Non – Rectangular Components

 Tangential and Normal Components Example:

- A particle moving in a curvilinear path will have instantaneous linear velocity and linear
acceleration. These linear variables will be directed tangentially to the path, and , 1. A motorist is traveling on a curved section of highway with a radius of 2500 ft at a speed
therefore, are known as tangential velocity, vt , and tangential acceleration, at , of 60 mi/h. The motorist suddenly applies the brakes, causing the automobile to slow down
respectively. The force that constrains the particle to the curved path will generally be at a constant rate. If the speed has been reduced to 45 mi/h after 8 s, determine the
directed toward the center of rotation, and the particle will experience an inward acceleration of the automobile immediately after the brakes have been applied.
acceleration perpendicular to the tangential velocity and acceleration, known as the
normal acceleration , an. The resultant acceleration a is the vector sum of the tangential
and normal accelerations. Normal and tangential components of acceleration are
illustrated in Fig.1 . The vectors en and et are normal and tangential to the path,
respectively. ρ is the principal radius of curvature.

2. A race car C travels around the horizontal circular track that has radius of 300 ft. If the car
increases its speed at a constant rate of 7 ft/s^2, starting from rest, determine the time
needed for it to reach an acceleration of 8 ft/s^2. What is its speed at this instant?

Fig. 1.

Thus, the scalar components of the acceleration are

[ ⁄
( ⁄ ) ]
| ⁄ |

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 Radial and Transverse Components
- In polar coordinates, the position of a particle is described by a radius, r , and an angle,
θ. The position may also be expressed as a vector of magnitude r and direction specified
by unit vector er. Since the velocity of a particle is not usually directed radially out form
the center of the coordinate system, it can be divided into two components, called
radial and transverse, which are parallel and perpendicular, respectively, to the unit
radial vector. Fig 2 illustrates the radial and transverse components of velocity in a polar
coordinate system, and the unit radial and unit transverse vectors, er and eθ , used in the
vector forms of the motion equations.
Example
1. The rotation of the 0.9-m arm OA about O is defined by the relation θ = 0.15t2, where θ is
expressed in radians and t in seconds. Collar B slides along the arm in such a way that its
distance from O is r = 0.9-0.12t2, where r is expressed in meters and t in seconds. After the
arm OA has rotated through 30°, determine (a) the total velocity of the collar,(b) the total
acceleration of the collar, (c) the relative acceleration of the collar with respect to the arm.

2. A boy is flying a kite that is 60 m high with 75 m of cord out. The kite moves horizontally
from this position at a constant 6km/h that is directly away from the boy. Ignoring the sag in
the cord, determine how fast the cord is being let out at this instant and how fast this rate is
increasing.
Fig 2
[ ]

̇ ̇ [ ]

(̈ ̇ ) ( ̈ ̇ ̇) [ ]

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KINETICS OF PARTICLES For a fixed mass,
( )
Kinetics – is the study of motion and the forces that cause motion.

Momentum – the vector linear momentum/momentum is defined by equation below. It has

the same direction as the velocity vector. Momentum has units of force x time(e.g., lbf-sec
or N-s)

( )
Weight
( )
The weight, W, of an object is the force the object exerts due to its position in a gravitational
field, g.
Momentum is conserved when no external forces act on a particle. If no forces act on the
particle, the velocity and direction of the particle are unchanged. The law of conservation of ( )
momentum states that the linear momentum is unchanged if o unbalances forces act on the
particle. This does not prohibit the mass and velocity form changing, however. Only the ( )
product of mass and velocity is constant. 2
gc, gravitational constant, approx. equal to 32.2lbm-ft / lbf-sec
NEWTON’S FIRST AND SECOND LAWS OF MOTION
Friction
Friction is a force that always resists motion or impounding motion. It always acts parallel to
Newton’s first law of motion states that a particle will remain in a state of rest or will
the contacting surfaces. If the body is moving, the friction is known dynamic friction. If the
continue to move with constant velocity unless an unbalanced external force acts on it.
body is stationary, friction is known as static friction.
This law can also be stated in terms of conservation of momentum: if the resultant external
The magnitude of the frictional force depends on the normal force, N , and the coefficient of
force acting on a particle is zero, then the linear momentum of the particle is constant.
friction, µ , between the body and the contacting surface.
Newton’s second law of motion states that the acceleration of a particle is directly
proportional to the force acting on it and is inversely proportional to the particle mass. The
The static coefficient of friction is usually denoted with the subscript s, while the dynamic
direction of acceleration is the same as the direction of force.
coefficient of friction is denoted with the subscript k. µk is often assumed to be 75 percent of
the value of µs . These coefficients are complex functions of surface properties.
This law can be stated in terms of the force vector required to cause a change in
momentum: the resultant force is equal to the rate of change of linear momentum.
For a body resting horizontal surface, the normal force is the weight of the body. If the body
rests on an inclined surface, the normal force is calculated as the component of weight
normal to that surface.

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 Example:

1. A 200 lb block rests on a horizontal plane. Find the magnitude of the force P required to
give the block an acceleration of 10ft/s2 to the right. The coefficient of kinetic friction
between the block and the plane is µk =0.25
Fig 3

The frictional force acts only in response to a disturbing force, and it increase as the
disturbing force increases. The motion of a stationary body is impending when the
disturbing force reaches the maximum frictional force, µsN. Fig.3 shows the condition of
impending motion for a block on a plane. Just before motion starts, the resultant R , of the
frictional force and normal force equals the weight of the block. The angle at which motion
is just impending can be calculated from the coefficient of static friction.

Once motion begins, the coefficient of friction drops slightly, and a lowerfrictional force
opposes movement. This is illustrated in fig.4

Fig 4

Since Newton’s second law is a vector equation, you can use the free body diagram and
kinetic diagram to write ∑F = ma directly in component form

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Evaluation:
1. The car passes point A with speed of 25m/s after which its speed is defined by v=(25 –
0.15s) m/s. Determine the magnitude of the car’s acceleration when it reaches point B,
where s= 51.5 m and x=50m
2. Determine the maximum constant speed a race car can have if the acceleration of the car
cannot exceed 7.5 m/s2 while rounding a track having a radius of curvature of 200m.
3. A boy is flying a kite that is 60 m high with 75 m of cord out. The kite moves horizontally
from this position at a constant 6km/h that is directly away from the boy. Ignoring the sag in
the cord, determine how fast the cord is being let out at this instant and how fast this rate is
increasing.
t 2
4. A particle moves along a path defined by polar coordinates r =(2e ) ft and θ=(8t )rad,
where t is in seconds. Determine the components of its velocity and acceleration
whrn t = 1 s.
5. If the coefficient of kinetic friction between the 50-kg crate and the ground is µk =0.3
,determine the distance the crate travels and its velocity when t=3 s.The crate starts from
rest, and P = 200 N.
6. The 52 kg block shown starts from rest at position A and slides down the inclined plane to
position B. when the block reaches B, a 383 N horizontal force is applied. The block comes to
complete stop at position C. the coefficient of friction between the block and the plate is µ =
0.15. Find the velocity at position B. Find the distance travelled between position B and C.
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