DKA 104 Preliminary Mathematics

Chapter 4
DIFFERENTIATION
& INTEGRATION

Chapter Outline
4.1 Definition of Differentiation
4.2 Differentiation Rules
4.2.1 Differentiation of Standard Functions
4.2.2 The Sum/Difference Rule
4.2.3 The Product Rule
4.2.4 The Quotient Rule
4.2.5 The Chain Rule
4.2.6 The Power Rule
4.3 Derivatives of Trigonometric Function, Logarithmic Function and Exponential
Function
4.4 Higher Order Differentiation
4.5 Introduction to Integration
4.5.1 Differentiation in Reverse (Anti-Derivative)
4.6 Indefinite Integral
4.6.1 Properties of the Indefinite Integral
4.6.2 Integral of Polynomial Functions
4.6.3 Integral of Exponential Functions
4.6.4 Integral of Logarithmic Functions
4.6.5 Integral of Trigonometric Functions
4.7 Definite Integral
Tutorial & Answers

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 DKA 104 Preliminary Mathematics

4.1 DEFINITION OF DIFFERENTIATION

Differentiation is a process of looking at the way a function changes from one point to
another. Given any function we may need to find out what it looks like when graphed.
Differentiation tells us about the slope (or rise over run, or gradient, depending on the
tendencies of your favourite teacher). As an introduction to differentiation we will first look
at how the derivative of a function is found and see the connection between the derivative and
the slope of the function.

Given the function f  x  , we are interested in finding an approximation of the slope of the

function at a particular value of x. If we take two points on the graph of the function which
are very close to each other and calculate the slope of the line joining them we will be
approximating the slope of f  x  between the two points. Our x-values are x and x  h ,

where h is some small number. The y-values corresponding to x and x  h are f  x  and

f  x  h  . The slope m of the line between the two points is given by

y2  y1
m
x2  x1

where  x1 , y1  and  x2 , y2  are the two points. In our case, we have the two points  x, f  x  

and  x  h, f  x  h   . So the slope of the line joining them is given by

f  x  h  f  x  f  x  h  f  x 
m 
xhx h

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Example 1
Let f  x   2x  5 . Find the slope of the line joining the points 1, f 1  and 1.01, f 1.01  .

Solution:
f 1.01  f 1
m
1.01  1
7.02  7

0.01
2
as expected since the gradient of y  2 x  5 is 2.

The smaller that h gets to zero, the closer x and x  h get to each other, and consequently the
better m approximates the slope of the function at the point  x, f  x  h   . So we look at what

happens when we take the limit as h  0 in the slope formula and we call this the derivative
f   x  . So

f  x  h  f  x 
f   x   lim
h0 h

Notice that f   x  is the derivative only if the limit exists. If the limit does not exist at

particular x-values then we say that the function is not differentiable at those x-values.

Example 2
Find the derivative of f ( x)  x2  3 .

Solution:

f  x  h   3   x 2  3
2

f   x   lim
h 0 h
x  2 xh  h2  3  x 2  3
2
 lim
h 0 h
2 xh  h 2
 lim
h 0 h
 lim  2 x  h   2 x
h 0

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Definition 1

The derivative (or differentiation) of a function f  x  at a point x  a , written f   a  , is

defined as:
f  x  f a f  a  h  f a 
f   a   lim  lim
xa xa h0 h
provided the limit exists and h is a small increment. The process of getting the tangent line is
called differentiation from the first principles or differentiation using definition.

Example 3
Find the equation of the tangent line to the curve f  x   x2  4x 1 , at the point 1, 4 .

Solution:

Locate the point 1, 4 on the graph given and draw a tangent line to the curve at that point.

The slope of the tangent line is

f  x  f a f  x   f 1
m  lim  lim
xa xa x1 x 1
f  x   f 1
m  lim
x 1 x 1

 lim
 x  4 x  1  12  4 1  1
2

x 1 x 1
x2  4 x  3  x 1 x  3  lim x  3  2
 lim  lim  
x1 x 1 x1 x 1 x1

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Since the line passes through the point 1, 4 , the equation of the line is,

y  f ( a )  m( x  a )
y  4  (2)( x  1)
y  4  2 x  2
y  2 x  2

dy
NOTE: If y  f  x  , then f   x  or is called the “derived function” or the “derivative”
dx
or the “differential coefficient” of y with respect to x . Then the process of finding f   x  or

dy
is called “differentiation”.
dx

Example 4
Find the derivate of f  x    x2  4x at x  7 by using the First Principle Method.

Solution:
f  x  f a
f   a   lim ,
xa xa
f  x  f 7  x 2  4 x   72  4  7  
so f   7   lim  lim
x 7 x7 x 7 x7
 x 2  4 x  21
 lim
x 7 x7
( x  7)( x  3)
 lim
x 7 x7
 lim ( x  3)  10
x 7

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Example 5
Find the derivative of the function f  x   x3 by using the First Principle.

Solution:

f  x  h  f  x  x  h   x3
3

f   x   lim  lim
h 0 h h 0 h
x 3  3x 2 h  3xh 2  h 3  x 3
 lim
h0 h
3x 2 h  3xh 2  h 3
 lim
h0 h
 lim 3x 2  3xh  h 2
h0

 3x 2

Exercise 1
Find the derivatives of the following functions using definitions.
1
a) f  x  x
2
1
Ans:
2
b) f  x  3 x

3
Ans:
2 x
2
c) f  x  at x  2
3x 2
1
Ans: 
6
d) f  x   x  1 at x  3

1
Ans:
4

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 DKA 104 Preliminary Mathematics

4.2 DIFFERENTIATION RULES

Instead of using definition or first principle to find derivative of a function, we
can also use some techniques to differentiate function easily. These techniques are very
simple to use especially when involving difficult and complicated functions.

Table 1: Basic Derivative Formulas

d d n
1.
dx
 x  1 2.
dx
 x   nx n1

d 1 d
3.
dx
ln x  
x
4.
dx
cos x   sin x
d d
5.
dx
sin x  cos x 6.
dx
 tan x  sec2 x
d d
7.
dx
 cot x   cosec2 x 8.
dx
sec x  sec x tan x
d d x
9.
dx
cosec x  cosec x cot x 10.
dx
e   e x

d d
11.
dx
cosh x  sinh x 12.
dx
sinh x  cosh x
d d
13.
dx
 tanh x   sech 2 x 14.
dx
sech x  sech x tanh x
d d
15.
dx
coth x  cosech 2 x 16.
dx
cosech x  cosech x coth x

4.2.1 Differentiation of Standard Functions

Theorem 1
If f  x   k for all values of x, where k is a constant, then f   x   0 .

For example, if f  x   3 then f   x   0 .

Theorem 2
If f  x   xn where n is a real number, then f   x   nx n1 .

For example, if f  x   x5 then f   x   5x4 .

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Theorem 3
If f  x   kxn where k is a constant and n is a real number, then f   x   knxn1 .

For example, if f  x   3x8 then f   x   24 x7 .

Exercise 2
Find the derivative of the following functions.
a) f  x  6
Ans : 0
1
b) f  x 
x2
2
Ans : 
x3
c) y  5x9

Ans : 45x8
d) y  3 x
1
Ans : 2
3
3x

4.2.2 The Sum/Difference Rule

Theorem 4
If f  x   u  x   v  x  where u  x  and v  x  are functions which are differentiable with
respect to x, then
f   x   u  x   v  x  .
We also write,
d d d
u  x   v  x   u  x   v  x 
dx dx dx

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Example 6
Differentiate the following functions with respect to x.
a) f  x   x3  2
4
1 2
b) y  3x 5   1
3 x x2

Solutions:

a) f  x 
dx

d 3
x    2
d
dx
 3x 4  0
 3x 4

dy d  54  d  1  d  2  d
b)   3x       2   1
dx dx   dx  3 x  dx  x  dx
4   15   1    32 
  3x   3     x   2  2 x3   0
5   2  
1 3
 
5 2
12 x 3x 12 3 4
   4 x 3  1  3  3
5 2 x
5x 5 2 x 2

Exercise 3
1
Differentiate x 8  3x 3  2 x 2
2
Ans : 8x7  x 3  4 x 3

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4.2.3 The Product Rule

Theorem 5
If f  x   u  x   v  x  where u  x  and v  x  are functions which are differentiable with
respect to x, then
f   x   u  x  v  x   v  x  u  x  .
We also write,
d d d
f  x   v  x  u  x   u  x  v  x 
dx dx dx

Example 7

  
Find f   x  if f  x   6 x3 7 x 4

Solution:

f   x    6 x3   7 x 4   7  x 4   6 x3 
d d
dx dx
  6 x3  28x3   7  x 4 18x 2 

 168 x 6  126 x 6  294 x 6

Exercise 4
Find the derivative of the following functions.

a) f  x    5 x3  2   x 1  Ans :
35 52 1
2
x 
x
 15x2

b) f  x    3x 2  7   6  5 x 

Ans :  45 x 2  36 x  35

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4.2.4 The Quotients Rule

Theorem 6

u  x
If f  x   where u  x  and v  x  are functions which are differentiable with respect to
v  x
x, and v  x   0 then

v  x  u   x   u  x  v  x 
f  x  .
v  x 
2

We also write,
d d
d  u   
x  v  x  u  x   u  x  v  x 
dx dx
 
dx  v  x   v  x 
2

Example 8
x2  x  2
Find f   x  if f  x  
x3  6

Solution:
d  x2  x  2 
f ( x)   
dx  x 3  6 

( x 3  6)
d 2
dx
 d

x  x  2  ( x 2  x  2) ( x 3  6)
dx
=
x 6
3 2
 
( x 3  6)2 x  1  ( x 2  x  2)(3x 2 )
=
x 3
6  2

( x 4  2 x3  6 x 2  12 x  6
=
x 
2
3
6

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Exercise 5
Find the derivative of the following functions.

2 x2  3 2  2 x 2  6 x  3
a) f  x  Ans :
2x  3  2 x  3
2

2
f  x   1  x   x  1
1
b) Ans :
1  x 
2

2 x2  3
c) f  x 
3x  2
6 x2  8x  9
Ans :
(3x  2)2

4.2.5 The Chain Rule

Theorem 7

If f  x  and g  x  are two differentiable functions at the points g  x  and x respectively,

then, the composite functions f g  f  g  x   also differentiable at the point x.

If y  f  g  x    f u  and u  g  x  , then
dy dy du
  .
dx du dx

Example 9

Find f   x  if f  x   x2  1

Solution:
dy 1 1 1
Let x2  1  u  x  . So, y  u   f  u   u then we get  f  u   u 2 
du 2 2 u
du
Also  u  x   2 x .
dx
By using Chain Rule we get,
dy dy du 1 2x x
    2x  
dx du dx 2 u 2 x2 1 x 1
2

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Example 10


Find the derivative of f  x   sin 3x 2  x . 

Solution:
dy
Let 3x2  x  u  x  . So, y  u   f u   sin u  then we get  f   u   cos  u 
du
du
Also  u  x   6 x  1 .
dx
By using Chain Rule we get,
dy dy du
 
dx du dx
 
 cosu   6 x  1  6 x  1 cos 3x 2  x 

Exercise 6
dy
Find of the following functions using the chain rule.
dx

a) y   x  3 Ans : 6  x  3
6 5

Ans : 3  4 x5  3x2  2 x 1  20 x4  6 x  2 

2
b) y  (4x 5  3x 2  2x  1) 3

2x
c) y  2 x 2  1 Ans : 
2 x2  1

4.2.6 The Power Rule

This rule is actually another version of chain rule which is shorter and simpler. It is stated in
the following theorem and illustrated in the next example. If f (x) is differentiable at the

point x and y  [ f  x ]n for any real number n, then

dy
 n[ f  x ]n1 f   x 
dx
We can also write
d
[ f  x ]n  n[ f  x ]n1 f   x 
dx

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Example 11

Using the power rule differentiate the functions y   x  3

6

Solution:

y   x  3
6

dy 5 d
 6  x  3  x  3
dx dx

 6  x  3
5

Exercise 7
Differentiate the following functions with respect to x.

a) y  8x  5 x3  3   Ans : 4 8x  5  x3  3 80x  45x2  24

4 12 3 11 3

3x  1 15  3x  1  2  x   8  3x  1
5 4 5

b) y Ans :
2  x 2  x
8 9

2 12 x
c) y  Ans : 
 3x  1 5  3x 2  1 5
1 6
2 5

x 1 1
d) y  when x  2 Ans :
x 1 27

4.3 (i) DERIVATIVES OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTION

Theorem 8

d d
(a)  sin x   cos x (b)  cos x    sin x
dx dx
d d
(c)  tan x   sec2 x (d)  sec x    sec x  tan x 
dx dx
d d
(e)  cot x    csc2 x (f)  csc x     csc x  cot x 
dx dx

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Example 12
Differentiate of following functions
a) y  x   5 sin x  cot x   4csc x

sin t
b) y  t  
3  2cos t

Solution
 d d  d
a) y  x   5 sin x  cot x   cot x  sin x   4  csc x 
 dx dx  dx

 5 sin x   csc2 x   cot x  cos x   4   csc x cot x 

 5cos x cot x  5csc x  4  csc x cot x 

d d
3  2cos t  sin t   sin t 3  2cos t 
b) y  t   dt dx
 3  2cos t 
2


 3  2cos t  cos t   sin t  2sin t    3cos t   2
 3  2cos t   3  2cos t 
2 2

Exercise 8
Differentiate the following functions with respect to x.
a) y  sin3 5x  2 Ans : 15sin 2 5x  2 cos 5x  2

b) y  tan3  3 x 
5 
9 23  23 
Ans : tan  x  sec  x 
5 5  5 

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(ii) DERIVATIVES OF THE LOGARITHMIC FUNCTION

The basic differentiations of the logarithmic functions are as follows:

Theorem 9

d 1
(a)  ln x  
dx x
d 1 du
(b)  ln u    where u  f  x 
dx u dx
d 1 1
(c)  loga x     log a e 
dx x ln a x
(d)
Basic Properties of Logarithmic Function:
1. ln e x  x
2. eln x  x
3. ln  ab   ln a  ln b
a
4. ln    ln a  ln b
b
5. ln a b  b ln a

Example 13
Differentiate the following functions with respect to x.
a) y  ln 7 x 2


b) g  x   2 x3 ln 3x 2  2 
c) y  ln  3x  2 
6

Solutions:

a)
dy 1 d
 2
dx 7 x dx
 7 x2 

14 x

7 x2
2

x

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ln  3x 2  2   ln  3x  2   2 x3 
d d
b) g   x   2 x3
dx dx
 6x 
 2 x3  2   6 x ln  3x  2 
2 2

 3 x  2 
 12 x4 
 2   6 x ln  3x  2
2 2
(using the product rule)
 3x  2 

dy 1 d
  3x  2 
6
c)
dx  3x  2  dx
6

1
 18  3x  2 
5

 3x  2 
6

18
 (using the power rule)
 3x  2 

Exercise 9
Differentiate the following functions with respect to x.
a) f  x   ln  2 x3  1

6 x2
Ans :
2 x3  1
 x 1 
b) y  ln  
 x 1 
2
Ans :
x 1
2

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(iii) DIFFERENTIATIONS OF THE EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION

The basic differentiations of the exponential functions are as follows:

Theorem 10

(a)
d x
dx
 e   ex
(b)
d u
dx
 e   eu
du
dx
where u  f  x 

(c)
d x
dx
 a   a x ln a,  a  1

(d)
d u
dx
 a    au ln a  , where u  f  x  and  a  1
du
dx

Example 14
dy
Find for each of the following exponential function
dx

a) y  e3x
2

b) y  3e2 x 1  e x 1

c) y  72 x 1

Solutions:

a) y  e3x
2

dy
 3x 2 
2 d
 e3 x
dx dx
 6 xe3 x
2

b) y  3e2 x 1  e x 1

dy e x 1
 6e2 x 1 
dx 2 x 1

c) y  72 x 1

 2  72 x 1  ln 7
dy
dx

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Exercise 10
Using appropriate rules, differentiate the following functions with respect to x.
a) f  x   x3e5x Ans :  5 x3e5 x  3x 2e5 x

x2  2 2e3 x1 (2 x  3)  2 x  2
b) f  x  Ans :
2e3 x1  1 (2e3 x1  1)2

 
10
x2
c) y  x2  2e

   2x  1 
9
x2 x2
Ans : 10 x 2  2e e 
x2 
1 2
d) y  2 x  3  Ans : 2 x 3 ln 2  ln 3
32 x 32 x

4.4 HIGHER ORDER DERIVATIVES

dy
If y  f  x  is a differentiable function, then  f   x  is called the first derivative
dx
d2y
of y or f  x  (can also be denoted by y ),  f   x  is called the second derivative of y or
dx2
d3y
f  x  (can also be denoted by y ),  f   x  is called the third derivative of y or f  x 
dx3
dn y
f (x) (can also be denoted by y  ) and so on. Generally,  f n  x  is the n th derivative of
dxn
y or f  x  and is obtained by differentiating f  x  n times.

Example 15
Find the second and third derivatives for each of the following functions.
a) f  x   5 x3  3x 2  2 x  5

 2x
b) y 
3x  1

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Solutions:
a) f  x   5 x3  3x 2  2 x  5

f   x   15x2  6x  2

f   x   30x  6

f   x   30

 2x
b) y 
3x  1
dy  3x  1 2   2 x  3 2
 
3x  1 3x 1
2 2
dx

d 2 y  3x  1  0   2 6  3x  1
2
12
 
 3x  1 3x 1
2 4 3
dx

d 3 y  3x  1  0   12 9  3x  1 
3
 2

108
 
 3x  1 (3x  1) 4
3 6
dx

Exercise 11
Find the indicated derivative for the following functions:
a) y  3x 3  2x 2  x  1; y Ans : 18

1 x d 2 y 4
b) y  ; Ans :
1  x dx 2 1  x 
3

x2
c) f x   ; f x 
x2
3x 2  16 x  32
Ans : 5
4  x  2 2


d) f x   x 2  3 ; 2
f x  Ans : 24x

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4.5 INTRODUCTION TO INTEGRATION

Integration is the reverse process of differentiation. It is sometimes called anti-
differentiation. The topic of integration can be approached in several different ways. Perhaps
the simplest way of introducing it is to think of it as differentiation in reverse.

4.5.1 Differentiation in Reverse (Anti-Derivative)

Suppose we differentiate the function F ( x)  3x2  7 x  2 . We obtain its derivative as
dF
f ( x)   6 x  7 . This process is illustrated in Figure 1.
dx

Differentiate

F ( x)  3x2  7 x  2 f ( x)  6 x  7

Anti-Differentiate

Figure 1

In this case, we can say that the derivative of 3x 2  7 x  2 is equal to 6 x  7 . However, there
are many other functions which also have derivative 6 x  7 . Some of these are 3x 2  7 x  3 ,
3x 2  7 x , 3x 2  7 x  11 and so on. The reason why all of these functions have the same
derivative is that the constant term disappears during differentiation. So, all of these are anti-
derivatives of 6 x  7 . Given any anti-derivative of f ( x) , all others can be obtained by
simply adding a different constant. In other words, if F ( x) is an anti-derivative of f ( x) , then
so too is F ( x)  C for any constant C and this is actually describe the definition of Indefinite
Integration.

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4.6 INDEFINITE INTEGRATION

We call the set of all anti-derivatives of a function as the indefinite integral of the
function. The indefinite integral of the function f ( x) is written as

 f ( x) dx  F ( x)  C
and read it as "the indefinite integral of f ( x) with respect to x ". The function f ( x) that is
being integrated is called the integrand, and the variable x is called the variable of
integration and the C is called the constant of integration.

4.6.1 Properties of the Indefinite Integral

Basically, there are three properties of anti-derivatives which been applied in order to
solve the integration for any kind of functions.

Theorem:

Suppose that F ( x) and G ( x) are anti-derivatives of f ( x) and g ( x) respectively, and C is a

constant. Then:
a) A constant factor k can be taken out from an integral, that is
 k f ( x) dx  k  f ( x) dx  kF ( x)  C , where k is a constant
b) An anti-derivative of a sum is the sum of the anti-derivatives, that is
  f  x   g  x  dx   f  x  dx   g  x  dx  F (x)  G(x)  C
c) An anti-derivative of a difference is the difference of the anti-derivatives, that is
  f  x   g  x  dx   f  x  dx   g  x  dx  F (x)  G(x)  C

4.6.2 Integral of Polynomial Functions

Properties of the Integral of Polynomial Functions

x n1
 x dx  c
n
a) (General form)
n 1
b)  kdx  kx  c , where k is any number

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Example 1
Determine the following integrals:


1
 x dx b)  2 x 8 dx x
7
a) c) 6
dx d) 3x dx

Solutions:
x 71 x8
 x dx  c  c
7
a)
7 1 8
2 x 81  2 x 7
b)  2 x 8 dx  2 x 8 dx  c  c
 8 1 7
1 x 61  x 5
 x6 
6
c) dx  x dx   c  c
 6 1 5
1 3
1 3
2 2
x x 2 3 2
 3x dx  3  x dx  3  x  3 c  3 c  x c
12
d)
1 3 3
1
2 2

Exercise 1
Solve the following integrals.
4 54
a)  4
x dx Ans:
5
x c

1 3 23
b)  6
x2
dx Ans:
2
x c

1 2
c) x 32
dx Ans: 
x
c

2 1

d)   3x 3 dx Ans: 9x 3  c

Example 2
Determine the following integrals:

 2x  5x 
 4 x 2 dx  3x  5 dx
3 2
a) b)

 2x  1 
2
 2
c)   3x   dx
 x
d)   x4 
dx

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Solutions:

 2x  5x 
 4 x 2 dx   2 xdx   5x 3 dx   4 x 2 dx
3
a)

 2 xdx  5 x 3 dx  4 x 2 dx

 x2   x 4   x3 
 2   5   4   c
 2  4  3
5 4
 x 2  x4  x3  c
4 3

 3x  5 dx   9x 
 30 x  25 dx
2 2
b)

  9 x 2 dx  30 xdx   25dx
 9 x 2 dx  30  xdx  25 1dx
 x3   x2 
 9   30   25( x)  c
 3  2
 3x  15 x  25 x  c
3 2

2
 2  2 4
c)   3x   dx    9 x  12  2 dx
 x  x 
4
  9 x 2 dx   12dx   dx
x2

 9 x 2 dx  12 1dx  4 x 2 dx
 x3   x 1 
 9    12 x  4  c
3  1 
4
 3x3  12 x   c
x

 2x  1  2x 1
d)   dx   4 dx   4 dx
x 
4
x x

 2 x 3dx   x 4 dx
 x 2  x 3
 2  c
 2  3
1 1
  2  3 c
x 3x

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Exercise 2
Solve:

4 x  32 dx 32 52 3 1
a)  x
Ans:
5
x  16 x 2  18x 2  c

3x  23 dx 81 103 162 73 4 1

b)  3
x2
Ans:
10
x 
7
x  27 x 3  24x 3  c

4.6.3 Integral of Exponential Functions

Formula of the Integral of Exponential Functions
a)  e x dx  e x  c (Integral of Natural Exponential Function)

e axb
b)
 e axb dx 
a
 c ; where a any number

c)  e u du  e u  c or  g ( x)(e
g ( x)
)dx  e g ( x )  c (by using Substitution Rule)

Example 3
Solve the following integrals:
a)  e 2 x dx b)  e 2 x 3 dx  e 
 e 3 x dx
5x
c)

 e   e 
2

e
2
d) 2x
 e 2 x dx e) 2x
 3 dx f) x
 e 3x dx

Solutions:
e2x
a)  e 2 x dx  c
2
e 2 x3
e
2 x 3
b) dx  c
2
e 5 x  e 3 x  e 5 x e 3 x
 e 
 e 3 x dx   e 5 x dx   e 3 x dx      c   c
5x
c)
5  3  5 3

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 e 
 e 2 x dx   e4 x  2  e4 x dx
2
2x
d)

  e 4 x dx   2dx   e 4 x dx
e4x  e 4 x 
  2 x     c
4  4 
e4x e 4 x
  2x  c
4 4

 e   e 
2
e) 2x
 3 dx  4x
 6e 2 x  9 dx

 e dx   6e 
dx  9dx
4x 2x

e 4 x 6e 2 x
   9x  c
4 2
e4x
  3e 2 x  9 x  c
4
e4x
f)  e x  e 3x dx   e 4 x dx  c
4

Exercise 3
e5x e3 x
a)  e2x
dx Ans:
3
c

e 4 x  e8 x e 2 x e6 x
b)  e2x
dx Ans:
2

6
c

e 2 x  e5x 1
c)  e9 x
dx Ans: 
2e2 x
c

4.6.4 Integral of Logarithmic Functions

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Formula of Integral of Logarithmic Functions

 xdx  ln x  c
1
a)

 ax  bdx  ln ax  b  c
a
b)

1 g ( x)
c)  u du  ln u  c or  g( x) dx  ln( g( x))  c (by using Substitution Rule)

ax
d)  (a x )dx  c
ln a

Example 4
Find:
1 7
a)  x  3dx b)  3 x dx c)  5  xdx

Solutions:
1
a)  x  3dx  ln x  3  c
3x
b)  3 dx 
x
c
ln 3
7 1 1
c)  5  xdx  7 5  x dx  7 ln 5  x   1  c  7 ln 5  x  c

Exercise 4
Solve:
3 3
a)  2 x  3dx Ans:
2
ln(2 x  3)  c

5
b)  x
dx Ans: 5ln x  c

34 x2
3
4 x 2
c) dx Ans: c
4ln 3

4.6.5 Integral of Trigonometric Functions

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Formula of Integral of Trigonometric Functions

a)  cos x dx = sin x  C
b)  sin x dx   cos x  C

c)  sec 2 x dx  tan x  C

d)  cos ec 2 x dx   cot x  C

1
e)  cos(ax  b) dx = sin (ax  b)  C
a
1
f)  sin (ax  b) dx   cos (ax  b)  C
a
1
g)  sec 2 (ax  b) dx  tan (ax  b)  C
a
1
h)  cos ec 2 (ax  b) dx   cot (ax  b)  C
a

Example 5
Find:
a)  sin 3x dx b)  cos5x dx c)  sec2 4 x dx

d)  cosec 2 2 x dx e)  sin (3x  4) dx f)  cos(2  5x) dx

Solutions:
cos3x
a)  sin 3x dx   c
3
sin 5 x
b)  cos5 x dx  c
5
tan 4 x
c)  sec 2 4 x dx  c
4
cot 2 x
d)  cos ec 2 2 x dx   c
2
cos(3x  4)
e)  sin (3x  4) dx   c
3

Exercise 5

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1
a)  sec2 (4  5x) dx Ans:  tan(4  5 x)  c
5
cot(2 x  5)
b)  cosec 2 (2 x  5) dx Ans:  c
2
   
c)  sin  2  x dx Ans: cos   x   c
2 

Many of the indefinite integrals are found by “reversing” derivative formulae. You will see
what we mean if you look at the basic integral formulae for some standard functions in Table
1.
Table 1: Basic Derivatives and Integral Formulae

Corresponding Derivative Formula Indefinite Integral

 `1dx  x  C
d
[ x]  1
dx
d  x n 1  x n1
  x , n  1

n
 x n dx =  C , n  1
dx  n  1  n 1

 x dx  ln x  C
d 1 1
[ln x ] 
dx x

 e dx  e  C
d x
[e ]  e x x x
dx
d kx e kx
dx
[e ]  kekx
 e kx dx 
k
C

d x ax
dx
[a ]  a x ln a
 a x dx 
ln a
C

 sin x dx   cos x  C
d
[cos x]   sin x
dx

 cos x dx = sin x  C
d
[sin x]  cos x
dx

 sec x dx  tan x  C
d
[tan x]  sec 2 x 2
dx

 cos ec x dx   cot x  C
d
[cot x]   cos ec 2 x 2
dx

 sec x tan x dx  sec x  C

d
[sec x]  sec x tan x
dx

 cos ec x cot xdx   cos ec x  C

d
[cos ec x]   cos ec x cot x
dx

 sinh x dx  cosh x  C
d
[sinh x]  cosh x
dx

 cosh x dx = sinh x  C
d
[cosh x]  sinh x
dx

 sec h x dx  tanh x  C
d
[tanh x]  sec h 2 x 2
dx

 1  x dx  sin x  C
d 1 1
[sin 1 x]  1
dx 1 x2 2

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1 1

d
[cos 1 x]  dx  cos 1 x  C
dx 1 x2 1 x 2

 1 x
d 1 1
[tan 1 x]  dx  tan 1 x  C
dx 1  x2 2


d 1 1
[sinh 1 x]  dx  sinh 1 x  C
dx x 1
2
x 1
2

1

d 1
[cosh 1 x]  dx  cosh 1 x  C
dx x 1
2
x 1
2


d 1 1
[tanh 1 x]  dx  tanh 1 x  C
dx 1 x2 1 x 2

NOTE: Methods shown in 4.2.1 – 4.2.5 also can be applied in solving the
Definite Integral.

4.7 DEFINITE INTEGRATION

In this section, the concept of a “definite integrals” is introduced which will link the
concept of area to other important concepts such as length, volume, density, probability and
work.

Figure 2
Based on Figure 2, the curve f ( x) is nonnegative and continuous on an interval [a, b]
. The area of A which is under the graph of f ( x) over the interval [a, b] can be represented
by the definite integral
b
A   f ( x) dx
a

where the number a is the lower limit and b is the upper limit of the integration.

Note that there is no constant in definite integral, therefore definite integral is always
in number. This is because the constant c is eliminated as shown below.

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If  f  x  dx  F  x   c , where c is a constant, then

 f  x dx   F  x  a   F  b   c    F  a   c 
b b

 F b   F  a 

Theorem (The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus):

If f ( x) is continuous on [a, b] , and F  x  is any anti-derivative of f ( x) on [a, b] , then

b

 f ( x) dx  F (b)  F (a)
a

Theorem: Basic Properties of Definite Integrals

If f(x) and g(x) are continuous functions on the interval [a, b], then


a
a) f ( x) dx  0 , if f(a) exists
a

 f ( x) dx   f ( x) dx
b a
b)
a b

 kf ( x) dx  k  f ( x) dx
b b
c)
a a

 k dx  k (b  a)
b
d)
a

 f ( x) dx   f ( x) dx   f ( x) dx , where a  c  b
b c b
e)
a a c

a  f ( x)  g( x) dx  a f ( x) dx   g ( x) dx
b b b
f)
a

Example 6
Solve the following integrals:

 2x  1  e 4 x  e8 x
2
 2 1

 1  x 4 dx 
2 3
 3x  x  dx dx
a) b) c) 2
1
  0 e2x
5 
  
  
2
d) dx e) 3
sin   x dx f) 4
(sec 2 x  2 sin 2 x) dx
1 x 0
2  0

Solutions:

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2
 2 2 4
  3x  x  dx  1  9 x  12  x 2 dx
2
2
a)
1
   
4
  9 x 2 dx   12dx  
2 2 2
dx
1 1 1 x2
 9 x 2 dx  12 1dx  4 x 2 dx
2 2 2

1 1 1
2
 4
  3x3  12( x)    (3(8)  12(2)  2)  (3  12  4)  11
 x 1

 2x  1  3 2x 3 1
  dx  1 4 dx  1 4 dx
3
b)
1 x 
4
x x

 2 x 3dx   x 4 dx
3 3

1 1
3 3
 x 2  x 3
 2  
 2  1 3 1
3
 1 1   1 1  1  98
   2  3         1   
 x 3x  1  9 81   3  81

1
e 4 x  e8 x
 e 
1

 dx   e 6 x dx
2 2 2x
c)
0 e2x 0

1
 e 2 x e6 x  2
  
 2 6 0

 1 2 1  1 6 1    1 1 
  e  2   e  2     e2(0)  e6(0) 
2 
 6  2 6 

1 1 1 1
 e  e3  
2 6 2 6
1 1 3 2
 e e 
2 6 3

dx  5  5 ln x1  (5 ln 2)  (5 ln 1)  3.4657  0  3.4657

5 21

2 2
d)
1 x 1 x

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
  3
 cos  x 


  

3 2
e) sin   x dx 
0  2   1 

0

     
 cos     cos  0  
2 3  2 
 
 cos  cos
6 2
 0.866  0
 0.866


    cos 2 x   4
f)  4 (sec 2 x  2 sin 2 x) dx   tan x  2  
0
  2   0

 tan x  cos 2 x 04
   
  tan  cos 2( )   (tan 0  cos 0)
 4 4 

 1  cos  0 1
2
 200
2

Exercise 6
 1  20
 
4
a) x dx Ans:
1
x 3

e 2x  e5x
1 e9 x dx e  e 
1 4 2
2
b) Ans: 
2
 1
c) 0
sec 2 x dx
4
Ans: 4

 2
 (2 x  cos x) dx 1
2
d) Ans:
0 4

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TUTORIAL 4
Differentiation:
1. Find the derivative of the following functions from the first principles
a) f  x   2x  5

b) f  x   x2  4

2. Differentiate the following functions using the definition of the derivative.

a) f  x  2 x 1

b) f  x   x3  5

1
c) f  x 
x
1
d) f  x 
2x

3. Find f   x  for the following f  x  .

a) f  x  x  3 ; a  2

b) f  x   2x2  3 ; a  3

c) f  x   2 3x ; a  2

d) f  x   x2  6 x  1 ; a  1

1
e) f  x   ; a  1
x2

4. Find the derivative of each of the following

a) y  32

b) y  x 5
c) y  4 x  1
d) y  1  3x

e) y  5x 2

f) y  x 2  3x

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g) y  4x 2  3x  2
5 8 6 5 15 4
h) y  x  x  x  x3  2
2 5 2
i) y  sin 7 x
j) y  2 cos5 x

k) y  2 sin x 3

l) y  3 cos4x 2
m) y  4 sin(1  x)

n) y  cos(x 4  2x 2  3)

o) y  cos2 (3x  1)

p) y  sin 3 (2x  3)

q) y  cos(x 3  4) 4

r) y  ln( 2x 3  3)
s) y  ln(tan 3x)

y  ln( 3x  2)
1
t) 2

u) y  tan(ln x)
v) y  ln(ln x)

dy
5. If y  x 4  5x 3  6x 2  7 x  3 , obtain an expression for , and hence calculate the value of
dx
dy
at x  2 .
dx

dy
6. Differentiate the following and calculate the value of at the value of x stated.
dx
(a) y  2x 3  4x 2  2x  7 ( x  2)

(b) y  3x 4  5x 3  4x 2  x  4 ( x  3)

(c) y  4x 2  2x 4  3x 3  7 x 2  2x  3 ( x  1)

dy
7. Determine in each of the following cases
dx

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a) y  x2 .sin x

b) y  x3.ex
cos x
c) y 
x2
2e x
d) y 
tan x

8. Differentiate the following with respect to x

a) y   5x  2
4

b) y  sin  3x  2

c) y  e 4 x 1

d) y  5cos  2 x  3

e) y  cos3 x

f) y  ln  4 x  5

dy
9. Determine in each of the following cases
dx
a) y  ex cos x

b) y  x3 tan x

c) y  2ex ln x
sin x
d) y 
2e x
cos x
e) y 
tan x
tan x
f) y 
ex
ln x
g) y 
x3


h) y  tan x2  3 
i) y  5  4 x  5
2

2
j) y  6e x
2

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k) y  3sin  4  5x 

10. Differentiate the following with respect to x

a) ln cos3x
b) sin 3 4x
c) e2 x sin 3x
x4
d)
( x  1)2
e4 x sin x
e)
x cos 2 x
f) ln  sec x  tan x 

g) sin 4 x cos3 x
1  x 2 
h) ln  2
1  x 
2
i) esin 5x

j) x 2 cos 2 x


k) ln x2 1  x2 
 
11. Differentiate log 10 x 2  3x  1 with respect to x.

dy d2y
12. Determine and for
dx dx 2
dy
a) y  2x 3  11x 2  12 x  5 and determine the value of x at which 0
dx
b) y  3 sin 2 x  1  4 cos3x  1

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Integration:
1. Determine the following integrals:

 2e dx 12dx
x
a) b)

 9x dx  5x 1
1 4
c) 3
d) dx

sin  6 x  1
e)  3
dx f)  4  2xdx

 2e 5
3x2 1 x
g) dx h) dx

3 sec2  2  5x 
i)  2 x  3dx j)  5
dx

2. Determine the following integrals:


a) I   x3  x2  x  1 dx 
 
b) I   4 x3  9 x 2  8 x  2 dx given that I 
11
16
1
when x  .
2

3. Determine

 4e  6e
2 x 3 13 x
a) dx b) dx

5
 3x  2 dx  3sec 1  4x  dx
2
c) d)

 4 
  6e
3 x 5
e)   52 x 1 dx
3x  2 

4. Evaluate each of the following definite integrals:

2 8

 12dx  9x dx
1
a) b) 2

1 0

4 
sin  6 x  1
 5x  1 
4
c) dx d) dx
2 0 3

5. Determine the following integrals:

a)  ( x2  x)2 (2 x  1)dx b)  x( x
2
 1)3 dx

c)  ( x  1)( x2  2 x  4)3 dx x e
2 x3  2
d) dx

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2 x7  1
e)  ecos x sin xdx f)  dx
x  4 x  1
8 3

ln y 2
g)  ( x  3)sin( x 2  6 x)dx h)  y dy
1  ln x
1
ex
i)  2 dx
x
j)  x
dx

6. Find:
2 1

 x( x  1) dx x e
2 3 2 x3  2
a) b) dx
0 0

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ANSWERS
Differentiation:
1. a) 2 b) 2x
1 1 1
2. a) b) 3x 2 c)  d) 
x 1 x2 2x 2x

3
3. a) 1 b) 12 c) d) 4
2
(e) 2

4. a) 0 b) 5x 4
c) 4 d)-3
e) 10 x f) 2 x  3
g) 8 x  3 h) 20 x 7  6 x 4  30 x 3  3x 2
i) 7 cos 7 x j)  10 sin 5 x
k) 6 x 2 cos x 3 l)  24 x sin 4 x 2
m)  4 cos(1  x) n)  4( x 3  x) sin( x 4  2x 2  3)

o)  6 cos(3x  1) sin( 3x  1) p) 6 sin 2 (2x  3) cos(2x  3)

6x 2
q)  12 x 2 ( x 3  4) 3 sin( x 3  4) 4 r)
2x 3  3
3sec2 3x 3
s) or 3sec3x cos ec3x t)
tan 3x 2(3x  2)
sec 2 (ln x) 1
u) v)
x x ln x

5. 4x 3  15x 2  12 x  7, 59

6. a) 6x2  8x  2, 6

b) 12x3 15x2  8x 1, 212

c) 22x  8x3  9x2  2,19

7. a) x  x cos x  2sin x  b) x2ex ( x  3)

 x sin x  2 cos x 2e x  tan x  sec2 x 

c) d)
x3 tan 2 x

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8. a) 20  5x  2  b) 3cos  3x  2
3

c) 4e 4 x 1 d) 10sin  2 x  3

4
e) 3cos 2 x.sin x f)
4x  5

9. a) e x  cos x  sin x  
b) x 2 x sec2 x  3tan x 
1  cos x  sin x
c) 2e x   ln x  d)
x  2e x

 sin x tan x  cos x sec2 x sec2 x  tan x

e) f)
tan 2 x ex
1  3ln x
g)
x4
h) 2 x sec2 x 2  3  
i) 40  4 x  5 2
2
j) 12x.ex

k) 15cos  4  5x 

10. a) 3tan 3x b) 12sin 2 4 x cos 4 x

2 x3 ( x  2)
c) e2 x  3cos3x  2sin 3x  d)
 x  1
3

e4 x sin x  1 
e)  4  cot x   2 tan 2 x  f) sec x
x cos 2 x  x 
4 x
g) 4 cos 4 x sin 3 x  3cos 2 x sin 5 x h)
1  x4

j) 2 x cos 2 x  2 x 2 sin x cos x

2
i) 10sin5x cos5xesin 5x

2 x
k) 
x 1  x2
2x  3
11. y' 
 
x  3x  1 ln 10
2

dy d2y 2
12. a)  6 x 2  22 x  12 ; 2
 12 x  22, x  , 3
dx dx 3
d2y
 6 cos2 x  1  12 sin 3x  1 ,  12 sin 2 x  1  36 cos3x  1
dy
b)
dx dx 2

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Integration:
1. a) 2e x  c b) 12x  c

27 4
3 (5x  1)5
c) x c d) c
4 25
cos (6 x  1)
3
e)  c (4  2 x) 2
18 f)  c
3
2e3x2
g) c 51 x
3 h)  c
ln 5
3ln(2 x  3)
i) c tan(2  5 x)
2 j)  c
25

x 4 x3 x 2
2. a) I    xc b) I  x 4  3x3  4 x 2  2 x  1
4 3 2
3. a) 2e2 x 3  c b) 2e13 x  c
5ln(3x  3) 3tan (1  4 x)
c) c d) c
3 4
4 52 x1
e) 2e3 x5  ln(3x  2)  c
3 2ln 5
4. a) 36 b) 135.76
c) 96682 d) 0
1 2 1 2
5. a) ( x  x )3  c b) ( x  1)4  c
3 8
1 1 x2  2
c)  ( x 2  2 x  4)2  c d) e c
4 3
e) ecos x  c 1
f)  ( x8  4 x  1)2  c
1 8
g)  cos( x 2  6 x)  c
2 1
 ln y 2   c
2
h)
1 4
i) e  cx
2 3
j)  l ln x  2  c
3
6. a) 78 b) 4.232

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