vidarbha suffers heavily from

canker caused Xanthomonas campestris pv.citri (Hasse) Dowson. Infection
mostly observed as endemic throughout the year many a time assuming
epiphytotic situations. Hence, study standardizes the optimum time interval
for application effective chemicals for control and their effect on quantity
and quality of fruit yield was undertaken. Evaluation of certain Chemicals
was through field feeler experiment at by The and to of done Horticulture
Department Orchard P.K. V.., Akola from which Streptocycline 100 ppm+
copper oxychloride 0.1% were selected and used for regulating the disease in
field experiments during different kagzilime flushes for two years. The per
cent leaf infection was more during monsoon flush (Mrig bahar) followed by
summer flush (Ambia bahar) and winter flush (Hasta bahar). Spraying at
7days interval was better, having lowest leaf infection (16.07%) as compared
to 15 days and 21 days interval during all the three flushes in both the
years. The infection control was more In 7 days interval (43.11%) than 15
days and 21 days interval. The per cent disease intensity on leaves was
maximum on monsoon flush (Mrig bahar) followed by summer flush (Ambia
bahar) and winter flush (Hasta bahar) . The spraying at 7 days interval was
best giving lowest disease index (8.69%) in winter flush (Hasta bahar)
amongst all treatments showing disease control by 35.58 %. The fruit yield
differences due to different treatments were non-significant in all the three
flushes in both the years. The highest fruit yield was obtained from summer
tlusn (Ambia bahar) followed by monsoon flush (Mrig bahar) and winter
flush (Hasta bahar). However. the spraying at 7days interval was found best
resulting highest yield/ha 20.300 kg fruits/tree in summer flush (Ambia
bahar) followed by 15 days and 21 days interval. So also per cent yield
increase was maximum with this treatment. Fruit infection studies revealed
that maximum infection was in mons90n flush (mrig bahar) followed by
winter flush (Hasta bahar) and summer flush (Ambia bahar) , in both the
years.
All treatments were superior to . control in reducing the fruit infection in
three flushes in both the years. The praying at 7 days interval Has given
lowest fruit infection (24.73%) with maximum infection control (45.90%) .
The per cent loss of fruit yield in different flushes with An unit increase in
per cent leaf infection/intensity and fruit infection was maximum in
summer flush (Ambia bahar) . The loss due to one per cent Leaf infection
was 1.47%, due to one per cent disease intensity on leaves loss was 3.37%
and due to fruit infection it was 1.87% during summer
flush (Ambia bahar). In winter and monsoon flushes (Hasta and Mrig bahar)
losses were comparatively less. Infection penetration studies of kagzi 1ime
canker pathogen in different parts of infected fruits, indicated that pathogen
could penetrate rind and rarely upto albedo only. No infection was observed
in sacs. Physico-chemical character studies of canker infected kagzi 1ime.
fruit indicated non-significant differences between healthy, moderately and
severely diseased fruits of summer and monsoon flushe Ambia andMrig
bahar). This illustrated that the canker infection on fruit did not affect the
quality of kagzilime fruit juice. Results Qf cross infecti_ity of kagzilime and
kinnow mandarin canker revealed that inoculum from both the hosts was
one and the same strain of the bacterium and there exist no strain variation.
Thus from results of present studies. it is concluded that
(1) Application of Streptocycline 100 ppm +copper oxychloride 0.1% is better
for control of kagzilime canker in Vidarbha conditions.
(2 ) Application of these chemicals at an interval of 7 days or 15 days is
more
useful compared to 21 days or more.
(3) Application at 7days interval should be preferred over 15 days interval ,
Even though the cost benefit ratio with 7 days spray interval is
marginally less compared to 15 days spray interval to reduce the disease
pressure particularly during monsoon season.
(4 ) Kagzilime canker pathogen does not penetrate beyond albedo and as
such
(5) Kagzilime canker does not affect the "juice quality of the infected fruit.
(6)Citrus canker pathogen in Vidarbha does not have strain variation.

Title of the thesis: Epidemiological studies and influence of integrated

disease management factors on Alternaria blight of
sunflower (1995)
Full name of student: Pankaj Babarao Wankhade
Advisor: Dr. C.D.Mayee

Alternaria blight of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) caused by

A.helianthi is a potentially destructive disease in Vidarbha region of
Maharashtra. The pointed survey in four districts of Western Vidarbha
which account for 98 % of the total sunflower area of Vidarbha, confirmed
that blight is the most prevalent diseases. The disease severity and
incidence were very high during rainy season followed by post-rainy season
and summer season. The disease levels were governed by weather, rather
than crop coverage of the area. The inoculum of A.helianthi from in vitro
cultures or from field collected samples when brought into contact with
susceptible host produced typical pinhead spots leading subsequently to
blight symptoms on all aerial parts. The conidia of the fungus germinated
efficiently between 10 to 40oC with optimum temperatures of 2SoC.In field
highest germination occurred in July-August months. Incubation period of
blight, an important component of epidemic, was greatly influenced by
prevailing temp. raptures when inoculations were performed 91 times at
different periods of the year. With increase or decrease in temperatures from
24 to 26oC, incubation period prolonged from 8 to 17 days. The prediction of
incubation period by prevailing temperatures was thus possible and a
prediction equation using multiple regression analysis was derived based on
91 observations. Similarly, the primary infection cycle upto 28 days after
incubation (log phase) was also analyzed which revealed high infection rates
and fast multiplication during July to October months. Prediction of primary
infection level was also possible. Using the monthly sown nurseries for 12-
months of the year, the blight incidence, severity and intensity for each plots
under natural and artificially inoculated
situations was obtained. An epidemic analysis using periodical infection
rates, average infection rates (r values)are under disease progress curve (A-
values)and comparative curve analysis (plotted curves) were made for the
progress data. In the comparative epidemiology, blight
epidemics of high, modest and low were determined. Blight growth was
much faster on crops sown in July and August months. It was modest
during September to December and June sown crops. Blight epidemic
growth was negligible on crops sown in December to May months.
The holistic approach using A-values of epidemic could be accounted by
average weather conditions. Host age highly influenced growth during
August to February months, seedling being least and flowering plants
exhibiting high intensity. How ever, plants of all age available during
February to July did not influence blight intensity indicating clearly that the
weather conditions determined the epidemic growth rather than the host
age.
Epidemic of blight was interrupted when the integrated
management factors (IDM)viz., phosphorus application, seed treatment with
thiram and two sprays of mancozeb were incorporated into cultivation. The
IDM factors had profound effect during rainy season than
Post rainy season. They individually slowed the epidemic as evidenced by r
and A-values of epidemic. Simultaneously, the yield of sunflower increased
by 100 to 125 kg/ha by various IDM treatments. The results of present
investigation brought out the fact that in viddarbha,
Alternaria blight epidemics are nearly ensured on July August sown crop
and management becomes necessary. On June, September and October
sown sunflower, Alternaria blight multiplied'fairly modestly and responded
to management practices. The epidemic growth of blight was not at
damaging level in crop sown from January to May months.

Title of the thesis: Studies on Foot Rot Disease of Vitever Grass caused
by Sclerotium rolfsii (1995)

Full name of student: Madhukar Rajaramji Patil

Advisor: Dr. K.B. Gahukar

The vetiver [Vetiverla zizanloldes (L) Nash], a perennial grass has lately
Assumed great importance being largely grown on contour bunds for Soil
and moisture conservation. Vetiver contour lines in field under Watershed
Management Programme were showing gaps due to wilting of plants in lines.
The wilted plants on close examination showed association of Sclerotium
rolfsil Sacco Considering the importance of vetiver contour lines in
watershed management it was decided to investigate the problem in details.
Survey in Akola district revealed the association of fungus varied from 0 to
100 per cent. The disease is characterized by yellowing of leaves followed by
drooping and ultimately drying, resulting into gaps in contour bunds. On
artificial inoculation the fungus induced ,similar Type symptoms. The
fungus grew well and produced abundant sclerotia on potato dextrose,
Richard' s, host tract and Czapek'
s medium in agar as well as in liquid form.
The optimum range of temperature was 25 to 30 °c for growth and sclerotial
production, with relative humidity of 60 to 100 percent. Continuous light
favored maximum Sclerotial production. The optimum pH for Growth and
Sclerotial production appeared to be 5.3 and 5.5 with range of 2.6 to 8.5 pH.
The fungus preferred starch as carbon source followed by sucrose, dextrose
and glucose and peptone, ammonium nitrate, potassium nitrate as nitrogen
source for profuse growth and Sclerotial production. The sclerotia of S. rollsii
remained viable in field and laboratory conditions in soil for more than
9months. The viability of Sclerotia was reduced Either by soil solarization
or by soil drenching with formaldehyde or carboxin or soil application of
Trichoderma harzianum. The culture filtrate of the fungus was found
injurious to the foliage. The fungus was polyphagous and infected large
number of plants in different unrelated families. Cereals were less
susceptible compared with legumes and other field crops. Formaldehyde,
thiram, carboxin and penconazol were most effective in Inhibiting the
complete growth of pathogen in - vitro.
For minimum Disease incidence growth and tillering 10 cm. plant to plant
distance was Ideal in infested light and heavy soil. Planting of vetiver in
infested soil is not advisable unless it is freed from the pathogen. Prunning
And burning operations 45 days after planting reduction of disease growth
and tillering. After planting resulted in and improvement in plant
For getting abundant green produce, inducing tillering and reducing foot rot
incidence in vetiver_ soil solarization and dipping of planting slips in 0.2 per
cent Carboxin solution or After planting resulted in and improvement in
plant For getting abundant green produce, inducing tillering and reducing
foot rot incidence in vetiver_ soil solarization and dipping of planting slips in
0.2 per cent Carboxin solution or planting slips in 0.2 per cent carboxin
solution or planting slips in 0.2 per cent carboxin solution or T. harzianum
suspension or soil solarization alone were proved effective and can be
recommended.

Title of Thesis : Fungus diseases of banana fruits and their management

for promotion of export.
Full name of student : YUSUF KHAN DILNASHINUR REHMAN KHAN
Name advisor : Dr.J.G.Raut

Peel tissues of mature green unspotted and yellow ripe spotted fruits of
banana (Musa paaradisiaca ), variety ' Basrai' were isolated on potato
dextrose agar (PDA), banan1green and yellow peel extract agar. Four fungi
viz., Aspergillus niger, A. flavus, Fusarium moniliforme and Penicillium sp.
were isolated from green peel tissues whereas from spotted peel of yellow
ripe fruits 11 fungi viz., Alternaria tenuissima, Aspergillus flavus, A. niger,
Cylindrocarpon radicicola, Drech.'ilera tetramera, Fusarium camptoceras, F.
monili{otTrie, F. oxysporum, Penicillum sp., Thielaviopsis paradoxa and
Verticillium alboa/rum were obtained. PDA appeared better substrate for
isolation of fungi. All there fungi proved pathogenic when inoculated on peel
tissues of green mature fruits. In the present study, for artificial ripening of
green mature fruits, calcium carbide which releases acetylene gas and
ethepon, commercially available as ethrel were used, Acetylene treated fruits
ripened within 2 days compared to 9days required for self ripening. Fruits
dipped in hot water at 50 and 60°C for 10min and then treated with
acetylene showed spotting on peel (within 5 days) and early day of fruits
(within 9 days) compared to hot water treatment of 32°C and 48oC Fruit
bunches were dipped separately, in pH solutions 1.0, 3.0, 5.0, 6.0, 7.0, 8.0,
8.5, 9.0 and 10.0 and then one lot of each pH treatment was treated with
acetylene and the other was allowed to ripe as such. Acetylene treatment
irrespective of pH (1 to 10) ripened the fruit within 2 days copare to 7-11
days required for non acetylene treated fruits. pH failed to show any effect
on ripening, spotting and decay of fruits. Acetylene treated and untreated
fruits of banana varieties Basrai'' Shrimanti' and ' Lokhandi' were further
treated with solution/suspension of 2,4-D, NAA, citric acid, Bavistin,
sulphur, Dithane M-45, salicylic acid, malic acid and Thiram. Acetylene
treated 'Basrai'variety, fruits ripened faster than Shrimanti'and Lokhandi'
Dipping of acetylene treated fruits in 200ppm 2,4-D and NAA solutions did
not shtw spots on peel of any of the 3 varieties. NAA prolonged decay of
fruits from 2 to 9 days depending upon variety. Acetylene treated and
untreated fruits of ' Basrai' variety were treated with additional
chemicals/fungicides. was evident from the results that acetylene treated
fruits dipped for 30min in 2.4-D (200ppm), 2,4-D(200ppm)+sulphur
(lOOOppm), 2,4-D (200ppm)+Bavistin (lOOoppm), NAA (200ppm)+ Dithane
M-45 (1000ppm) and IAA(200ppm)+Dithane M-45 (1 OOOppm) were free of
spots and prolonged decay of fruits. Acetylene treatment showed earlier
ripening of fruits than ethrel. Dipping of fruits in 2,4-D (200ppm) or 2.4-D
(200ppm)+Bavistin (1OOOppm) was found to delay the spots on the fruits.
Exposure. of acetylene treated fruits to complete darkness showed ripening
2 to 4 days earlier and delayed the spotting by a day or two than exposure to
alternate cycle of 12 h light and 12 h darkness. Fungicidal treatment
delayed spotting on fruits under complete darkness and among
fungicidals/chemicals. 2,4-D (200ppm)+Bavistin (1OOOppm) appeared best.

Title of the thesis: Mechanism and genetics of grain mould resistance

in sorghum" (1999)
Full name of student: Gulab Daulatrao Agarkar
Advisor: Dr. R.B. Somani

Grain mold of sorghum is a complex problem involving several fungal

species. Resistance to grain mold in sorghum is known to be imparted by
various factors associated with host genotypes, fungal species and their
interactions. The objectives of the present investigations were to determine
infection sites and colonization by major mold fungi (Fusarium moniliforme,
F. palIidoroseum and ClIrvlIlaria lunata); determine physical, physiological
and biochemical mechanism of resistance and determine genetics
and heretability of various host factors contributing to grain mold resistance
in selected sorghum lines.
The experimental comprised of 10 divergent parents and their
45 F I crosses _d 45 F2, progenies of partial diallel, Experiments were
conducted at two locations, Akola under natural condition during 1995 and
1996 and at Patancheru under controlled condition during. 1996. Data were
analyzed using model I, method 20f Griffings (1956b) further extended by
Singh (1973a, 1973b).
 Data were recorded on agronomic, physical, pathological and
biochemical parameters. Superior combination showing significant sea
effects for germination with their desirable sea effects were observed in
crosses AkIns 14B x IS-6335, Akms 14B x IS-9471 and SPV-1201 x SRT -
2680 On the basis of superior mean performance in germination, four
crosses viz. ICSB-1O1B x IS-2284, ICSB-1O1B x IS-6335, ICSB-I0IB x IS-
9471 and SPV-1201 x IS 2284, were selected to understand significant
heterosis for component characters. The results revealed that electrical
conductivity, mesocarp thickness, thresh grain mold rating (TGMR), glume
covering, tannins and flavan-4-ols are the major components imparting
resistance. As regards to gene action governing inheritance, it was noticed
that in F I diallel the gene action was non-additive for electrical conductivity,
mesocarp thickness, germination, proteins, and it was additive for grain
hardness, glume covering, TGMR, F. moniliforme, C. lunata, tannins and
flavan-4ols, whereas, in F2 diallel, gene action changed for grain hardness
and electrical I conductivity.
Over all there was decrease in 100-grain weight, grain
hardness, germination, C. lunata and fungal load; and increase in electrical
conductivity, TGMR, F. moniliformae and F. pallidoroseum load at
Patancheru compared with Akola location. F. moniliformae, C. lunata, and F.
pallidoroseum were important mold fungi at Patancheru, while C. lunata and
F. moniloforme were important at Akola. F. pallidoroseum remained a minor
mold fungi at Akola. In general more fungal load was recorded at Akola
during 1996 than in 1995. Pre-treatment with HgCh reduced fungal load of
grain deteriorating fungi and improved seed germination, except C. lunata at
Patancheru. However, fungal load of all fungi was reduced at Akola in both
seasons. Soluble sugars could not show any effect on grain mold resistance.
However, tannins and flavan-4-ols were important biochemical parameters
conferring resistance to grain mold singles or in combination. Prolamin and
cross-link prolamin were recorded low in colored grain pa1-ents and
crosses, have resistance to grain mold in colored grain could be attributed to
tannins and flavan-4-ols. Prolamin and cross-link prolamin were more in
white grain thus contribute for mold resistance. Fusarial infection (both
species) takes place through hilar areas, however, Curvularial infection takes
place from both ends i.e. hilar and stylar or directly through pericarp.
Germinated seed (treated with HgCh) showed significant negative
association with fungal load of all fungi at Akola, while it was positive at
Patancheru. Ungerminated seed exhibited positive with fungal load of all
fungi and score, negative with germination and positive with TGMR. Grain
hardness had significantly negative correlation with endosperm texture,
however, endosperm texture showed negative association with electrical
conductivity, mesocarp thickness, F. manilafanne, C. lunata and TGMR.
Mesocarp thickness exhibited positive correlation with F. mani/ifarme, C.
lunata and'TGMR,.and negative with germination. Prolamin and cross-link
prolamin had showed positive correlation with grain hardness, however it
was negative with endosperm texture and germination.
Considering the above results it is concluded that
1. Parental lines IS-9471, SPV-1201, IS-6335, GJ-35-35-15 and IS-2284
with high gca effect for most of the characters contributing towards
 resistance to grain mold may be utilized in hybrid breeding program.
2. The cross AKMS 14B x IS-6335, ICSB-1O1B x IS-9471, ICSB-1O1B x IS-
2284, SPV-104 x IS-6335, GJ-35-35-15 x IS-335 and SPV-1201 x SRT-26B
exhibited high effects, desirable heterosis for most of the characters and
additive gene action for important traits (agronomic, physical and
biochemical) related to grain mold resistance. Therefore it is suggested that
these crosses and their progenies may be utilized to generate better
tolerance to grain mold infection.
3.Important traits imparting resistance to grain mold fungi are : low electrical
conductivity, thin mesocarp, low TGMR, grain hardness, more glume
covering, more tannins, more flavan-4-ols, more prolamin and cross-link
prolamin.

Title of Thesis: Studies on Phomopsis vexans blight of brinjal and its

control (1999)
Full name of student: Chandrakant Uttamrao Patil
Name and Address of major advisor: Dr.M.N.Asalmol

Phomopsis blight of brinjal incited by Phomopsis vexan Syd) Harter is a

serious disease of brinjal around, Akola having percentage into and 58.65
per cent during 1996 and 1997, respectively.
Phomopsis ve.xans was predominantly isolated from the infected plant parts
during pathogenicity three distinct types of symptoms on plant i.e. leaf
spot(blight), fruit rot and stem blight were developed. In seedling stage
under artificial inoculation, damping-off and collar rots were produced.
Inoculation on injured , on lower surface of leaf developed the disease more
readily. PDA, Soil extract and oat meal agar favoured growth while oat meal
agar and host decoction agar was favourable for pycnidia production.
Temperature of 250C pH 4.00 to 9.00 and exposure to yel1ow light during
incubation favoured growth and pycnidial formation. Seeds from fruits
showing 25.0 per clot infection resulted in 40 per cent pre-emergence
mortality and 15 per cent post- emergence mortality due to P.vaxans
during germination.
The pathogen was internally as well as externally seed borne and was
transmitted to the seedlings. The inoculum on stem and fruits survived for
24 months, while inoculum on leaves survived only for 2 months in field and
8 months in laboratory. Simple as well as multiple linear regression
equation (models) were workedout. Validation of predicted and observed
values explained the models that fitted wel1 with the field data collected
during two consecutive years. In field experiments for control of disease 4
sprays of Carbendazim (50 WP) (0.25%) were most effectively resulting in
disease control and increased in yield. In comparison to this Neem oil or
Neemark was less effective but in comparison with other plant products was
most effective, safe and economic for used in the control of the disease.
Among the 36 varieties screened for disease resistance reaction, only KS-
202-9 and Nurki showed resistance. Seeds having 12 per cent initial
infection P. vexans when stored in polyethylene bag (700 gauge) was found
as better container than gada cloth bags. Similarly seed (0.2%) treatment
with Carbendazim was most effective in keeping seed-borne Phomopsis in
check and preserving seed quality for longer time while plant products were
less effective.
Title of Thesis: "ROLE OF ANTAGONISTS IN CONTROL OF ROOT ROT
OF SAFFLOWER CAUSED BY Rhizoctonia
bataticola (Taub.) Butler (1999)
Full Name of the student: Shri. Sunil Tulshiram Ingle
Name of Advisor: Dr. M. N. Asalmol

Root-rot of safflower caused by Rhizoctonia bataticola (Taub.) Butler is a

serious disease in Maharashtra state. The pathogen was invariably isolated
from 60 per cent samples of diseased safflower plants. During pathogenicity
test pre-emergence mortality was observed 7th day whereas post-emergence
mortality was evident 14th days after sowing. The pathogen produced typical
symptoms on safflower plant as drooping of apical growth, rotting of roots,
shredding of barks and sudden drying of plant. Among the isolated
rhizosphere organisms, T. harzianum, T.viride and Aspergillus niger exhibited
good antagonists against R , bataticola on PDA.
Application of T. harzianum and T. viride @ 8g per kg seed appeared better in
reducing the disease, improving seed germination, growth parameters of
plant and also yield. A dose of antagonist @ 2g per kg seed, bacterial isolate
81 and'commercially available
formulation of Trichoderma, at all doses tried, however, were not so effective.
Thiram @ 3 g per kg seed was most effective but at par with T. harzianum @
8g per kg seed. The higher dose of antagonists i.e. 10 g per kg seed gave
complete protection of disease and had no
any adverse effect on plant health, T. harzianum was found most effective in
reducing the adverse effect of R. bataticola indicating it'
s highest antagonists
potential as compared to other test antagonists, For control of disease by
soil application of antagonists, talc based formulation of T. harzianum @
100g per 8kg soil was equally effective to a dose of 208 g or 300 g.
Among the five different carriers evaluated. FYM and talc powder were found
better for growth and viability of T. harzianum. None of the eight varieties
tested was immune to R. bataticola
while, AKS- 152 and AKS-68 were found as resistant when tested by vial
test method.

Title of thesis Studies on tomato blight caused by Alternaria solani

(2000)
Name of student Mr. G. D. Mate
Name of Adviser Dr. B. G. Patil, Ex-Professor of plant Pathology,

Intensity of early blight of tomato (Alternaria solani) was 35.40 to 52.12%

during 1996 and 1998. Survival of inoculum on fruit was 28 months and
leaves 6 months in field. Naturally 22% infected seed
transmitted 3% disease. Four spray of dithane M-45 (0.25%) at an interval of
15 days were effective with high CBR 1 :8.31 under natural infection. ATH-l,
ATH 2, Samridhi and Vaishali varieties were moderately resistant. Seed
treatment @ 4 glkg of Trichoderma viride was found effective and improved
the germination. Chlorophyll was decreased and total sugar was higher in
infected leaves. Total phenol and phenolic acids were higher in healthy
leaves.

Title of thesis : Evaluation of Bacillus thuringiensis (2000)

Name of student K. D. Thakur
Name of Adviser Dr. R. B. Somani,

Bacillus thuringiensis was found to be very effective against Helicoverpa

armigera. Twenty two isolates of Bt. were isolated from different geographical
areas. Luria and modified G. media supports
maximum growth. Electrical conductivity and temperatures ofthe media
ranged in between 1.0 to 102 dSm-'and 28.8 to 3"1.1 DC. Seven isolates
produced more biomass compared to standard 4D. Isolate 5 AMj produced
465.9ug/l crude protein Le.2.59 times and 54.3% of 4D and recorded (132
kda molecular weight and resistance' against Kanamycin. Serologically,
5BN, is related to 4D. Isolate , 5AM} and 51, are more toxic possessing LC-
50 of206.071 and 324.033 ug/ml. Hence reported to be highly effective
against. H. armigera and needs further exploitation, These two isolates were
isolated from soils of Amravati and from dead insect respectively.

Title of Thesis Comparative antagonistic studies of Trichoderma spp

and some mutant against Rhizoctonia bataticola. 2001
Name Of the Student M.V.TOTAWAR
Name of Adviser Dr. R. B. Somani

Biological control offered an effective & probably cheaper and safer method
for the control of soil dwelling plant pathogenic facultative parasitic fungi
like Rhizoctonia, Sclerotium, and Fusarium.
Growing antagonist on various substrates and then incorporating into the
_oil or along with seed had showed varied response hence selection of
substrate and shelf life for the products is necessary.
It is known that local isolates are well adapted to rhizosphere. Twenty-four
Trichoderma isolates were obtained & another 52 mutants were tested
against pathogenic fungi in-vitro.
Potato glucose broth, potato carrot dextrose broth, & Wackman' s media
supported excellent growth. in solid state fermentation cornmeal, supported
maximum CFU (22.94 x 1O7)followed by ground nut shell (16.87xl07 ) ,
saw dust (14.06xl07 ) , button mushroom spent compost (13.21 x 1 07 )
and neem cake (11.46x 1 07 )and the reduction in CFU was noticed after 30
days of packing under storage. The culture can effectively stored in three
layered laminated aluminum foil for seven months in talc as carrier. Some
of the Trichoderma mutants were highly effective ill suppressip.g the
pathogens compared to their mother isolates & hence mutants which had
shown stability over generation for their ability can be commercially
exploited. .
Application @ 4-6 glkg of seed has shown better plant stand, reduction in
disease intensity and enhanced plant growth parameter over soil
application.
Mixed strain inoculation and even mixed species formulation had shown
superiority and hence the mixing of two or more strains may be preferred &
can be recommended.
Trichoderma isolates APDRC-19 had shown highest CFU (16.41 X 107)
followed by APDRC-14, 13,03, 04, in potato glucose broth & cfu increase
after 60 days of packing in talc based carrier.
Mutants were generated by Physical and chemical treatment. Nine stable
biotypes were obtained by exposing local isolates to 60 cobalt gamma
radiation of doses 0.5 and 2.0 kg rod, sixteen were 0 btained from APDRC-
04 using c o1chicine as m utagene and twenty seven from APDRC-04 & 19
by exposing to N-methyl-n-nitro-N nitrosoguanidine.
All biotypes were different from the mother cultures in growth rate,
sporulation,
antagonistic potential, antimetabolities production and enzymic activities.
Varying modes of interaction and degree of inhibition in growth of R.
bataticola were observed with different isolates of Trichoderma. Mutual
intermingling growth over growth of antagonist on pathogen, antibiosis,
mycoparasitism and lysis were observed.
Antifungal activity of Trichoderma culture filtrate was assessed against
Fusarium udum and recorded 34 to 78.60 reductions in germination.
Maximum propagules 16.55 X 10 7 were obtained in the talc carrier based
culture followed by fly ash 14.69 X 107. The maximum cfu were obtained at
60 DAP folJowed by 30 DAP and subsequently cfu were decreased as the
period advances. The lowest propagules were recorded at 210 DAP.
Aluminum foil proved to retained the maximum propagules (16.96 X 10 7)
while the lowest in HMHDPE . ( 13.60 X 107)

Title of Thesis Seed mycoflora of sesame and their significance.(2001)

Name of student Ms. Tini S. Pillai
Name of advisor Dr. B. T. Raut
Among 28 and 35 sesame seed samples of 1998 and 1999
collected from various sources were found associated with eight and eleven
fungi respectively. Among pathogenic Macrnphomina phaseD/ilIa, Fusarium
spp. and A/ternaria spp. (A. tenuis and A.sesami) were predominant. Seed
from none of the locations were free of fungi. Blotter
method proved superior, over agar plate. Pretreatment of 0.1 % HgCl2 and
NaOCI - 2 % available ch lorine solution reduced counts of M. phaseolina,
but failed to eliminate Aspergillus. Penicillium and Acremonium strictum.
Presence of M. phaseD/ilIa in seed coat an d em bryo-was detected. Thiram,
Carbendizim, Captan, Chlorothalonil and Benomyl fungicide and among
antagonist Trichoderma viride were effective in reducing seed borne fungi
and increases the germination. Oil content was reduced in seeds treated
with fungi and stored between 2 to 8 months. Protein, carbohydrate content,
iodine value, fatty acid valuc, .saponification value, specific gravity and
refractive index was decreased. Scsamum AKT175 showed least infection
(4.33 %). Completely infected capsule exhibited 33.5 % infected seeds while
only 15.5 % seed in upper part of capsule due to M. phaseolina.
Title of Thesis integrated management of chickpea wilt caused by
Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciceri(2001)
Name of student Mr. K.P.Bobde
Name of advisor Dr. R.B.Somani,

Chikpea wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum is a serious

disease. Among the plant extracts Ricinus communis and Leucena lucifo/ia
were effective in inhibition of fungal growth. Neem oil or eucalyptus oil @ 10
mJ/kg as seed treatment, incorporation of FYM and sawdust were effective
in reducing the wilt incidence. Neem leaf chopping and [,ellcacno leaf
chapping incorporation And a antagonist Trichoderma harz;anllll1 and T.
v;r;de as seed dresser had potential to reduce the chickpea wilt and increase
the grain yield. Seed treatment with neem oil followed with T. harzianum @
10 1111 and 4 gm/kg respectively reduced 26 per cent wilt as against 51 %
in control.
Leaf chopping 10 % (w/w) + seed treatment with T.harzianum,
Ricinus plant extract presoaking of seed + addition of FYM 5 t/ha + seed
treatment with T. harzianum recorded 942 and 933 kg/ha grain yield
respectively.
Rhizosphere of diseased plant associated with maximum
number of fungi, bacteria and actinomycetes compared to healthy.

Title of The Thesis"Studies on Powdery Mildew of Green gram, Black

gram and Pea Caused by Erysiphe polygoni DC."(2001)
Name of student Vinod Ramniwas Gupta
Name Major Advisor Dr. J.G. Raut

Powdery mildew in pea (Pisum sativum L.), green gram [Vigna radiata (L.)
Wilczek] and black gram [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper] was caused by Erysiphe
polygoni DC. In pea, the disease appeared on all the aerial parts as powdery
coating, containing spores (conidia) of the fungus. Late in the season,
cleistothecia were noticed on leaf and stems of pea cultivar HFP-9510. In
green gram and black gram the fungus was noticed only in conidial form as
white powdery coating on leaves, stem and inflorescence. The disease
affected first green gram and then black gram during kharif.
Aerobiological studies showed that in rabi season, pea powdery mildew
conidia were available in the field 50 days after sowing (DAS) and in kharif,
in green gram, 30 DAS. During both seasons, spore trap of E. polygoni was
highest from south direction followed by east, north and west. The data
indicated nonsignificant influence of weather factors on number of spore
trapped
in rabi and kharif seasons. Epidemiology (disease development) study
revealed initiation of
powdery mildew in pea, green gram and black gram 50, 30 and 40 DAS,
respectively. In pea highest disease severity occurred 90-95 DAS, in green
gram 40-60 DAS and in black gram 50 DAS. In pea, positive significant
correlations between disease severity and maximum temperature and wind
velocity were observed but in green gram and black gram negative
significant correlation
between disease severity and weather factors were evident. Early sowing of
pea (15 October) reduced disease severity significantly and increased the
yield, over late sowings, particularly on 30 November. In green gram and
black gram also significant decrease in disease severity and increase in
yields were obtained in early sowing on 3 July than late sowings upto 25
July.
E. polygoni of pea was infectious to green gram and black gram and vice
versa. However, conidial size was found to vary in cross infection. Inoculum
from resistant cultivars of a crop on inoculation to susceptible cultivars
showed increased size of conidia and reverse was true when inoculum from
susceptible cultivar was inoculated on resistant. On dry leaf samples, pea
powdery mildew conidia retained viability for 105 days at 15°C and for 90
days at room temperature (14-31°C) but green gram and black gram conidia
only for 90 days at 15°C and 75 days at room temperature (22-33OC). At
35°C, conidia of none ofthe crop survived even for a fortnight.

Chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll, total phenols and phenolic acids were
more in upper than middle and lower leaves of all the three crops. However,
total sugars and protein were in higher quantity in lower leaves.
Pea and green gram leaves showed higher chlorophyll content at
flowering than before, but in black gram chlorophyll was lowered at
flowering but total sugars and protein were increased at flowering compared
to before flowering, in all the three crops. Compared to healthy, powdery
mildew infected leaves of pea, green gram and black gram showed reduced
chlorophyll (a, b and total) content but total pht:nols were increased.
Resistant varieties in all the crops contained more total phenol compared to
susceptible. Phenolic acid did not show much variation in healthy and
infected leaves. However, total sugars and proteins were higher in infected
leaves of all the crops. Compared to 0 grade, 5th grade severity of powdery
mildew caused significant reduction in number of pods/plant, pod length,
seed diameter, 1000 grain weight and grain yield in highly susceptible
cultivars of pea, green gram and black gram. None of the 61
cultivars/entries of pea, 67 of green gram and 40 of black gram were totally
resistant to powdery mildew under natural conditions in the field. However,
14 entries of pea and 6 of green gram were resistant to the disease but none
of black gram. Fungicides proved most effective over culture filtrates of
Trichoderma (T. viride and T. harzianum); leachates of sunflower and
sorghum leaf; extract of ginger, onion and garlic; and leaf extract of neem,
tapioca and ghaneri in vitro to inhibit conidial germination of E. po/ygoni.
Among fungicides, Topas gave 100% inhibition of spore germination.
Fungicide sprays were better than plant extracts for the control of powdery
mildew of pea, green gram and black gram. Of the 7 fungicides under test,
sprays of Top as (0.05%) gave maximum control of disease and highest yield
followed by _lt (0.05%), Score (0.05%), Calixin (0.01 %) and Bavistin (0.1 %).
Sulphur (0.3%) and Topsin M (0.1%) proved inferior. In pea, sprays of a
bioagent Ampe/omyces quisqualis were encouraging and better than leaf
extract of neem (Azadiracta indica), tapioca (Manihot escu/entum) and
ghaneri (Lantana camera). Among leaf extracts, tapioca leaf extract proved
better.

Title of thesis: Pathogenic Variability in Fusarium udum Butler. (2002)

Name of student: Mr. G. K. Giri
Name of advisor: Dr. B. T. Raut.

Fusarium udum shows a great deal of variation in cultural,

morphological and pathological characters. The variation in pathogenic
ability among the different 40 isolates was observed. Out of 40 isolates 31
proved to be pathogenic on susceptible cv. TAT -10. Ten isolates were found
highly virulent and nine isolates proved to be non pathogenic. The isolates
were tentatively divided into five groups as highly, strongly, moderately,
weakly and non pathogenic.
Antagonistic effect of pre inoculated non pathogenic isolates
against highly pathogenic chalIenge inoculation revealed considerable
reduction in wilt. Pre inoculation of non pathogenic 12 (J OOg) with (25g) of
HPI 116 resulted in reduction of wilt by 24 to 56% and also wilt progress
very slowly. Suppression of highly pathogenic isolates of F. udum was also
observed by pre inoculation of F. oxysporum, f. sp. cieeri non pathogenic to
pigeonpea which may induce resistance in pigeonpea seedlings against the
infection of F. udum. Culture filtrates of HPI consisting metabolites and
fusaric acid had shown adverse effect on germination of susceptible varieties
compared to resistant ones. Percent germination differs with the soaking
period and the varieties. germination. . ICP 8863 seed soaked in -filtrate of
HPI exhibited 76 percent
The varied electrophoretic banding pattern of protein and
isozymes viz. Peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase and esterase was observed
among the isolates of F. udum colIected from different geographical areas of
the country.

Title of Thesis :“Investigation into the status, causes and

Management of Betel vine (Piper betel.L) wilt / foot
rot in Vidarbha.” . (2003)
Full Name of student : Shrikant Balasaheb Bramhankar
Name and Address : Dr. M.N.Asalmol
The fungi like Rhizoctonia bataticola, Fusarium moniliformae, Phytophthora
parasitica var piperina, Pythium spp., Botrydiplodia theobromae and
nematode Meloidogyne incognita var. acrita were found to be associated with
diseased wilted samples. However ,Rhizoctonia bataticola with disease
sample was 68.75 per cent followed by Fusarium sp. 19.53 per cent,
Botrydiplodia theobromae 7.81 per cent, Pythium sp.0.78 per cent and
Phytophthora sp. 0.39 per cent.
A total of 22 isolates were tested for pathogenicity, Rhizoctonia bataticola,
Fusarium moniliformae, Phytophthora parasitica var piperina, found
pathogenic on betel vine. The rhizosphere study reveals that , incidence of
wilt was recorded when population of Rhizoctonia bataticola was maximum
and that of Trichoderma sp. was minimum. Among the various fungi,
Trichoderma viride, T.harzianum and Paecilomyces lilacinus showed 89.72,
86.39 and 50.83 per cent inhibition of Rhizoctonia bataticola, respectively.
Where as Bacillus subtilis was found to inhibit the growth of test fungus
upto 70.40 %. The fungicides and antibiotics screened for their efficacy
against the test pathogen, Dithane M-45, Dithomyl, Thiram, Ridomil,
Benkate, DithaneZ-78, Carbendazim, Metalaxyl, Kasugamycine and
Validamycine wer found promising as they have totally inhibited the test
isolate.
Among the four different IDM modules , Module – III which consist of
i. Soil solarization
ii. Set and soil application of Trichoderma @ 10kg/ha (3 split
applications – June/ September / December)
iii. Addition of neem cake @ 2000kg/ha (3 split applications – June/
September / December)
iv. Application of ammonium sulphate , supper phosphate and potash (as
NPK) 100:50:50 kg/ha (Three split application of ammonium sulphate
and single application of super phosphate and potash.)
v. Drip system of irrigation.

Title: " Investigation leaf blight of wheat in relation to resistant ,losses,

and management". (2004)
Name of the student: Mr.R.R.Rathod
Name of advisor: Dr.S.K.Shivankar
In the study revealed that out of 17 isolates tested only one isolate
showed non pathogenic reaction four each highly pathogenic and strongly
pathogenic and remaining eight moderately pathogenic isolates .By PAGE
study more than 90 % of feedidity value has been observed in the
differentiation of pathogenic and non pathogenic isolates. Growth of fungus
was found significantly maximum on potato dextrose agar medium and
optimum growth 250 temperatures and 100 % relative humidity required.
The fungus had proved pathogenicity test and found that it was host specific
in nature.
Screening of 120 wheat strains against A.triticina showed 81 highly
resistant,36 resistant and 1 moderately resistant. Spores of A.triticina were
trapped maximum from South-North direction than rest of other direction
and spore intensity was maximum during 04 to 09 meteorological weeks.
Higher concentration of total phenols, phenolic acid and chlorophyll content
in leaves showed its resistance against A. triticina Where as total sugar,
reducing sugar and protein content recorded susceptibility. During
management study of in vitro food poisoned technique, Mancozeb (0.25%)
and Carbendazim (0.1%) was found most effective for controlling growth of
A.triticina and also proved its susceptibility. During management study of in
Vitro food poisoned technique, Mancozeb (0.25%) and Carbendazim (0.1% )
was found most effective for controlling growth of A.triticina and also proved
its superiority in hanging drop method. In vivo study, Mancozeb and
carbendazim showed less disease intensity. They were also increases plant
height, earhead length, number of grains earhead-l and WOO-grain weight
with higher grain yield followed by Lantana camera plant leaf extracts.
Title: Studies on application of Numoraea rileyi (Farlow) Samson as a
biopesticide. (2005)
Name of Student: Mr.Yogesh V.Ingle
Chairman: Dr.B.T.Raut
Among the seven isolates including mutant, Nr- PDKV local isolate
was highly virulent as recorded maximum mortality with least LT50 value.
Physical presence of mycelium and pathological changes in hoemolymph
was major cause of insect death. The characteristics symptoms on larvae
were noted as a mummified covered with dense white mycelium mate later
turned green due to sporulation.
Sabouraud’s maltose agar with yeast extract (SMAY) was found to be
the best medium for growth and supported high sporulation followed by
SDA and BCY medium. Maltose as a carbon and sodium nitrate as a
nitrogen sources resulted in higher spore germination. A temperature 25oC,
95% RH and alternate cycle of 12 hours light and 12 hour darkness favours
maximum growth and sporulation. Pathogenic ability against different insect
species was also proved other than H armigera and inferred that N.rileyi had
a wide host range. Spores harvested from sorghum substrates were more
virulent followed by maize , SMAY media to H.armigera .
The LC50 value of N.rileyi for early instar was low and required more
spore concentration for aged larva. LT50 value were higher at lower doses
while lower for higher concentration. Leaf dip method noted high LC 50 and
LT50 values for each instar where as leaf + larval dip method recorded
maximum LC50 and LT50 value for attaining higher mortality of H.armigera.
Fungicides and insecticides against N.rileyi under invitro were assayed
by poisoned food technique. Copper oxychloride + Streptomycin and
Sulphur as a fungicide and among insecticide cypermethrin , Endosulphon,
diamethoate, and carbaryl were found safer where as Thiram , Carbendazim
, mancozeb, quinolphos, chloropyriphos and spinosad were found
detrimental to N.rileyi .
Combination of insecticides i.e spinosad with N. rileyi recorded
highest mortality of H.armigera. where as among the microbial insecticide ,
highest mortality was achieved with HaNPV and M. anisopliae . Mutant (Nr-
mutant) has not expressed any additive effect in respect with virulence and
enzymatic activities. Positive virulence was existed with expression of
chitinases, proteases and lipase activities of individual isolates. Page
analysis in respect to protein profile as molecular marker can be efficiently
used for differentiating the variability as well as virulence.
Kaoline powder supported high conidial viability and persisted the
virulence of N.rileyi followed by lignite and charcoal. Shelf life studies
indicted that N.rileyi could retained the viability and virulence at low
temperature storage (4 & 100C) compared to 250C and room temperature.
Increase in storage period decreases the longevity and virulence of N.rileyi.
Soybean and sunflower oil retained high conidial viability and
virulence under both temperature regimes. However, 250C and room
temperature storage retained the conidial viability and virulence till six
months and later decline much compared to low temperature storage.
Higher larval H.armigera reduction on chickpea was obtained due to foliar
application of N.rileyi oil formulation under field condition. Cumulative
larval reduction was found in increase with an increase in duration after
spraying DC-tron. Soybean and sunflower oil formulation caused reduction
in pod damage and increase in grain yield of chickpea.
Though, incremental coat benefit ration was higher in endosulphoan
(1:21:14), but among the oil formulation with N.rileyi soybean oil (1:18.4),
DC-Tron (1:16.57) and sunflower (1:16.38) proved efficient in reduction of
pod damage, increase in larval mortality and higher grain yield.

Title of Thesis :“Evaluation of Metarhizium anisopliae (Metsch.)

Sorokin as a Bioinsecticide against Helicoverpa
armigera (Hubner)” (2005)
Full Name of student : Eshwar Ballaiah Burgoni
Name of Advisor : Dr. G. D. Agarkar

The entomopathogenic fungi Metarihizium anisopliae have long been

known to be highly pathogenic to various insects and has been identified
from about 300 species of Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Orthoptera and
Hemiptera.
Pathogenicity test of six isolates carried out against IInd instar larvae
of H. armigera and Ma-BNG isolate found highly virulent recorded 82.50%
mortality with a least LT50 value of 155.60 hr. M. anisopliae isolate produced
initially white mycelial growth, later turn dark herbage to pink green due to
heavy sporulation conidia rod in shape and dimension ranges 6.3 – 7.5 x 2.5
– 3.2 µm. Localized concentration of hyphal bodies observed in haemocoel
and subsequently invades muscles and after organs of larval bodies.
Sabouraud’s dextrose agar and its broth media supported maximum
growth and sporulation of three tested M. anisopliae isolates. The
principal environmental factor supported for the development of M.
anisopliae isolates as temperature 20-30oC, 80-95% RH and 24 hr darkness
during incubation favoured maximum growth and sporulation. Host
range study revealed that M. anisopliae had a wide host range, infect several
economically important crop pests, belonging to different orders.
Rice, maize and pigeonpea along with 1% yeast found to be the best
grain media, yielded highest spore production i.e. 7.82, 7.20 and 6.83 x 108
spores/ml respectively. Bioassay study revealed that susceptibility of
insects positively associated with the spore concentration. An increase in
spore concentration corresponds to increase in mortality. In Ma-BNG isolate
the LC50 and LT50 value was minimum in comparison to Ma-TNAU and Ma-
NDL isolates. The LC50 value were 3.30 x 105, 4.93 x 106 and 2.90 x 107
spores/ml and the LT50 value of 155.60, 182.19 and 196.04 hr against IInd,
IIIrd and IVth instar larvae respectively.
Compatibility of M. anisopliae isolates was tested with commonly used
pesticides in laboratory condition by adopting poison food technique copper
oxychloride + streptomycin and cypermethrin found compatibly as least per
cent inhibition recorded at three levels of concentration. Protein
molecular marker can be exploited for identification of virulent and avirulent
isolates. Esterase isozyme efficiently used in determining variability among
isolates. Extra cellular enzymes show positive relation of virulence,
virulent isolate Ma-BNG expressed higher chitinase, protease and lipase
activity. The viability and virulence of the infective unit conidia during
storage and application were more in kaoline carrier, groundnut oil and
sunflower oil formulation, when stored at 4 and 10oC upto 180 days of
storage. Whereas conidia stored at 25oC and room temperature in carrier
and oil based formulation lost viability after only 60 days of storage.
The effectiveness of carrier and oil based formulation of M. anisopliae
were evaluated against H. armigera in chickpea crop under field condition.
The groundnut oil and sunflower oil formulation were found to most effective
in reducing H. armigera population. The result were compared with
untreated control and endosulfan (0.06%). The grain yield in groundnut oil
(1462 Kg/ha) sunflower oil (1369 Kg/ha), endosulfan (1616 Kg/ha) and
control (674 Kg/ha). The ICBR was highest in groundnut oil 1:29.3.

Title of Thesis:“ Pathogenic diversity in isolates of Colletotrichum

spp.”
Full Name of student : Damaynti D. Guldekar
Name of Advisor : Dr. B.T.Raut

The investigation entitled “Pathogenic diversity in isolates of

Colletotrichum spp.” were carried out for ascertaining the variability
among different species of Colletotrichum, a teleomorph Glomerella, classified
under Phylum Ascomycota, Class-Filamentous Ascomycetes, order
Phyllachorales, anamorph Colletotrichum. A genus Colletotrichum has an
wide host range causing wide spread damage in field, horticultural,
vegetables and fruit crop by initiating the diseases namely dieback,
anthracnose fruit rot, pod blight, seedling blight etc. Among thirty one,
C.truncatum, C.capsici, C.gloeosporioides, C.dematium, C.gossypii and
C.graminicola were isolated on the basis of pathogenicity to their original
host. The isolates were categorized on pathogenic basis. The detailed
studies were directed towards the pathogen C.truncatum and C.capsici
causing diseases in soybean and chilli respectively and six each highly
pathogenic isolates were selected among ten and nine belongs to diverse
geographical areas and designated as Ct and Cc.Among nine isolates of
C.truncatum Ct1 and Ct4 exhibited black colonies, Ct5, Ct7 and Ct8 formed
the selerotia. Among C.capsici, Cc8, Cc10 had white to ash dark black
grayish yellow colonies with saffron colour conidial mass. Setae were not
observed in C.gloeosporioides isolated from soybean (Cg1), cotton (Cg2)
sorghum (Cg3), (Cg4) mango, (Cg5) orange. Appressoria possessing varied
type of shape and size borne in all isolates within 3 to 5 days of incubation,
while C.truncatum Ct5, Ct6 took 4 days and C.capsici isolates developed after
3 days except Cc6. C.truncatum Ct7 was initially slow grower but 76.46 mm
growth was achieved on 9th day, C.capsici Cc10 has 78.03 mm followed by
Cc2 76.73 mm radial mycelial growth while Cg2 recorded maximum growth
(84.86 mm).Micrometrical observations also revealed large variation in
dimension of conidia, acervuli and setae. Compatibility studies indicated the
development of sterile perithecia in the form of black dot like structure
among same and different species C.truncatum and C.capsici i.e. Ct1 were
compatible with Ct2, Ct5, Ct7, Cc6, Cc8 and Cc10. However there was no
development of asci and ascospores, during the course of
investigation.Colletotrichum truncatum and Colletotrichum capsici was able to
infect the non host crops viz., cotton, papaya, tomato, mung beans, orange,
turmeric and mango under cross inoculation studies while Ct4 and Ct6 infect
only seven different hosts.Host differential response is an indicative for
tentatively grouping of pathotype in both the pathogen. Soybean isolates Ct1
(Akola), Ct2 (Amravati) and Ct4 (Nashik) as pathotype I, pathotype II Ct5
(Mangrulpir) and Ct7 (Bhaurad) while pathotype III Ct6 (Anand) as they
produced different type of reaction against seventeen soybean differentials
(varieties).Among C.capsici five isolates i.e. Cc1 (Akola), Cc6 (Anand), Ct7
(Hyderabad), Cc8 (Yavatmal), Cc10 (Rahuri) comprised under pathotype I,
while Cc9 (Guntur) represent pathotype II on the basis of seventeen chilli
differentials (varieties) response under epiphytotic condition. The isolates
were collected from limited diverse geographical areas but exhibited the
diversity in pathogenic ability.Transmission of pathogen in soybean seed
was 27.67 and 7.27 per cent in chilli. Hyphae of C.truncatum and C.capsici
was found in parenchymatous tissue of seed coat proving that Colletotrichum
is internally seed borne. Cluster analysis of proteins banding pattern
exhibited four major clusters. Isolate of Colletotrichum truncatum Ct6 and Ct7
showed close similarity. Isozymes esterase and peroxidase also revealed the
variation among set of both the isolates.Six fungicides, seven botanicals and
three bioagents were tested under management studies in vitro and vivo
Chlorothalonil (0.25%), cymoxanil + mancozeb (0.25%) and carboxin (0.1%)
had 100 per cent spore inhibition. Maximum spore inhibition was recorded
in carrot grass extract followed by golden duranta. Sensitivity of isolates
against carbendazim and cymoxanil + mancozeb also revealed the
variation.Three sprays of fungicides viz., mancozeb (0.25%) or carbendazim
(0.1%) or propiconazole (0.05%) and as under ecofriendly management
ajwain seed extract (5%) or behada leaf extract (5%) while among bioagents
culture filtrate (5%) of Trichoderma viride or Trichoderma harzianum were
effective in reducing the disease intensity in soybean and chilli. These
treatments increased the yield and also reduced the infected pods.
Botanicals or bioagents could be used as ecofriendly management trial
for incorporating in the module of integrated disease management

Title of Thesis:“ Enrichment of Compost Through Microbial

Inoculants and Chemical Amendments
Full Name of student : Deepti S. Bhagat
Name of Advisor : Dr. R.W.Ingle

Degradation of organic material through microbial activities is

beneficial as organic debris are continously removed from environment.
Large quantities of CO2 is essential for photosynthesis released into
atmosphere and an very important soil constituent the humus is formed and
added to the soil which ultimately improves the soil structure and soil
productivity.
Twenty fungal and bacterial cultures were isolated and collected
from different substrates and sources and tested their enzymic activities,
mass multiplication, longivity/ shelf life and their degrading abilities.
 Among twenty cultures of fungi and bacteria, Trichoderma
viride, Chaetomium globosum and Trichurus spiralis had shown good to very
good growth on filter paper strips and also maximum per cent loss in weight
of filter paper strips after 15 days of incubation which indicated the
cellulolytic nature of cultures.
Sixteen fungal and four bacterial cultures were tested for their
cellulolytic activity. Maximum utilization of cellulose was exhibited by
maximum depth of clearance zone and it was found with T. viride followed
by T. harzianum, C. globosum, T. spiralis, and Aspergillus niger. Among
bacterial cultures Cellulomonas bibula showed maximum depth of clearance
zone.
These cultures were tested for their starch, pectin, cellulose and
lignin hydrolysis activities. T. viride recorded maximum radial growth and
also showed positive reaction i.e. clear zone around the colonies followed by
T. harzianum, C.globosum, T. spiralis, A niger, H. grisea and R. bataticola. C.
bibula also showed good starch hydrolyzing activity. Good pectin degrading
activity on Hankin’s medium and good cellulose degrading activity using
Czapek’s mineral salt agar medium was also asseyed. Eight cultures could
utilized lignin, however, T. viride exhibited more radial growth followed by T.
harzianum, C. globosum, T. spiralis, A. niger, H. grisea and C. bibula. All
these cultures showed good growth on lignin and tannic acid medium.
Cellulose degrading activities of the cultures were also assessed
by measuring amount of reducing sugar and maximum released by T. viride
followed by C. globosum, T. spiralis, T. harzianum, A. niger, H. grisea and C.
bibula and four promising cultures namely T. spiralis, C. globosum, T. viride
and C. bibula were selected further investigations.
Efforts have been made to generate stable mutants of T. spiralis,
C. globosum, T. viride and C. bibula by physical and chemical mutation, and
thirty two stable mutants were obtained by exposing ultraviolet radiation
and using PEG and Colchicine. The mutants expressed less activity of
starch, pectin, cellulose, lignin and filter paper degrading activity compared
to their mother cultures. Therefore, further study of these mutants were not
continued.
Mass multiplication of different cultures viz., T. spiralis,
C. globosum, T. viride, A. niger, H. grisea and C. bibula were undertaken to
evaluate the suitability of locally available substrates i.e. sorghum grain,
wheat grain, peat and FYM. The best substrate for all the cultures was
sorghum grain as maximum number of propagules were retained after 180
days of inocubation.
Shelf life was undertaken to assess the suitability of different
carrier materials. The carrier used were talc, lignite, charcoal and fly ash.
Talc was found as best carrier among all the carrier materials as it support
maximum colony forming units up to 180 days of storage while fly ash
recorded minimum number of propagules.
The efficient cultures viz., T. spiralis, C. globosum, T. viride and
C. bibula which were selected on the basis of preliminary studies were used
for decomposition of agricultural crop wastes viz., cotton stalk, sorghum
stalk, pigeonpea stalk, sugarcane trash, wheat straw, parthenium and
weeds. The rate of decomposition of different substrates by selected cultures
combinations were evaluated by CO2 evolution, per cent loss in weight and
C:N ratio.
Higher amount of CO2 evolution was recorded within first week
of incubation but it was declined to the extent of 50 per cent during second
week and later it was drastically reduced till VIIIth week of degradation.
Wheat straw released maximum amount of CO2 followed by sorghum stalk,
pigeonpea stalk, cotton stalk, etc. which was inoculated with the
combination of cultures i.e. T. spiralis + C. globosum + T. viride.
The combination of T. spiralis + C. globosum + T. viride gave
highest per cent loss in weight of wheat straw and it was followed by
parthenium, sorghum stalk and pigeonpea stalk etc.
Initial C:N ratio of organic substrates was lowered down by all
the treatments after decomposition. However, T. spiralis + C. globosum + T.
viride was highly effective to brought down the initial C:N ratio of wheat
straw (71.27 to 13.18:1), sorghum stalk (43.38 to 13.51:1), pigeonpea stalk
(55.98 to 13.73:1), cotton stalk (58.60 to 13.96:1) etc. It was followed by T.
spiralis + T. viride, T spiralis + C. globosum, T. viride, C. globosum, T. spiralis.
C. bibula was also found effective in reducing the initial C:N ratio of different
substrates.
Total phosphorus content was found to be increased after
decomposition process. Among all the treatments, T. spiralis + C. globosum +
T. viride was found more effective as maximum phosphorus content was
obtained in wheat straw, sorghum stalk, pigeonpea stalk, etc.
For decomposition of agricultural wastes viz. cotton stalk,
sorghum stalk, pigeonpea stalk, sugarcane trash, wheat straw, parthenium
and weeds were treated with four efficient cultures, i.e. T. spiralis, C.
globosum and T. viride alone and in combination and C. bibula separately.
The effect of all treatment on rate of degradation was studied by measuring
the colony forming units after 180 days of decomposition, within 30 days,
there was steep increase in the number of propagules. Similar trend was
noticed up to 90 days while maximum found at 120 days of decomposition.
The number of propagules decreased slightly at 150 and continued till 180
days.
Maximum viable propagules were obtained in wheat straw
followed by sorghum stalk, pigeonpea stalk etc. which was inoculated with
the T. spiralis + C. globosum + T. viride.
The efficiency of degradation of different substrates were also
measured by its per cent weight loss of substrates. As the decomposition
period increased, the weight loss of substrates also increased, while
maximum weight loss was found with T. spiralis + C. globosum + T. viride in
parthenium and it was followed by wheat straw, weeds, sorghum stalk, etc.
The degraded substrates were enriched by addition of nitrogen
fixing, (Rhizobium and Azotobacter) phosphate solubilizing (PSB) biofertilizer,
2 per cent nitrogenous and 1 per cent phophatic chemical fertilizer.
After enrichment, the maximum population of Azotobacter,
Rhizobium, PSB and fungi found with the combination of micro organisms +
cowdung + urea + SSP + treatment in wheat straw while other treatments
were also found effective and showed maximum viable propagules in
different substrates after 30 days of incubation.
 Addition of the amendments, initial C:N ratio of decomposed
substrates was brought down and treatment, microorganism + cowdung +
urea + SSP was found more effective in reducing the C:N ratio of
decomposed wheat straw (from 13.18 to 9.10:1) and it was followed by
microorganism + cowdung and microorganism were also found effective in
lowering the C:N ratio in all the substrates.
The extent of decomposition of agricultural wastes was
determined by its total phosphorus content, initially it was less with fresh
substrates and it increased after decomposition but after enrichment with
biofertilizers and chemical amendments, it enhanced the effect.
Microorganisms + cowdung + urea + SSP gave more phosphorus content in
wheat straw, compared to other substrates.