Chapter I 1 2

CHAPTER I
THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING
This chapter presents a discussion on the background of the study, statement of

the problem, conceptual and theoretical framework, constraints that were considered,
significance of the study and the definition of relevant terms used in the study.
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

I. INTRODUCTION
Around the world, waste volume continues to rise with the increase in
population, improvement of living standards, rapid economic growth, and
industrialization. According to World Bank, in 2016, the worlds’ cities generated 2.01
billion tons of solid waste, amounting to a footprint of 0.74 kilograms per person per
day. With rapid population growth and urbanization, annual waste generation is
expected to increase by 70% from 2016 levels to 3.40 billion tons in 2050.
Wastes are generated from residential, commercial, industrial and institutional

sources. Disposed waste is dominated by biodegradable waste with 52 percent,
followed by recyclable waste which accounts for 28 percent and residuals at 18
percent, and 2 percent hazardous and special waste (NSWMC, 2015). Residential
wastes account for more than half (57%) of the total solid wastes, (NSWMC, 2015).
Considering the percentage of waste generated, most solid waste consisting of

household waste and biodegradable waste represents the largest fraction of these
household wastes. Solid waste includes food waste, kitchen waste, garden waste,
paper, card, and natural textiles.
1|P ag e
Biodegradable waste or Biowaste is waste material which comprises of fast
degrading biogenic materials including kitchen and food waste, garden and crop
derived wastes, manures, and slurries from agriculture and other wastes such as
sewage and other organic process sludges (DEFRA, 2011).
Proper biowaste management could produce good quality compost and bio-gas
that contribute to enhanced soil quality and resource efficiency, as well as a higher
level of energy self-sufficiency (European commission 2019). This biological process
can be further sped up by managing temperature, oxygen, and moisture content. The
result will be rich, earthy, sweet-smelling humus that can be mixed into garden beds,
added to flower pots, or used as mulch (Pinter, 2006).
Improper management of biowastes, however, results to the very common

undesirable foul odor because of too much nitrogen present in the compost (Harvey
Ussery, 2011). Studies show that some health conditions in places near composting
facilities may be caused by the odor or emissions produced from that composting
facility. In a study conducted by Helen Ward and Michele Wiens in 2018, which
includes compounds that easily become vapors or gases called Volatile Organic
Compounds (VOCs), it was stated that exposure to VOCs has the potential to induce
acute toxicological effects such as inflammatory and immune effects, as well as
sensory irritation in the eye, nose, or throat.
The more serious effect of biowaste aside from foul odor is its production of
Greenhouse gases (GHG). GHG is the number one cause of global warming.
Decomposition of organic wastes produces a lot of GHG with carbon dioxide being at
the top of the chart that causes global warming. (Xu et al., 2007; Maeda et al., 2010).
An open dumpsite will contribute a significant amount of GHG into the environment.
Methane is also produced from biowastes. The formation of methane from

landfills is estimated as 60% of total landfill gas (M. Pawlowska, L. Pawlowski, Oct.
2007). Because of the high methane content and its high global warming potential,
landfill gas emissions are of paramount importance at a global scale for contributing to
2|P ag e
the manmade greenhouse effect. In Europe, an estimated 30% of anthropogenic
methane emissions are from landfills (EEA, 2001).
With all these hazards that go with improper management of biowaste, the
United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) requires that modern landfills
are well-engineered and managed facilities for the disposal of solid waste. Landfills
must be designed to protect the environment from contaminants, which may be
present in the waste stream. Landfills cannot be built in environmentally-sensitive
areas, and they must be placed using on-site environmental monitoring systems.
These monitoring systems check for any sign of groundwater contamination and for
landfill gas, as well as provide additional safeguards. Modern landfills must meet
stringent design, operation and closure requirements established under the Resource
Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) of the United States.
Compared to those in developed nations, however, residents in developing

countries, especially the urban poor, are more severely impacted by unsustainably
managed waste. In low-income countries, over 90% of waste is often disposed in
unregulated dumps or openly burned. These practices create serious health, safety,
and environmental consequences. Poorly managed waste serves as a breeding
ground for disease vectors, contributes to global climate change through methane
generation, and can even promote urban violence. (World Bank Group, 2019)
In the Philippines, for example, open dumping remains the general practice of
waste disposal for biowaste as controlled dumpsites and sanitary landfills (SLFs) are
very limited. Although RA 9003 or the "Ecological Solid Waste Management Act 2000”
requires local government units (LGUs) to close their existing open dumpsites by the
year 2006 and to establish controlled disposal facilities or SLFs, as of 2016, there are
still 403 open dumpsites and 108 controlled dumpsites in operation. The number of
SLFs is also insufficient to service all LGUs. While SLFs increase from 48 in 2010 to
118 in 2016, LGUs with access to SLFs remain below 15 percent (Senate Economic
Planning Office, 2017).
3|P ag e
With limited sanitary landfills, the hazard of open and uncontrolled dumpsite can
even lead to life-threatening situations. The dumpsite in Payatas, Metro Manila for
example, has earlier been found to leak leachate through to the Marikina River
tributaries and in 2000, an enormous pile of garbage collapsed, killing over 200 people
and injuring hundreds more in Payatas, Metro Manila dumpsite, (Asian Development
Bank, 2004).
In Baguio City, the suspension of waste processing operations was earlier

mandated due to the worsening condition of the Irisan dumpsite which forced the city
government to look for an alternative dumpsite. According to Manolo L. Llaneta,
Barangay Captain of Scout Barrio, there were even times when biowaste in barangays
was no longer accepted by garbage collectors due to the difficulty and cost in
transporting it to a distant dumpsite. With that, households and establishments were
caught by surprise and did not know where to dump their biowaste. At present, Baguio
City was able to secure a transfer facility along Marcos Highway but it still has a
difficulty in acquiring a suitable land for its sanitary landfill within the city’s boundary
such that it opted to get into contract with a distant landfill provider that is able to
accommodate the waste of Baguio City.
An audit report that was made by the Commission on Audit (COA) in 2018
states that the city government of Baguio City spent P254.52 million in hauling and
P217.941 million in tipping fees, respectively, to bring its waste outside the city. The
COA’s state auditor affirms that a Solid Waste Management Disposal Facility was not
established due to lack of suitable area to put up the integrated solid waste system
contrary to the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 resulting in
expenditures for hauling and tipping fees totaling P472, 462,097.19 for the calendar
years 2011 to 2017, (Dumlao and Marcelo, 2018).
In 2018, the COA stated that garbage collectors were being paid for P935.50
and P550 in hauling and tipping fees, respectively, for each ton of wastes; on the other
hand, COA urged that Baguio City’s P427 million expenditure is still significant and
could have been used for other development projects (Roxas, 2018).
4|P ag e
As of July 4, 2019, Karlston Lapniten from the Inquirer reported that about
30,000 metric tons of biodegradable waste that had accumulated at the
decommissioned Irisan dump would be gone within three months after Mayor
Benjamin Magalong ordered city officials to convert the area into an ecological park.
Meanwhile, the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) stopped
the operations of the machines in the dumpsite and suspended the hauling of
biodegradable waste to Irisan which lead to Baguio’s nearly plunged into garbage
crisis. To date, the temporary suspension of waste processing operations was lifted by
Baguio City’s Mayor Benjamin Magalong, however, no one really knows when the local
government will again impose the suspension of biowaste collection if the current
means of disposing biowaste is expended and if the concerned government agencies
are not able to comply with the mandate of the mayor.
Meantime, the Irisan dumpsite is still utilized to process biowaste but only for
those from the city market. According to Joe Guererro, supervisor of Irisan dumpsite,
Irisan dumpsite uses two (2) machines in processing compost, namely, the
Environmental Recycling System (ERS) machine and the Hammer-Mill. The output of
the ERS machine produces foul odor when piled in contrast to that of the new
Hammer-Mill machine. Nonetheless, both machines are active in the dumpsite. The
dumpsite has limited facilities such that even with the introduction of the new machine,
batch production which is equivalent to about 13 to 14 tons of raw biowaste from the
city market per day may take 1 to 2 days depending on the workload of the machine.
The dumpsite facility does not allow both machines to run continuously because of the
greater power requirement. The ERS machine requires both electric and diesel fuel to
work, requiring up to 4000 gallons per month, which is very expensive. The Hammer-
Mill works on electric power and is operated up to 3 hours straight, but needs to be
stopped for at least 30 minutes, to prevent overheating and to prolong its life.
Furthermore, the storehouse of piled biowaste is not ventilated and covered so that the
foul odor stinks from both the inside and outside of the storehouse. During rainy days,
soaked biowaste is harder to process and will need the ERS machine, which in
exchange, will halt the operation of Hammer mill since the facility does not allow them
5|P ag e
run simultaneously. With the aforementioned limitations in the Irisan dumpsite,
residents of Baguio are not assured that their biowaste will continuously be collected
by the city government. Somehow, an alternative means to manage biowaste is
significantly necessary.
Indeed, there are other ways to manage biowaste aside from landfills. In-vessel
composting, for example, employs a contained vessel with an operator to maintain
close control over the process. It is not affected by weather conditions. In-vessel
system allows for detailed containment and treatment of air to remove odors before
release. It requires a relatively smaller space which makes it more suitable for
suburban and urban locations compared to the other composting technologies.
However, this method is generally more expensive than the other methods.
Windrow’s composting requires that organic waste is placed into rows of long
piles called windrows and is aerated by turning the pile periodically by either manual or
mechanical methods. This method has the advantage that it is applicable to large
volumes of diverse wastes, including yard trimmings, grease, liquids and animal
byproducts. However, this requires frequent turning of the pile and careful monitoring.
The technique is suitable for large quantities such as that generated by entire
communities and collected by local governments and high volume food-processing
businesses. However, with heat involved in the process, high temperature can
drastically inhibit the process and composting process may stop (Fin-stein and Hogan,
1993).
The drawbacks of the aforementioned large scale methods for disposing

biowaste have led to the advent of ways to manage biowaste in a smaller scale.
Biowaste management at the point of origin such as in the home is now becoming an
inclination. One of the familiar methods that is currently in consideration is the Bokashi
Method.
The Bokashi method uses microorganisms to anaerobically ferment organic

matter in an acidic environment so it can then be rapidly assimilated into the soil. This
method is a fermentation process, not a composting process. In traditional composting,
6|P ag e
anaerobic composting is bad and results in unfavorable by-products. With Bokashi,
food waste can be fermented anaerobically and unfavorable by-products can be
avoided by using a specifically selected group of microorganisms that neutralize
harmful bacteria and encourage the proliferation of beneficial bacteria. Bokashi’s
method of fermenting organic matter anaerobically in a closed system has numerous
benefits: (1) it can compost all types of food waste; (2) it does not have a specific ratio
in mixing greens and browns; (3) no insect or rodent issues. (4) no putrid odors; and
(5) minimal greenhouse gasses are produced (New Society Publishers,2013).
According to the study conducted by Dana Christel entitled “Exploring the Use
of Bokashi as a Soil Fertility Amendment in Northeast Vegetable Production Systems”,
Effective Microorganism (EM) Bokashi applications significantly improved soil fertility
characteristics of a loamy sand soil and increased spinach yields during field and
greenhouse studies in the Northeastern U.S. Based on the results from the present
study, the following conclusions were drawn from the use of EM Bokashi made from
food waste as a soil fertility amendment: (1) Bokashi provided a more prolonged
supply of inorganic nitrogen to plants than vermicomposting, and a more readily supply
of inorganic nitrogen than thermophilic compost, (2) marketable yield was slightly
greater in Bokashi treatments compared to regularly used compost and vermicompost,
(3) the high available nitrogen content of Bokashi and the positive effects its
application had on spinach yield made it competitive economically with vermicompost
and thermophilic compost despite additional hand labor required in its application, (4)
the microbial community in Bokashi treatments had a carbon-substrate utilization
pattern distinct of all other treatments for most of the experiment which we attribute to
a combination of feedstock, anaerobic process, and delayed decomposition processes.
In conclusion, EM Bokashi made from food waste may be a suitable supplement or
alternative to compost and vermicompost in soil fertility management in organic
vegetable production systems, though it is likely better suited to small-scale operations
such as in the home.
The Bokashi method employs a tightly sealed bucket or bin where the biowaste
are deposited. The bucket must be tightly sealed so that air is prevented from getting
7|P ag e
in. However, preventing air from entering the bucket is really impossible everytime a
new batch of biowaste is loaded in. Furthermore, fermentation of biowaste inside the
Bokasi bin generates a leachate or tea which is liquid in form that is a mixture of
everything that went into the bucket. The Bokashi tea is acidic and contains organic
acids, alcohols and other metabolites that accumulate at the bottom of the bucket.
This accumulated tea must be drained off daily to maintain microbial activity and to
prevent the formation of foul odor inside the bucket. The tea that is drained is rich in
nutrients and beneficial microbes which is highly nourishing for plants and can even be
used to combat limescale, sludge and odors.
There are however some challenges with the Bokashi bin or bucket. According
to a Bokashi Bucket user, Jenny Harlen, one of biggest frustration people have with
their Bokashi bin is that now and then it smells and that it smells really off. The reason
a Bokashi bucket starts to smell is, nearly always, because of the moisture inside the
bucket. The easiest way to remove the moisture is to put a newspaper inside the bin
for a few days in order to absorb the humidity and then eventually, most of the smell
will disappear (Harlen, 2019). Another source of the foul odor is the Bokashi tea that is
not drained on a daily basis.
A group of student researchers from the University of Perpetual Help System

College of Engineering and Tech-Voc in Biñan, Laguna came up with a thesis entitled
Automated Bokashi Composting Monitoring System in 2016. The thesis project
featured a Bokashi bucket monitoring system that included moisture level sensor,
humidity sensor, water level sensor, Liquid Crystal Display or LCD, a camera with
OpenCV software that detects the growth of white molds and a GSM, short for Global
System for Mobile communication, notification system that sends messages to the
owner if fermentation is done and if the Bokashi by-products are ready for harvest.
The project was conclusively successful as results showed that the output of the
project was better than the traditional process. However, the project was quite bulky
because of the numerous devices that were installed inside the bucket. There was
also a problem with lighting inside the bucket that required numerous adjustments in
the detection of white molds.
8|P ag e
The current challenges in the biowaste disposal of the City of Baguio and the
benefits of the Bokashi method as a convenient solution, although with its existing
issues on the Bokashi bucket, has led the researchers to propose the Smart Bokashi
Bucket with Automatic Air and Tea Extractor (SmartBoiBucket). The researchers aim
to come up with a simpler and yet efficient Bokashi bucket to aid in biowaste
management especially in places where controlled dumpsites and landfills are difficult
to be realized.
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
This paper aims to seek answers to the following questions in the design and
construction of the Smart Bokashi Bucket with Automatic Air and Tea Extractor
(SmartBoiBucket).
1. How will the Smart Bokashi Bucket with Automatic Air and Tea Extractor
(SmartBoiBucket) operate in terms of :
a) its ability to monitor and extract the amount of air inside the bucket,
b) its ability to daily dispose of the Bokashi tea,
c) its ability to keep track of the duration of the fermentation of the
biowaste,
d) its ability to alert the owner in case of air leak in the system,
e) its ability to remotely inform the owner on the status of air extraction,
drain of Bokashi tea and duration of fermentation.
2. What are the minimum hardware requirements in the design and construction of
the Smart Bokashi Bucket with Automatic Air and Tea Extractor
(SmartBoiBucket) in terms of:
a) its ability to monitor and extract the air inside the bucket,
b) its ability to daily dispose of the Bokashi tea,
c) its ability to keep track of the duration of the fermentation of the
biowaste,
9|P ag e
3. How will the microcontroller be programmed to be able to:
a) monitor and extract the air inside the bucket,
b) daily dispose of the Bokashi tea,
c) keep track of the duration of the fermentation of the biowaste,
4. How will the Smart Bokashi Bucket with Automatic Air and Tea Extractor
(SmartBoiBucket) be tested for proper functionality in terms of:
a) monitoring and extracting the air inside the bucket,
b) daily disposal of the Bokashi tea,
c) keeping track of the duration of the fermentation of the biowaste,
5. What are the maintenance procedures to be undertaken to maximize the
operational life of the Smart Bokashi Bucket with Automatic Air and Tea
Extractor (SmartBoiBucket)?
CONCEPTUAL AND THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

The research conducted by this group shall pursue the input-process-output
correlation such that the content of the input should include the projected or
expected operation of the project, including its needed hardware and software
requirements and specifications for the Smart Bokashi Bucket with Automatic Air
and Tea Extractor (SmartBoiBucket).
To construct the proposed project, the inputs mentioned shall be used. These
inputs are then put to a series of processes to create the proposed project. To
guarantee that the specifications will be carried out, tests are conducted. The
results of the test must meet the minimum specifications and requirements for the
project to be deemed effective in its purpose.
10 | P a g e
INPUT
 Operation of the proposed Smart Bokashi Bucket with Automatic Air and Tea Extractor
(SmartBoiBucket)
 Minimum hardware requirements in terms of
a) its ability to monitor and extract air inside the bucket, b) its ability to daily dispose of the
Bokashi tea, c) its ability to keep track of the duration of the fermentation of the biowaste, d) its
ability to alert the owner in case of air leak in the system, and e) its ability to remotely inform the
owner on the status of air extraction, drain of Bokashi tea and duration of fermentation.
 Program algorithm to be able to:
a) monitor and extract the air inside the bucket, b) daily dispose of the Bokashi tea, c) to keep
track of the duration of the fermentation of the biowaste, d) alert the owner in case of air leak in
the system, and
e) remotely inform the owner on the status of air extraction, drain of Bokashi tea and duration of
fermentation
PROCESS
 Design and construction of the Smart Bokashi Bucket with Automatic Air and Tea
Extractor (SmartBoiBucket) in terms of: a) its ability to monitor and extract the air inside the
bucket, b) its ability to daily dispose of the Bokashi tea, c) its ability to keep track of the duration of
the fermentation of the biowaste, d) its ability to alert the owner in case of air leak in the system,
and e) its ability to remotely inform the owner on the status of air extraction, drain of Bokashi tea
and duration of fermentation.
 Construction and assembly of the materials needed for the proposed project.
 Program Writing for the Smart Bokashi Bucket with Automatic Air and Tea Extractor
(SmartBoiBucket) to be able to: a) monitor and extract the air inside the bucket, b) daily dispose of
the Bokashi tea, c) to keep track of the duration of the fermentation of the biowaste, d) alert the
owner in case of air leak in the system, and e) remotely inform the owner on the status of air
extraction, drain of Bokashi tea and duration of fermentation.
 Testing the proposed research to ensure its working capability in terms of: a) monitoring
and extracting the air inside the bucket, b) daily disposal of the Bokashi tea, c) keeping track of
the duration of the fermentation of the biowaste, d) alerting the owner in case of air leak in the
system, and e) remotely informing the owner on the status of air extraction, drain of Bokashi tea
and duration of fermentation?
 Formulating maintenance procedures maximize the operational life of the Smart Bokashi
Bucket with Automatic Air and Tea Extractor
OUTPUT
 Functional Smart Bokashi Bucket with Automatic Air and Tea Extractor (SmartBoiBucket)
Figure 1. Paradigm of the Smart Bokashi Bucket with Automatic Air and Tea
Extractor (SmartBoiBucket)
11 | P a g e
SCOPE AND DELIMITATION
The Smart Bokashi Bucket with Automatic Air and Tea Extractor
(SmartBoiBucket) is an apparatus that is designed for the home for depositing kitchen
biowaste. The SmartBoiBucket shall be constructed from food-grade containers such
as pickle containers or milk containers. The bucket shall have a capacity of 19 liters.
The bucket has two operations manual and remote. A toggle switch will function
to identify the mode of operation of the bucket. A second switch will set the timer for
two weeks fermentation. A third switch will start or stop system operation. A vacuum
pump that will reduce the air pressure to a very minimal level and at the same time
indicate the level of the air pressure shall be included in the bucket. A current sensor
will be used to monitor the level of air pressure inside the bucket. The removal of air
inside the bucket shall eventually decrease the level of oxygen as required by an
anaerobic system. Motorized ball valve shall be incorporated for the daily disposal of
the Bokashi tea. A real time clock (RTC) shall be included in the project for the
tracking of the duration of fermentation of the biowaste inside the bucket. A GSM
Shield compatible with the microcontroller shall be employed to send SMS message to
the owner every 6pm when the system is in remote mode. A Liquid Crystal Display
shall be used in the manual mode to indicate the status of the extraction of air and
Bokashi tea from the bucket, the fermentation due date and alert signal when air leak
is present in the system. A buzzer shall be used to sound off when there is air leak
into the bucket. An Arduino Uno shall be utilized in the project to monitor input
parameters and drive the output devices based on preset conditions.
(SmartBoiBucket) shall be situated preferably indoors. If it is situated outdoors, the
area must be shaded and protected from any form of liquid that may leak into the
bucket.
The supply will come from an AC line source but a backup rechargeable battery
will be employed in case of power outage. The specification of the battery will depend
on the actual power requirements of the various components used in the proposed
project. This specification will be identified when the final design is in place. The
12 | P a g e
capacity of the bucket will be more or less 19 liters which is the size of a regular
trashbin for a household.
The system will not be able to correct errors or malfunctions on its own.
However it could provide alert signal for a specific fault when there is air leak into the
bucket. Alert signal for other malfunctions in the system are no longer supported.
CONSTRAINTS OF THE STUDY

The operation of the proposed project shall be limited to the following
restrictions:
ENVIRONMENTAL CONSTRAINTS
When the Smart Bokashi Bucket with Automatic Air and Tea Extractor
(SmartBoiBucket) fail it produces nitrous oxide, ammonia, and hydrogen sulfide that
cause the compost piles to stink; the smell is a combination of the gasses mentioned.
The ammonia not only smells but also leaches out of the pile into the ground.
Greenhouse gasses can be produced only when the fermentation of the bokashi
bucket fail. In order to lessen the possibility for the bucket to fail, the automation
process should be successful. This shall conform to the standards on “Philippine Clean
Air Act of 1999” stated in Republic Act No. 8749, which aims to achieve and maintain
clean air that meets the National Air Quality guideline values for criteria pollutants,
throughout the Philippines while minimizing the possible associated impacts to the
economy.
MANUFATURABILITY CONSTRAINTS
The layout design and the production of the Smart Bokashi Bucket with
Automatic Air and Tea Extractor (SmartBoiBucket) shall conform to the standard given
by the Bureau of product standards (BPS) that formulates the Philippine National
Standards (PNS) regarding electronic products. Electronic device design starts with
the selection of components, including the processor, meant for embedded circuitry.
These components typically support low power operation, low power modes.
Designers can make the reasonable trade-offs to shrink the area of circuitry while not
13 | P a g e
sacrificing performance. The device packaging design must utilize materials and
secure all components that enable the device to survive stresses such as extreme
temperatures, vibrations and shocks, moisture, and dust.
MARKETABILITY CONSTRAINTS
The marketing of the product Smart Bokashi Bucket with Automatic Air and Tea
Extractor (SmartBoiBucket) will be met with several constraints, one of which is keen
competition from other products that does almost the same as the SmartBoiBucket
which are already in the market. The researchers went through this constraint by
adding the Smart features, like the automation of extraction of tea and air to the
finished product. Moreover, this product will possibly result to a competitive and cost-
effective price. Another challenge with the marketability of the SmartBoiBucket is that
the Bokashi fermentation and composting process is not a well-known way of
composting locally. Thus, people may not appreciate the device initially. In order to
provide substantial knowledge to recipients, the researchers will include a brochure
containing a discussion of pre-composting process with the use of the Bokashi method
with its advantages and disadvantages.
SUSTAINABILITY CONSTRAINTS
(SmartBoiBucket) shall support the Republic Act 9003 (Ecological Solid Waste
Management Act of 2000) mandating provision for ecological solid waste management
program. The proposed project shall offer alternative management of solid waste
specifically biodegradable waste so that this waste type may no longer be brought to
landfills. However, the amount of biodegrable waste that the proposed project can
accommodate depends on the size of the bucket that is available.
SOCIAL CONSTRAINTS
The Smart Bokashi Bucket with Automatic Air and Tea Extractor (SmartBoiBucket)
shall conform to Republic Act 9003 specifically on Section 2 about people who states
the declaration of policies on citizenry which promotes the product’s integration of
14 | P a g e
ecological solid waste management and resource conservation and recovery topics
into the academic curricula of formal and non-formal education that should be
strengthen for the promotion of environmental awareness and action among the
citizens. The SmartBoiBokashi shall conform to the agenda of this Republic Act for
non-formal education which could be done through seminars for the constituents of
barangays that would integrate the strengthening of ecological solid waste
management during the seminar.
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This Smart Bokashi Bucket with Automatic Air and Tea Extractor
(SmartBoiBucket) shall be able to help solve the challenges with regard to the
management of biodegradable waste specially kitchen wastes in areas where there
is very limited space for biowaste disposal.
The proposed project will be able to help households turn their biowaste into
another useful item that they can be used in growing plants for sustainability. The
fermented biowaste from the Bokashi bucket can be mixed with soil, whether in
open space or in containers, to increase soil fertility. The Bokashi tea that is
extracted from the bucket may be used as fertilizer to plants or to clean drains and
de-clog pipes that are blocked.
The significance of Smart Bokashi Bucket with Automatic Air and Tea Extractor
(SmartBoiBucket) can also extend to the Barangay level to help local officials in
managing their constituent’s biodegradable wastes given that most barangays in
Baguio city are having a hard time disposing biodegradable waste. The bucket,
though, will have to be bigger in capacity compared to the 19 liters for households.
The by-products of the proposed project can be used in their community projects
such as community gardening.
Making this project will give the researchers a chance to apply their knowledge
in electronics in actual applications such as the SmartBoiBucket. The researchers
15 | P a g e
will gain awareness on how serious the problem on waste management is and be
able to contribute an alternative solution.
In conclusion, this proposed project will be able to contribute to the

management of the growing volume of biowaste starting from the local perspective.
The proposed project will give the Local Government Units and especially urban
residents another option in disposing their kitchen wastes which is very necessary
given the problems brought about by the huge volume of biodegradable waste in a
city.
OPERATIONAL AND THEORETICAL DEFINITION OF TERMS
Anaerobic
Anaerobic process occurs in the absence of free or combined oxygen. They

usually produce biogas, a mixture of mostly methane and carbon dioxide. (S.Z.
Ahammad, T.R. Sreekrishnan, 2016)
Anthropogenic
Anthropogenic is defined as changes in nature that is caused by humans.

(Merriam-Webster's collegiate dictionary, 1999)
Automatic Air Extractor
It is the apparatus that shall be designed and constructed by the proponents

aimed to extract the air inside the bucket that will tend to interrupt fermentation
process. The device should extract air after the lid of bucket is closed.
Automatic Tea Extractor

aimed to extract the tea inside the bucket. This device will use a solenoid valve that
will open or close an opening throuh which the Bokashi tea flows. The valve would be
electronically controlled in reference to a specific level of the Bokashi tea in the bucket.
16 | P a g e
Biowaste
Biowaste are materials that may compose of kitchen scraps which are
biodegradable materials. It would be decomposed under anaerobic process. (Friends
of the earth, 2004)
Bokashi
Bokashi is the process of composting kitchen scraps of all kinds, including meat
and dairy products banned from aerobic systems. Bokashi originated from Japan that
means “fermented organic matter”. (Plane natural research center, 2014)
Bokashi Tea
Bokashi Tea refers to the juice of the biodegradable waste that would be
extracted through the solenoid valve (Vanderlinden, 2019).
Fermentation
Fermentation refers to an enzymatically controlled transformation of an

organic compound. (Merriam-Webster's collegiate dictionary, 1999)
Methane
Methane (CH4) is the smallest hydrocarbon molecule and consists of one

carbon atom (prefix meth-) covalently bound with four hydrogen atoms in a
tetrahedron. Due to solid wastes from the meat industry which are produced in large
amounts and with their high content of proteins and fats, these residues are excellent
substrates for anaerobic digestion which holds high potential for methane yield that is
not good for the environment. (Developments in Sedimentology, 2011)
Smart Bokashi Bucket with Automatic Air and Tea Extractor

which aims help in composting biodegradable waste of households. This device will
extract air after the lid of the bucket is closed. The device will also extract Bokashi tea
that would be done electronically based on the level of the tea inside the bucket.
17 | P a g e
SmartBoiBucket
It is a brand name given to the apparatus that will be designed and constructed
by the proponents to help in the composting of biodegradable waste of households.
SmartBoiBucket is short for Smart Bokashi Bucket.
18 | P a g e
CHAPTER II
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY
This chapter discusses the various research design as well as the

methodologies that shall be used to complete the proposed project.
RESEARCH DESIGN
The design and implementation of the project shall employ descriptive and
applied research methodology.
The descriptive research methodology will be used to gather information on the

background of the proposed project as well as on the basic concepts and components
necessary in the construction of the project. Descriptive research will be accomplished
through the conduct of research from various literature and interviews with concerned
government agencies and barangay captains in Baguio regarding their current
methods in managing biowaste in the barangay. There was a need to conduct
interview in the barangay level so that the researchers will have a picture on what the
current system of biowaste management is in that barangay. Also, personnel from the
General Services Office (GSO) of the city of Baguio was interviewed to gather their
insights on the current management of biowaste. The researchers also interviewed
personnel from the Irisan Dump Site in order to gather information on the existing
machineries for composting which are employed in that area. The researchers also
gathered important information on the capability of the capability of these machines as
to whether they could support the entire volume of biowaste of Baguio City. An online
research was also undertaken in order to find out if there has been similar studies and
the group found out that there is indeed one from Laguna. The group were able to
19 | P a g e
communicate with the researchers from Laguna that resulted to a more unique
coverage for this proposed project.
Applied research methodology shall be employed in the course of the design,

construction, and test of the proposed project. In particular, the Rapid Application
Development (RAD) approach shall be used. The concept of rapid application
development (RAD) emphasizes the fast and iterative release of prototypes and
applications. Below are the following steps involved in Rapid Application Development
(RAD):
Figure 2. Rapid Application Development (RAD)
Analysis and Quick Design
This stage will involve the researchers in conceptualizing the project on how
should it be constructed. The input and output should be considered in terms of their
relationship. The input for the proposed project shall include a selector switch for
manual or remote operation. The air extractor shall be in the form of a vacuum pump
which will operate for a predetermined period until air is almost out from the bucket.
Upon selection of the mode of operation, the air extractor along with a current sensor
will initially operate to test if the lid of the bucket is tightly closed. This test procedure
shall be accomplished by the vacuum pump which will extract air for more or less 5
minutes for 3 successions. The 5-minute duration is an initial assumption as this
period may vary depending on the size of the bucket. If the lid is tightly closed, a
loading condition shall be indicated by a sudden increase in the current after sometime
20 | P a g e
of air extraction which is assumed to be about less than 5 minutes. If the lid is not
tightly closed then there is a probability that no loading condition will be indicated in the
3 successive sampling procedures. Once the system detects that the lid is not tightly
closed, air extraction is suspended and an alert signal is generated. Every hour,
thereafter, the vacuum pump and current sensor pair will perform air extraction in the
bucket. This hourly extraction is again an initial assumption as the frequency of this
activity may vary depending on several factors such as the size of the bucket. Air
extraction shall also be conducted after every extraction of the Bokashi tea.
The determination of the presence of air inside the bucket shall depend on the
loading effect on the motor pump. The current through the motor shall be specifically
monitored such that a sudden increase in it during extraction shall mean that air is
almost out. A level sensor will also be used for the Bokashi tea so that at certain
specified level, the system should be able to drain the tea on a daily basis. A Real
Time Clock will be employed to generate continuous timing requirements and to be
able to keep track of the duration of fermentation of the biowaste. An Arduino Uno
microcontroller will be used for the proposed project to read from all input devices and
drive the output devices. The extraction of the Bokashi tea shall be accomplished with
the use of a motorized ball valve which will close or open a pathway for the tea to drain
depending on its level at the catch chamber. The extraction of the Bokashi tea shall
end after a predetermined period depending on the size of the bucket. Further
experimentation is still needed in order to determine this variable. Also, the system
shall be design so that after every extraction of the Bokashi tea, the vacuum pump has
to extract air.
An external monitor in the form of a Liquid Crystal Display shall indicate if air
has been successfully extracted, the tea has been drained, fermentation due date and
alert notice on the due date and when there is air leak into the bucket. A buzzer shall
be included to sound off upon detection of air leak into the bucket and when the
fermentation process is completed. A GSM module is also attached to the bucket for
remote monitoring by the owner. An SMS message on the successful extraction of air
and draining of the tea, fermentation due date and alert notice on the due date and
21 | P a g e
when there is air leak into the bucket shall be sent the owner at 6pm each day for as
long as the system is in remote mode.
When the bucket is finally filled, the lid is again replaced tightly and a trigger
switch is set to commence the monitor of the 2 weeks fermentation period. And the
bucket shall be stored in a cool place until the fermentation is completed. When air
leak is detected, the operation of the vacuum pump is suspended while all others will
operate as usual. A stop button is set when there is a need to fix an error in the
system and the same switch will be used to start normal operation once again.
Hardware requirements will adapt to the prescribed operation of the project. Software
requirements would follow the hardware requirements and features. Block diagram of
the system and initial circuit diagrams should be completed at this stage.
Prototype Cycles
This stage will already involve actual construction of what has been designed.
Modifications on the circuit diagram are still likely to happen quite often at this stage as
new and better options may surface. The construction of the project shall adhere to
set minimum hardware requirements. With the hardware construction complete,
program writing shall commence. Also, software and program considerations shall
adhere to the set minimum software requirements.
Testing
Initial testing procedures will be undertaken for each module in the Bokashi
bucket. The vacuum pump module shall be tested for its capacity to pump air out of the
bucket. A current sensor will be tested to indicate loading of the motor which
corresponds to a state of minimum level of air in the bucket. The motorized ball valve
will be tested for its timely opening and closing in the extraction of the Bokashi tea. The
level sensor shall be tested to determine its capability to sense the level of Bokashi tea
settled at the bottom of the bucket. The Arduino module will be tested for its capability
to handle the number of input and output peripherals. The Real-Time Clock (RTC)
shall be tested for accurate time generation. The power supply will be tested for its
regulated output voltage that will power up the system. The Liquid Crystal Display
22 | P a g e
(LCD) will be tested for its ability to display successful extraction of air, the draining of
tea, fermentation due date and alert notice on the due date and when there is an air
leak in the system. The buzzer shall be tested for its ability to alert the owner in case
of an air leak and when the fermentation period is completed and the GSM module will
be tested for its communicating ability to a mobile phone.
The initial test procedures will impose additional modifications in the circuit
design or even with the physical layout of the SmartBoiBucket. The objective of this
testing stage is to ensure that the project will function according to expectations.
Testing of all electrical and electronic parts will be done with care and precaution to
ensure the safety of the researchers.
Deployment
At this stage, the SmartBoiBucket will be made available for use in a household
kitchen where it was purposely made for.
METHODOLOGY
Methodology is the determination of a group of processes or steps that may be used to

achieve a certain goal. In this methodology, the researchers have come up of ways on
how to make the research be possible to achieve.
Management Aspect
Management is essential for an organized life and necessary to run all types of
management. Good management is the backbone of successful organizations.
Management helps in acquiring group goals such as doing a project study. It arranges
the factors of production, assembles and organizes the resources, efficiently integrates
the resources to achieve goals. It directs group efforts towards the achievement of pre-
determined goals. Management processes include planning, organizing, directing and
controlling. An important aspect of management’s function is the allocation of finite
resources. Management utilizes all the physical & human resources productively. This
leads to efficacy in management. Effective group work does not happen by accident, it
23 | P a g e
is a result of good group management and teamwork. Some of the steps to good group
management are having clear objectives, setting ground rules for the members to
follow, communicating with the group members properly and clearly, and sticking to
deadlines. These are essential when doing group activities and projects. The
management of this project is led by the group promoter. Every week the promoter
meets the group to talk about what happened during the past week concerning the
project. Also, the group is assigned tasks and agendas for the following week. The
group leader will then delegate said tasks to the whole group and gives them a
submission date within that week to meet what was talked about during their meeting
with their promoter. The group treasurer also collects a certain amount to each of the
members weekly for safekeeping. The collection will be used for the group expenses
while making the project.
Planning
Planning is essential in research to be able to manage resources well. It is the

stage where various approaches to problems are laid out in order to determine the
best possible soluitions or answers. The researchers have actually conducted initial
interviews with certain barangays in Baguio on order to have an overview on the
current method of biowaste management in the barangay level. The General Services
Ofice (GSO) and the staff from Irisan dumpsite were also interviewed in order to gain
insight on how capable the city is in managing biowaste citywide. Having gathered
sufficient background for the proposed project from these initial interviews and
literature researches on how the Bokashi method works and if there are similar studies
already undertaken, the researchers started laying out the essentials of this research.
The researchers identified several problems that the study will focus on and in
this planning stage, methods on how each of the identified problem are going to be laid
out. To answer the first problem, the researchers shall refer to online and printed
resources. An inquiry from the researchers of a similar study was already conducted
in order to determine the novelty and deficiency of their project. To answer the second
question, extensive literature research shall be conducted in order to come up with
24 | P a g e
practical minimum hardware and software requirements for the proposed project. To
answer the third problem, research on the microcontroller’s interface requirements and
program scripts from both online and printed resources shall be undertaken. The
answer to the fourth problem shall be based on the specifications of the devices or
components used in accordance to how the proposed project is supposed to operate.
Finally, the answer to the last problem shall also be based on the specifications of the
components used and on literature that specifies recommended set-up parameters for
Bokashi pre-composting.
Organizing
Organizing is the function of management which follows planning. It is the

process of grouping activities and identifying the responsibilities and achieving
coordination among them. The team together with their promoter hold meetings for the
discussion of the proposed project. The team determines the activities needed to be
done for the proposed project to be a success. By dividing the activities to be done in
order, the team creates an efficient schedule for the activities to be accomplished. This
leads to organized step by step activities that lead to the attainment of the desired
output of the research.
Leading
Every researcher of the group has his own area of expertise. The researchers
lead each other with their own expertise. The team leader divides all of the work for the
team and gives deadlines so that the team will accomplish the work to give time for
revisions. The promoter guides all members of the research team making the team
more efficient in doing the research. The promoter ensures that each of the members
of the team helps the others by giving tasks that are handled by not just only one
member but all of the members. The promoter gives a fair amount of attention to the
team as to guide them in the project, but not too much as to letting the team be
dependent on the promoter. The promoter thoroughly watches how the team develops
and make improvements as they continue to progress on the research.
25 | P a g e
Controlling
The group meets with the promoter on a regular basis for updates and
distribution of a new set of work assignment. The promoter makes sure that the team
does not deviate from the research topic.The promoter sees to it that the group is able
to meet the target goals in terms of output and duration. The promoter with the help of
the group leader sees to it that every member of the group does his part in the
completion of the the research.
Team Management
The table below presents the task accomplished by each member of the group.
The activities are for the manuscript of the project proposal.
Table 1. Delegation of Task
NAME ACTIVITY
BORROMEO, JAN  Conducted interview at Irisan

KARLO T.  Conducted interview at GSO
 Conducted interview at Camp 7
 Conducted interview at T. Alonzo
 Did the RRL for the operation of the bucket
 Researched on the hazards of biowaste
 Did the Leading and Controlling on Methodology
 Did the Conceptual and Theoretical Framework
 Did revisions on the Background of the Study
 Did parts on the Constraints of the Study
 Compiled the Bibliography
NOE, CARLO R.  Conducted interview at Irisan and transcribed the interview
 Conducted interview at GSO
 Conducted interview at Scout Barrio and transcribed the
interview
 Transcribed the interview at EMB
 Did the Planning on Methodology
26 | P a g e
 Did the RRL on Testing the Functionality of the project
PARAJAS, NATHANIEL  Conducted interview at Irisan
I.  Conducted interview at GSO and transcribed the interview
 Conducted interview at T. Alonzo and transcribed the
interview
 Transcribed the interview in PMA
 Did the Management Aspect on Methodology
 Did the RRL on Testing the Functionality of the project
TOLENTINO,  Conducted interview at Irisan
JONATHAN C.  Conducted interview at GSO
 Did the Analysis and Quick Design on Methodology
 Did the RRL on the minimum hardware requirements on
Design and Construction of the project
 Did parts on the Cosntraints of the Study
UNGOS, RHODNEY T.  Conducted interview at Irisan
 Conducted interview at GSO
 Did the overview of the study
 Did the Testing and Deployment on Research Design
 Did the RRL on the minimum hardware requirements on
27 | P a g e
Design and Construction of the project
TACLAOAN, LEMOREE  Conducted interview at Irisan

ANNE F.  Conducted interview at GSO
 Conducted interview at Scout Barrio
 Did the Multidisciplinary on Methodology
 Did the RRL How the Microcontroller be programmed for the
project
 RRL on maintenance procedures to be undertaken to
maximize the operational life of the project
 Completed the Preliminary Block Diagram
TUMULAK, ANGELICA  Conducted interview at Irisan
E.  Conducted interview at GSO
 Conducted interview at Irisan
 Did the RRL for the operation of the bucket
 Researched on the benefits of biowaste
 Did the organizing on Methodology
 Did the Conceptual and Theoretical Framework
 Arranged and Compiled the Manuscript
 Did the Chronogram of Activities and Team Management
28 | P a g e
WAGE, ROZEL M.  Conducted interview at EMD
 Conducted interview at PMA
 Did the Prototype Cyles of Research Design
 Did the RRL How the Microcontroller be programmed for the
project
 RRL on maintenance procedures to be undertaken to
maximize the operational life of the project
 Completed the Scope and Delimitations of the Project
 Prepared letters to sent out on interviews
Multidisciplinary
Projects usually involve several areas of discipline. As for the SmartBoiBucket,

the researchers will need the help of Chemical Engineers in verifying the chemical
composition of the Bokashi tea that will provide nutrition to plants, the chemical
components of the pre-composted biowaste that will provide nutrition to the soil and
that of biowaste and other possible considerations that may later on arise. Help is also
needed from Agriculturists for the proper management of the fermented soil and for
production of a commercial grade compost. Entreprenueral support may also essential
in order to come up a market competitive compost and, of course, the SmartBoiBucket
itself.
29 | P a g e
TIME MANAGEMENT
Chronogram of Proposed Activities
The table below shows the lists of activities that are done and will be done from
the month of August to December 2019. These activities are all in preparation for
the proposal defense for the project. The actual construction of the project will be
continued from the month of January to May 2020.
Table 2. Chronogram of Proposed Activities
ACTIVITIES MONTH
MAR
NOV
MAY
AUG
OCT
DEC
APR
SEP
FEB
JAN
A. Finalization of research X X
groups lecture on research,
approval of project topic
B. Preparation of research
proposal
1. Literature review, preliminary X
interviews, needs assessment
2. Writing of the introduction X
(problem objective/s research
questions, significance, etc.)
3. Writing of the methods X
section (with identified research
design, preliminary overview of
operation of the proposed
project, preliminary block
diagram)
4. Identification of minimum X
hardware/software
requirements, preliminary
design of circuits/modules
30 | P a g e
needed)
5. Finalization of proposal and X
defense proposal
6. Incorporation of suggestions/ X
recommendations
C. Project Design and
Construction
1. Finalization of block diagram, X
circuit design of modules
2. Procurement of electronic X
components, construction of
modules
D. Testing/Troubleshooting of
modules
1. Testing individual modules X
according to specifications
2. Interfacing of modules, X
testing/troubleshooting to
complete project, recording of
results
E. Preparation of final
report/output
1. Writing the manuscript X
2. Editing X
3. Presentation and oral X
defense
4. Revisions X
31 | P a g e
SCHEDULE OF OUTPUTS
Table 3 shows the outputs to be completed for every activity along with the
submission dates. The aim of this is to endure proper time management so that the
proposed project will be completed within the allotted time frame.
Table 3. Schedule of Outputs
Activity Outputs to be Submitted Deadline
First meeting with the  Individual researches on August 24, 2019

promoter Bokashi Bucket
 Proposed title for the
project
Sharing of knowledge on  Research on August 31, 2019

bokashi bucket &  Maximum level of
Discussion on how to oxygen per length and
automate the bucket size
 Extracting oxygen
 Bokashi tea
 Boundaries of Bokashi
 Past Researches on
Bokashi
Further discussion on  Research on September 7, 2019

Bokashi Bucket  Correlation of oxygen
and methane
 Duration of aeration
 Interview
 General Services Office
 Environmental
32 | P a g e
Management Bureau
Reported to the promoter  Research on September 14, 2019

the result of the interviews  Concept of vacuum
sealer
 Crib Composting
 Methane and Oxygen
 Start the write up on
Background of the Study
 Introduction on biowaste
 Hazards and Benefits of
Biowaste
 Management of
Biowaste
Discussed the Background  Revision of the September 28, 2019

of the Study Background of the Study
 Interview Head Barangay of
Teodora Alonzo
Discussed the Background  Revision of the October 5, 2019

 Interview
 Head Barangay of
Philippine Military
Academy
 Operation Supervisor
of Irisan Dumpsite
33 | P a g e
of the Study and the Background of the Study
Statement of the Problem  Interview
 Head Barangay of
Scout Barrio
 Operation Supervisor
of Irisan Dumpsite

 Start the write up for
Chapters I, II, and III
 Transcribe the
interviews
Discussed Chapters I, II  Revision November 2, 2019

and III
Discussed revisions on  Revision November 12, 2019

Chapters I,II, and III
Discused initial plans for

the project defense
Discused plans for the  Final revisions November 16, 2019

project defense
34 | P a g e
OVERVIEW OF THE OPERATION OF THE SMART BOKASHI BUCKET WITH
AUTOMATIC AIR AND TEA EXTRACTOR (SmartBoiBucket)
The SmartBoiBucket shall operate in two modes, namely, manual mode and
remote mode. The difference between the manual mode and the remote mode is on
the display monitor and the alert device to be used. The manual mode will make use
of an LCD which shall be attached to the bucket for the presentation of designated
variables, whereas, the remote mode shall make use of mobile cellular screen to
display the same variables. An additional alert device in the form of a buzzer will be
added to the bucket for the manual mode. Alert signal for the remote mode shall be
displayed on the cellular mobile screen.
To start operation, biowaste is needed to be deposited into the bucket.
However, it is necessary to initially spread Bokashi bran whose amount should be
enough to cover the surface of the screen support. The Bokashi bran is responsible
for the introduction of desirable bacteria during fermentation. The bran will be followed
by about 2 inches of biowaste regardless of the diameter and then followed by a layer
of bran again, and the process repeats until all biowaste in a given batch is deposited
into the bucket or until the bucket is filled with biowaste. It is important to note that
when the bucket is already filled or even when it is not yet full such that a succeeding
batch may follow, the top layer should always be a layer of the bran prior to the
replacement of the lid. It is suggested that the loading of biowaste into the bucket
would be done in bulk volume in order to minimize the opening of the lid.
After every deposit of biowaste into the bucket, the lid must be replaced tightly
to prevent air from entering. Air inside the bucket will disrupt the normal process of
fermentation and may produce the presence of undesirable bacteria instead of the
desirable ones.
Once the lid is replaced, a selector switch for the manual or the remote mode
must be set. In the manual mode, the vacuum pump will start to extract air for 5
minutes. A sudden increase in the current as detected by the current sensor will mean
that there is loading effect in the motor and that air is almost out from the bucket, thus
the lid must be tightly sealed. If there is no sudden increase in the current, air
extraction will continue for the next 5 minutes and then repeats for another 5 minutes.
35 | P a g e
If there is no sudden increase in the current for the entire 15-minute duration, the
system stops air extraction and an alert signal is generated. Air extraction shall
happen every hour and in case the cause of the malfunction was determined and
resolved, a Start button will commence normal operation once again. In case there is
an air leak into the bucket, only the operation of the vacuum pump will be suspended,
all other parts of the system shall continue to operate. A stop button is set when there
is a need to fix an error in the system or during maintenance procedures and the same
switch will be used to start normal operation once again.
Having successfully extracted air from the bucket, the system will subsequently
extract the Bokashi tea which is deposited at the bottom of the bucket just under the
screen support. The screen support could be a plastic or stainless material with small
holes in it so that tea may drain through while at the same time supporting the entire
layer of bran and biowaste on top.
A non-contact level sensor shall be attached to the bucket from the outside. A
non-contact level sensor will be necessary in order to avoid corrosion of its metallic
parts since the Bokashi tea is basically acidic. The setting of the valid level for
detection must be a bit lower in order to ensure that this level will definitely be attained
everyday since it is necessary to remove the tea everyday, otherwise it will serve as
the source of undesirable bacteria and foul odor. A ball valve shall also be used to
drain the tea. This valve will open when the valid level for extraction is achieved and
closes after a predetermined period. The exact time of closure of the ball valve cannot
yet be determined as it is depedent on the size of the bucket. This will be identified
specifically after experimentation. The Bokashi tea that will be drained shall be
deposited to a sealed container in order to contain its foul odor.
A Liquid Crystal Display shall be attached to the bucket to display if air
extraction is successful or not, if Bokashi tea extraction is successful or not, the
fermentation due date, an alert signal if fermentation is already due, and an alert signal
if there is some error in the set-up such as when air is never depleted which could
mean that the lid is not sealed.
A buzzer shall also be included which will sound off when the fermentation is
due or when there is error in the set-up.
36 | P a g e
Once the bucket is filled with biowaste, the lid should again be sealed tightly
and a switch is set to start the timing for fermentation. It should take 2 weeks to fully
ferment the biowaste in the bucket. The microcontroller must be able to monitor this
duration from the time that the switch to trigger fermentation was set. Within the two
weeks period, the bucket must never be opened and it must be stored in a cool place.
Also, during the fermentation period, both air and tea extraction shall still be
undertaken. The display of the aforementioned variables on the LCD shall still
continue and alarm device will still be in active mode.
With the remote mode of operation, the same process wll follow except that the
operation of the LCD and buzzer shall be suspended. The information on the state of
extraction of both air and tea, the fermentation due date, the alert signal if fermentation
is already due and the alert signal if there is air leak into the bucket shall be displayed
on the cellular mobile screen. This information shall be sent by the system in the form
of an SMS message via the GSM module to the owner at 6pm each day for as long as
the system is in the remote mode.
With the fermentation process completed, the owner can already mix the
fermented biowaste with soil. The Bokashi tea is mixed with water and may be used
as organic fertilizer for plants. The bokashi bucket can then be reused for the next
batch of biowaste.
37 | P a g e
PERSPECTIVE OF THE PROPOSED SMART BOKASHI BUCKET WITH
Figure 3. Model of the SMART BOKASHI BUCKET WITH AUTOMATIC AIR AND
TEA EXTRACTOR (SmartBoiBucket)
Figure 4. Layering of Biowaste Inside the SmartBoiBucket
38 | P a g e
Figure 3 shows the model of the SmartBoiBucket which will start as an empty
bucket. A screen support will installed from the bottom of the bucket with a given
clearance. The clearance will serve as a catch chamber for the Bokashi tea that is
produced during fermentation. This chamber will contain the motorized ball valve to
drain the tea, whereas a non-contact level sensor shall be installed in the region of the
catch chamber but on the outside of the bucket. A non-contact level sensor will be
used in order to prevent corrosion of the metallic parts of the sensor. The vacuum
pump hose will be installed at the upper portion of the bucket close to the lid and on
the same side as the microcontroller module. The current sensor shall be integrated to
the vacuum pump. The microcontroller and its GSM shield, the LCD and the buzzer
shall all comprise the control module and it will be outside of the bucket on the same
side as the vacuum pump. This orientation will allow tilting of the bucket for discard of
the biowaste on just one side opposite the location of the electronic modules. A toggle
switch for the selection of mode of operation and a Reset button to commence normal
operation following a malfunction shall both be included in the control module.
Figure 4 demonstrates the layering of the Bokashi bran and the biowaste. The
surface of the screen support must initially be covered with Bokashi bran prior to
depositing the first layer of biowaste which is about 2 inches regardless of the bucket
diameter. On top of the biowaste will be another layer of bran and the process repeats
until all biowaste in a given batch is deposited into the bucket or until the bucket is
filled with biowaste. It is important to note that when the bucket is already filled or even
when it is not yet full such that a succeeding batch may follow, the top layer should
always be a layer of the bran prior to the replacement of the lid. It is suggested that the
loading of biowaste into the bucket would be done in bulk volume in order to minimize
the opening of the lid
39 | P a g e
PRELIMINARY BLOCK DIAGRAM
Figure 5 is an illustration of the preliminary block diagram. The input

components needed are the current sensor, the non-contact level sensor, the
fermentation switch the selector switch, the Stop button and the Arduino Real Time
Clock (RTC). The Arduino microcontroller will read from the input elements and
correspondingly drive the output elements. The output shall comprise of a motorized
ball valve, vacuum pump, GSM Shield, Buzzer, and Liquid Crystal Display.
INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT
Selector Switch
Motorized Ball Valve
Non-contact
Level sensor
Vacuum Pump
(Check Valves)
RTC Microco
(DS1302 Module) ntroller GSM Shield
(Arduino (Sim800L Module Gsm)
UNO)
Stop Button
LCD I2C
Fermentation Switch
Buzzer
(Piezo Buzzer)
Current Sensor
Figure 5. Preliminary Block Diagram of the SMART BOKASHI BUCKET WITH

40 | P a g e
DESCRIPTION OF EACH BLOCK
INPUTS
Non-contact Level Sensor
This is a device that will be used for the monitor of the level of the
Bokashi tea from outside of the bucket.
Arduino Real Time Clock (RTC)
This is a device that keeps track of the current time and that can be used
in order to program actions at a certain time. This device will be used for the
timing requirements in monitoring of the fermentation due date, the daily
disposal of the of the Bokashi tea as well as in the daily SMS update to the
owner when in remote mode.
Current sensor
This is a device that detects the sudden increase in the current through
the vacuum pump motor which is an indication that there is minimal air in the
bucket.
Fermentation Switch
This is a switch that will commence the start of the 2-week fermentation
process monitored by the microcontroller.
Start/Stop Switch
This switch will be used to start normal operation of the system or to stop
its operation for maintenance purposes.
Selector Switch
This switch will be used to set the operation of the bucket to manual or
remote mode.
PROCESS
Microcontroller
An Arduino Uno will be used which has 20 I/O terminals that could
sufficiently support the number of input and output peripherals of the proposed
project.
41 | P a g e
OUTPUT
Motorized Ball Valve
A motorized ball valve is a shut-off valve that controls the flow
of liquids. This device will be used for the disposal of the Bokashi tea.
Vacuum pump
This is a device that will be used in the proposed project to extract air
from the bucket.
GSM Shield
This is an Arduino-compatible communication module that sends SMS
messages between cell phones, or from a PC or handheld to a cell phone. This
will be used to update the owner of the status of the bucket at remote operation.
Buzzer
This is an audio device that makes a buzzing or beeping sound. This
device will operate as an alarm to alert the owner when fermentation is already
completed or when malfunctions or errors are present in the system.
Liquid Crystal Display
A device which displays the information on a screen, it uses liquid
crystals that become visible when electricity is passed through them (Collins
Dictionary). This will be used to indicate if air extraction is successful or not, if
Bokashi tea extraction is successful or not, the fermentation due date, an alert
signal if fermentation is already due, and an alert signal if there is air leak into
the bucket.
42 | P a g e
PROCESS FLOWCHART
A START
\
Manual Mode Remote

of
Operati
on?
- Activate LCD, buzzer, level - Activate GSM, current

sensor, current sensor sensor, level sensor
- Deactivate GSM - Deactivate LCD and buzzer
- Initialize counter for air

extraction C1=0
- Start 1 hour monitoring
- Start 24 hours monitoring
Extract Air
F
\ No
D
s
\ Is there
No No
Current s Is 5
mins
Yes s
spike?
No over s
? Is
s Is it time Inc C1 C1=3
to Yes Yes ?
monitor
2 weeks? s Deactivate s
Vacuum pump
Check on the level

of bokashi tea Remote Mode Manual
of C
operati \
on?
B
\
Yes No
s s
Is the Is the Yes
Is No bokashi Yes Drain the tea bokashi
C1=3
s tea level
s tea s
? high? level
low?
No Stop Draining
s
Yes
Is 1
LCD Display:
s hour
State of air extraction: n-time
Manual Mode of
passed? operatio
State of tea extraction:
No n?
Fermentation date: ______
s
Remote
No
Is
fermentat s
ion switch No Is it
set? 6pm?
s
G
Yes E
\
\
43 | P a g e s
LCDDisplay: state of
C Turn on buzzer extraction with warning Stop Stop
(FAILED AIR EXTRACTION) button operation for
\
pressed? maintenance
A
\ B
No \
s
Is 2 Mode of Send SMS
Strat the 2 weeks
weeks Yes State of air extraction: n-time
count an Set operatio
D
\ fermentation
complet
e?
s n? Remote State of tea extraction
Fermentation date ______ completed
switch
Manual
Stop operation
Turn on buzzer
Unload biowaste and cleaning of
bucket in preparation for next batch
G
\ LCD Display:
State of tea extraction
Is Send SMS Stop

State of air extraction with warning
button
No
E C1=3? B
State of tea extraction
\ Fermentation date ______ completed
pressed? s \
Send SMS Yes

State of tea extraction:
A s
Fermentation date: ______ \ Stop
operation for
maintenance
LCD Display:
Mode of Manual State of air extraction: n-time
operatio A Stop
F State of tea extraction: operation for
n?
Fermentation date: ______
\
\ maintenance
Remote Yes
s
Yes Is Send SMS Stop
Is it No button
6pm? s C1=3 State of air extraction with warning
pressed?
? s State of tea extraction
No
Send SMS No
s State of air extraction: n-time A
A State of tea extraction:
\
s
\ Fermentation date: ______ B
\
Figure 6. Process Flow chart of the SMART BOKASHI BUCKET WITH

44 | P a g e
At the start, the user will choose between manual mode and normal mode. In
manual mode, the LCD, buzzer, level sensor, is activated and the GSM module is
deactivated while in remote mode, LCD and buzzer are the ones that is deactivated
and the other modules are activated. In either of the two modes of operation, the
system will initialize the counter C for air extraction to zero and will start both the one
hour and five minute monitoring from the RTC.
After the initializations, the pump will start extracting air as and will only stop if
there is a current spike or the value of counter C is equal to three. As the pump starts
extracting air, the five minute timer is counting down. After the countdown, the value of
the counter C will be incremented by 1. This process will repeat until there is a current
spike or counter C reaches a value of three. If C does reach the value of three, this
means that there is an air leak in the bucket. The system will now determine what
mode is the SmartBoiBucket on. If it is manual mode, the buzzer will turn on and the
LCD will display a warning about the air leak to inform the owner. The system will now
check if the stop button is pressed. If the said button is pressed, which means the
owner knows now that there is an air leak and is doing something about it, the system
will stop all operations for maintenance. If the button is not pressed, the vacuum pump
will be deactivated. If the bucket is in remote mode, the vacuum pump will be
deactivated immediately. In the case of a current spike before C reaches the value of
3, the vacuum pump will also deactivate because there is no more air inside the bucket
to be pumped out.
Next, the microcontroller will check on the level of the Bokashi tea. If the tea
level is low, the system will check if there is an air leak by looking into the value of
counter C. If the value of C is three, the system will check the tea level repeatedly until
the level becomes high. In the case of C is less than three, there is no air leak and the
LCD will display the state of the air and tea extraction as well as the number of air and
tea extractions done during the whole cycle and also the fermentation due date if
available. If the tea level is high, the ball valve will drain the tea until it reaches the low
level sensor.
After the draining of tea, the system will again look into the current mode of
operation of the SmartBoiBucket. If it is manual mode and there is no air leak, C is less
45 | P a g e
than three, the LCD will display the state of the air and tea extraction as well as the
number of air and tea extractions done and also the fermentation due date if available.
If it is remote mode, the system will check the time from the RTC and if it is Six o’clock
pm, the system will again look into the value of counter C. If C is equal to three, the
Arduino will send a Warning SMS to the owner through the GSM module informing the
owner about the air leak, and the information about the extraction of tea and also the
fermentation due date if available. If C is not equal to three, the Arduino will send a
Success SMS to the owner about the state of the air and tea extraction as well as the
number of air and tea extractions done and also the fermentation due date if available.
After the warning SMS has been sent, the system will now check if the stop button is
pressed. If the said button is pressed, which means the owner knows now that there is
an air leak and is doing something about it, the system will stop all operations for
maintenance. In the case of the button being not pressed, the system will return to
checking the volume of the tea because there is still an air leak that has not been
solved yet. If the time from the RTC is not at Six o’clock pm, the system will check on
the timer of one hour from the initialization done at the start.
After the step of LCD displaying various information about the operation of the
bucket with no extraction failure, and also after the Arduino had sent a Success SMS,
the system will check on the status of the one hour timer from the initialization done at
the start. If one hour has passed, another round of air extraction will happen and the
process mentioned above will be repeated.
If the one hour timer is not yet reached, the system will now check on the status
of the bucket in terms of fullness. The bucket is read as full by the system if the trigger
switch is on. If the bucket is not yet full the LCD will display the state of the air and tea
extraction as well as the number of air extractions done and also the fermentation due
date if available, after the LCD has displayed the said information, the system will go
back to start. If the bucket is full, the arduino microcontroller will start monitoring two
weeks from the time that the trigger switch is activated. From that point on, the system
will now detect if there is an ongoing timer for two weeks to avoid resetting the current
two week countdown. Once the two weeks is reached, the LCD will display the state of
the air and tea extraction as well as the number of air extractions done and also that
46 | P a g e
the fermentation is now complete. After the LCD has displayed the said information,
the bucket will stop all operations to give way for the unloading of biowaste and
cleaning of the bucket in preparation for the next batch then it will return to start.
47 | P a g e
PROGRAM FLOWCHART
A=mode of operation (switch)

B=current sensor D
C=level sensor (tea)
D=real time clock (1 hour) Choose
E=real time clock (2 weeks) mode of If A=1
F=status of Bucket (full or not) operation (remote)
START A
G=0 (for 5 minutes checking)
H=0 (counter for air pump x3)
I=real time clock (6pm)
J=0 (counter for air pump)
K=0 (counter for tea extract)
L=0 (counter for low level)
Valve=0 (closed) If A=0 Check
Pump=0 (off) (manual) H
Buzzer=0 (off) A
Pump=1
If H<3
If H<3 If G=1 If G=0

G=G+1
If H=3
G=0
Check H=H+1 Check If B=low
H G
Check
current
If B=high
sensor
If H=3 Pump=0 If A=0 Buzzer=1 B
G=0
Display LCD: Pump=0
Display LCD: If A=1
FERMENTATION Malfunction
COMPLETE
Counter
J=J+1
END A If D=1
Text user through GSM: Check

If A=0 C
FERMENTATION level
COMPLETE C
If F=0
Check
RTC If C=high If C=low
If A=1 If E=1 D
If D=0
Counter
K=K+1
B B
Check
RTC E
Check Valve=0 Valve=1
status
F
C If E=0
If L=0
If L=1 Check
If F=1 L
48 | P a g e
Display LCD:
If H<3
# of successful pump: J
C If A=0 # of successful extract: K
If H=3
Display LCD:
Failed air extraction
If A=1 # of successful extract: K
Set J=0
Set K=0 D
Text user through GSM:
If H=3 Failed air extraction
# of successful extract: K
If I=0 Check If I=1
RTC I
Text user through GSM:
If H<3 # of successful pump: J
# of successful extract: K
If H=3
If H<3
Figure 7. Program Flow chart of the SMART BOKASHI BUCKET WITH

The program of the smartboi bucket is divided into two main programs: one for
when the user is near (manual) and the other for when the user is far (remote). When
the bucket is in manual mode, all operations done is displayed in the LCD. When the
bucket is in remote mode, all operations done are sent to the user via GSM module
once a day. Same set of operations is done through both.
The set of operations for both modes is further subdivided into two types: the
bucket is “full” and the bucket is “not full”. For the bucket is “not full”,
First the mode of operation is chosen by a means of a switch. Next the vacuum
automatically starts extracting the air when it does not detect an air leak. When it
detects an air leak, it proceeds to check the tea level as extraction of air will not be
effective. When it has started extracting the air, the microcontroller monitors the time.
When five minutes has gone by and the current is still low, it continues to suck out the
air. When the five-minute extraction has been repeated three times and the current is
still low, the vacuum pump stops extracting the air and proceeds to notify the user of
the malfunction by displaying it in the lcd and turning on the buzzer in the manual
mode. When the mode is on remote, it waits until six in the evening before notifying the
user through sms. If the current is high, the vacuum pump stops sucking the air, stores
49 | P a g e
in a variable the number of extractions done, and proceeds to the checking of the tea
level. When the tea level is low, the microcontroller proceeds to checking the RTC if
one hour has passed since the last air extraction. When the tea level is high, it opens
the valve for tea extraction and stores in a variable the number of times of tea
extractions. If the tea level is not low, it continues to open the valve until the level
sensor detects a low amout of tea. After that it closes the valve and checks the RTC if
one hour has passed since the last extraction of air. If one hour have passed, it goes
back to extracting air. If one hour have not passed, it checks the status of the bucket
whether it is full or not. When the bucket is not full, in the manual mode, it displays in
the LCD the number of air extractions and tea extractions if the it does not detect air
leak and goes back to choosing a mode of operation. When it detects an air leak, it
displays a failed air extraction and the number of tea extracions and goes back to
choosing a mode of operation. In the remote mode, it checks if it is six already six in
the evening. If it is six in the evening, when the bucket has no air leak, the user is
notified on the number of air extractions and tea extractions and then goes back to and
goes back to choosing a mode of operation. When the bucket has air leak, it notifies
the user on that air extraction has failed and shows the number of tea extractions and
then goes back to and goes back to choosing a mode of operation. When the bucket is
full, it checks the RTC if 2 weeks has passed since triggering the “full” switch. If two
weeks have not passed, the bucket does the same as that when the bucket is not full.
When the two weeks have passed, the LCD displays that the fermentation is complete
in the manual mode. In the remote mode, the GSM notifies the user that fermentation
is complete.
When error is detected, stop button is pushed to reset all functions and the
whole process starts again from the beginning.
50 | P a g e
BUDGET MANAGEMENT
Bill of Materials
The table below shows the lists of components needed for the proposed project.
It also shows the projected cost taken cost taken from local suppliers.
Table 4. Breakdown of Costs
QUANTITY ITEM UNIT TOTAL COST SOURCE

COST
1 Arduino Uno P399 P399 Layad Circuits

Microcontroller
1 LCD I2C 20x4 P350 P350 Shopee
2 Rechargeable Battery P40 P80 Shopee

12VDC)
1 Ball Valve P850 P850 Shopee
1 Sim800L Module Gsm P763 P763 Lazada

with shield
1 Vacuum Pump P110 P110 Shopee
1 Regulated Power Supply P176 P176 Lazada
1 Current Sensor P250 P250 Layad Circuits
2 Non-contact Level Sensor P250 P500 Lazada
1 Buzzer P95 P95 Lazada
10m Wires P10 P100 Protown
1 Casing P100 P100 Lazada
1 19 Liter Bucket P100 P100 Lazada
51 | P a g e
4m 4mmx2.5mm Pneumatic P70 P70 Shopee
Polyurethane Air Hose
Tube
1 Reset switch P20 P20 Protown
2 Selector Switch P30 P60 Protown
P4023
52 | P a g e
CHAPTER III
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter discusses the different literatures that will help in the construction
of the Smart Bokashi Bucket with Automatic Air and Tea Extractor (SmartBoiBucket).
This will contain the basics of design from other research topics and their relevance to
the project study.
OPERATION OF THE SMART BOKASHI BUCKET WITH AUTOMATIC AIR AND

TEA EXTRACTOR (SmartBoiBucket)
a. Extraction of Air in the Bucket
The main process of the bokashi composting is the fermentation. For this to
happen, minimal oxygen or no oxygen (if possible) is required.
Fig. 8 is a photo of a check valve. The check valve

working principle is based on allowing flow in one direction
and automatically preventing flow in the reverse direction.
Check valves are one of the only valves that are completely
self-automated and do not require human interaction to
manually cycle them. The construction of a check valve is
Fig. 8. Check Valve
normally quite simple including components such as a body, seat, disc and cover.
These valves are flow sensitive and depend on media to open and close the seat. The
internal disk allows media to flow forwards, which forces the valve to open. The flow is
then reversed, closing the valve.
53 | P a g e
Fig. 9 shows a vacuum pump that removes the air from an
enclosed system by suction to progressively decrease the air density
within the confined space so that vacuum is created. It evacuates the
air contained within a system due to which the mechanical input energy
of a rotating shaft is converted into pneumatic energy. Fig. 9. Vacuum pump
RESEARCHERS’ NOTE:
From the processes that the vacuum pump and the check valve offer, both of
them are suited for the SmartBoiBucket but the researchers will use a vacuum pump
for its operation is more suitable to the project. Vacuum pump is more suitable than
check valve because it is designed to extract air out of a container.
b. Monitor of Air in the Bucket
Fig. 10 shows a Barometric pressure sensor which

measures the absolute pressure of the air around them. This
pressure varies with both the weather and altitude. It
measures the absolute pressure of the air around it. It has a
measuring range from 300 to 1100hPa with accuracy down
Fig. 10. Barometric to 0.02 hPa. It can also measure altitude and temperature.
pressure sensor
Depending on how the data is interpreted, changes in the
weather can be monitored, altitude measurement, or any other tasks that require an
accurate pressure reading.
Fig. 11 shows a current sensor which is a device that

detects electric current in a wire and generates a signal
proportional to that current. This can serve as an air sensor by
measuring the current taken by a motor. A high amount of Fig. 11. Current Sensor
54 | P a g e
current will be drawn to the motor when air is not present in the system.
The researchers will use the current sensor for monitoring the air inside the
bucket because it is more appropriate for the proposed project than the barometric
pressure.
c. Disposal of Bokashi Tea
Bokashi tea is known to have a great importance as it is said to be full of

nutrients. It is accumulated at the bottom of the bokashi bucket as the process of
fermentation occurs inside the bokashi. However, when this tea is left inside the
bucket, it starts to smell. Therefore, it is adviced to dispose the tea out of the bucket
once in a while.
Fig. 12 shows a solenoid valve which is known as an

electromechanical controlled valve. The valve features a
solenoid, which is an electric coil with a movable
ferromagnetic core in its center. This core is called the
plunger. In rest position, the plunger closes off a small orifice.
An electric current through the coil creates a magnetic field.
Fig 12.Solenoid Valve The magnetic field exerts a force on the plunger. As a result,
the plunger is pulled toward the center of the coil so that the orifice opens. This is the
basic principle that is used to open and close solenoid valves.
Fig. 13 shows Gate valves work by inserting a

rectangular gate or wedge into the path of a flowing
fluid. They are operated by a threaded stem which
connects the actuator (generally a hand wheel or
motor) to the stem of the gate. It is generally used to
completely shut off fluid flow or, in the fully open
position, provide full flow in a pipeline. Thus it is used Fig 13.Gate Valve
either in the fully closed or fully open positions.
55 | P a g e
Fig. 14 shows a Stainless ball valve which is a shut-off
valve that controls the flow of a liquid or gas by means of a
rotary ball having a bore. By rotating the ball a quarter turn (90
degrees) around its axis, the medium can flow through or is
blocked. They are characterized by a long service life and
provide a reliable sealing over the life span, even when the
Fig 14. Ball Valve valve is not in use for a long time
Researchers will choose to use a stainless ball valve as it is more appropriate

for the project. Stainless Ball Valves are used for corrosive media and aggressive
environments that is why it is more suitable because it can handle the acidic nature of
bokashi tea. Also, the ball valves are better at avoiding leakage as it seals much tighter
and does not require pressure to operate.
d) Tracking the Duration of the Fermentation Process of the Biowaste
The process of the bokashi bucket is simple. Place food scraps in the pail and
sprinkle bokashi bran on top. Squish it down tight to get the air out. Close the lid. The
method will repeat until the bucket is full. After a few weeks, when the pail is full,
contents of the bucket must be taken outside, and use it as a compost.
Fig. 15 shows OpenCV (Open Source Computer Vision

Library) which is an open source computer vision and machine
learning software library. OpenCV was built to provide a common
infrastructure for computer vision applications and to accelerate
the use of machine perception in the commercial products. It has
C++, Python, Java and MATLAB interfaces and supports
Fig 15.Open CV logo
Windows, Linux, Android and Mac OS.
The library has more than 2500 optimized algorithms, which includes a
comprehensive set of both classic and state-of-the-art computer vision and machine
learning algorithms. These algorithms can be used to detect and recognize faces,
identify objects, classify human actions in videos, track camera movements, track
56 | P a g e
moving objects, extract 3D models of objects, produce 3D point clouds from stereo
cameras, stitch images together to produce a high resolution image of an entire scene,
find similar images from an image database, remove red eyes from images taken
using flash, follow eye movements, recognize scenery and establish markers to
overlay it with augmented reality, etc. Moreover, it can be installed in a computer
device in order to view the picture and analog count of a certain color detected.
Fig. 16 shows An RTC or Real Time Clock

which is a Timekeeping device, usually in the form
of an Integrated Circuit (IC). An RTC is battery
powered and keeps track of the current time even
when there is no power. Real Time Clock ICs are
Fig. 16. Real Time Clock present in computers, servers, and many
embedded systems and in fact they are used wherever it is required to keep an
accurate time.
A real-time clock is a clock that keeps track of the current time and that can be
used in order to program actions at a certain time. RTC can continue to operate in any
sleep mode, so it can be used to wake up the device from sleep modes in a
programmed way. Every time the board is powered, the RTC is reset and starts from a
standard date. To keep the time and the RTC running it is necessary to keep the board
powered. A button sized lithium battery or any battery in the 3V range, connected
through a diode to the 3.3V pin, is enough to keep RTC alive if the CPU is put in sleep
mode before the standard USB or VIN power is disconnected. RTC module is
compatible with Arduino microcontroller.
The researchers will use a Real Time Clock (RTC). RTC cheaper than an OpenCV
which needs a camera for monitoring.
57 | P a g e
e) Alert Devices for Fermentation Due Date and in case of Air Leak in the System
Bokashi Bucket is required to sit sealed and undisturbed for a minimum of 2

weeks. Within those weeks, bokashi bucket may encounter problems; one example is
failure to properly close the lid that results to air entering the bucket.
Fig. 17 shows Piezo buzzers are simple devices that can

generate basic beeps and tones. They work by using a piezo
crystal, a special material that changes shape when voltage is
applied to it. If the crystal pushes against a diaphragm, like a
tiny speaker cone, it can generate a pressure wave which the Fig 17.Buzzer
human ear picks up as sound.
Figure 18 shows a Light-Emitting Diode (LED) which

is an electronic device that emits light when an electrical
current is passed through it. LEDs are commonly used for
indicator lights (such as power on/off lights) on electronic
devices. The energy efficient nature of LEDs allows them to
Fig 18.Light Emitting Diodes produce brighter light than other types of bulbs while using
less energy.
The researchers will use a Piezo buzzer because audio alarms are more
noticeable compared with using visual alarms like LED.
f) Remote Messaging on the Status of the System
SMS stands for short message service. Simply put, it is a method of

communication that sends text between cell phones, or from a PC or handheld to a cell
phone. It is non-real-time text messaging. Mobile phone allows small message window
where text messages are being typed and transmitted to select one or multiple
recipients. The messages can typically be up to 160 characters in length. SMS was
originally created for phones that use GSM (Global System for Mobile) communication,
but now all the major cell phone systems support it.
58 | P a g e
Wi-Fi is a popular wireless networking technology. Wi-Fi stands for “wireless
fidelity”. By using this technology information exchange between two or more devices
can happen. Wi-Fi has been developed for mobile computing devices, such as laptops,
but it is now extensively used for mobile applications and consumer electronics like
televisions, DVD players and digital cameras. There should be two possibilities in
communicating with the Wi-Fi connection that may be through access point to the
client connection or client to client connection. Wi-Fi is a one type of wireless
technology. It is commonly called as wireless LAN (local area network). Wi-Fi allows
local area networks to operate without cable and wiring.
The researchers will use SMS for remote messaging on the status of the bucket
because it is more readily available.
HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE SMART BOKASHI BUCKET WITH

THE AIR SENSOR
The current sensor (ACS712) Module uses the famous ACS712 IC to measure
current using the Hall Effect principle. The module gets its name from the IC (ACS712)
used in the module, so for the final products the IC should be used directly instead of
the module.
Measuring voltages (DC Voltages) with Arduino is very easy. If the requirement
is to measure less than or equal to 5V, then it can directly measure using the Arduino
Analog Pins. When it comes to measuring current, Arduino needs assistance from a
dedicated Current Sensor. So, Interfacing an ACS712 Current Sensor with Arduino
helps us in measuring current with the help of Arduino. As ASC712 can be used for
measuring either AC or DC currents, Arduino can be implemented to measure the
same
59 | P a g e
Figure 19. Current Sensor (ACS712 ELC-30)
There are three variants of ACS712 Sensor based on the range of its current
sensing. The ACS712 ELC-05 which has a range of +/- 5 A. The ACS712 ELC-20
which has a range of +/- 20 A. The ACS712 ELC-30 which has a range of +/- 30 A in
fig 19. A right range should be selected for the project since it must have a trade-off
accuracy for higher range modules. This modules outputs Analog voltage (0-5V) based
on the current flowing through the wire; hence it is very easy to interface this module
with any microcontroller.
The researchers will be using the current sensor ACS712 ELC 30 which is in
Fig 19 because of it is current range of +/- 30 A which would be compatible for the
motor of the ball valve.
THE VALVE
Motorized valves, commonly called "actuated valves", are used in applications

requiring automated valve control. Unlike manual valves which involve manually
turning a handle or gearbox, motorized valves open or close the valves automatically
by energizing an electric motor after receiving a control signal. The combination of a
valve mounted to an electric actuator is called an "electrically actuated valve."
Motorized ball valve is usually applied to control the on-off of air-conditioning

water system. It consists of the actuator and the valve body. The actuator adopts the
synchronous motor driver to the valve body move with 90-degree rotation. It has built-
60 | P a g e
in limit relay contact, which can cut off the power when the valve is fully open or
closed. The specifications of this motorized ball valve are as follows: the supply must
be 12 V, the working temperature ranges from 2 to 90 degrees-Celsius, the control
method of the valve is 2 way 3-wire, it can rotate 90-degrees, its body pressure is
1.6MPA.
Fig 20. Electric actuated lead-free brass ball valve
Fig 20 is a photo of electric actuated lead-free brass ball valve. Valworx

567654A electric actuated lead-free brass ball valve is used for on-off control of water,
air, oil, and other media compatible with the materials of construction. Ideal where lead
free and NSF construction are required for potable drinking water as well as other
industrial applications. These actuated valves use power-to-open and power to close,
stays in last known position with loss of power. On receipt of a continuous voltage
signal, the motor runs and via a self-locking all metal gear drive rotates the ball. The
motor is stopped by internal cams striking limit switches. On receipt of a reversing
continuous signal, the motor turns in the opposite direction reversing the valve
position. Here are some specifications of the Valworx 567654A electric actuated lead
free brass ball valve: it is a 2-way On-off, 24VDC, current rating of 2.03A at full load,
cycle time of 30 seconds per 90-degrees rotation, an actuator temperature rating of 22
to +140 °F (-30 to +60 °C), a valve temperature rating of 0 to 366 °F (-18 to +185 °C),
and a valve body of Lead Free Brass C69300.
Valworx multi-voltage electric actuated PVC ball valves are used for on-off
control of water and other media compatible with the materials of construction. A digital
61 | P a g e
positioner and battery failsafe backup are available as an option. Advantages of
electric actuated ball valves over other type valves may include: higher flows, higher
pressures, higher temperatures, straight through flow path and wider media
compatibility. Typical applications include industrial/process piping, pulp and paper,
food processing, water/sewage treatment and irrigation. 1/2 to 2 inch sizes include IPS
glue sockets and NPT end connectors.
The researchers will use an electric actuated lead free brass ball valve because
it can be controlled electronically and cheaper than the PVC ball valves. (Valworx Inc,
2019)
THE LEVEL SENSOR
This is simple and small portable water level/water droplet identification,

detection sensor water that have high cost performance. Complete water yield and
analog conversion, the output value apply to the custom function. It is low power
consumption and high sensitivity. It can make better performance with Arduino 328
controller and sensor relay shield.
Water Sensor water level sensor is an easy-to-use, cost-effective high

level/drop recognition sensor, which is obtained by having a series of parallel wires
exposed traces measured droplets/water volume in order to determine the water level.
Easy to complete water to analog signal conversion and output analog values can be
directly read Arduino development board to achieve the level alarm effect.
Here are some specifications of the water level sensor: the working voltage of
the sensor is 4-5 Vdc, its working current is lesser than 20 milliamperes, its detection
are is 40mm x 16mm and its working humidity is 10 to 90 percent without
condensation.
62 | P a g e
Figure 21. Non-contact level sensor (XKC-Y26-PNP)
Intelligent contactless level sensor/detector (Hereinafter referred to as Level

Sensor/detector), adopts advanced signal processing technology and high speed
signal processing chip, the container thickness will be less relevant to the level
measuring, and to the level height of the sealed container, the real non-contact
measurement is realized. The level sensor (detector) will be mounted in the high/low of
the outer container (the high level and the low level), it will be unnecessary for drilling a
hole to the non-metal container, the installation is very easy. This sensor is the most
ideal level measuring sensor for various toxic material, strong acid, strong alkali and
various liquid in the high pressure sealed container. There will be no special
requirements for the liquid medium and vessel material, it is widely used.
Figure 21 is a photo of XKC-Y26-PNP contactless liquid level detector which

has the following features. Non-contact liquid level sensors for non-metallic wall of the
container without direct contact with the liquid, are not subject to corrosion acid and
alkali and other corrosive liquids, or other debris from the scale effect. Intelligent level
adjustment and level memory function, level status display, multi-point serial
connection; supports NPN Output, high-low level output, PNP output,RS485 signal
output. Detection is accurate and stable, can detect boiling water level. Pure electronic
circuit structure, non-mechanical work, life durability and stable performance. High
stability, high sensitivity, strong interference ability, free from external electromagnetic
63 | P a g e
interference, there are special treatment for frequency interference and common mode
interference, compatible with all 5 ~ 24V Power Adapter in the market. Strong
compatibility, penetrate various non-metallic containers, such as plastic, glass,
ceramics and other containers, sensing distance up to over 10mm; liquid, powder,
particulate matter can be detected. Open collector output, wide voltage range (5V ~
12V or 12V ~ 24V), Suitable for connecting various circuits and product applications.
The researchers will use the XKC-Y26-PNP contactless liquid level detector to
isolate the actual Bokashi tea from the sensor in order to prevent corrosion in the
metallic parts of the level sensor.
THE TIMER
Figure 22. Real Time Clock
Figure 22 is a photo of a Real time clock (DS1302) that counts minutes,

seconds, date, hour, month, day of the week, year and leap – year compensation up to
2100. It has a single and multiple (Burst mode) data transfer for read and write of clock
or RAM data. It operates from 2VDC to 5VDC. Its I/O (data line) is bi-directional data
pin to 3-wire interface.
DS1302 uses serial communication to interact with microcontrollers. Also, it

automatically adjust the date for the month with fewer days. Clock operates in 24hr or
12hr format with an AM/PM indicator. DS1302 chip is also commonly used as DS1302
RTC module which comes with a 32 kHz crystal and on-board battery backup all in a
64 | P a g e
small SIP module that is compatible with a breadboard. DS1302 module is used by
makers with Arduino, Raspberry Pi and other Micro-controllers. The DS3231 is a low-
cost, extremely accurate I2C real-time clock (RTC) with an integrated temperature
compensated crystal oscillator (TCXO) and crystal. The device incorporates a battery
input, and maintains accurate timekeeping when main power to the device is
interrupted. The integration of the crystal resonator enhances the long-term accuracy
of the device as well as reduces the piece-part count in a manufacturing line. The
DS3231 is available in commercial and industrial temperature ranges, and is offered in
a 16-pin, 300-mil SO package.
The Arduino microcontroller could be programmed as a real time clock with the
aid of additional libraries. The additional libraries would be a counter in terms of
seconds.
The researchers will be using a Real Time Clock (RTC) because of its efficiency
in providing timing information and its stand-alone capability instead of programming
the microcontroller to provide timing information.
THE DISPLAY
Figure 23. Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)
Fig. 23 is a photo of a Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) that the display is

composed of pixels made up of liquid crystals. Liquid crystals exist in a state that’s
65 | P a g e
between a solid and a liquid. At any time liquid crystals can be in a variety of phases,
most notably the nematic phase or the smectic phase. In the nematic phase the
crystals act more like a liquid, allowing the molecules of the crystals to rearrange
themselves while remaining oriented in a uniform direction. In the smectic phase, the
molecules can form into layers that can move past one another relatively easily.
Molecules of a certain layer can move freely within that layer, but cannot move to
adjacent layers.
When the liquid crystals exist in the nematic phase they tend to adapt a twisted
up structure, which can be straightened out when electricity is applied to them. In an
LCD, a liquid crystal pixel lies between two glass filters, one behind it and another in
front at 90 degrees. When electricity is applied to the liquid crystals the twisted
structures that have naturally formed are straightened out. This rotates any light
passing through 90 degrees, thus allowing it to pass through the two glass filters.
I2C_LCD is an easy-to-use display module, It can make display easier. Using it

can reduce the difficulty of make, so that makers can focus on the core of the work.
An Arduino library was developed for I2C_LCD, user just need a few lines of the
code can achieve complex graphics and text display features. It can replace the serial
monitor of Arduino in some place; it can get running information without a computer.
More than that, a dedicated picture data convert software (bitmap converter)
was developed now and is available to support PC platform of windows, Linux, Mac
OS. Through the bitmap convert software a picture can be displayed on I2C_LCD,
without the need for complex programming.
The features of the I2C LCD Screen are only 2 Arduino pins are occupied (Use
I2C interface), supports standard I2C mode (100Kbit/s) and fast I2C mode (400Kbit/s),
compatible with multiple communication logic levels: 2.8~5VDC, Arduino library
supported, use a line of code to complete the display, integrate 7 sizes of ASCll fonts,
5 graphics functions, Provide dedicated picture data convert software (Bitmap
Converter), most of the complex operation is processed by I2C_LCD independent
66 | P a g e
controller, saving user controller resources, supports 128 level backlight lightness
adjustment, support 64 level screen contrast adjustment, Support device address
modification, Supports 127 I2C_LCD work in parallel, When debugging code, it can
take the place of the serial monitor to monitor the program running state, Two
abnormal recovery methods are provided: reset and restore the factory settings,
Compatible with Grove interface and 4Pin-100mil interface (under the Grove socket), 4
symmetrical fixed hole design for easy user installation
Winstar WF43MTIBEDRGD is a LCD TFT Display 4.3" M Series (All in one

TFT) with Projected Capacitive Touch Panel (PCAP). This display is built-in control
board which supports UART and SPI interface. The display module dimension is 125.5
x 67.2 mm and AA size of 95.04 x 53.856 mm. This UART/SPI TFT LCD Display can
be operating at temperatures from -20℃ to +70℃; its storage temperatures range from
-30℃ to +80℃. Winstar designs an optional development board which Part no. is
WWTFT-10# for customers to accelerate the project for test function.
The researchers will use the I2C LCD because of its simplicity and compatibility
with the microcontroller. It is simple because it unlike Winstar WF43MTIBEDRGD
which displays colored images and texts, it only display black-colored text that is only
needed for this project.
THE ALARM SYSTEM
Figure 24. Buzzer
Fig. 24 is a photo of a buzzer or beeper that is an audio signaling device, which

may be mechanical, electromechanical, or piezoelectric. Typical uses of buzzers and
67 | P a g e
beepers include alarm devices, timers and confirmation of user input such as a mouse
click or keystroke.
Brisky Car 12V Beep Piezo Electronic Buzzer Alarm 95DB Continuous Sound
Beeper has a specifications: Frequency 3900±500Hz, Max Current Rating 10mA,
Buzzer Type: Piezoelectric, Sound Pressure Level 95 dB, Operating Voltage: 3 - 24V,
Alarm Diameter:22mm/0.86", Alarm Height:10mm/0.39”, Rate Voltage: 12V DC,
Sound:"Di" Continuous.
DC 12V 85dB Mini Electronic Alarm Buzzer Constant Tone has a specification
as follows: Rated Voltager: 12V DC, Operating Voltage: 8-15V DC, Min. Sound
Pressure Level: 75dB at 12VDC/20cm, Resonant Frequency: 400±100Hz, Operating
Temperature: -20℃~+60℃, Size: 3.2x1.2x0.9cm/1.26x0.47x0.35"
The researchers will use Brisky Car 12V Beep Piezo Electronic Buzzer Alarm
95DB Continuous Sound Beeper because it produces louder sound that can notify the
user immediately.
REMOTE NOTIFICATION SYSTEM
Figure 25. Gsm module (Sim800L)
Fig. 25 is a photo of Sim800L. At the heart of the module is a SIM800L GSM

cellular chip from SimCom. The operating voltage of the chip is from 3.4V to 4.4V,
which makes it an ideal candidate for direct LiPo battery supply. This makes it a good
choice for embedding into projects without a lot of space.
68 | P a g e
The module needs an external antenna to connect to a network. The module
usually comes with a Helical Antenna and solders directly to NET pin on PCB. The
board also has a U.FL connector facility in case the antenna must be kept away from
the board.
There is a SIM socket on the back and any activated, 2G micro SIM card would
work with it. Correct direction for inserting SIM card is normally engraved on the
surface of the SIM socket. This module measures only 1-inch² but contains a lot of
features into its little frame. Some of them are Supports Quad-band: GSM850,
EGSM900, DCS1800 and PCS1900, Connect onto any global GSM network with any
2G SIM, Make and receive voice calls using an external 8Ω speaker & electret
microphone, Send and receive SMS messages, Send and receive GPRS data
(TCP/IP, HTTP, etc.), Scan and receive FM radio broadcasts, Accepts Micro SIM
Card.
GSM Shield Sim900 provides a way to use the GSM cell phone network to
receive data from a remote location, it delivers GSM/GPRS 850/900/1800/1900MHz
signals for Audio, SMS and GPRS Service. This GPRS/GSM shield is configured and
controlled via its UART using AT commands. The GPRS Shield provides a way to
communicate using the GSM cell phone network. The shield allows to achieve SMS,
MMS, GPRS and Audio via UART by sending AT commands (GSM 07.07 ,07.05 and
SIMCOM enhanced AT Commands). This module power supply for: 5V~26V, if more
than 5V power supply must be in 2A, recommend a 9V power supply. Plug in the
Arduino motherboard, power supply must be able to provide 2A current.
RESEARCHERS’ NOTE
The researchers will be using the SIM800L module because it is cheaper than
SIM900 which has the same function as the SIM800L.
69 | P a g e
THE MICROCONTROLLER
Figure 26. Microcontroller (Arduino Uno)
Fig. 26 is a photo of an Arduino Uno. An Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board

based on 8-bit ATmega328P microcontroller. Its power pins – Vin, 3.3V, 5V, and GND
– uses an external power supply which are regulated to power it. Along with its power
pins, it also contains six (6) analog pins (A0 – A5) which is used to provide analog
input in the range of 0-5V and fourteen (14) digital I/O pins (Digital pins 0 – 13) which
can be used as input or output pins. Arduino UNO’s digital pins consist of five (5) pulse
width modulation (PMW) pins – 3,5,6,9,11 - which provides 8-bit PMW output.
An Arduino Nano is a microcontroller board based on 8-bit ATmega328P

microcontroller. Its operating voltage is 5VDC. It has eight (8) analog input pins and
fourteen (14) digital I/O pins. The board can be powered via the Mini-B USB
connection.
By using the Arduino board (uno or nano), the researchers may use it the way
they want for their proposed project. Arduino uno microcontroller can sense the
environment from the data received through its input, from variety of sensors. The
microcontroller is programmed through arduino language; the arduino language
composed of a set of C/C++ functions that can be called from the codes needed. The
sketch – a sketch is the name that Arduino uses for a program. It’s the unit of code that
70 | P a g e
is uploaded to and run on an Arduino board – and passes directly to a C/C++ compiler
(avr-g++). All standard C and C++ are compiled by avr-gcc and avr-g++ according to
the variables in the boards.txt file of the selected board's platform.
The researches will use Arduino UNO because it is able to accommodate the
number of input and output devices that are necessary in the proposed project and its
familiarity to the researchers.
PROGRAM WRITING FOR SMART BOKASHI BUCKET WITH AUTOMATIC AIR

AND TEA EXTRACTOR (SmartBoiBucket)
The program algorithm to be written will be in the C/C++ programming language

since the microcontroller that will be used is Arduino Uno. The machine codes runs
from the programs which are compiled into a C/C++ language.
PROGRAMMING THE MICROCONTROLLER TO:
a) Extraction of air in the bucket
Since air is a major problem for the bucket, it is best to extract it out to make the
fermentation process of the bucket effective. For this process, it will be performed by
using a device that will suck air out of the bucket.
A way to program the Arduino is by using a vacuum pump together with a

current sensor (or usually known as ACS712 Module). The algorithm that will be used
is by programming the vacuum pump to continuously suck air out of the bucket. With
the current sensor constantly measuring the current while the vacuum pump extracts
the air out, the current sensor will be programmed to read the value from its analog pin
using the function analogRead() . When all the air is almost out, the current from the
ACS712 which is constant will suddenly spike and will be used as a variable for an
algorithm to stop the pump.
71 | P a g e
Another device that can be used is a solenoid valve that can push everything
inside of the bucket. This can be programmed so that the valve will push all the food
inside the bucket, thus making the food separated to the unfilled part of the bucket. In
this algorithm, a switch is used to set up a value of ‘1’ for CLOSE and ‘0’ for OPEN.
The valve will activate when the lid of the bucket is closed, sending a signal of ‘1’ to the
Arduino from a sensor between the lid and the bucket itself. This value of ‘1’ is then
translated to “PUSH”, a variable set to activate the valve and push the contents of the
bucket. An opposite algorithm will happen when a logic ‘0’ is detected from the sensor
between the lid and the bucket
For this parameter, the researcher will use the algorithm that uses a current
sensor together with the vacuum pump. The vacuum pump is more efficient and cost
effective compared to solenoid valve. The algorithm also uses no library, which
translates to an easier programming for its purpose and debugging when an error
occurs.
b) Monitor of Air inside the Bucket
The microcontroller will be programmed such as it will detect the current on the
air pressure extractor. The microcontroller will measure the amount of current being
drawn on the motor by the readings of the ACS sensor. A specific microcontroller Input
pin will be assigned for the ACS sensor equated with a certain initial value. Void setup
instruction will be used to indicate the logic output pins to be followed by a loop
program that will continuously process the analog ACS readings. If the monitored
current value starts to overload, such the current has a sudden increase and exceeds
the predetermined value, the microcontroller deactivates the air pressure extractor
using an if statement instruction.
Another way to program the microcontroller is to set a duration of the extraction

time using the ‘delay’ instruction. A delay of certain duration will follow upon the start of
the air pressure extractor. Once the delay is done, the microcontroller will shut down
the air pressure extractor
72 | P a g e
The researchers will program the microcontroller in such a way that it will
monitor the state of the current being drawn by the motor. An If statement will detect
when the motor overloads and the readings dissatisfied the low current condition. To
be followed by the microcontroller deactivating the air pressure extractor. This program
is more convenient than the delay program since the extraction duration of the air
differs with the amount of biowaste inside the bucket
c) Dispose Bokashi Tea
The bokashi tea is one of the most important by-products of the bucket, as it
can be used as a fertilizer for plants and cleaning material for toilet and kitchen sinks.
Since the bokashi tea must be used and extracted properly out of the bucket, the
SmartBoiBucket is programmed to extract the tea as efficient as possible.
Since the module XKC Y25 T12V, which is a non-contact level sensor, can
detect the bokashi tea perpendicular to its position, one way that the microcontroller
will receive signal that the capacity of the bucket reached its threshold is by the
module’s ability reading “HIGH” and “LOW” using the function AnalogRead() that is
built into the Arduino library. The microcontroller will control the automatic ball valve to
be opened, thus extracting the tea out of the bucket
Another way to program the bucket is to make it extract daily by using the
Arduino’s built in Real-time clock (RTC). The RTC will be used so that the
microcontroller will control the extraction of the tea every day with the same time as the
owner wanted to. This will make sure that the tea will not reach the threshold that the
bucket is capable of.
The researchers will apply AnalogRead() algorithm that will be used for the
module XKC Y25 T12V because of the simplicity of the program for the bucket. The
program is simple because it only uses up to 4 lines of algorithm and it only runs
73 | P a g e
during extraction of the bokashi tea. The algorithm will only be activated when it
reaches the preset threshold level.
d) Keep Track of the Duration of the Fermentation of the Biowaste
The microcontroller will be programmed such that it will detect the readings of
the RTC module. Adafruit_RTClib library which is a readily available code for a Real
Time Clock module will be installed to the microcontroller. The microcontroller will load
the serial console where the first part of the program is setting the time using an if
statement that will take the Date and Time of the computer being use. A void loop
instruction will follow, which will continuously count and print the time passed into the
LCD screen.
Another library code entitled “Wire” library from Time Clock Module can also be
used to program the microcontroller. The microcontroller will upload the program which
contains code that will setup initial values for the time counter and converts the
decimal values to binary and vice versa. Void set instruction will follow which will write
the time counter and to be followed by a void read instruction that will be used for the
Void display instruction. The void display will print the data and continuously display
values on the serial monitor using the void loop instruction.
To alert the owner when fermentation is over, Simple RTC Alarm from the RTC
library will be implied. First is to set values of current initial time and date, to be
followed by a Void Setup instruction where the desired alarm is set. When the time
match the alarm set using the match type MATCH_HHMMSS is reached, the attached
interrupt function will print on the serial monitor “Fermentation done!” and activates the
code for the buzzer.
The researchers will use the serial code Wire Library because it is accurate
RTC IC with communication over I2C Interface. Simple RTC Alarm library will be used
for the notification of fermentation due date since it is a short algorithm and is
compatible to the Arduino Uno.
74 | P a g e
e) Alert the Owner about the Air Leak in the System
The ability of the system to identify what is wrong is an advantage for those who
are using the bucket and for the developers that created the bucket. Since the bucket
has multiple modules included into it, it is a good thing that the bucket will detect air
leak, which is a malfunction, by itself rather than checking every component by the
person that has it.
A way to program the Arduino is by using the existing devices connected to it to

detect error. An example is the microcontroller will be programmed such as it will
detect continuous low current on the air pressure extractor for a certain range of time.
The microcontroller will monitor the duration of drawn current on the motor by a ‘while’
and ‘if’ statement instruction. ‘While’ statement will follow the loop program of air
monitor and control, with conditions of current always in the low state and a limit
counter less than the maximum time extraction. An ‘if’ statement will follow, activating
the buzzer when the conditions are no longer satisfied.
Another way to program the bucket is by using the Arduino’s built in library to
detect error on the module that is connected into it. The error detection program
consists of series of checkers that are available at the Arduino library. The more
module that is connected into it, the more error programs will be written. But since this
time, the Arduino is checking all the device connected into it, it is impossible to use a
buzzer for certain notifications since it is also being checked by the series of program.
The researchers will use the existing devices connected to it to implement the
error detection, because that would be more accurate and can detect specific errors
rather than using the built-in library for Arduino which can only detect software errors,
like incorrect algorithm, on the modules. Also, error detection with notification using the
buzzer will make the error more noticeable.
75 | P a g e
f) Remotely Inform the Owner on the Status of the Bucket
During this process of sending information from the bucket to the owner’s
device, a transmitter which can be a module for the Arduino can be used. With these
modules, the owner can leave the bucket but will still function properly and will also
receive notifications from the bucket.
One way to send information to the owner is by using the module called
ESP8266 which is a WiFi module. This module can be programmed to connect to an
available network within the bucket’s vicinity. When connected to a network, the
module can be ported to a software that is linked to the owner’s device to receive real-
time notification from the bucket.
Another good way to send notifications from the bucket is by using another
module called SIM800L. The module will be programmed to send SMS to the owner’s
device, depending on what is happening inside the bucket. This module is power
efficient because it only works during the process of sending the SMS to the receiver.
The researchers will use the algorithm that uses the Rx (receive) and Tx
(transmit) pins of the Arduino that is connected to the SIM800L to send the
notifications to the owner. The algorithm is based on the Adafruit_FONA library which
will use Tx and Rx pins as an I/O (input/output) to set SIM800L module as a
transceiver. This will be programmed so that it will send the notifications from the
bucket to the owner when it is activated. In addition to that, it is easier to program a
GSM module because of the existing library and comparing to the WiFi module, it does
not need external device like internet router.
76 | P a g e
TEST PROCEDURES FOR THE SMART BOKASHI BUCKET WITH AUTOMATIC
AIR AND TEA EXTRACTOR (SmartBoiBucket)
a. Control of air in the Bucket

One parameter that the researchers can use for testing the functionality of the
air monitor feature of this project is looking through to the mold formation inside the
bucket. Among the many types of molds, Mold reproduces via the production of small
spores. These spores can be compared to the seeds of a plant, though they are much
smaller than seeds or even pollen grains. Mold requires water, food, and oxygen to
grow. It also requires an environment with a temperature it can survive. While mold
cannot spread without these conditions, its spores may survive in a dormant state until
conditions are suitable. Molds thrive in damp, humid, and wet conditions like that of
inside the bucket. Molds are obligate aerobes. This means that they need oxygen to
survive. Mold grows even at very low concentrations of oxygen, however, which makes
it difficult to fight mold growth by limiting oxygen.
Among the many types of molds that could grow, white molds or Trichoderma
molds are the ones who are beneficial to the fermenting process inside the bokashi.
Other colors of mold are what are disadvantageous to the system. These include
Aspergillus and Penicillium. On an experiment done by D. D. Millera and N. S. Golding,
regarding the oxygen requirements of Aspergillus, Penicillium and Oospora molds, it is
stated that the oxygen supply must be quite low before any restrictions in the growth of
molds take place. With that statement, the researchers could use the mold formation
as a test point of air presence inside the bokashi bucket because oxygen is
approximately 20 percent of the composition of air.
The researchers also have the option of monitoring the remaining air content inside the
SmartBoi. One way to do this is checking the current that is flowing through the
vacuum pump using a current sensor. The current flowing through the pump will be
higher than normal once the volume of the air inside is low because it will be
overloaded. There are also a lot of current sensors available commercially so the
researchers will not have a hard time finding a hardware to fit with the design.
77 | P a g e
The researchers will opt into using the method of testing the extraction of air inside the
bucket by using a current sensor in the vacuum pump because it is more efficient than
manually checking the mold formation inside the bin which requires opening the bucket
or a transparent top cover to do so. Also, the extraction of air and the checking of
current will be done three times so as to check if the system is extracting air.
b. Monitor of Air inside the Bucket
The researchers are planning to monitor the air inside the bucket by using a
current sensor to check on the current flowing through the air pump in which the
current will be spikes up when the pump can’t suck out air from the bucket anymore,
which means the volume of air inside the bucket is low. One way to test that the
system is functioning as designed is checking the calibration of the current sensor from
time to time by comparing its output to an ammeter. By doing so, the researchers can
ensure that the monitoring of air feature of the SmartBoiBucket is functioning properly.
Another way to check the monitoring of air inside is using an actual air pressure
sensor. The researchers can use this sensor to ensure that when the current flowing
through the pump is high, the volume of air inside the bucket is low. The researchers
can compare the outputs of the current sensor and the air pressure sensor with each
other to see if the results are somehow matching up.
The researchers will use an ammeter in testing the control of air inside the bucket
because it does not require any hardware and circuitry changes like that of using an air
pressure sensor.
78 | P a g e
c. Daily Disposal of Bokashi Tea
An automated system using a microcontroller, a sensor and a ball valve to drain

the bokashi tea into an airtight container while the owner of the bucket does not have a
plan of using it. The system to be designed will be tested by checking in on the volume
of the bokashi tea every day to check if the system is functioning properly. One way to
check if the automated system is functioning properly is having an option of monitoring
the volume of the tea by using an LED to indicate if the level of the tea is below a
certain level. In able to do this, the researchers could the existing non-contact level
sensor module for Arduino microcontroller and modify the program for the LED to light
up if the tea reaches a certain volume. The researchers could also check if the tea is
successfully extracted by looking at the LCD when it displays the number of successful
extraction of air and tea. When the LCD displays a certain number of successful tea
extraction, the researchers can be sure that the tea level is low.
Another option is to design the bucket so that there is a transparent part on the
tea reservoir so the researchers can manually check the volume of the tea inside. The
Bokashi tea should always be harvested every day because it will cause a foul smell
coming out of the Bokashi Bucket. This concept can also be used as a testing point on
if the automated disposal of tea is properly functioning.
The researchers will check the display of the LCD because this is already
implemented in the system and it does not require additional software or hardware for
this to be done.
d. Tracking the Duration of Fermentation
The fermentation process will greatly depend on the food that is introduced into
the bucket. The vinegary or beery smell in the open bucket, which should not be
noticeable when the bucket is closed, is an indication that the fermentation process
has begun. Fermentation using the Bokashi Bucket typically lasts two to four weeks
and after that, the wastes inside the bucket are ready to be buried underground for the
79 | P a g e
composting proper. The researchers will use an RTC or Real Time Clock as a time
keeping device to keep track of how long the actual fermentation will last
One way to ensure that the RTC is working is that the researchers can use a
backup timer every once in a while to check if the RTC is still properly functioning. This
will ensure that the RTC is properly functioning.
Another way to test the tracking feature of the Smart Bokashi Bucket with
automatic air and tea extractor (SmartBoiBucket) is if the timer, which is set for 2
weeks after the bucket is full, is synchronized with the Coordinated Universal Time
(UTC) in terms of the time and date in which the timer is calibrated. In doing so, the
researchers will be able to check if the RTC is calibrated as it should be.
The researchers will refer timing information to the Coordinated Universal Time
(UTC) in the set-up and monitor of the RTC in order to make sure that the timing
information from the RTC is accurate.
e. Alerting the owner about the Air Leak
A malfunction is a state in which something functions incorrectly or is obstructed

from functioning at all. All air leaks, which will cause a malfunction in the system,
should be detected and let the owner know that something is not working. Failure to
do so could have an effect on the efficiency of the SmartBoiBucket that is why the
bucket will be equipped with a Piezo-type buzzer that will sound off when the
system detects an air leak which is crucial in the fermentation process. Piezo
buzzers are constructed by placing electrical contacts on the two faces of a disk of
piezoelectric material and then supporting the disk at the edges in an enclosure.
When a voltage is applied across the two electrodes, the piezoelectric material
mechanically deforms due to the applied voltage, causing it to create sound. With
that said, the researchers can try to power the buzzer multiple times to check if the
buzzer operates properly and if it will be able to alert the owner in case of an air
leak.
80 | P a g e
Another option that the researchers have is to use the random feature of the
Arduino microcontroller to generate pseudo-random numbers. Pseudo-random
numbers are set of values or elements that is statistically random, but it is derived
from a known starting point and is typically repeated over and over. They provide
necessary values for processes that require randomness, such as creating test
signals or for synchronizing sending and receiving devices in a spread spectrum
transmission. These numbers could be assigned to be a successful air extraction or
an air leak in the bucket. When a number that corresponds to an air leak is
generated, the system should be able to detect it and sound off the buzzer. This will
ensure that the leakage detection and the buzzer is working.
RESEARCHER’S NOTE:
The researchers will employ the pseudo-random number generator feature of

the Arduino microcontroller because this method allows researchers to simulate
failures that may happen in the air extraction. Those simulated failures will cause the
buzzer to sound off thus testing the alarm system of the SmartBoiBucket.
f. Remotely notifying the owner on the SmartBoiBucket status.
A way of checking if the GSM module works properly is by looking into its status
LED. This will tell a lot about the status of the module. Powering the module at 5 volts,
the status LED should blink with one blink per second cycle. This means that the
module is attempting to connect to the network. The LED will also show that the
module is connected when the blinking slows down at one blink for 3 seconds.
Checking the module using AT (Attention) Commands is another easy way to know
that the module is working properly. The commands will give feedback to the computer
that the module connected is having problems that status LED can't show. An example
is it will show an "undervoltage warning" as a response to AT commands. Though this
will take some patience and programming skills, it is a better way to show the status of
the module.
Sometimes, a module may not need AT Commands to know that it works

properly. By a simple test program that is included at the Arduino library, the module
81 | P a g e
can be tested by inserting a SIM card then sending a series of SMS to the receiving
SIM. If the receiving end receives the SMS sent by the module that means that the
module is working properly.
RESEARCHER'S NOTE:
The researchers will use the Arduino library to test the module because it is the
easiest way to know that the module is working properly. And since the module is used
to send SMS, the best test to know that it is working is using it to send SMS.
MAINTENANCE PROCEDURES FOR THE SMART BOKASHI BUCKET WITH

The following procedures may be employed to maintain the SmartBoiBucket.
To clean LCD screens, manually rubbing them in gentle circles using just a dry
microfiber cloth may be applicable. The cloth will likely pick up most of the smudges on
the screen, as it is able to pick up both dirt and oil. Another way is to dampen the cloth
by adding some water and wring out any excess liquid. Rub down the screen in gentle
circles with the cloth, focusing on areas that are particularly smudged. Never spray
water or cleaner directly on the screen, as it can seep into areas it's not supposed to
go.
The cover should not be cleaned with soap and water since this part contains
the power supply and microcontroller which are not waterproof, and it can harm the
unit.
Using Compressed Air free up any dust resting on the electronics or inside of
the system and blow it out. Insert the nozzle of the compressed air canister into the
hole on the casing of the components. Keep the canister upright upon spraying, and
spray in short, contained burst. Avoid spraying the canister upside-down or spraying
for too long for it can cool the air and can risk freezing the components. This will
remove grime and prevent corrosion of the system but may leave good amount of
moisture inside the system that may eventually corrode the components.
82 | P a g e
Another way is the use of Ultrasonic PCB cleaning. Ultrasonic cleaning
machines use frequencies to cause cavitation. Cavitation is the violent implosion of
billions of minute bubbles in the cleaning solution contained in an ultrasonic tank. The
implosion of theses bubbles blast away the contaminants on the surface of the parts
being cleaned. Even though ultrasonic cleaning process can reach the most difficult
and hard to reach places underneath high-density components on most any parts of a
circuit board, this technique has lost some favor as a method for cleaning as it can
cause damage to components or loosen connection, along with dirt and grime.
Ultrasonic cleaning can inadvertently cause separation of components end caps and
cause damage to bond wires of the circuit.
PCV Vacuum cleaner can also be use to remove dirt and grime but not capable
of accessing the internals of the system. Also, Vacuum cleaner is not recommended
because it creates a large static build up that could discharge into the sensitive
electronics inside of the system.
For the motorized ball valve, rub it gently using the toothbrush for cleaning.
Make sure to rub the edges and the inside. Wash it with warm water and let it dry. If it
is not too dirty, hot water should be enough otherwise, use the good old baking soda or
white vinegar. Cleaning the valve prevent it from clogging and ensures that no
microbial growth exist. Maintenance of a ball valve involves replacing worn
components and ensuring that parts are clean and free of debris. All valves should be
cleaned periodically depending on the water quality and service conditions. W hen a
valve is clean, a small metallic click can be heard as the armature operates. Excessive
noise, sluggish operation or leakage will indicate that cleaning is required. Replace any
worn or damaged components
For the bucket, wash the bokashi bucket out after each use using natural
cleaner or plain water. Harsh chemical cleaners are not recommended. However, if the
waste is producing an unpleasant smell, fully empty the bucket within a couple of
months. Clean the bucket out well and leave the bucket out in the sun, for a day, this
will help to get rid of any remaining odor. Another way is to rinse it with vinegar. After
washing the bucket with warm water and soap, rinse it with white vinegar and let it sit
83 | P a g e
for at least three minutes to remove icky, lasting smells. Then, pour out the vinegar
and wash again with soap and water.
For the unit to last longer, regular maintenance is needed to ensure longer
operating life. Since the unit is run by electronic components, the cover and the inside
of the system should only be wiped with dry cloth and not be cleaned using water and
soap. Only the bucket itself should be washed with soap and water to remove dirt and
prevent odor.
84 | P a g e
APPENDICES
APPENDIX A
INTERVIEW TRANSCRIPT
INTERVIEW TRANSCRIPT WITH ENGR. RICARDO DANG-IW, DENR EMB CAR
SUPERVISING ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT SPECIALIST
Date of interview: September 11, 2019
Name of interviewee: Engr. Ricardo Dang-Iw
Supervising Environmental Management Specialist
DENR EMB CAR-Baguio City
Interviewer: Rozel Wage
Rozel: Good morning sir, I am a student po of Saint Louis University. Magko-conduct

po sana ako ng interview tungkol sa biowaste na napoproduce ng Baguio City.
Ricardo: kung mga ganito sa ano ka magpunta, sa DA, mga ganitong kwan, Biowaste.
…kung gusto mo nakawan ng information, kasi kami na regulatory, kung ano lang ang
ano naming, mandate ng opsina at saka mga ginagawa ng, like baguio city yun lang
ang inaano namin pero pag mga specific ano, yung mga ganito, mas maganda yung
kwan, mismong nagiimplement, implementer talaga ang….
Rozel: tulad po ng GSO po?
Ricardo: oo. Tulad ng GSO. Together with the DA and most of this is a on
biodegradable.
Rozel: DA po?
Ricardo: oo, department of agriculture.
Rozel: saan po nakalocate dito sa baguio?
Ricardo: sa Guisad road. Sa baguio city si engineer Loresca pwede yun, si engineer
Urbanoso kasi sila ang may hawak talaga ng implementation ng kwan sa baguio cty,
kami lang ang nagreregulate ta’s nagmomonitor sa mga activity nila
85 | P a g e
Rozel: si ano po si mr Bucuyan
Ricardo: si mr boyucan, okay rin kasi mga policies na tinatanong mo sila ang may
hawak ng mga polisiya mga ordinanng baguio city regarding gaya nung naclose ang
collection of bio[waste] sa irisan. Pano nil ani-manage, ano ang polisiya na ginamit sa
paghohold ng biodegradable collection, ano ang pinagawa sa mga residents sa baguio
city kasi hanggang ngayon di pa nagkokolekkta ng bio sa mga residential. Ang
kinolekta lang, sa market, kasi madami talagang mga bio ng public market.
Rozel: so yung mga ganyan po na concern sa department of agriculture po?
Ricardo: oo, yun kasi sila yung nagsusuport ng mga decomposting, sila ang
nagmamanage kasi sila ang pinaka mata, pinaka malaking biodegradable waste
processing and it is managed by DA, municipal agriculture office. Kung ano ang mga
detalye, nasa sakanila yung data of operation nila.
Rozel: saan po? (municipal agriculture office)
Ricardo: sa la Trinidad, iba ang process nila. Sa baguio, ibang process. Ginagamit
yung ERS machine, biodegradable di yun. Si Domeng orbanoso o si Buyucan ang
pwedeng magsagot kasi iba ibang technology ibang proseso. But anyway, generally
lahat ng biowaste from household at the mean time, i-mamanage ng mga household
muna habang walang collection. Ang kino-collect lang, sa market. Yung kino-collect sa
market pinaa-process sa irisan, gamit ang ERS machine. May machine doon na
nagpoprecess ng biodegradable into fertilizer. Lahat ng detalye ng operation, nasa
GSO. Pag kolekta yan, pinaprocess sa machine, ….pag collection, sa garbage truck
sino-sort muna yung mga recyclable then pina-process then niluluto yan para safe
then dry then screening then another processing tapos lalabas na fertilizer. Pero ang
detalyado, nasa city hall. Meron pang ibang technology na it can process biowaste in
just 1-2 hours, depende sa technology. Nasa technology yan, kung ilang capacity,
kung ano ang dapat alisin, iprocess, time ng processing. Since for biowaste, yung ERS
machine pagkatapos yung aerated composting. Building yun pero we supported with
the shredding machines. In behalf of the laws that we are doing, ang ginagawa naming
is to monitor the compliance of the local government units in the implementation of the
86 | P a g e
9003, which is the ecological solid waste management act of 2000, and this is the
managing of the residual, recyclable, including biodegradable waste. So under the law,
it is the local government unit which has the primary jurisdiction in the implementation
of the management waste. From source to collection, it is the barangay level, collection
to final disposal facility, it’s the city or municipality. Yun ang trabaho ng LGU. Ang mga
segregation of source to pickup point, ay barangay. Pickup point to final disposal
facility, city. Kaya magkaiba ang responsibilidad nila as per law.
Rozel: -anong law po?
Ricardo: republic act 9003. Is there any harm in not sourcing biowaste? Pag biowaste
naman, it could be processed as a whole. Rapid composting machine; nagpaprocess
ng biowaste ito, icocompost niya kaagad.
Rozel: -yung fertilizer po?
Ricardo: oo.
Rozel: may thesis project po kasi kami na automated bokashi bucket.
Ricardo: natest na naming one time yung bokashi kasi yun yung may usapan kami
pero ngayon parang hindi naasustain, and we tested this a Bontoc. Hindi kasi
sustainable na icommercialize unlike these na it could process in just few hours.
Bokashi kasi very slow ang processing. Kung voluminous, hindi kaya.
Rozel: kapag madamihan?
Ricardo: oo pag madami. Yung mga ganitong machine na and kailangan. It could
process tons in hour.
Rozel: yung project po namin for kitchen lang po, for household. Tapos po automated
po siya. Yung kahit po wala ka po sa bahay mammanipulate mo.
Ricardo: pwede rin yun pang household. Not all household. Kahit alam nilang
technology, the easiest way is to bring their bio[waste] to a collection point. It is now
the LGU who’ll take care of it. Kaya ngayon namomblema ang mga residente because
ang sabi ng city, you manage your bio[waste]. Kahit alam nilang technology, yung
87 | P a g e
basura sa harap mo, sa bahay mo gusto mon ang alisin. Bihira ang mga tao na,
“imanage natin yung bio[waste] natin”, lalo kung mga apartments, mga boarding
houses. It will go back to the LGU. Unless yung mga pami-pamilya na may plants sa
bahay nila, yung mga nagfafarm pagkatapos gusto niya magproduce ng fertilizer, yun
na lang. Yung mga may plantation, mga ganon. Or mga may lupain or terrace, mga
roof deck. Pero pag mga ganyan, ilalagay talaga sa accountability ng local government
unit. Kasi yan, kung may space na sabihin natin na 2 meters by 10 meters, pwedeng
gawin yan kasi it would cater for biowaste of cluster of houses and even the barangay.
Ilalagay mo lang doon, hintayin lang na magkaroon. Mixture ng galing sa kitchen,
galing sa vegetable, ganon. This is not, hindi accepted, kasi ang hinahanap naming
kasi, para sa LGU talaga. Hindi para individual. Pero yung bokashi pwede sa
individual, yung pang household lang.
Rozel: yun po yung sa ami, yung pang household lang po. Kasi po mostly po yata,
minsan po hindi po nacocollect.
Ricardo: oo. Yung mga hindi nacocollect. Maraming mga pang small scale din, lalo
kung may mga konting backyard ka. Meron kaming mga business na binibigay
sakanila na drum ganon. Pero almost ang concept niya, like bokashi din.
Rozel: indoor composting po.
Ricardo: oo. Meron pa yung mga ibang technology na nagevolve na nadidilig, na kahit
na anong compost ilagay mo sa farm, lagyan mo lang ng tubig, i-spray mo it will
enhance the composting at walang baho. Marami kaming mga ganyan,
Rozel: Yung ganon po sa may automated bokashi bucket po namin, kasi po may
mapoproduce po yun na tea, at yung tea nay un pwede po siyang ilagay sa mga
irrigation.
Ricardo: may mokosako pa na ginagamit sa enhancement ng composting. Meron doon

sa Ambiong, talagang nagooperate. Pero ang siste na yon, parang oven. May tangke
yan, nilalagyan ng mga dried coconut shell hanggang sa condensation, tapos yung
decomposed na liquid, yun ang mageenhance ng composting. Pagkatapos, fertilizer
din. Kung may mga project ka na composting, pwedeng kasabay yun.
88 | P a g e
Rozel: saan pong lugar?
Ricardo: sa Alno at Ambiong. Kasi yung Alno La Trinidad kasama ng areas of

composting. Japan technology yung nasa Ambiong. Itong Irisan, ERS yung
technology, Japan technology din yan, pero machine. Marami ring composting na
pwede sa family. Ito pwede sa dormitories at subdivision kasi 2.5 metric tons capacity
ang napoproduce ng cluster of houses. Pang household din ito pero medyo mahal
lang. rapid composition and digestion of the technology. Madami nang mga machine
na meron ngayon. Hindi ko alam kung sino ang in-charge doon kasi maraming
department, mga division. Wala akong contact doon pero pwede kayong magtanong
kung sino ang in-charge sa assistors to farmers using composting process. Karamihan
naman ng inaano nila wormy composting. Policies in composting backyards – they
allow composting, actually ngayon ini-encourage.
Rozel: Yun pa lang naman po ang questions ko sir. Thank you po sa time ninyo.
Ricardo: Sige, sige. You’re welcome.
89 | P a g e
INTERVIEW TRANSPCRIPT MR. EUGENE D. BUYUCAN, BAGUIO CITY, CITY
GENERAL SERVICES OFFICER
Date of interview: September 06, 2019
Name of interviewee: Mr. Eugene D. Buyucan
Baguio City
City General Services Officer
Interviewers
Interviewer 1: Angelica Tumulak
Interviewer 2: Carlo Noe
Interviewer 3: Lemoree Anne Taclaoan
Interviewer 4: Jan Karlo Borromeo
Interviewer 2: Good afternoon po. May mga questions lang po kami about sa mga
biowaste ng Baguio po.
Respondent: Good afternoon din. Sige ano yun?
Interviewer 1: yung mga biowaste po ineestore sa agency tapos ginagamit yung

machine po?
Respondent: oo pinaprocess yun.
Interviewer 1: Ano pong mga biowaste po yung mga kinokolekta?
Respondent: yung vegetable wastes, pero dati lahat lahat pati yung mga waste ng
mga restaurant, dumami yung mga waste sa restaurant kasi wala nang bumubili ng
pagkain ng baboy, pinahinto kasi yung baboy sa city, under the law kasi, sa clean air
act, bawal ang baboy sa highly urbanized city.
Interviewer 1: Ay alam niyo daw po ba ung sa may Ambiong po, yung parang…
90 | P a g e
Respondent: meron kaming documentation, dito sa clean air act committee para
idocument yun, pwede yan basta ang space mo maluwang, kasi whether you like it or
not mayroong raw feeds dyan, na mabaho kung di mo naisprayan but that is allowable
sa rural areas na kahit matagal ng nakalagay yung biodegradable na basura dyan,
hanggang mabulok eh okay lang kasi wala naman maistorbo eh.
Interviewer 3: Ang research po kasi naming eh, alam niyo po ba yung Bokashi?
Respondent: Oo, meron yung Bokashi na iyan na ginagamit mo sa composition, meron

din yung ginagamitan nila ng African Crawler, yung worm na malalaki na nilalagay sa
controlled facility, tapos pati yung mga plants ng saging kinakain nila. Yun yung
pinakamagandang compost fertilizer, yung tinatae nung worm. So yun nga yung
pinopromote ng Department of Agriculture, ang problema, dito sa City of Baguio,
mostly dikit dikit yung bahay, wala kang area.
Respondent: Yung space talaga, so we are incorporating technology as an approach

to facilitate the processing of the biodegradable, parang ERS sa Irisan. Dito yung ERS
kasi namin (shows picture), Dinadala yung garbage, so yun yung facility. Ito yung
dating naprocess, pinaprocess ulit. And then, itong mga nasa loob, ito yung product
nya, finished product, iniiscreen lang, magiging compost na.
Interviewer 1: San po napupunta yung mga “compost”?
Respondent: Binebenta yan, dito may sample tayo dito. (shows sample compost)
walang amoy ano? Hawakan niyo, hindi mabaho. Yan ang product ng mga basura
natin.
Interviewer 1: Ano po yung mga components na nilalagay niyo sa pag-gawa niyo ng

compost?
Respondent: Meron tayong shredder, squeezer, maluluto dun sa ERS machine, and
then meron tayong dinagdag na parang spinner, kasi yung basura natin dito eh parang
matubig. So ang problema paano mo madry yung fertilizer. So ma-shred siya,
pumunta sa squeezer ma-squeeze sya, ilagay mo sa ERS machine maluluto siya, pag
labas i-hammer para madurog talaga yung particles, sa dulo merong spinner lalo
91 | P a g e
ngayong tagulan, parang concept siya ng spinner ng damit, mais-spin yan paglabas
niya dry. Tapos ilagay nila sa rotating machine, dagdagan din ng kaunting additives
para maging compost fertilizer. Tapos dadaan sa screen para pinong-pino na tapos
isasako na.
Interviewer 4: pero sir diba sabi niyo po yung process may spinner po siya, yung juice
po ba nung compost saan po napupunta?
Respondent: meron tayong tank na nailalagay doon tapos tinetreat. Yung liquid na yun
yung pinagttreat. Dinevelop ng company iyan to treat iyong waste water. Mayroon
tayong fertilizer, meron silang deodorizer eh.
Interviewer 1: So parang naging product na rin po yun?
Respondent: Oo. Meron kasi silang chemist. Siya yung nagdedesign so kaya nilang
gumawa ng sarili nilang deodorizer. So noon last year, kung pumunta kayo sa planta,
sobrang mabaho. Pero ngayong 2019, nakita na yung improvement.
Interviewer 3: So sir yung project po naming is automation ng Bokashi Bucket,

gagawin naming siyang electronically controlled na po. Ask lang po namin, how do you
think na makakaapekto yung project namin sa mga gawain ng LGU?
Respondent: Maraming approach yan, kailangan natin yung mga different approach.
Actually dun sa research na pinakita ko itong si Engr. Lunag, gumawa siya ng parang
bin diesel, makina na household type ang kanyang i-sosort na biodegradable. So siya
ang nagprocess-process nun tapos araw-araw pwede mong hinaharvest yung
compost. Kailangan natin [Bokashi Project], kasi you would want na may diversion.
Para hindi isa lang ang gamit natin, kung yang makina[ERS Irisan] lang, hindi niya
kaya ang basura natin. Alam mo ba ang biodegradable araw-araw? 402 thousand
tons per day. At lahat kayo, kung tutuusin ang sainyo eh half-kilo a day na basura so
ganun karami. Times yung population natin na 345,000. Can you just imagine kaya
pagnagsasalita yung mga environmentalist kuno nagmamagaling, wag kayo maniwala.
Interviewer 3: DO you have any recommendations or comments po sa project na

naisip po namin?
92 | P a g e
Respondent: actually that is a tried and tested technology, hindi lang talaga
nadedevelop into a macro project. So pwede yan kasi tried and tested yan na Bokashi
na yan. Ang base niyan eh plant based diba? So maganda yan kasi hindi pangit sa
environment yan. Isa yan sa mga dapat nating iconsider, kasi pag inapply mo yan
definitely makakaapekto sa ibang tao, but in that case e plant based at hindi harmful,
hindi chemical based, okay yan sa environment. Imagine kung inapply mo dito sa
higher level tapos umabot dun sa lower level, syempre maapektuhan niya lahat ng
mga living organism dyan wether harmful or beneficial. But because it is plant based, it
is friendly to the environment. We have to develop a technology that is friendly to the
environment, hindi yung parang acido na pag sinaboy mo eh pati tao maapektuhan na.
Interviewer 2: pwede po bang mavisit yung site po sa Irisan po or hindi?
Respondent: Pwede but it was privatized so kailangan ng letter. Gawa kayo ng sulat
tapos we’ll approve. Ayan kasi dalawa yan, it was bought by the city government back
in 2010. They claimed, it is a Japanese technology. However there was no thorough
study before that it was okay. Nung dumating ditto, nabayran ng napakamahal, 128
million, and the seller, was ever to stay for 2 years, but in my analysis hindi
masyadong naitransfer yung technology. So ang nangyari, meron daw certain micro-
organism that tends to hasten the decomposition of the biodegradable, when heated to
a certain degree of heat, nagigising daw sila, kumakain sa mga basura. Kapag labas
durog durog na, pag labas medjo pwede nang iiscreen ng konti pwede nang magamit
daw. Indeed in the initial parang tama, pero matapang hindi pwedeng basta ilagay sa
plant. Kailangan lagyan mo ng moisture. Isa pang issue dun is ang basura pala sa
Japan dry, hindi katulad dito. If you look at the hydrometer, ang normal na moisture
content natin eh nasa 80%, tumataas pa pag ganitong rainy season. So ang problema
nung machine eh how to bring out the garbage na dry, you need a lot of energy in that,
so malaking gastos ng city, 18 million a year ang maintenance. So nung pina-privatize
namin, nawala yung gastos. So there was a revision in the technology. They now apply
the Philippine type of ingenuity, nagdagdag sila ng shredder, nagdagdag sila ng
squeezer, nagdagdagsila ng hammer wheel, at nagdagdag ng dryer na parang pag
naglalaba ka and we were able to produce up to 80-85% dry at this rainy season, so
93 | P a g e
probably when it is summer time, mas dry. But that is still acceptable. So yun ang on-
going technology niya. Now there is technology napuounta sana kami ng Japan, nasa
25 kami ang nakaschedule, titingnan naming ang biomass technology, waste-to-
energy naman ito. It is also an approach to manage our garbage. Itong Biomass
technology, as far as I have seen, and I have made a research. Ito ginagamit yung
yung biodegradable to produce methane, and this methane is used to run a machine
that will produce electricity. Ang ginagawa, nilalagay yung biodegradable dito, meron
silang way to gather the methane. It runs a machine and that machine produces
electricity. After which yung sludge could be used as, pwedeng construction materials,
pwede rin soil conditioning or compost. The problem with biomass is paano naman
yung residual waste like cellophane, sachet ng shampoo, tetrapack ng juice. So yun
ang isang drawback ng biomass. Ang ginagawa nila ditto is they trade it, ang then they
make it as construction materials, or as fuel but it again violates one law. Clean air act.
But in japan, Singapore, they use that burning aspect to produce electricity. Sinusunog
yung basura para magproduce ng init, tatakbo yung makina, magpproduce ng
kuryente. Kaya lang ditto sa pilipinas, hindi pa naaammend yung Clean Air act,
binawal yung burning. Isa rin na problema kaya hinid tayo umuusad sa garbage
management. Kaya ang ginawa lang natin, Engineered sanitary landfill, itapon lang
dyan hanggang maging bundok. Kaya dun sa lowlands nagbundok na yung basura.
And that is more dangerous to the environment. Why? In the years to come that will
produce gas, if we cannot harness that properly, syempre pupunta yun sa ozone edi
sisitahin nanaman diba. Parang nangyari dyan sa brazil, yung forest fire. They were
saying that jungle pala is producing 20% of breathing air. Masira, minus 20% so 80%
nalang matititra. And I think engineering is going towards the environment. So we
cannot help but to develop technology and machine to fast track yng management the
overgrowing volume of garbage. In urban areas, yung sa city of Baguio ang laki laki ng
basura at nadagdagan pa. actually ang kalaban natin ang ugali or discipline. No
amount of technology will solve the discipline problem in the Philippines. Ang Pilipino
pa naman pag nakaligtas tuwang tuwa. Not mindful of the next person will be affected.
So it is about time to re-engineer our character our way of life, our culture. Im not sure
if it would concern engineering students like you. Do you have subjects to re-engineer
94 | P a g e
the culture of the Philippines, something that you cannot touch or hold? It is a
challenge to the young generations like you, who will benefit whatever good things we
can do. In the air, meron po tayong ginawa ng engineers, na nagmemeasure ng
smoke, kaya ng a meron tayong emission testing diba. Ang wala, wala pa naimbento
ang mga engineer na magmeasure ng baho ng hangin, to establish the livable
threshold. Kaya nga yan ang isang argument eh. Minsan mabaho sa iba, hindi naman
sa iba. Just like in Irisan, mabaho daw, pero bakit yung iba gusto pang angkinin yung
basurahan, di naman sila nagcocomplain ng mabaho. So dapat magdevelop kayo ng
machine to measure kung gaano kabaho ang hangin natin. Ang nilagay ng DENR eh
ang minemeasure niya eh dust at usok so sabi nila ang Baguio city daw ang may
pinakamasamang hangin. Kasi yan ang problem ng taga-Tuba nung nilipat ko yung
transfer staion sa marcos highway. Sabi nila bakit daw ang baho-baho. Unang una
may basura bang hindi mabaho. Pero those are just arguments, I was just holding
them while ginagawa naming yung engineering intervention kasi meron naman tayong
responsibility na hindi maapektuhan ang neighbors. So pinasemento naming yan, may
deodorizer kami, tapos may wall and our segregation is medjo hindi pa masaydong
perfect. Ibig kong sabihin eh yung basura na residual, meron pang biodegradable na
sasama. Tulad ng sa restaurant, yung tissue, cellophane, sinama dun sa [plastic]
tapos binalot yung extra food tapos sinama dun kasi tamad yung staff na
magsegregate, pagdating dun hindi namin namamalayan kasi puro tambak, mamaya
pag hindi na-transfer within 24hours, babaho yan.
Interviewer 3: yung sa segregation po pano po yung tamang pagsegregate?
Respondent: Ang tamang pagsegregate according to 9003, sa household level mismo.

Sa household level dapat meron kang two classifications, nabubulok at di nabubulok.
So pag labas mo, dapat segregated yan. According to the law, dapat yung sa bahay
niyo i-compost mo, yung recyclable ibenta mo ang ilabas mo lang yung walang
kwenta, yung residual. So paglabas mo sa bahay mo, meorn tayong designated
collection, na nakasulat yung araw at oras. Now dadaan yung sasakyan naming,
kinokolekta lang yung basura. Now it is responsibility of the barangay, under the law,
to check wether may tamang segregation n or wala. Pag hindi, hindi namin
95 | P a g e
kinokolekta, iniissuhan naming sila ng notice of violation. In fact, pwede silang mai-
habla, yung barangay official, for not doing their job. So yan kinolekta naming yung
basura, dadalhin naming sa marcos yung residual, yung meron konting biodegradable
may dadating service. Yung hindi nasegregate na recyclable, while in transit, nakikita
mo yung mga tao, hindi naming empleyado yan, volunteer yan. Hiniwahiwalay nila,
plastic, karton, iron metal na pwede nilang ibenta. Under the law kasi, meron dapat
degree of waste diversion, so that is counted as diversion. Lumiliit yung tinatapon natin
sa transfer station, nababayaran natin yung hauling, so yun yung diversion natin sa
city. Pag dating mo dun sa irisan, nakita mo yung structure dun. So kumikita sila dyan,
nagshshare sila sa kita. So yun naman sa irisan, mayaman nalan yung mga
nagbebenta ng recyclable. There is segregation supposed to be the primary
segregation sa barangay. Doon sa transfrer station, meron kaming sinamahan na
housewives, mga informal settlers, nakikiusap sila saakin, mgan mothers, kung
pwedeng kunin nila yung mga damit. Pwede rin naman. Yung mga stock points, kasi
Baguio city is the wagwag capital. Mababawsan yung basura natin, ginagamit nila,
ginagawang punas, meron drawback yan eh, magiging barado stero natin, mga
jeepney driver natin pag madumi na punas nila tinatapon agad. They do not store
properly. But atleast we did not directly throw away our recyclable clothings.
Naprocess at nagamit pa bago eventually maitatapon.
Interviewer 1: ang Baguio diba sir is highly urbanized, and the population density is
high, paano yun sir yung sinasabi niyo npo na yung biodegradable eh nasa household
lang po, pero since yung mga places nay un, especially dito sa Baguio, occupied na, at
sementado na. Ano po yung mas effective way para madispose yung mga
biodegradable?
Respondent: before I answer that, that is a challenge for you. Challenge sainyong mga
engineers. Katulad ng ginawa ni Engr Lunag, kung saan ang isang mechanical na
machine, andun yung nanggigiling ng mga biodegradable, good for the household, and
then nahaharvest niya within 30 days yung compost, may nilalagay siya sa loob na
mge enzyme, yung iba gumagamit ng trichoderma.so siguro yun ang isang gagamitin,
isang enzyme that would hasten the composition of this biodegradable. Saakin, sa
96 | P a g e
bahay, meron akong malalaking pot, so I started putting my garbage ditto. Walo na ata
eh. Dagdag mona yung lupa, pagkapuno na yung 8th pot, pwede na gamitin yung
unang napuno. If you want it, bumili ka ng enzymes na pang-spray, to ensure na
walang flies. Hayaan mo na yung mga worms dun, sila ang nagcocompost. Kung
gusto mo pa nga eh kuha ka ng nmga worm dyan yung mga native na worm dyan
yung red. It is just a matter of creativity. Sabi nga nila, kung ayaw maraming dahilan,
kung gusto maraming paraan. Mga pinoy eh, ang galling ng pinoy,pinoy ang
pinakamagaling kaya lang nahahaluan ng kalokohan. And going back, yan ang
challenge sainyo, come up with a portable machine that would solve the residuals.
Meron mga machine, kaya lang mahal, na pinipeletize na yung mga plastic, yung mga
sando bag. Ang ginagawa nila parang pinaplantsa na nila para tumigas and then
pinepelletize, eto naming mga plastic na kagaya ng coke, diretso yan. Pag pelletize na,
pwedeng gawing upuan, pwedeng i-remold nila as basin, food containers for animals,
or furniture and figurines. It’s just a matter of creativity. (shows examples)
Interviewer 1: Kaninong projects po yan sir?
Respondent: alam mo yung NEDA (shows direction), merong stickhouse dito, dating
aide ni macapagal arroyo, sila yung may product ng ganito. Kasi meron silang coffee
shop.
Interviewer 1: sir for example, sa isang household po, nagpurchase po sila ng Bokashi
Bucket, pero ang problem po natin is wala pong space kasi puro apartment types po
mostly. Pwede po ba silang magseek ng help sa mga barangay or LGU para sa
disposal.
Respondent: oo naman, pwede naman yan. Isang suggest mo diba yung Pinatubo
product, yung ash diba. Diba gumawa sila ng mga flower vase na malalaki. Pwedeng
dun mo ilagay yung garbage mo, bokashi. Meron tayong bagong product na drum,
pwede rin naman gumamit din nun lagyan lang ng butas sa ilalim. So it’s just a matter
of being in-genuine. But take it to consideration yung control nitong bokashi, pag
lumabas, hindi natin alam ang [nangyayari], hindi natin nai-project yung effect nito sa
environment diba. You use the conventional type of using the bokashi to manage the
97 | P a g e
garbage. So you might be looking at ano bang pinakamagandang container, it’s
practical use, yung ease of handling, yun yung considerations eh.
Interviewer 3: sir yung dun po sa pagpprocess po, gaano po katagal?
Respondent: yung dun sa ERS, 2 days lang.
Interviewer 3:2 days lang po tapos pwedeng gamitin as [compost]?
Respondent: Oo, yung sa ambiong naman, 1 year. But that’s not apply to a society like
ours, ang bilis ng labas ng basura natin. Si Pangonon kasi, hindi na siya naglalagay ng
night crawler. Ang night crawler ang isang saging 2 nights ubos nay an, ang bilis pa
nilang manganak. Ang problema pero pag lumabas ang night crawler baka tanim natin
ang kakainin naman. Kagaya ng hindi masyadong sumikat naman na trichoderma, it’s
more of like a bacteria that would hasten ang pagkabulok ng isang bagay. Paano pang
lumabas at tao or halaman ang kinapitan. Dapat controlled. At doon papasok yung
engineering knowledge niyo, dun kayo magwork on, how to provide the proper
technology to provide these things.
Respondent: okay so thank you very much for visiting and good luck.
Interviewer 1: Thank you po.
98 | P a g e
INTERVIEW TRANSCRIPT WITH MR. MANOLO LLANETA AND MRS. YOLANDA
BUENEVENTURA, SCOUT BARRIO
CAPTAIN AND RESIDENT
Date of interview: October 9, 2019
Name of interviewee 1: Mr. Manalo Llaneta
Name of interviewee 2: Mrs. Yolanda Bueneventura
Baranggay Captain and Resident
Scout Barrio, Baguio City
Names of Interviewers:
Lemoree Anne Taclaoan
Carlo Noe
Lem: Lemoree Anne po, tiyaka si Noe. Student po kami ng SLU, Electronics
Engineering. So first question ko po, kinokolekta po ba ng GSO yung waste ng
baranggay?
Capt. Manolo: Yah, as of now, partly yung mga hindi pwedeng mag compost, yung
mga biodegradables ano, yung hindi pwede yun ang kinokolekta nila. Kasi doon
sementado, walang space kaya yung mga yun kinokolekta pa rin ng GSO.
Lem: so you mean sir buong baranggay?
Capt. Manolo: Hindi, dito sa banda dito. Ano bang month yun? Yung August ba? Yung
sinabi na biodegradables, hindi na nila kokolektahin. Bigla yun eh, because of the
irisan nga diba. Yun, in-announce na namin, na kung pwede, kung may space sa likod,
contain nalang nila yung mga biodegradable. They made it naman, all the while nag
kolekta yung truck, doon sa banda roon pinakiusapan. Pero dito yung mga may
backyards, kinon-tain na nila yun. Pati dito sa taas, dito rin sa purok 4, may mga
spaces sila na pwedeng i-contain mga biodegradable. Pati rin dito sa gitna, may mga
spaces sila sa likod, kinontain na nila. Pero nalaman na nila na after that collection
99 | P a g e
day, the following collection day, ang GSO pumayag nanaman sila na kolektahin yung
mga lahat nanaman. Pero all the while yung mga iba dito sine-segregate nila. Yung
mga recyclables, mga biodegradables, sila naka segregate. Tapos yung mga
residuals, kinokolekta na rin lahat nila iyon.
Lem: so as of now sir mga ilang percentage po ng mga residents ang nagcocompost
or di nagpapa-collect.
Capt. Manolo: didn’t check lately, pero noon ano na nasa 50 percent na
Lem: so sa mag semented part na lang?
Capt. Manolo: oo. Pero ngayon di pa ako nag check ngayon pero umiikot ako pero
tinitignan ko naman yung mga waste, wala naman yung biodegradables, bihira makita
ko kaya kako “okay ha”. Pero yung ngayon yung trashing truck, kinukuha naman nila
lahat yun basta naka segregate.
Lem: So yung pag collect po ng GSO sir, weekly po ba yun?
Capt. Manolo: Yah, sa Wednesdays. Ngayon, kaninang umaga nag collect sila.
Lem: sabay pong kino-collect yun sir?
Capt. Manolo: yeah sabay. As long as segregated. All the while syempre sila
nagsesegregate nung mga plastics, yung mga pwede pakinabangan diba? Tignan mo
pag umikot silang ganyan habang nagko-collect sila, sine-segregate nila. Nag aano rin
sila, yung mga pwedeng ibenta. Tignan mo pag labas nila dito, naka separate na mga
anlalaking doon sa ibabaw ng truck. Punong-puno ng mga ibebenta nila ganon.
Lem: So sir doon naman sa part ng pagko-compost niyo, may action po ba yung
baranggay?
Capt. Manolo: may compost pit kami, may ginawa kaming ano diyan. Pero all the while
kasi nga sa bahay palang nila inaano na nila, eh yun, wala kami. Pero all the while,
pag totally na siguro, sapilitan na kami, na kukunin yung mga nandiyan. Pag hindi na
kinukuha talaga ng GSO, talagang iko-contain namin.
Lem: So prepared na po kayo.
100 | P a g e
Capt. Manolo: meron kami diyan compost pit diyan na ano, then all the while balak ko
pa rin. Dito sa school kasi, yung old septic tank, yun ang balak kong i-unearth, i-
expose yung ano, dun kami magcocompost uli. Plus, yung ginawa naming compost pit.
Lem: So as of now po, more on household po yung nagcocollect?
Capt. Manolo: oo nagcocompost sila ng sila na. Then all the while kami rito actually
yung mga tanim namin dito. Puno ng talong dati yan, itong mga ‘to. Talong yang mga
plant na yan, puro talong. Pero nung pinow out na namin, nag strawberry naman.
Nandun yung compost pit actually. Gusto niyong matanaw?
Lem: Ay okay lang naman po.
Capt. Manolo: Sige sige. Pero yun lang kakukuha palang namin ng mga ano niya.
Lem: kailan po sinumulan yung project ng compost pit?
Capt. Manolo: noong past administration pa. yung kagawad ako noon.
Lem: Estimated mga ilang years na po siya?
Capt. Manolo: mga 2013. Yan kakaharvest lang namin yan. Sa amin kami lang ang
gumawa niyan. Doon naman yung, dito this part, doon sa comfort room kasi yun, may
septic tank plano naming i-unearth, the all the while, sinabi ko sa John Hay yan na
ano, they could provide a better space for you, sabi nilang ganon. Pero wala naman
kaming makolekta na biodegradables kaya hindi ko pa inaano. Pero all the while kung
sakali, biglaan na ihihiinto ng GSO and pagkolekta, that would be yung compost pit
namin ano, whatever recyclables doon sa water tank, sa ilalim ng water tank parang
gagawin naming MRI.
Lem: So sir sa mga biodegradable, saan niyo po ginagamit yung mga nako-collect
niyo?
Capt. Manolo: kino-compost namin. Yung mga nasa trash bag, hinahalo namin sa soil.
Hinahaluan din namin ng mga tae ng kabayo, galing kasi diyan sa taas. Hinahalo
namin na ganon then all the while, siguro mga 4 or 6 months. May mga plastic pa yan
eh.
101 | P a g e
Lem: so sir yun lang po ba yung method niyo ng pagmamanage ng biowaste?
Capt. Manolo: Composting, ganon din sa mga bahay bahay kasi eh. Yung mga
kasama namin sa bahay bahay, alam mo yung drum, doon nila nilalagay. Then all the
while may “wati” na nilalagay. Madami yun inuubos nila yun. Fertilization yun, mga
earthworm yun, kita mo kapag ano andami. Dami ring ibon, kaya kailangan may takip
yun. Dahil uubusin ng ibon yung earthworm. Sila yung nagfeferment.
Lem: tapos yung mga yon ginagamit nila sa mga bahay?
Capt. Manolo: oo sa mga bahay-bahay. Around the baranggay mga mga tanim-tanim
din, may paso sila. Kung sakali man may mga vegetables sila. Kaya sa mga
nagiinspect ng mga bio na yan, tinuturo na rin namin yung mga bahay, pero mukhang
gardens na.
Lem: pwede pong may makita ngayon? Yung mga may composting?
Capt. Manolo: Mga may composting? Sila Juanito. Kasi yung composting nila drum-
drum na lang.
Lem: Sir are you aware of Bokashi bucket?
Capt. Manolo: ano ilalagay? Rice bran? Hindi bran ang ano namin. Diba nag ga-grass
cut kami? Yun ang inaano namin.
Lem: Ay so dina-dry niyo pa po?
Capt. Manolo: oo. Syempre naiipon lang din. Pag naglagay ka na, yung pantakip mo.
Kahit din diyan sa compost pit namin. Pag naglagay na kami ng biodegradables na
yan, lalo na syempre ayaw mo rin amoyin diba? Yun nilalagay namin. Yung field na
yan, usually nag ga-grass cut kami diyan, very fine yun eh, yun ang inaano namin.
Ganyan rin yan sa basketball court, yung mga tanim din yung mga lemon ganon. Yung
grass na yun, yun ang nilalagay namin, magiging fertilizer yun.
Lem: so yung duration naman po ng pag compost niyo sir, umaabot po ba siya ng
months?
Capt. Manolo: yah. Usually hinaharvest namin 6 months.
102 | P a g e
Lem: pero yung mga management niyo naman sir sa mga bahay-bahay, para sa inyo
sir very effective yung ginagawa nila?
Capt. Manolo: oo naman, dahil sa sariling sikap na rin. Yun talaga yung nire-
recomment namin.
Lem: So in terms of implementation naman wala naman kayong problema?
Capt. Manolo: ganon na nga. Yung sabi ko sa inyo, yung time na sinabi ni mayor,
umikot, “no biodegradables”. Umikot yung truck. Pero yun nga after 1 week nga, diba
kinuha din nila yung buidegradables. Yung iba tinuloy nila yung compost nila, yung iba
lalo yung mga nagpapaupa, tinapon din nila yung biodegradables nila. Mayroon din
diyan, si mister Bueneventura, yung mga resto diyan yung mga nagpapakain diyan,
kinukuha niya yung mga ano. Doon sa likod nila, nagcocompost din siya. The good
thing with us ano, ang mga kagawad dito, yun bang all they do, iniikutan lang nila yung
basura. Hindi gaya ng ibang baranggay na sila pa ang nagsesegregate dahil matitigas
pa ang ulo ng mga constituents nila, unless na nahuli nila. Pero karamihan, di na nila
matukoy kasi tambakan yung sa kanila tama? Yun bang isang corner naka lagay lahat
ng basura doon. Pag ganon, hindi naman kukunin ng basurero yun eh. Iiwanan lang
nila. Kasi dito kasi, sa purok 8 inaakyat nila yung basura nila, pero all the while
tinitignan ko na. Pag dito, maiikutan mo kasi sa harap mismo ng bahay nila yung
basura nila. Hindi kami nahihirapan.
Lem: sir with regards naman po doon sa mga residents, may makakausap po ba kami
ngayon?
Capt. Manolo: oo, puntahan natin si Juanito, pero yung misis niya ang nandiyan. Yung
si Danny na lang, puntahan natin si Danny.
Lem: sir gaano po karami yung resident ng baranggay niyo?
Capt. Manolo: more or less mga 150 houses.
Interview with Mrs Yolanda Bueneventura
Yolanda: Ako kasi nilalagay ko sa sako, yung nabubulok. Kasi ang kinukuha kong
nabubulok, galing diyan sa kainan diyan. Pinagbalatan ng eggs, lahat ng gulay. Kasi
103 | P a g e
ang ano doon, kung sako, atleast sako lang. tapos kung minsan, if I have time,
nangunguha ako ng tae ng kabayo, kasi yon, mabilis yung worm.
Lem: So paano po yung process ng ginagawa niyo?
Yolanda: basta pag nag-shoot na ako sa sako, nandun lang sa likod namin. Kasi yung
sinasabi nilang nilalangaw, hindi yun lalangawin kung basura, lagyan mo ng kaunting
lupa. Tiyaka itong si neighbor natin na si Mr. Masaga, may product, yung kemikal pero
sila yung gumagawa.
Capt. Manolo: Alam mo yung molasses? Ganon, yeast. Pinaghalu-halo niya yun.
Yolanda: Binigyan ako ng isang bottle, kasi ang sabi niya, to prevent yung amoy. Kaya
ang ginagawa namin, sa isang liter ng water, siguro isang cup lang ang hinahalo ko.
Tapos spray, lahat ng halaman ko iniispray ko.
Lem: Liquid po ba yun?
Capt. Manolo: Liquid oo.
Yolanda: Tapos pag nilagay mo na yung lupa, lagay ka uli ng nabubulok, lupa uli, yun.
Yung tae ng kabayo last ko na yun kasi yung tae ng kabayo pag dry, hindi yan
mangangamoy. Tapos isasara ko na. After 3 months, pwede ko nang ibuhos.
Lem: So mga ilang years?
Yolanda: Ay, months lang. 4 to 5 months lang. Pwede ko nang ibuhos nanaman.
Lem: Gaano katagal na po kayong nagcocompost?
Capt. Manolo: Matagal na yan. Kahit nga minsan siya pa nagdedestribute ng mga
tanim namin dito. Mga herbal mga ganyan.
Lem: so yung mga halaman niyo po, ito na po yung mga product niyo?
Yolanda: Oo, nagbebenta na rin ako. Ito yung mga lupa niya galing na rin lahat sa
compost. Gumagamit din ako ng “Symbio”, yun ang pangalan niya.
Capt. Manolo: ang pinakamaganda yung leaves ng Alnos Tree.
104 | P a g e
Yolanda: i-gather mo, i-dry mo tapos yun ang i-pulverize mo sa lupa. Ang maganda pa
yung leaves ng sunflower
Capt. Manolo: Oo yung sunflower natin.
Yolanda: Mag-cut ka ng ganon, tadtarin mo sa lupa. Kasi yun yung amoy niya, yun din
ang nag-aalis ng baho ng ico-compost mo.
Lem: Tita pwede pong malaman yung name niyo?
Yolanda: Yolanda Bueneventura. Tiyaka ang alam mo anak, kumikita ako. Binebenta
ko e
Lem: Yung lupa po?
Yolanda: oo yung lupa. Binibili yan sa orchidarium, 80 pesos per can nga yan eh. Ang
benta ko rin 80 per sako may kasama na yung tae ng kabayo. Kung talagan tutukan
mo, kikita ka talaga. Sige umuulan na
Lem: Maraming salamat po.
Lem: Si Mr. Masaga po?
Capt. Manolo: Ito yung bahay niya, may mga gamit yan na pang spray. Siya yung
“Symbio”. Siya yung nag-present sa city noon. Alam mo yung formula ni Juanito, pag
in-spray mo sa aso, nawawala yung amoy. Dito kasi usually yung mga nagca-camping,
yung mga basura nila, would take 3 to 4 days silang nandiyan, yung mga basura
natatambak dito. Eh ang basura it would be coming Wednesday pa, eh usually
natatapos sila, Sunday. Ang nangyayari dun, ii-spray-han mo yung ginawa niya.
Ganoon din yung gawa ni Mr. Masaga din, ganon din, walang amoy. Atleast yun,
friendly. Yung liquid, parang insecticide din. If you’ll have time, kung sakaling
dadagdagan niyo pa yung research niyo, pwede natin i-interview si Juanito.
Lem: So sir, natanong ko na po lahat, maraming salamat po.
105 | P a g e
INTERVIEW TRANSCRIPT WITH MR. JOE GUERRERO, IRISAN DUMPSITE
SUPERVISOR
Date of interview: October 4, 2019
Name of interviewee: Mr. Joe Guerrero
Irisan Staff
Irisan Dumpsite, Baguio City
Names of Interviewers:
Lemoree Anne Taclaoan
Carlo Noe
Lem: Kuya pwedeng malaman yung name niyo?
Joe: Joe Guerrero.
Lem: kayo po yung ano dito kuya?
Joe: parang supervisor.
Lem: According to my classmates, meron kayo noong ERS machine and hammer-mill.
Joe: Oo. Ang proseso kasi dai, niluluto nila. Pagkatapos nilang lutuin, itatambak lang
diyan. Yun ang nangangamoy.
Lem: Pero ngayon po?
Joe: Di na namin tinatambak diyan. Pagkatapos namin dito, idederetso na sa loob,

fertilizer na agad.
Lem: So dudurugin po nung machine?
Joe: Oo. Yung pandurog yung hammer-mill.
Lem: So dito po sa facility, how many tons po ng trash per day? Estimated po.
Joe: Fourteen tons daily.
106 | P a g e
Lem: Paano po kayo nagcocollect ng trash dito sa Baguio?
Joe: Yung mga galing Hangar lang ang kinokolekta namin. Every day, isang dump
truck and dumadating. Pero 13 to 14 tons.
Lem: Yung dump truck na po ba yun kuya, buong Baguio na ba?
Joe: Hangar, palengke. Sa mga residential, hindi na. Ayaw ata ni mayor kasi nasisira
yung quality noong fertilizer.
Lem: So saan po dinadala yung biowaste ng residential?
Joe: Doon ata sa may Tuba, transfer station. Kasi kung makikita niyo, puro gulay lang
yung nandito.
Lem: So yan po ba, kayang i-process ng hammer-mill niyo?
Joe: Oo. Yung 14 tons kaya niya isang araw. Pero putol-putol ang operation.
Naguumpisa kami ng 8, nagbe-break kami ng 10, tapos maguumpisa ulit kami ng
10:30. Titigil uli kami ng 11:30, umpisa uli kami, ala una. Tapos mamayang 4 ulit.
Putol-putol.
Lem: so within 24 hours, napa-process niyo na talaga.
Joe: Oo.
Lem: Doon naman po sa rate of production niyo kuya, gaano naman po karami yung
nagagawa niyong fertilizer?
Joe: Marami actually, kahapon nagdeliver kami sa Bulacan. At noong nakaraan nag
deliver kami sa Alaminos ng 1000 bags.
Lem: Ilang days naman po ng production niyo yun kuya?
Joe: Matagal din yun. Ini-stock lang namin diyan. Pag may oorder, ‘yun.
Lem: Pero yung 13 to 14 tons, ilan ang napoproduce niyo doon na fertilzer?
Joe: Depende kasi, lalo na ngayong tag-ulan. Pero pag natapos na ng dryer naming
dalawa, ito na. Walang estimated na bilang kasi per kilo yung sako namin.
107 | P a g e
Lem: so tungkol doon sa machine kuya, ilang years niyo nang ginagamit?
Joe: Bago pa lang. Actually nagsimula kami rito, May lang. Nitong 2019.
Lem: So yung isa, phase out na? Yung Hammer-mill na lang yung ginagamit niyo?
Joe: Hindi naman. Pero kasi kung yung ginagamit namin yung luma, magastos sa
diesel. Tyaka yung dating proseso nila, pagkatapos nila, itatambak lang nila dito. Yung
ERS.
Lem: So hindi ginagamit yung ERS due to electric and diesel?
Joe: Oo. Tyaka parang mas maganda yung bago. Yung mga nandiyan na
nakatambak, dati yan gawa ng ERS.
Lem: Itong hammer-mill, wala nang excess na hindi niyo napa-process?
Joe: Wala.
Lem: So kuya may mga problems ba kayong naeencounter sa mga machines na

ginagamit niyo ngayon?
Joe: Actually wala na, dire-diretso na ngayon, kasi nakuha na namin yung technique.
Isang linggo na kami nago-operate ng diretso. Ang pinaka pahinga na lang yung break
ng machine.
Lem: So kuya aware po ba kayo na may mga baranggay dito sa Baguio na yung
Biowaste nila, sila na nagpa-process?
Joe: Oo okay naman yun, para matuto sila. Kasi minsan diba halu-halo? Kaya ang
nirekomenda ata ni mayor, bawat baranggay sila na ang mag compost.
Lem: So bale ang sa inyo nalang is market?
Joe: Market na lang.
Lem: Saan uli dinadala yung iba kuya?
Joe: Sa Badiwan, Tuba.
Lem: May information ba kayo doon kuya? Parang kung ano yung ginagawa nila?
108 | P a g e
Joe: Ang kanila, mga residual din. Doon lang itatambak tapos binababa nila sa
Urdaneta. Iniipon at itatapon lang nila. Mga residual, mga plastic ganon.
Lem: So yung mga baranggay na may ginagawang project sa composting, hindi

namna kayo apektado?
Joe: Hindi naman. Pabor sa amin.
Carlo: Yan kuya yung dryer niyo, ginagamit niyo na ba yan?
Joe: Hindi pa, galing sa city yan, pagaganahin namin. Sa amin ang maintenance nito.
Carlo: Paano ngayon kuya, halimbawa umuulan, anong gagawin niyo sa mga basa na
basura?
Joe: Wala. Minsan kinukuha na lang namin tapos papatuyuin na lang.
Lem: Pero dati kuya, ano yung naeencounter niyo na problems doon sa machine?
Noong hindi niyo pa gamay?
Joe: Oo, minsan yung conveyor nasisira. Minsan yung rubber niya. Mechanical issue
lang.
Lem: yan po ba kuya, sa tingin niyo ilang years makakapag operate sa baguio?
Joe: Matagal yan.
Lem: Yung isa kuya, yung ERS?
Joe: Yan matagal din yan. Mga ten ata yan. Ten years. Kaya ganyan ka dami yung
tambak nila.
Lem: So bagi lang yung project nila, which is better compare doon sa dati. So yung
mga yan kuya nakatambak lang diyan?
Joe: ipa-process din namin yan. Pero kasi actually fertilizer na yan. Luto na yan,
hahaluan lang namin ng parang gamot para maging hybrid siya. Actually sila,
nagpaprocess na sila pero sabi ng mga buyer, marumi, kaya na-stop. Makikita mo
yung sa amin ngayon, napakalinis. Wala na ring amoy.
109 | P a g e
Carlo: Paano yung gagawin niyo diyan, yung mga may plastic?
Joe: may rotary kami doon na malaki. May screen, doon sa gitna. Ini-screen namin
siya, pagkatapos namin i-screen, i-screen nila dito. Matatanggal na yung plastic. May
mga screen na maliliit ang butas, para maging ganon siya sa mga nakasako.
Lem: Yung ERS kuya phase out na? O gagamitin niyo pa?
Joe: gagamitin pa rin, para lang di masira yung boiler niya. Boiler kasi yung
magpapaandar diyan, diesel.
Lem: mga anong instances niyo po ginagamit yan?
Joe: Parehas lang din, magastos nga lang. Electrical tiyaka diesel.
Lem: Though yung product po, samae lang po ba siya?
Joe: Halos same lang din.
Lem: So mas prefer niyo na lang yung bagong machine?
Joe: Oo, at least yan, electric na lang ang gastos namin, hindi na diesel. Mahal ang
diesel, ang diesel niyan dati, 4000 liters a month. Malaki yung natipid namin kasi hindi
na kami gagamit ng diesel. Biro mo pag nogoorder ako dati ng diesel, 98,000 pesos
monthly, eh 4000 liters yun.
Lem: Kuya are you aware of bokashi bucket?
Joe: Ano yun?
Lem: Parang magcocompost ka lang din po, pero ife-ferment mo lang din po.
Joe: Maganda rin kasi yung ganon, parang ganon sa amin na tinatapunan ng kanin.
May balon kaming pinagtatapunan sa compound namin, sa may Marcos Highway.
Maraming unit kasi yung compound na yun, lahat ng bio doon itiatapon, tapos may
mga tanim sila na sayote. Anggaganda ng tanim nila. Yun yung pinaka-fertilizer nila.
Lem: kuya pwede pa po magtanong ng iba pang information doon sa pinupuntahan ng

mga basura ng residential.
110 | P a g e
Joe: Wala na, yung alam ko lang doon, tambakan lang ng mga residual, tapos
hinahakot dinadala sa Urdaneta.
Lem: Project po yun ng government?
Joe: sila may handle. Tiyaka yung Urdaneta ipapasara na yung sa kanila kasi mabaho
na daw. Ipapasara na ng DENR. Kasi halu-halo na yung ano nila doon.
Lem: So ano po yung magiging action ng Baguio kung magco-close na?
Joe: marami naman tayo, basta may pera ka lang na pambayad. Dati sa Capas tayo
natatapon residual.
Lem: so technically kuya, walang tambakan ang Baguio?
Joe: Oo. Wala. Masikip kasi.
Lem: Ilang months naman na yung project ng baranggay niyo?
Joe: Matagal na yun. Kasi maluwag yung lupa nila doon sa amin.
Lem: So outside ng town proper, sila na yung nagcocompost?
Joe: Oo, kasi diba sa mga baranggay, di na pinapayagan yung mga bio. Yung sinabi ni
mayor na ano, bawat baranggay sila na bahala.
Lem: Yun lang naman po kuya, maraming salamat po.
Joe: Sige.
111 | P a g e
APPENDIX B
LETTERS
LETTER FOR INTERVIEW
SAINT LOUIS UNIVERSITY
School of Engineering and Architecture
Electronics Engineering Department
Dear Ma’am/Sir:
The undersigned are 5th year students of the Department of Electronics
Engineering of Saint Louis University, would like to request permission for an interview.
The purpose of the interview is to become familiar and to have more ideas about
biowaste and the different ways of managing it, as a requirement for the background
study of our ECE 517F and ECE 517FL Research/Project Study 1.
Any information gathered from the interview will be specifically used for
academic purposes only. The group is looking forward for the approval of their request.
Thank you and God bless!
Respectfully yours,
Borromeo, Jan Karlo T.
Noe, Carlo R.
Parajas, Nathaniel I.
Tolentino, Jonathanc.
Ungos, Rhodney T.
Taclaoan, Lemoree Anne F.
Tumulak, Angelica E.
Wage, Rozel M.
Noted by:
Engr. Mildred M. Martinez
(Faculty Research Promoter)
112 | P a g e
LETTERS OF INVITATION
ENGR. CAROLINE BAUTISTA-MONCADA, MEngg-ECE

Undergraduate Research Coordinator
Faculty, Electronics Engineering Department
Greetings, Ma’am!
Our research group will be having its proposal defense for the Smart Bokashi
Bucket with Automatic Air and Tea Extractor (SmartBoiBucket) at the SLU
Incubation for Research, Innovation and Business (SIRIB) Center on November 23,
Saturday from 1:30pm to 3:30pm.
In this regard, we would like to invite you to be a part of our undertaking as one
of our panel members for the provision of suggestions and recommendations
regarding our proposal. Attached with this letter is our manuscript, complete with all the
necessary documents for your review.
We hope for your most favourable response.

Thank you!
Sincerely,
BORROMEO, JAN KARLO T.
NOE, CARLO R.
PARAJAS, NATHANIEL I.
TOLENTINO, JONATHAN C.
UNGOS, RHODNEY T.
TACLAOAN, LEMOREE ANNE F.
TUMULAK, ANGELICA E.
WAGE, ROZEL M.
The Proponents
Endorsed by:
ENGR. MILDRED M. MARTINEZ

Faculty Research Promoter
113 | P a g e
School Of Engineering And Architecture
ENGR. JANRY V. GARCIA, MEngg-ECE

Faculty, Electronics Engineering Department
Greetings, Sir!
Thank you!
Sincerely,
NOE, CARLO R.
UNGOS, RHODNEY T.
WAGE, ROZEL M.
The Proponents
Endorsed by:

114 | P a g e
ENGR. CYNTHIA L. POSADAS, Ph.D.

Dean, School of Engineering and Architecture
Greetings, Ma’am!
Thank you!
Sincerely,
NOE, CARLO R.
UNGOS, RHODNEY T.
WAGE, ROZEL M.
The Proponents
Endorsed by:

115 | P a g e
BIBLIOGRAPHY
A Microcontroller Based, Low Cost Oxygen Gas Controller for Medical Purposes.
(n.d.). Retrieved from
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10739140600806039?scroll=to
p&needAccess=true&journalCode=list20.
Acopian Technical Company. (2015). 12V Power Supplies. Retrieved from Acopian:
https://www.acopian.com/12v-power-supplies.html
Acopian Technical Company. (2016). 5V Power Supplies. Retrieved from Acopian:

https://www.acopian.com/5v-power-supplies.html
AEA Technology (2001) ‘Waste Management Options and Climate Change’. Final
report to the European Commission, DG Environment. Luxembourg: Office
for Official Publications of the European Communities.
Agriculture Nutrient Management and Fertilizer. (2018, October 29). Retrieved from
https://www.epa.gov/agriculture/agriculture-nutrient-management-and-
fertilizer.
Anaerobic Process. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-

and- planetary-sciences/anaerobic-process.
Anthropogenic. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.merriam-

webster.com/dictionary/anthropogenic.
Armstrong, L. (2018, March 26). What Does Mold Need to Survive? Retrieved from
Restoration Master:
https://restorationmasterfinder.com/restoration/what-does-mold-need-to-
survive/?fbclid=IwAR3ZrZcASdKYJuxvoaHv3OmADHmvCwvlFxuzTsA6SCx
SqEScPvFVpUezMvM#targetText=Condensation%20near%20a%20window
%20can,oxygen%2C%20then%20mold%20spores%20feast
116 | P a g e
Avnimelech, Y. & Eilat, R. & Porat, Y. & Kottas, P.. (2013). Factors Affecting The Rate
Of Windrow Composting In Field Studies. Compost Science & Utilization. 12.
114-118.10.1080/1065657X.2004.10702169.
Badauria, S. B. (2018, September 11). How dangerous is it to live near landfills?

Retrieved from https://www.99acres.com/articles/how-dangerous-is-it-to-live-
near-landfills.html.
Bairwa, M.. (2018, February 13). Centrifugal Pump: Principle, Parts, Working, Types,
Advantages, Disadvantages with its Application. Retrieved October 16,
2019, from https://www.mech4study.com/2017/11/centrifugal-pump-
principle-parts-types-working-advantages-disadvantages-with-
applications.html.
Basic Information about Landfills. (2019, April 3). Retrieved from

https://www.epa.gov/landfills/basic-information-about-landfills.
Bell, L., Sanhz, J., Alan, Annette, Picon, Sarah, & Joel, W. (2016, January 18). 5 Tips
to Effectively Clean Your Electronic Devices. Retrieved from
https://www.maketecheasier.com/clean-electronic-devices/.
Benefits and Drawbacks of Composting. (n.d.). Retrieved from

http://www.fftc.agnet.org/library.php?func=view&id=20110804100401&type_i
d=2.
Bill. (n.d.). Grove - Gas Sensor(O₂). Retrieved from http://wiki.seeedstudio.com/Grove-

Gas_Sensor-O2/.
Bokashi – How to Recycle All of Your Food Waste. (n.d.). Retrieved from
https://ivaluefood.com/resources/composting/bokashi/.
Bokashi Buckets – What is the story? (2011, January 28). Retrieved from
http://www.mygreenaustralia.com/bokashi-buckets-what-is-the-story/.
Bokashi Composting Autralia. (2014). Bokashi One. Retrieved from Bokashi

Composting Australia:
https://www.bokashi.com.au/Bokashi+One/How+it+Works.html
117 | P a g e
Bokashi Composting Australia. (2016, July 5). Managing smells that your Bokashi One
bucket may produce. Retrieved from Bokashi Composting Australia:
https://www.bokashi.com.au/Blog/x_post/Managing-smells-that-your-
bokashi-one-bucket-may-produce-00029.html?fbclid=IwAR2Epu-
dAaqn6RvVAeaylnK10tBs8XAl_k0FsNpKSY1-
E7OSE7CMmNY820k#targetText=If%20you%20have%20white%20mould,th
e%20Bokashi%20One%20composting%20s
Bperrybap. (2018, May 02). Build Process. Retrieved from GitHub:

https://github.com/arduino/Arduino/wiki/Build-Process
Brain, M. (2000, April 1). How Microcontrollers Work. Retrieved from

https://electronics.howstuffworks.com/microcontroller2.htm.
Burnette, R. (n.d.). An Introduction to Bokashi Fertilizers and Soil Amendments.

Retrieved from Echo Community:
https://www.echocommunity.org/en/resources/37c02403-87b6-4c69-b0bd-
0878694a93f3?fbclid=IwAR2lw_7ZQEO2ICCPjipsRrIUKYT1d1j11bbjKPe5C
WK8x_n7TrS4ogl44W8
CARAVACA, F.; J.M. BAREA; D. FIGUEROA AND A. ROLDAN (2002a). Assessing

the effectiveness of mycorrhizal inoculation and soil compost addition for
enhancing reafforestation with Olea europaea subsp. Sylevstris
through changes in soil biological and physical parameters. Applied Soil
Ecology, vol. (20), No (2), pp. 107-118.
CARAVACA, F.; T. HERNANDEZ; C. GARCIA AND A. ROLDAN (2002b).

Improvement of rhizosphere aggregate stability of afforested semiarid plant
species subjected to mycorrhizal inoculation and compost addition.
Geoderma. Vol. (108), pp. 133-144.
Chan, J. G., & Robles, C. (n.d.). PHILIPPINE ENVIRONMENT LAWS. Retrieved from
http://www.chanrobles.com/presidentialdecreeno856.htm.
118 | P a g e
Chief, E. in. (2017, March 16). 7 Pros and Cons of Landfills. Retrieved from
https://greengarageblog.org/7-pros-and-cons-of-landfills.
Christel, D. M. (2017). The Use Of Bokashi As A Soil Fertility Amendment In Organic

Spinach Cultivation. Graduate College Dissertations and Theses.
Climate Technology Centre and Network (CTCN). (2019, August 3). Landfill
composting. Retrieved October 16, 2019, from https://www.ctc-
n.org/technologies/landfill-composting.
Components101. (2018, February 28). Arduino Uno. Retrieved from Components101:

https://components101.com/microcontrollers/arduino-uno
Composting as A Sustainable Waste Management Technique in Developing Countries.

(n.d.). Retrieved from https://scialert.net/fulltext/?doi=jest.2011.93.102.
Cooper, T. (n.d.). DS1307 Real Time Clock Breakout Board Kit. Retrieved from
https://learn.adafruit.com/ds1307-real-time-clock-breakout-board-kit/arduino-
library.
Elsevier B.V. (2019). Solenoid Valve. Retrieved from ScienceDirect:

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/solenoid-valve
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), World Atlas Data| Knoema, 2005:

http://www.methanetomarkets.org/partners/nigeria.aspx
European Commision. (2019, August 08). Biodegradable Waste. Retrieved from

European Commission:
https://ec.europa.eu/environment/waste/compost/index.htm
Feeco. (n.d.). Waste to Fertilizer. Retrieved from https://feeco.com/waste-to-fertilizer/.
Fftc. (n.d.). Asia-Pacific Information Platform on Agricultural Policy. Retrieved from

http://ap.fftc.agnet.org/ap_db.php?id=153&print=1.
119 | P a g e
Fluid Controls Ltd. (2018, November 13). Check Valve Working Principle: Check Valve
Types. Retrieved October 16, 2019, from
https://www.fluidcontrols.co.uk/check-valve-working-principle/.
Gross, K. (2019, September 17). Using an Ultrasonic Level Sensor. Retrieved from
https://www.maxbotix.com/articles/water-depth-sensing.htm.
Hacheney , N., & Brown, S. (2017). Correctional Facility Adopts Multiple Food Scraps
Practices. Focus On Food.
Harlen, J. (2014, March 18). DRAIN YOUR SCRAPS BEFORE THEY LAND IN THE
BOKASHI BIN! Retrieved from Jenny Harlen:
https://bokashiworld.blog/2014/03/18/drain-your-scraps-before-they-land-in-
the-bokashi-
bin/?fbclid=IwAR19PUvLZKM2Gmnevhv6s6EJdz1q3ihaPv_cdJIV1_DRTIY9
GK7YK0Ki2dQ
Health and Safety Executive (2003). Occupational and environmental exposure to

bioaerosols from composts and potential health effects - A critical review of
published data’. RR130.
How to Use a Real-Time Clock Module (DS3231). (n.d.). Retrieved from

https://create.arduino.cc/projecthub/MisterBotBreak/how-to-use-a-real-time-
clock-module-ds3231-bc90fe.
Ichimura, A. (2019, March 21). How bokashi composting can redirect food waste away
from landfills. Retrieved from http://fnbreport.ph/features/agriculture/how-
bokashi-composting-can-redirect-food-waste-away-from-landfills-anrii-
20190318/.
Jarden Consumer Solutions, Inc. (2014, October 27). The Science Behind Vacuum
Sealing. Retrieved October 16, 2019, from
https://www.foodsaver.com/blog/archive/2014/october/the-science-behind-
vacuum- sealing.html.
120 | P a g e
Kumar, G., Lau, S. L. J., Krcha, M., & Janik, M. (n.d.). Correlation of methane
activation and oxide catalyst reducibility and its implications for oxidative
coupling.
Lapniten, K. (n.d.). In Baguio, 3-month dump cleanup starts. Retrieved from

https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1137535/in-baguio-3-month-dump-cleanup-
starts.
LC. (n.d.). Bokashi Bin Review: An indoor Composting Solution. Retrieved from
Birdghels: https://www.birdgehls.com/bokashi-bin-
review/?fbclid=IwAR0GHQI6Uv-
BySvhrYsDv4aee2siiJ8EflcsqKxsh0advY8ab0ZUJBsFf1w
Lenkiewicz, Z. (2016, August 17). International biowaste management and the nutrient
cycle. Retrieved from Recylingwasteworld:
http://www.recyclingwasteworld.co.uk/in-depth-article/international-biowaste-
management-and-the-nutrient-cycle/144608/
Li, Y. (2015). Smart Biowaste Machine . Retrieved from

https://www.theseus.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/98170/Yijie Li Smart biowaste
Machine.pdf;jsessionid=675FB051439A2F3EF8D0737994DB7C45?sequenc
e=1.
Masigan, A. J. (2019, June 30). Numbers Don’t Lie. Retrieved from

https://www.bworldonline.com/a-solution-to-metro-manilas-garbage-
problem/.
Methane. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-

planetary-sciences/methane.
Michael Smith Engineers Ltd. (2019). Michael Smith Engineers. Retrieved from Useful
information on centrifugal pumps: https://www.michael-smith-
engineers.co.uk/resources/useful-info/centrifugal-pumps
121 | P a g e
Miller, D., & Golding, N. (1949). The Gas Requirements of Molds. V. The Minimum
Oxygen Requirements for Normal Growth and for Germination of Six Mold
Cultures. Journal of Dairy Science, 108.
Parfitt, J. (2004). Biowaste Towards a Friends of the Earth position. Friends of the
Earth.
Pasternak, A. (2008, April 16). Bokashi – The Fermentation of Organic Wastes.

Retrieved October 17, 2019, from
https://www.compostguy.com/bokashi-resource-page/.
Pawlowska, M., & Pawlowski, L. (2007, October). Management of Pollutant Emission

from Landfills and Sludge. Retrieved September 14, 2019, from
https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=hsllw0ftzH8C&pg=PA22&dq=methan
e+in+compost&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwikzNWe8c7kAhUZ7WEKHW30
BR8Q6AEIODAC#v=onepage&q=eea2001&f=false.
Planet Natural Research Center. (2015). Bokashi. Retrieved from Planet Natural:
https://www.planetnatural.com/composting-101/indoor-composting/bokashi-
composting/
Plaza, A. B. (2017, October). Ditch NIMBY to fix Philippines' municipal solid waste
problem. Retrieved from https://blogs.adb.org/blog/ditch-nimby-fix-
philippines-municipal-solid-waste-problem.
Ravi, & hongshik, L. (2018, August 30). Arduino DS3231 RTC Module Tutorial - Real
Time Clock. Retrieved from https://www.electronicshub.org/arduino-
ds3231-rtc-module-tutorial/.
Ravi, Kumar, M., & Kumar, M. (2019, October 6). Interfacing ACS712 Current Sensor
with Arduino - Measure Current with Arduino - Measuring Current with
Arduino. Retrieved from https://www.electronicshub.org/interfacing-acs712-
current-sensor-with-arduino/.
122 | P a g e
Reyes, I. P., Díaz, J. P., & Horváth, I. S. (2015, December 17). Anaerobic
Biodegradation of Solid Substrates from Agroindustrial Activities -
Slaughterhouse Wastes and Agrowastes. Retrieved from
https://www.intechopen.com/books/biodegradation-and-bioremediation-of-
polluted-systems-new-advances-and-technologies/anaerobic-
biodegradation-of-solid-substrates-from-agroindustrial-activities-
slaughterhouse-wastes- an.
Sapling, E. (2014, August 18). Bokashi Bin. Retrieved from The Green Living Forum:
https://www.thegreenlivingforum.net/forum/viewtopic.php?f=12&t=110177&fb
clid=IwAR2_p0WMpCto_6JDEuV4D6hseoHfNqmwPd-uYpX5wP8-7Z-
Ko38kQ3NFFIQ
Sarian, Z. B. (2017, April 7). Wood vinegar is very important in organic farming.
Retrieved from Manila Bulletin:
https://newsbits.mb.com.ph/2017/04/07/wood-vinegar-is-very-important-in-
organic-farming/
Seeed Technology Co. (2008). I2C LCD. Retrieved from WikiSeeeed:

http://wiki.seeedstudio.com/I2C_LCD/
SEPO. (2017, November). Philippine Solid Wastes At a Glance. Retrieved from

senate.gov.ph:
https://www.senate.gov.ph/publications/SEPO/AAG_Philippine%20Solid%20
Wastes_Nov2017.pdf
SimpleRTCAlarm. (n.d.). Retrieved from

https://www.arduino.cc/en/Tutorial/SimpleRTCAlarm.
Tameson. (n.d.). Solenoid valve type differences. Retrieved October 16, 2019, from
https://tameson.com/solenoid-valve-types.html.
123 | P a g e
Thomas, G. (2018, October 28). Advantages and disadvantages of compost ~
LORECENTRAL. Retrieved from
https://www.lorecentral.org/2018/10/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-
compost.html.
Types of Composting and Understanding the Process. (2016, August 29). Retrieved
October 17, 2019, from https://www.epa.gov/sustainable-management-
food/types-composting-and-understanding-process.
UART TFT, UART TFT LCD, UART TFT Display. (n.d.). Retrieved from
https://www.winstar.com.tw/products/tft-lcd/clever-system-tft/uart-
tft.html?fbclid=IwAR2YXtb6oU6snonGDVz7QLga8X1xHXcfa35u6omhgUcfy
FSzURpalgWak1w ).
Ussery, H. (2011, October 7). The Small-Scale Poultry Flock. Retrieved September 14,
2019, from
https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=P1HPAgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcov
er&dq=Harvey+Ussery+Oct.+7,+2011&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjfvJWXn
KXlAhUU62EKHZ2mD4sQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=too much nitrogen
present in the compost &f=false.
Ward, H., & Wiens, M. (2018, February). ODOUR FROM A COMPOST FACILITY -
NCCEH. Retrieved September 14, 2019, from
http://www.ncceh.ca/sites/default/files/Odour_from_compost_facility-
Feb_2018.pdf.
WatElectronics. (2019, September 24). Arduino Uno Board with Real-Time Application
Projects. Retrieved from WatElectronics:
https://www.watelectronics.com/arduino-uno-board-tutorial-and-its-
applications/
Water Level Sensors. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.rshydro.co.uk/water-level-

sensors/.
124 | P a g e
What a Waste: An Updated Look into the Future of Solid Waste Management. (n.d.).
Retrieved from https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/immersive-
story/2018/09/20/what-a-waste-an-updated-look-into-the-future-of-solid-
waste-management.
Xu, S., Hao, X., Stanford, K., McAllister, T., Larney, F. and Wang, J. 2007.
Greenhouse gas emissions during co-composting of cattle mortalities with
manure. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 78, 177-187.
Yusuf, M., Ibrahim, E., Saleh, E., Ridho, M. R., & Iskandar, I. (n.d.). The Relationship
between the Decline of Oxygen and the Increase of Methane Gas (CH4)
Emissions on the Environment Health of the Plant. (n.d.). Retrieved from
https://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra2001/ra_9003_2001.html.
125 | P a g e

Chapter I 1 2

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Originalbeschreibung:

Originaltitel

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Chapter I 1 2

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

CHAPTER I

THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING

This chapter presents a discussion on the background of the study, statement of

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Wastes are generated from residential, commercial, industrial and institutional

Considering the percentage of waste generated, most solid waste consisting of

Improper management of biowastes, however, results to the very common

Methane is also produced from biowastes. The formation of methane from

Compared to those in developed nations, however, residents in developing

In Baguio City, the suspension of waste processing operations was earlier

The drawbacks of the aforementioned large scale methods for disposing

The Bokashi method uses microorganisms to anaerobically ferment organic

A group of student researchers from the University of Perpetual Help System

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

CONCEPTUAL AND THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

CONSTRAINTS OF THE STUDY

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

In conclusion, this proposed project will be able to contribute to the

OPERATIONAL AND THEORETICAL DEFINITION OF TERMS

Anaerobic process occurs in the absence of free or combined oxygen. They

Anthropogenic is defined as changes in nature that is caused by humans.

Automatic Air Extractor

It is the apparatus that shall be designed and constructed by the proponents

Automatic Tea Extractor

It is the apparatus that shall be designed and constructed by the proponents

Fermentation refers to an enzymatically controlled transformation of an

Methane (CH4) is the smallest hydrocarbon molecule and consists of one

Smart Bokashi Bucket with Automatic Air and Tea Extractor

It is the apparatus that shall be designed and constructed by the proponents

This chapter discusses the various research design as well as the

The descriptive research methodology will be used to gather information on the

Applied research methodology shall be employed in the course of the design,

Figure 2. Rapid Application Development (RAD)

Analysis and Quick Design

Methodology is the determination of a group of processes or steps that may be used to

Planning is essential in research to be able to manage resources well. It is the

Organizing is the function of management which follows planning. It is the

BORROMEO, JAN  Conducted interview at Irisan

TACLAOAN, LEMOREE  Conducted interview at Irisan

Projects usually involve several areas of discipline. As for the SmartBoiBucket,

Table 3. Schedule of Outputs

Activity Outputs to be Submitted Deadline

First meeting with the  Individual researches on August 24, 2019

Sharing of knowledge on  Research on August 31, 2019

Further discussion on  Research on September 7, 2019

Reported to the promoter  Research on September 14, 2019

Discussed the Background  Revision of the September 28, 2019

Discussed the Background  Revision of the October 5, 2019

Discussed the Background  Revision of the October 19, 2019

Discussed Chapters I, II  Revision November 2, 2019

Discussed revisions on  Revision November 12, 2019

Discused initial plans for

Discused plans for the  Final revisions November 16, 2019

Figure 4. Layering of Biowaste Inside the SmartBoiBucket

Figure 5 is an illustration of the preliminary block diagram. The input

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

Figure 5. Preliminary Block Diagram of the SMART BOKASHI BUCKET WITH

Manual Mode Remote

- Activate LCD, buzzer, level - Activate GSM, current

- Initialize counter for air

Check on the level

Is Send SMS Stop