BASIC

MATHS

• Basic Maths tools are highly useful for Physics

preparation, especially for NEET, JEE.
• This module covered the formulas in the
topics mentioned in the info-graphic.
• Keeping this document safely through out
the year is essential for the students who are
aiming high.

Department of Physics

SKV VIDHYAASHRAM SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL


(a ± b) 2 = a 2 + b 2 ± 2ab
a p / q = (a p )1/ q = q a p

Arithmetic progession (AP) nth term = tn = a + (n − 1)d = l the sum of first n


(a − b ) = (a + b)(a − b)
2 2
y = log b x ⇒ x = b y
n n
terms Sn = (a + l ) = [2a + (n − 1)d ] where a = first term; d=common difference;

(a ± b)3 = a 3 ± b3 ± 3a 2b + 3ab 2
ln( x) = log (natural log)
x
e 2 2

(a ) = a
n n mn

log x = log10x (common log) (e = 2.718)
L = last term; n=number of term;

m+n

Geometric progession (G.P) nthterm = tn = ax n −1 the sum of first n term

a xa = a
m n

log b b = 1
am 1 a (1 − r n ) a (r n − 1)

= a m−n = n−m log b 1 = 0 Sn = if r<1, s= Sn = if r>1, S n = na if r=1
an a
(1 − r ) (r − 1)

a0 = 1
log b b x = x where, a = first term; r = common ratio; n = number of terms

1 −m 1
(1 + x) −1 = 1 − x + x 2 − x3 + ...

a−n = ,a = m
b log b x = x n(n − 1) 2 n(n − 1)(n − 2) 3
an a
(1 + x) n = 1 + nx + x + x + .... + x n

am = an ⇒ m = n
log b ( x r ) = r log b x 2! 3!

(ab) n = a n .b n

log b ( xy ) = log b x + log b y = nco + nc1 x + nc2 x 2 + nc3 x3 + ... + x n
a an x n(n + 1) 2 n(n + 1)(n + 2) 3

( )n = n
b b
log b ( ) = log b x − log b y (1 + x) − n = 1 − nx + x − x + ...
y 2! 3!
n! n
n(n + 1)
−b ± b − 4ac
2
sum of first ’n’ natural numbers = ∑ N = 1 + 2 + ... + n = 2
n =1 n

The roots of the quadratic equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0; a ≠ 0 sum of squares of first ’n’ natural numbers ∑ N = 1 + 2 + ... + n 2 2 2 2
2a
n =1
⎧⎪ −b + ∆ −b − ∆ ⎫⎪

Solution set of the equation is ⎨ , ⎬
2a ⎭⎪ where D = discriminant = b − 4ac
2
n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
⎩⎪ 2a =
∆ > 0, ⇒
n 6 n 2 (n + 1) 2
sum of cubes of first ’n’ natural numbers = ∑ N = 1 + 2 + 3 + ... + n =

Characteristics of roots:- The roots are real and distinct, 3 3 3 3 3

∆ = 0, ⇒ The roots are real and coincident
=(1)(2)(3) .....(n-1)(n) N =1 4

∆ < 0, ⇒ The roots are non - real
n! =n(n-1)! = n(n-1)(n-2)!

0! =1

If α &β are the roots of the equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0 , a ≠ 0 then Binomial Expansion:-

−b −coeff .ofx c const term n(n − 1) n − 2 2 n(n − 1)(n − 2) n −3 3

i) α +β = = ii) α .β = = (a ± b) n = a n ± na n −1b + a b ± a b + ... + b n if n>1
a coeff .ofx 2 a coeff .of x 2 2! 3!

The quadratic equation whose roots are α & β is (x- α ) (x- β ) =0 (a ± b) n = nc0 a nb 0 ± nc1a n −1b1 + nc2 a n − 2b 2 ± nc3 a n −3b3 + ... + ncn a n − nb n

x 2 − (α + β ) x + αβ = 0 n! n(n − 1)...(n − (r − 1))!

i.e., where s= sum of the roots, p= product of the root where nc0 = ncn = 1 ; ncr = ncn−r = =
x 2 − sx + p = 0 (n − r )!r ! r!
n
c1 = n cn −1 = n
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1. Distance between p ( x1 , y1 ) and Q(x 2, y2 ) is PQ = (x 2 − x1 ) 2 + (y 2 − y1 ) 2 a = x intercept, b = y intercept, m = slope,
where po int p = ( x1 , y1 ), point Q = ( x2 , y2 )
2. The coordinates of point R(x, y) which divides the straight line joining two given
points ( x1 , y1 ) and (x 2, y2 ) internally and externally respectively in the ration m:n is 8. m = 0 if line is parallel to X-axis
m = ∞ if line is parallel to Y-axis
⎛ mx2 ± nx1 my2 ± ny1 ⎞
⎜ , ⎟ 9. If m1 , m2 are slopes of two lines A, B then
⎝ m±n m±n ⎠
3. The coordinates of the midpoint of R(x, y) of the line joining the two given points (i) A is parallel to B if m1 = m2

⎛ x + x y + y2 ⎞ (ii) A is perpendicular to B if m1. m2 = −1

P( x 1 , y1 ) and Q(x2 , y2 ) is ⎜ 1 2 , 1 ⎟
⎝ 2 2 ⎠ 10. The perpendicular distance from (h, k) to ax + bx + c = 0 is

4. Area of a traingle whose vertices are ( x 1 , y1 ) , (x2 , y2 ) and (x3 , y3 ) is ah + bk + c

a 2 + b2
x1 y1 1
11. The acute angle between lineswith slopes
∆ = x2 y2 1
x3 y3 1 m1 − m2
m1 and m 2 is θ = tan −1
1 + m1m2
1
= x1 ( y2 − y3 ) + x2 ( y3 − y1) + x3 ( y1 − y2 )
2
5. Distance of any point P (x, y) from origin O (0, 0) is PO = x 2 + y 2

y2 − y1
6. Slope of a line joining two points (x1 , y1 ) and (x 2 , y2 ) is m = x − x = tan θ
2 1

7. Equations of a line :-
(i) slope intercept form : y = mx + b
(ii) point slope form : y − y1 = m( x − x1 )
x y
(iii) intercept form : + =1
a b
y2 − y1
(iv) Two point form : y − y1 = x − x ( x − x1 )
2 1

(v) General form : Ax + By + c = 0

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 CIRCLE PARABOL A

( x-h) 2 + ( y-k) 2 = r 2

(h, k)
y2 = 4x y 2 = −4 x
r

x2 = 4 y x 2 = −4 y

ELLIPSE HYPERBOLA
2 2
Ellipse type 1 Ellipse type 2 x y y2 x 2
- =1 - =1
( x − h) 2 ( y − k ) 2 ( y − h) 2 ( x − k ) 2 a 2 b2 a 2 b2
+ =1 + =1
a2 b2 a2 b2 -b b -a a
y= x y= x y= x y= x
a a b b

(0,a)

(h,k) (h,k)
2b 2a (-a,0) (a,0)

2a
(0,-a)
2b

Horizontal transverse axis Vertical transverse axis

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 conic sections

Parabola Circle Ellipse Hyperbola

Name / Orientation Equation Focus (foci) Other Identification

Directrix Length of Latus Graphing
1 1 A=0
Horizontal x = a( y − k ) + h2
h+ ,k x = h− Rectum Pattern or
Parabola 4a 4a
1 C =0
1 1 a 3a 5a 7 a
h, k + y=k− , , , ...
Vertical y = a ( x − h) + k2
4a 4a
a 1 1 1 1 But not both

Circle ( x − h) 2 + ( y − k ) 2 = r 2 N /A A=C

( x − h) 2 ( y − k ) 2 Major axis a,b,c A and C have

Horizontal + =1 h ± c, k
a2 b2 2a Relationship the same sign
Ellipse a 2 ≥ b2 and
( y − k ) 2 ( x − h) 2 Minor axis
+ =1 h, k ± c 2b A≠C
Vertical
a2 b2 c2 = a 2 − b2

( x − h) 2 ( y − k ) 2 Asymptotes
Horizontal − =1 h ± c, k b Transverse axis a,b,c
a2 b2 y − k = ± ( x − h) 2a
Hyperbola a Relationship A and C have
( y − k ) ( x − h)
2 2
a Conjugate axis opposite signs
Vertical − =1 h, k ± c y − k = ± ( x − h) c2 = a 2 + b2
a2 b2 b 2b
Notes :
Centers are at (h,k)
x1 + x2 y1 + y2
Midpoint formula : ,
2 2
Distance formula : d = ( x2 − x1 ) 2 + ( y2 − y1 ) 2

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 Y e
re
De
g
tio
00 300 370 450 530 600 900
Ra
A 1 3 1 4 3
sin θ 0 1
2 5 2 5 2

3 4 1 3 1
cos θ 1 0
θ 2 5 2 5 2
X
O B
1 3 4
tanθ 0 1 3 ∞
3 4 3
opposite side Height AB 1
sin θ = = = =
Hypotenuse Hypotenuse OA cos ecθ 4 3 1
cotθ ∞ 3 1 0
3 4 3
Adjacent side Base OB 1
cos θ = = = = 2 5 5
Hypotenuse Hypotenuse OA sec θ secθ 1 2 2 ∞
3 4 3
Opposite side Height AB sin θ 1 5 5 2
tan θ = = = = = cosecθ ∞ 2 2 1
Adjacent side Base OB cos θ cot θ 3 4 3

Adjacent side Base OB cos θ 1

cot θ = = = = = Trigonometric identities :-
Opposite side Height AB sin θ tan θ
sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ = 1
sec 2 θ − tan 2 θ = 1
Hypotenuse Hypotenuse OA 1
sec θ = = = =
Adjacent side Base OB cos θ cos ec 2θ − cot 2 θ = 1
sin( A ± B ) = sin A cos B ± sin B cos A
Hypotenuse Hypotenuse OA 1 cos(A ± B) = cos A cos B ∓ sin A sin B
cos ecθ = = = =
Opposite side Height AB sin θ
tan A ± tan B
tan(A ± B) =
1∓ tan A tan B
Ranges :-
The range is all possible values to get out of the function

−1 ≤ sin θ ≤ 1 : cosecθ ≥ 1 and cosecθ ≤ −1

−1 ≤ cos θ ≤ 1 : secθ ≥ 1 and secθ ≤ -1

−∞ < tan θ < ∞, −∞ < cotθ < ∞

Degrees to Radius formulas :-

If x is and angle in degrees and t is an angle in radius then
π tc π x0 180t c
= 0 ⇒ tc = and x 0 =
180 x 180 π

Law of sines & cosines :-

c β a

a γ
b
Law of sines :-
sin α sin β sin γ
= =
a b c
Law of cosines :-
a 2 = b 2 + c 2 − 2bc cos α
b 2 = a 2 + c 2 − 2ac cos β
c 2 = a 2 + b 2 − 2ab cos γ
 Differentiation

d
d 14. (sec x) = sec x tan x
1. The differential coefficient of and isolated constant (c) is zero. (c) = 0 dx
dx
d
d n 15. (cot x) = − cos ec 2 x
2. ( x ) = nx n −1 where n has some real value (positive or negative integer dx
dx
or a fraction) d
16. (cosec x) = − cosec x cot x.
d n d dx
3. (u ) = nu n −1 (u ) where u is function of x.
dx dx
Derivatives of Logarithmic and Exponential functions :-
d d
4. (cu ) = c (u ) d 1
dx dx 17. (log a x) = log a e
dx x
d d d d
5 (u ± v ± w ± ...) = (u ) ± (v) ± ( w) ± ... d 1 1
dx dx dx dx 18. (log e x) = log e e =
dx x x
d d d
6. Derivative of product of two functions (uv) = u (v) + v (u ) d x
dx dx dx 19. (a ) = a x log e a
dx
d d
v (u ) − u (v) d x
(e ) = e x log e e = e x
7. Derivative of a quotient d ⎛⎜ u ⎞⎟ = dx 2
dx 20.
dx
dx ⎝ v ⎠ v
d u d
21. (e ) = e u (u )
Derivatives of Trigonometrical functions :- dx dx
d d d
8. (sin x) = cos x 9. (sin u ) = cos u (u ) Derivative of the function of a function :-
dx dx dx
dy dy du
d d d 22. = .
10. (cos x) = − sin x 11. (cos u ) = − sin u (u ) dx du dx
dx dx dx
d d d
12. (tan x) = sec 2 x 13. (tan u ) = sec 2 u (u )
dx dx dx

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 Integration

1. (i ) ∫ x dx =
x n +1
n
, provided n ≠ −1
13. ∫ (u ± v ± w ± ...)dx = ∫ u dx ± ∫ v dx ± ∫ w dx ± ...
n +1
1
cx n +1 14. ∫ x dx = log e x
(ii ) ∫ cx dx = n
, provided n ≠ −1 here c is a constant.
n +1 (ax + b) n +1 1
∫ (ax + b) dx = . , provided n ≠ −1
n
15.
∫ e dx = e
x x
2. n +1 a

e ax +b
e ax +b [ f ( x)]n +1
∫ [ f ( x)] f ’( x)dx = , n ≠ −1
n

∫e
ax + b
dx = = 16.
d a n +1
3. (ax + b)
dx where f ’( x) is the derivative of f ( x)

ax
∫ a dx = loge a
x
4. 17. Integration by parts :-
Integration of a product of two functions is given by the following :
first function × integral of second function - integral of
5. ∫ sin xdx = − cos x (differential coefficient of first × integral of second)
6. ∫ cos xdx = sin x Constant of integration
∫ sec xdx = tan x
2
7. d
We know that ( x) = 1 ....(1)
dx
∫ cos ec xdx = − cot x
2
8.
d
( x + 1) = 1
9. ∫ sec x tan xdx = sec x dx
....(2)

x n +1
10. (i ) ∫x
n
dx = , provided n ≠ −1 d
n +1 ( x + 2) = 1 ....(3)
dx
cos(ax + b)
11. ∫ sin(ax + b)dx = − a d
( x + 3) = 1 .....(4)
sin(ax + b) dx
12. ∫ cos(ax + b)dx = a

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Since integration is inverse of differentiation,
∴ ∫ 1dx = x ....from (1)

∫ 1dx = x + 1 ....from(2)

∫ 1dx = x + 2 ....from(3)

∫ 1dx = x + 3 ....from(4)
In general, We may write :

∫ 1dx = x + c
Whare c is a constant of integration.
In all indefinite integrals, constant of integration is supposed to
be present even if it is not specifically mentioned.
In case of definite integration, the value of integration constant can be
evaluated with the help of upper and lower limit of function. Definite integral is
being solved as follows :

f ( x)dx = [ F ’( x) ]a = F ’( x = b) − F ’( x = a)
b
∫
b
a

Step 1. Integrate function first using formula of integration and carry

forward upper and lower limit with integrated result.
Step II. Now substitute the upper limit in the integrated result,place
negative sign and then substitute the lower limit.

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 3 4

−7π 13π 11π 5π 3π 4π 7π 5π 2π π π

3
− −2π − − − − − −π − − −
2
−
π
− π π
π 2π 5π
π 7π 4π 3π 5π 11π 13π 7π
6 6 3 2 3 6 6 3 3 6 6 3 2 3 6 6 3 2 3 6 2π 6 3

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 Mensuration
3D

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