© Michie B.

☆
LESSON 5: MUSCULAR SYSTEM

Functions
1. Movement
2. Maintain posture
3. Respiration
4. Production of body heat
5. Communication
6. Heart beat
7. Contraction of organs
and vessels

WORD ROOTS AND

COMBINING FORMS
• muscul/o: muscle • Fixator: a muscle that holds an origin stable for another
• my/o: muscle muscle. (e.g. trapezius, once biceps are flexed, your
• sarc/o: flesh trapezius will try to hold the origin of your biceps to
• sthen/o: strength stability)
• Synergists: muscles that have the same action. (e.g.
TYPES OF MUSCLES risorius and orbicularis oris, they both pucks your lips)
1. Skeletal • Prime mover: the main muscle of the synergists that
2. Cardiac performs the action. (e.g. between risorius and
3. Smooth orbicularis oris, main na nagpupuck is orbicularis oris)
• Antagonist: a muscle that has an opposing action. (e.g.
biceps and triceps brachii, when biceps contract, triceps
extends vice versa)

SKELETAL MUSCLE CHARACTERISTICS
→ Makes up 40% of body weight
→ Named because attached to bones (skeleton)
→ Many nuclei per cell (near periphery)
→ Striated
→ Longest of muscle types
ABILITIES OF SKELETAL MUSCLES
• Contractility: ability to shorten
• Excitability: respond to stimulus
• Extensibility: can stretch
• Elasticity: recoil
Anatomical Terms
• Terms such as origin and insertion are used to indicate
muscle attachments.
→ Origin – attachment of muscle to bone that does not
move. (muscle fibers have two ends, yung head na
di gumagalaw is yung origin)
→ Insertion – side or attachment of the muscle to the
bone wherein the bones are moving.
→ (e.g. sternocleidomastoid originates from sternum
and clavicle which inserts into mastoid process thus
making our head move left and right)
• Intrinsic muscle
• Refers to a muscle having its origin and
insertion located in the same body region
• E.g. muscles of our face, origin and insertion is
in cephalic area
• Extrinsic muscle
• Refers to a muscle having its origin in a
different body region and the insertion
• E.g. Trapezius wherein origin is at vertebra
while insertion is at humerus, scapula
→ Tendons – muscle to bone, dense regular connective
tissue
→ Belly – body of your muscle
→ Aponeurosis – sheet-like tendon, connects also
muscle to bone, e.g. Epicranial Aponeurosis a.k.a.
galea aponeurotica
Muscle Actions
• Flexion: action that bends a part of the body anteriorly, such as
flexing the elbow.
→ The exception is the knee. Flexion of the knee moves
the lower leg posteriorly.
• Extension: action that bends a part of the body posteriorly, such
as straightening the arm at the elbow.
→ As with flexion, the exception is the knee. Extending
the knee straightens the lower leg.
• Abduction: movement of part of the body away from the midline
• Adduction: movement of a part of the body toward the midline
• Protraction: movement that brings part of the body forward
• Retraction: movement that brings part of the body backward
• Lateral excursion: movement of the jaw laterally to either side
• Medial excursion: movement of the jaw back to the midline
• Dorsiflexion: position of standing on the heels with the toes
pointing up off the floor
• Plantar flexion: position of standing on tiptoes with the heels off
the floor
• Inversion: the soles of the feet are together, facing each other
• Eversion: the soles of the feet point away from each other
• Rotation: the act of spinning on an axis
• Circumduction: act of making a circle with part of the body
• Supination: rotation that turns the palms up
• Pronation: rotation that turns the palms down
• Opposition: the act of bringing the thumb to the palm
• Reposition: the act of taking the thumb away from the palm
• Elevation: the act of closing the jaw or raising the shoulders
• Depression: act of opening the jaw or lowering the shoulders
NOMENCLATURE
Location: tibialis anterior
Origin/insertion: sternocleidomastoid
Size: gluteus maximus
Shape: deltoid (delta = triangular)
Function: masseter (mastication)
Based on No. of head/origins: biceps brachii (bi=two
ceps=cephalic, 2 origins)
HISTOLOGY OF SKELETAL MUSCLE
2 types of filaments:
Myosin - thick filament
→ myosin head - attaches to actin
→ myosin tail
Actin - thin filament, golf-club like structure
→ Actin – pearl-like structures twisted together, that serve
as attachment site for myosin
→ Troponin – attachment site for calcium
→ Tropomyosin – blocks the myosin binding site in actin if
calcium is not present, therefore, if no calcium attached
in troponin, then there is no attachment between myosin
and actin. If there is calcium attached in troponin,
tropomyosin will free actin to bind with myosin.
© Michie B. ☆
Sarcomere – group or bundles of actin and myosin, structural Muscles by Region
unit of skeletal muscle • Muscles of the head and neck include:
Myofibril - interconnected sarcomeres • orbicularis oris
→ Z disc – connects sarcomere from another sarcomere • orbicularis oculi
Muscle fiber – bundle of myofibrils • frontalis
→ Endomysium – nagbind ng myofibril, covers muscle fiber • occipitalis
Muscle Fascicle – bundle of muscle fibers • temporalis
→ Perimysium – binds muscle fibers • buccinator – where dimples are formed
Skeletal Muscle – bundle of muscle fascicle • masseter
→ Epimysium – binds/covers muscle fascicle • platysma
• Sternocleidomastoid
- Striations of skeletal muscle under microscope is because of • Splenius Capitis
alternating filaments, light and dark areas
→ A band – end to end of myosin (dark) • Muscles of the thorax and abdomen:
→ I band – end of myosin to end of another myosin (light) • pectoralis major
→ H zone – area no actin • pectoralis minor
→ M line – line center of myosin • serratus anterior
• diaphragm
• external intercostals
• internal intercostals
• external abdominal obliques
• internal abdominal obliques
• rectus abdominis
• transverse abdominal

• Muscles of the arm include:

• deltoid
• biceps brachii
• triceps brachii
• brachialis
• brachioradialis

• Muscles of the thigh include:

• tensor fasciae latae
• gracilis
• adductor longus
• pectineus
• iliacus
• iliopsoas
• psoas major
• sartorius
• rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, and
vastus intermedius: quadriceps femoris
• biceps femoris, semitendinosus and
semimembrinosus: hamstrings