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HYDRAULIC DESIGN OF SPILLWAY
(Metric Units)
DESIGN DATA
A b zy y
Manning's Formula 1
vcanal S 1/2 R 2/3
n P b 2 y 1 z2
TAILWATER RATING
Q (m3/s) Depth (m)
Tailwater Rating Curve
4.0 5.00 0.3
10.00 0.4
3.5
20.00 0.7
3.0
50.00 1.2
2.5
Flow Depth (m)
75.00 1.5
2.0
100.00 1.8
1.5 125.00 2.1
1.0 150.00 2.3
0.5 175.00 2.5
" " " " HL 206.857‐203.433
Head Across / Drop HL 3.424 m
HL fr
Lc
Fluming Ratio fr 1.25 m 65.0%
Bcanal 1.25 ‐ 3 m 75.0%
Fluming Ratio fr 85.0% Above 3 m 85.0%
S.K. Garg
Fluming Ratio of 0.85 gives;
Clear Length of Crest Lc 85.0%*68.00
Clear Length of Crest Lc 57.800 m (required)
However, if the height of crest works out to be more than 0.4 times upstream
water depth, the fluming ratio may be increased so as to increase the H and
lower the crest. (S.K. Garg)
CREST LEVEL
Head Over the Crest Hc ( 231/(1.7*57.800))^(2/3)
Head Over the Crest Hc 1.768 m
Qd
Approach Velocity va
Lc .Yu / s
" " " " va 231/(57.800*2.987)
Approach Velocity va 1.338 m/s
va2
Approach Velocity Head hvel
2g
" " " " hvel 1.338^2/(2*9.8)
Approach Velocity Head hvel 0.091 m
Upstream Energy Level ELu / s HWL hvel
Upstream Energy Level ELu/s 206.949 m asl
DISCHARGE COEFFICIENT
0.80 0.78
0.50
0.82 0.75
0.40 0.84 0.73
0.30 0.86 0.70
0.20 0.88 0.66
0.90 0.62
0.10
0.92 0.58
0.00 0.94 0.52
0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00 0.96 0.40
C' / C 0.98 0.20
1.00 0.00
Check whether the flow is free (modular) or submerged (non‐modular).
( ) g ( )
For the flow to be modular, i.e. not affected by submergence, the ratio
h/H, where h and H are the upstream and downstream heads above
the weir crest, is less than 0.75
CHECK: h/H < 0.75 Modular
REQUIRED CREST LENGTH
CHECK: Q' ≥ Qd O.K.
The structure can safely pass the required discharge at given HWL & TWL.
SPACE LIMITATIONS (Use this when limited space is available for spillway)
The above calculations are based on the crest level assumed earlier (in the design data).
However, if the actual space available at site is significantly less than the calculated minimum
length of crest then revised calculation are required to obtain the required crest
level to safely pass the design discharge at given HWL & TWL.
Check whether the flow is free (modular) or submerged (non‐modular).
For the flow to be modular, i.e. not affected by submergence, the ratio
h/H, where h and H are the upstream and downstream heads above
the weir crest, is less than 0.75
CHECK: h/H < 0.75 Modular
Reduction Factor C'/C
/ 1.000 (from Gibson's Curve)
If h/H is < 0.1 then C'/C = 1
Revised Discharge Capacity Qr 2.100*47.385*1.807^(3/2)
Revised Discharge Capacity Qr 241.8 m3/s
Looseness Factor 4.68%
CHECK: Qr ≥ Qd O.K.
For the spillway configuration within the available space the crest level has to be changed to
205.05 m asl. Which is 0 m higher than the previously calculated/assumed crest level.
APPROACH VELOCITY
Qd
vu / s . floor Ref: Small Dams
Ltotal . Pc H
Velocity in U/S Floor
" " " " vu/s.floor 231/(58.500*(1.180+1.807))
Velocity in U/S Floor vu/s.floor 1.322 m/s
" " " " vc 231/(47.385*1.807)
Velocity at Crest vc 2.697 m/s
2
Crest Velocity Head v c/2g 2.697^2/(2*9.8)
Crest Velocity Head v2c/2g 0.371 m
CREST WIDTH
Width of Crest;
Broad Crest wcrest 2.5H
Ref: Garg
2
Narrow Crest wcrest H
3
While a broad crest ensures a constant discharge coefficient for varying heads.
If the fall/weir is to be used as a meter then broad crest is recommended otherwise
a narrow crest provides a higher coefficient of discharge than that for a broad crest and
therefore recommended.
An upstream straight glacis (bed approach) with 1v : 2h slope and a downstream
straight glacis with 1v : 3h slope is recommended.
Ref: Garg
u/s
Horizontal Length of U/S Glacis l glacis 2.359 m 1v : 2h
u/s
Length of Upstream Glacis L glacis 2.638 m 1v : 2h
d/s
Length of Downstream Glacis L glacis 13.374 m 1v : 3h
CRITICAL DEPTH
Discharge Intensity Qd
qc
Lclear
Qd
qc
Discharge Intensity at Crest qc Lclear cumecs/m
4.813
1/3
q2
Critical Depth yc
g
" " " " yc (4.813^2/9.8)^(1/3)
Critical Depth yc 1.332 m
GATED DISCHARGE
Upstream Head H 1.807 m
Downstream Head h ‐1.617 m
Head Across / Drop
/ p HL 3.424 m
The free flow below a gate occurs as long as the roller of the hydraulic jump does
not submerge the section of minimum depth of jet which is located downstream
of the gate.
Gate Opening for Various Discharges with Constant U/S & D/S Water Levels
Qgates HWL TWL Hcenter HL opening
20 206.857 203.433 1.770 3.424 0.076
50 206.857 203.433 1.713 3.424 0.190
75 206.857 203.433 1.665 3.424 0.285
100 206.857 203.433 1.618 3.424 0.380
125 206.857 203.433 1.570 3.424 0.474
150 206.857 203.433 1.523 3.424 0.569
175 206.857 203.433 1.475 3.424 0.664
200 206.857 203.433 1.428 3.424 0.759
250 206.857 203.433 1.333 3.424 0.949
300 206.857 203.433 1.238 3.424 1.139
These tables are indicative only. The gated operation of spillway will be further
refined using the outputs from HEC‐RAS model studies.
ENERGY DISSIPATION
Conjugate Depths
vc2
Entrance Loss he K e Ref: Davis
2g
Entrance Loss Coefficient Ke 0.160
Entrance Loss he 0.160*2.697^2/(2*9.8)
Entrance Loss he 0.059 m
Flow Velocity Entering Jump v1 4.813/0.435
Flow Velocity Entering Jump v1 11.062 m/s = q/D1
1
Friction Loss h f n 2 vm2 ( Lcrest Lglacis ) Ref: King
R 4/3
Mean Velocity vm
vc v1
2
Mean
Mean Velocity
Velocity vm 66.880
880 m/s
Hydraulic Radius R (1.807*((48.000+0.435)/2))/(2*1.807+((48.000+0.435)/
Hydraulic Radius R 1.573 m = A / P
Friction Loss hf 0.015^2*6.880^2*(1.300+12.687)/1.573^(4/3)
Friction Loss hf 0.081 m
Assume
Bed Level of Stilling Basin BLsb 200.038 m asl (calculated by hit & trial)
v12
Energy Equation HWL BLsb D1 he h f Ref: King
2g
RHS LHS
206.857 = 206.857 O.K.
v1
Incoming Froude Number F1
gD1
Incoming Froude Number F1 11.062/SQRT(9.8*0.435)
Incoming Froude Number F1 5.357
Conjugate Depths Ratio
D2
D1
0.5
1 8 F12 1 Ref: Paterka
Flow Depth After the Jump D2 0.435*0.5*(SQRT(1+8*5.357^2)‐1)
Flow Depth After the Jump D2 3.086 m
Increase the flow depth after jump by 10% as recommended by USBR, therefore
TWL and TWLsb should be as close as possible.
Basin Type Ref: Paterka
Recommended Stilling Basins Types Based on
(According to USBR Standard) Design Flow
Floor Lining Only. No Special Energy Dissipating Devices Type 0 Not to be Used
Upstream Chute Blocks and Optional End Sill Type I Not to be Used
Upstream Chute Blocks, Interm. Baffle Blocks and End Sill Type II Recommended
Upstream Chute Blocks and Terminal Dentated Sill Type III Recommended
The stilling basin floor should be joined with the downstream bed in a minimum slope
of 1 v : 5 h.
Length of Basin Ref: Paterka
Alternatively;
Length of Basin Lbasin α (D'2 ‐ D1) α = 5.00
" " " " Lbasin 14.80 m
Alternatively;
D2' Ref: Mays
Lba sin 4.5
Length of Basin F10.38
" " " " Lbasin 4.5*3.394/5.357^0.38
" " " " Lbasin 8.07 m
Alternatively;
Length of Basin
Lba sin KD1F11.5
" " " " Lbasin 2*0.435*5.357^1.5
" " " " Lbasin 10.79 m
Stilling Basin Type “K”
Stilling basin with a vertical or sloping end sill and one or two rows of baffle
1.4
blocks.
Stilling basin with a vertical or sloping end sill 1.7
Stilling basin with a sloping end sill and one or two rows of baffle blocks 2
Select the larger value of Lbasin
Velocity After Jump
Conjugate Depths Ratio
D1
D2
0.5 1 8 F22 1
D
2
Outgoing Froude Number F2 2 1 1 1 / 8 Ref: Mays
D2
Outgoing Froude Number F2 ((((0.435/3.086)*2+1)^2‐1)/8)^(1/2)
Outgoing Froude Number F2 0.284
Flow Velocity After the Jump v2 F2 . g.D2
Flow Velocity After the Jump v2 0.284*SQRT(9.8*3.086)
Flow Velocity After the Jump v2 1.560 m/s
Alternatively;
Flow Velocity After the Jump v'2 4.813/3.086
Flow Velocity After the Jump v'2 1.560 m/s = q/D2
CHECK: v2 ≈ v'2 O.K.
Efficiency of Jump
E2 8F1 1 4 F1 1
3
2 2 2
Efficiency of Jump (%) Ref: Mays
E1 8F12 2 F12
Where E1 & E2 are the energy heads before and after the hydraulic jump.
E2
Energy Dissipation (%) 1 .100
E1
Energy Dissipation (1‐48.06%)
Energy Dissipation 51.94%
D 2 D1
3
Enery Loss in the Jump EL Ref: Mays
4 D 2D1
Enery Loss in the Jump EL (3.086‐0.435)^3/(4*3.086*0.435)
Enery Loss in the Jump EL 3.468 m
Height of Basin Walls
Blocks and Sill
Type ‐ II Basin
Height of Chute Block hB‐chute 0.400 m = D1
Width of Chute Block wB‐chute 0.300 m = 0.75 D1
Spacing of Chute Block SB‐chute 0.400 m = D1
Spacing along Each Side of Wall SB‐wall 0.200 m = D1 / 2
Ref: Paterka
The minimum height of chute/deflector blocks is 20 cm as recommended by USBR.
The horizontal top length of the deflector blocks should be at least 2D1. The upper
surface of each block is sloped at 5º in a downstream direction for better operation
especially at lower discharges.
It is not necessary to stagger the chute blocks with respect to the sill dentates.
It is recommended that the sharp intersection between chute and basin apron be
replace with a curve of reasonable radius of at least 4D1 when the chute slope is 1:1
or greater.
If baffle piers are foreseen then the upstream face of the baffle piers should be
set at a distance of 0.8D2 from the downstream face of the chute blocks.
Square Pier with Corners Rounded
Rounded Nose Pier
CHECK: wpier ≥ wpier‐min O.K.
o
90 Cut Water Nose Pier
WATER SURFACE PROFILE
Position of Jump
v12
Energy Level at start of Jump E1 D1
2g
" " " " E1 0.435+11.062^2/(2*9.8)
Energy Level at start of Jump E1 6.678 m
v22
Energy Level at end of Jump E2 D2
2g
" " " " E2 3.086+1.560^2/(2*9.8)
Energy Level at end of Jump E2 3.210 m
Elevation at start of Jump Py 203.433‐3.210
Elevation at start of Jump Py 200.223 m asl
Distance of start of jump from toe of D/S Glacis is given by;
Px zdG/ s . Py BLsb
Where:
G
Slope of D/S Glacis z d/s 3.00 1 v : z h
Distance Px 3.00*(200.223‐200.038)
Distance Px 0.554 m
Therefore the jump will occur at a distance of about 0.554 m u/s from the toe of d/s glacis
and at a heihgt of about 0.185 m from the stilling basin floor, i.e. on the d/s glacis.
Pre‐Jump Profile
The parabolic upstream water surface profile is estimated using Montague curves.
The Montague profile is given by the following equation;
4Y
X vcrest . Y
g
Where:
X = The horizontal ordinate of any point of profile measured from the d/s edge of crest
X = The vertical ordinate measured from crest level
Upstream Profile Table
Xup 0.00 2.12 3.79 5.09 6.01 7.03 8.61
Yup 0.00 0.69 1.61 2.41 3.02 3.71 4.83
0.00 ‐0.80 ‐1.61 ‐2.41 ‐3.02 ‐3.71 ‐4.83
Post‐Jump Profile
Incoming Froude Number F1 5.357 F12 = 28.701
Flow Depth Entering the Jump D1 0.435 m
For any value of x‐ordinate along the post jump profile calculate X/D1 and then using the
following table obtain the value of Y/D1 for the given Froude number. Hence different
values of X & Y may be estimated.
0 5 10 15 20 25 X/D1
F12 < 2 1 1.5 1.6 1.5 1.55 1.6 Y/D1
2 0 5 10 15 20 25 X/D1
F1 = 4 1 2.1 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 Y/D1
0 5 10 15 20 25 X/D1
F12 = 8 1 2.7 3.1 3.5 3.7 3.8 Y/D1
2 0 5 10 15 25 30 X/D1
F1 = 15 1 2.7 3.65 4.4 5 5.1 Y/D1
2 0 5 10 15 25 30 X/D1
F1 = 30 1 2.7 3.65 4.6 6.2 6.8 Y/D1
2 0 5 10 15 25 30 X/D1
F1 = 60 1 2.7 3.65 4.7 6.75 7.5 Y/D1
Downstream Profile Table
Xdown 0.00 1.33 2.67 4.00 5.00 6.15 8.0
X/D1 0.00 3.06 6.13 9.19 11.49 14.1 18.4
Profile Plot Ref: Garg
Based on above calculations the tentative water surface profile is shown below;
208.0
206.857 Water Surface Profile
207.0
206.382
206.0
205.0 205.050
204.0 203.433
203.0 203.870
202.0
201.0
200.0 200.821
200.038
199.0
PROTECTION WORKS
U/S and D/S Sheet Piples
Lacey's Silt Factor f 1.76 d mm
Lacey's Silt Factor f 0.557
1/3
q2
1/3
Q
Scour Depth Below WL R 1.35 R 0.47
f f
Scour Depth Below WL R 4.100 m 3.506 m
(Use maximum value of scour depth)
For the design of sheet piles, it is just enough to take them down to the level obtained by
measuring the normal depth of scour R, below the water level. However, a value of
1.25 R on the U/S side and 1.5 R on the D/S is widely accepted.
Ref: Garg
Bottom Level of U/S Sheet Pile SPu / s HWL 1.25R
" " " " SPu/s 203.870‐4.00
Bottom Level of U/S Sheet Pile SPu/s 201.732 m asl
Depth of U/S Sheet Pile dpu/s 2.138 m = BLu/s ‐ SPu/s (minimum)
Provide
Depth of U/S Sheet Pile dpu/s 4.00 m
Depth of Intermediate Pile dpint 5.00 m
Depth of D/S Sheet Pile dpd/s 5.00 m
Bottom Level of U/S Sheet Pile SPu/s 199.870 m asl
Bottom of Intermediate Pile SPint 198.870 m asl
Bottom Level of D/S Sheet Pile SPd/s 195.821 m asl
Filter and Aprons
An inverted filter is recommended at the end of D/S concrete floor to reduce the
possibility of piping . T filter consists of layers of materials of increasing permeability
from bottom to top with selected gradation to allow free flow of seepage water
without the danger of clogging.
The depth of inverted filter is kept equal to the depth of D/S launching apron.
Scour Depth Below Bed Dd / s 1.25R Yd / s
" " " " Dd/s 1.25*4.100‐2.612
Scour Depth Below Bed Dd/s 2.513 m
Thickness of Stone Pitching t 0.06Q1/3
" " " " t 0.06* 231^(1/3)
Thickness of Stone Pitching t 0.368 m
Say t 0.400 m
Ref: Garg
Thickness of Apron Tapron 0.700 m = 1.5 to 1.9 t
Say Tapron 0.700 m
U/S Wing Wall
On the powerhouse side the spillway is separated by a divide pier and no wing wall
is provided on the powerhouse side. However, on the opposite side a wing wall
is recommended.
For an un‐flumed non‐meter fall, the side wall may be splayed at 45o from U/S edge
of crest and carried into the berm for about 1 meter.
In our case the fall / spillway is flumed therefore curved wing wall with radius of
5 to 6 times H subtending an angle of 60o at center and carried tangentially into
the berm may be provided.
U/S FLOOR LENGTH
The U/S floor length is the balance length obtained by subtracting the length of crest,
length of D/S glacis and Length of D/S Floor from the total floor length calculated
by Khosla's theory.
Safe Exit Gradient by Khosla
Type of Soil Safe Exit Gradient
Shingle 0.25 to 0.20
Coarse Sand 0.20 to 0.17
Fine Sand 0.17 to 0.14
Maximum static head is caused when the water is stored upto the crest level on the
U/S side and no water at D/S side. Although this condition will not be for prolonged
durations however, for design pupose this condition is valid.
H max 1
GE .
dpd / s
Factor 1 0.200*5.000/6.037
Factor 0.1657
From the table 7.248
u/s
U/S Horizontal Floor Length L Floor 4.596 m (provided)
Add the remaining balance floor length to the stilling basin length
Assume
Nominal Thickness of U/S Floor 1.00 m
Thickness at End of D/S Floor 1.20 m
RESIDUAL PRESSURES
Assume three sheet piles i.e. one sheet pile each at the start and end of concrete floor
and one intermediate sheet pile.
For U/S Pile Line
Total Length of Floor b 36.442 m
Depth of U/S Pile Line d 4.000 m
b
9.111
d
1 2 1 1 2
E cos 1 where
2
(1+SQRT(1+9.111^2))/2
5.083
1/3.14*ACOS((5.083‐2)/5.083)
E
0.293 i.e. 29.26%
C 1
0.707 i.e. 70.74% C 100 E
1
1 1 1 1 2
D cos1 where
2
1/3.14*ACOS((5.083‐1)/5.083)
D 0.203 i.e. 20.31%
D
D 1
0.797 i.e. 79.69% D 100 D
1
For Intermediate Pile Line
Depth of Intermediate Pile Line d 4.000 m
Floor Length U/S of Pile b1 4.596 m
Floor Length D/S of Pile b2 31.846 m
b1 b2
1 2
d d
1 12 1 22 1 12 1 22
1
2 2
1 1 1 1 1
E E cos 1 1 C2 C cos1 1 D2 D cos1 1
2
1 1.149 2 7.962
4.774 1 ‐3.250
1/3.14*ACOS((‐3.250‐1)/4.774)
E 2
0 850
0.850 ie
i.e. 84 96%
84.96%
1/3.14*ACOS((‐3.250+1)/4.774)
C 2
0.656 i.e. 65.63%
1/3.14*ACOS((‐3.250)/4.774)
D 2
0.738 i.e. 73.84%
For D/S Pile Line
Total Length of Floor b 36.442 m
Depth of D/S Pile Line d 5.000 m
b
7.288
d
1 2 1 1 2
E cos 1 where
3
2
(1+SQRT(1+7.288^2))/2
4.178
1/3.14*ACOS((4.178‐2)/4.178)
E 3
0.325 i.e. 32.54%
1 1 1 1 2
D cos 1 where
3
2
2
1/3.14*ACOS((4.178‐1)/4.178)
D3
0.225 i.e. 22.49%
CORRECTIONS FOR φC1
a). Correction at C1 for Mutual Inteference of Piles
Depth of Pile No. 2 D 3.000 m
Depth of Pile No. 1 d 3.000 m
Total Floor Length b 36.442 m
Distance Between Piles b' 4.096 m
D d D
Correction 19
b ' b
Correction 19*SQRT(3.000/4.096)*((3.000+3.000)/36.442)
Correction 2.677 i.e. 2.68% +ve
Since the point C1 is in the rear in the direction of flow, the correction is +ve.
b). Correction at C1 Due to Thickness of Floor
Correction ((79.69%‐70.74%)/(203.870‐199.870))*1.00
Correction 0.0224 i.e. 2.24% +ve
c). Correction Due to Slope at C1
Correction at C1 due to slope is nil, as this point is neither situated at the start nor
at the end of a slope.
CORRECTIONS FOR φE2
a). Correction at E2 for Sheet Pile Lines
Since E2 is in the forward direction of flow as compared to Pile no. 1 therefore the
correction will be ‐ve.
b). Correction at E2 Due to Thickness of Floor
Correction ((84.96%‐73.84%)/(203.870‐199.870))*1.00
Correction 0.0278 i.e. 2.78% ‐ve
c). Correction Due to Slope at E2
Correction at E2 due to slope is nil, as this point is neither situated at the start nor
at the end of a slope.
CORRECTIONS FOR φC2
a). Correction at C2 for Mutual Inteference of Piles
Since C2 is in the back direction of flow as compared to Pile no. 3 therefore the
correction will be +ve.
Depth of Pile No. 3 D 4.000 m
Depth of Pile No. 2 d 3.000 m
Total Floor Length b 36.442 m
Distance Between Piles b' 31.846 m
D d D
Correction 19
b ' b
Correction 19*SQRT(4.000/31.846)*((3.000+4.000)/36.442)
Correction 1.293 i.e. 1.29% +ve
b). Correction at C2 Due to Thickness of Floor
Correction ((84.96%‐73.84%)/(203.870‐199.870))*1.00
Correction 0.0278 i.e. 2.78% +ve
c). Correction Due to Slope at C2
Since the point c2 is situated at the start of a slope of 1 v : 2 h, i.e. an up slope in the
direction of flow; the correction is ‐ve.
Correction Factor for 2:1 Slope 6.50
Horizontal Length of Slope 2.359 m
Correction 6.50*(2.359/31.846)
Correction 0.4815 i.e. 0.48% ‐ve
CORRECTIONS FOR φE3
a). Correction at E3 for Sheet Pile Lines
Since E2 is in the forward direction of flow as compared to Pile no. 1 therefore the
correction will be ‐ve.
Depth of Pile No. 2 D 1.000 m
Depth of Pile No. 3 d 3.800 m
Total Floor Length b 36.442 m
Distance Between Piles b' 31.846 m
D d D
Correction 19
b ' b
Correction 19*SQRT(1.000/31.846)*((3.800+1.000)/36.442)
Correction 0.443 i.e. 0.44% ‐ve
b). Correction at E3 Due to Thickness of Floor
Correction ((32.54%‐22.49%)/(200.821‐195.821))*1.20
Correction 0.0241 i.e. 2.41% ‐ve
c). Correction Due to Slope at E3
Correction at E2 due to slope is nil, as this point is neither situated at the start nor
at the end of a slope.
EXIT GRADIENT
7.288
1
0.165
H max 1
GE .
dd /s
CHECK: GE ≤ 0.2 O.K.
SUB‐SURFACE H.G.L.
HGL
Height / Elevation of Sub‐Soil H.G.Line above Datum
(m asl)
φC3 0.00% 0.000 203.433
Flow Condition FSL u/s and no flow d/s
FLOOR THICKNESS (By Sub‐Surface Flow Analysis‐STATIC CONDITIONS)
U/S Fl
U/S Floor Thickness
Thi k
U/S Floor Thickness (required) PC1
tu / s
G 1
" " " " tu/s 2.260/1.24
D/S Floor Thickness
Floor Thickness at Pile No.2
FLOOR THICKNESS (By Surface Flow Analysis‐DYNAMIC CONDITIONS)
Unbalanced Head = HGL ‐ WSP
Floor Thickness = Unbalanced Head x 2/3 x 1/1.24
Location Distance HGL WSP UnbalancedThickness
(m) (m asl) (m asl) (m) (m)
End of Crest 8.255 206.082 206.382 ‐0.300
Therefore;
Maximum Floor Thickness 2.700 m
(at toe of D/S Glacis)
U/S Floor Thickness 2.000 m
Thickness at End of Floor 0.800 m