Seminar on Tall Buildings – September 20, 2011 CONTENT

• Project Brief
Implementing Innovative Design for Tall Buildings
• Foundation

International Commerce Centre (ICC) • Wind Loading

Hong Kong
• Building Comfort

• Structure Optimization
YAU Chun Yee, Jackie
ARUP • Construction Material

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Project Brief Project Brief

Project Data
• Building Height:
• 490m above mean sea level or 484m above general
ground level
5-star hotel
• Building functions:
Observation
• Grade-A office
Desk (Sky100)
• 312 rooms 5-star hotel (Ritz-Carlton)
at 100th floor
• Total GFA : 270,000 m 2

• No of Stories : 118

• No of basement : 4 (total 26m deep)

• Special features:
Grade A office
• Highest observation desk in HK (sky100)
• World’s highest swimming pool and bar
• Tallest building in Hong Kong
• Fourth tallest building in the world

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Project Brief Project Brief

Structure Data

l CFA : 350,000 m 2

l Pile type : Shaft Grouted Barrettes (241 Nos.)

3rd Steel Outrigger
l Basement System : 76mØ 1.5m-thk Circular D-Wall

l Floor System : Steel Composite

l Stability System : RC Central Core Corewall

2nd Steel Outrigger
8 R.C. Mega Columns
4 layers of outriggers
(1 RC + 3 structural steel)

l Concrete : Grade 90 high modulus c

onc
(E28 = 39MPA)
1st Steel Outrigger

Mega Columns

Post-tensioned Concrete
Outrigger

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Project Brief CONTENT

• Project Brief

• Foundation

• Wind Loading

• Building Comfort

• Structure Optimization

• Construction Material

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Foundation Foundation

Difficulties

• Below ground – Very deep bedrock (60m – 130m deep)

• Above ground – Surrounded by sensitive structures

Existing Western Elevated Road

Station
Existing MTR

Existing MTR Tunnel

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Foundation Foundation

Very deep bedrock

Sensitive structure

Rock Socket Bored Piles Driven / Jack-in H-piles

Foundation options

Shaft Grouted Barrette

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Foundation Nền mó
móng
Chuyển động bên (mm)
-90 -75 -60 -45 -30 -15 0 15 30 45 60 75 90
0 Do nền đường đào
5 Do đóng cọc
10
15
20 Chuyển động dự đoán
25
30

Chiều sâu (m)

35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100

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CONTENT Wind loading

Hong Kong PNAP 150

• Project Brief General Terrain

• Foundation Power exponent for mean wind velocity 0.19

Power exponent for turbulence intensity -0.26
• Wind Loading
Gradient height 200 m
• Building Comfort Reference height for turbulence intensity 75 m

• Structure Optimization Mean hourly gradient design wind speed 64 m/s

• Construction Material

Waglan Island
Cape d’Aguilar

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Wind loading Wind loading

Monte-Carlo simulations – International Commerce Center

• Advances in Monte-Carlo modelling of typhoons is applied to the ICC project
• The first extensive Monte-Carlo simulation for
• It is predicted upper level wind speeds of 52-55 m/s
Hong Kong was conducted by the University of
Western Ontario (UWO) for Arup during the desig
600
n of the Hongkong Bank in 1983-4 V m ax = 55 m /s
V m ax = 59 .5 m /s

• We used a windfield model that was developed in 500

C urrent W ind C o d e V m ax = 6 4 m /s

490 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
conjunction with the National Hurricane Center -

• It is predicted an upper level wind speed of 48 m/s 400

Height (m)

at 200m in Hong Kong.

300

200

100

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
50 year return pe r iod hourly m ean w ind speed (m/s)

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Wind loading Wind loading
Beijing 100-year design wind speed Hong Kong 100-year design wind speed

0
30 N
30 NNW 60 NNE
330 25
58
20 NW NE
56
60
15 54
300 WNW ENE
10 52
5 50
0 90 W 48 E
270 Shenzhen 100-year design wind speed ICC
WSW ESE
120
240 SW SE

150 SSW SSE

210
180 S
N
40
NNW NNE
30 50
NW NE

20 45
WNW ENE

Peak combined acceleration (milli-g)

Statistical prediction GB50009-2001 Statistical prediction Hong Kong Wind Code 40
10

W 0 E 35

30
WSW ESE
25

SW SE 20
SSW SSE
15
S
10 Conf orming scheme - non directional
Conf orming scheme - directional
5 13 degree rotation - directional
26 degree rotation - directional
0
0 45 90 135 180 225 270 315 360
Statistical prediction GB50009-2001
Wind directio n (degr ees)

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CONTENT Building Comfort

Natural Period Acceleration

• Project Brief

• Foundation

• Wind Loading 4.4 sec 30 mg

• Building Comfort

• Structure Optimization

• Construction Material

1.0 sec 30 mg

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Building Comfort Building Comfort

1 Hz

0.15 Hz

Head response to various Building Stiffness

Motion Simulator in HKUST

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Building Comfort CONTENT
5-star hotel Acceleration guidelines for International Commerce Center (ICC) (mg) – With
Typhoons
natural frequency of building Typical building height 1 yr 5 yrs 10 yrs
(Hz) (meters) • Project Brief

0.125 350-450 13 19 21 • Foundation

0.2 200-250 11 16 19
• Wind Loading
0.5 80-100 9 12 14

1 50 7 10 11 • Building Comfort
Return Period Gradient height hourly mean wind speed Building accelerations as measured from wind
tunnel test • Structure Optimization
With typhoons Without typhoons With typhoons Without typhoons
(m/s) (m/s) (mg) (mg) • Construction Material

10 yrs 47.5 32.4 22.6 6.5

5 yrs 42.5 30.6 14.4 5.2

1 yr 30 26.7 4.4 2.7

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Structural Optimization Structural Optimization

Work/Cost of Subsystems

Core Column Outrigger

1.01 0.39 1.53

1.47 0.69 1.39

1.19 0.48 1.30

1.80 0.74 1.19

GENERAL FLOWCHART FOR STATIC OPTIMIZATION

MATERIAL COST OPTIMISATION

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Structural Optimization CONTENT

Work/Cost of Subsystems • Project Brief

Core Column Outrigger

• Foundation
0.55 0.63 7.46

• Wind Loading
0.80 1.10 6.76
• Building Comfort

0.66 0.93 6.31

• Structure Optimization

0.96 1.43 5.80 • Construction Material

0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 9.00 10.00

BUILDING VALUE OPTIMISATION

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CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL
Some Major Events Affecting the selection of material for ICC 1.2

Event Year Effects to ICC Design

• Tight Construction Budget

Asian Financial Crisis 1998 • Unfrozen Business and Market Strategy 1
• Demand in Greatest Design Flexibility

• Economy was in a poor shape thus the market condition

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome induced a lot of pressure on the construction budget and
2003
(SARS) consideration of construction material. 0.8
• Demand in Greatest Design Flexibility

• Shortage of Mainland Fabrication Yards

Beijing Olympic Games 2008 2003 – 2008 • Limited Steelwork Contractor Available
• Increase in Material & Fabrication Costs for Structural Steel. 0.6

Rapid Economy Growth in Macau and • Shortage of Local Skill Labour for Structural Steelwork;
2002 – now
Middle East • Shortage of Inland Fabrication Yards and Welders

0.4
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
• Unstable Material Supply and Rapid Rise in Unit Cost for
Shortage of Iron Ore 2002 – now
structural steel
Concrete (grade 45) Reinforcement Structural Steel

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CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL

High Performance Concrete
Modulus of Elasticity
High Modulus
50.0 50.0
49.5 49.5
E-modulus
E-modulusVS
VSStrength
Strength 49.0 49.0
48.5
0.3773
yy==7.5126x
7.5126x
0.3773 48.0 48.0 48.0 48.0
48.0
2 47.5 47.5
47.5 47.5 47.5
RR2==0.6001
42
42 0.6001 47.0 47.0
47.0 47.0 47.0 47.0 47.0
(Gpa)
E-modulus (Gpa)

46.5 46.5
46.5
46.5 46.5
46.546.5 46.5
46.5 46.5 46.5
40
40 Volcanic
46.0 46.0 46.0 46.0
46.0
46.0 46.0
VolcanicTuff
Tuff
Modulus of Elasticity (GPa)

45.5
45.5
38
38 45.0 45.0 45.0 45.0 45.0 45.0 45.0 45.0 45.0
44.5 44.5 44.5 44.5
44.5 44.5 44.5
44.5 44.5
44.5 44.5
44.5
36
36 44.0 44.0 44.0 44.0
44.044.044.0
44.0
44.0 44.0 44.0
E-modulus

43.5 43.5 43.5 43.5

43.5 43.5 43.5
43.5 43.5 43.5
43.5
34
34 0.6555
43.0 43.0 43.0 43.0 43.0 43.0 43.0 43.0 43.043.0 43.0
32 yy==1.6918x
1.6918x
0.6555 42.5 42.5
42.5
42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5
32 2 42.0 42.0 42.0
42.0 42.0 42.0
42.0
30 RR2==0.8635 Granite
Granite 41.5 41.541.5 41.5 41.5 41.5 41.5 41.5 41.5
30 0.8635 41.0
41.0
41.0 41.0
41.0 41.0
41.0
41.041.0 41.0 41.0 41.0
28
28 41.0 40.5 40.5
40.5 40.5 40.540.5 40.5 40.5 40.5 40.5
40.0 40.0 39.540.0 40.0
40.040.0
40.0
40.0
40.0 40.0 40.0
40.040.0
40.0 40.0
26
26 39.5 39.5
39.5 39.5 39.539.5
39.5 39.5
39.5 39.5
39.539.539.5
39.5
39.5
39.5
39.5 39GPa
39.0 39.0 39.0 39.0
39.0
39.039.0 39.0
39.0 39.0
39.0 39.0
39.039.0 39.0
24
24 38.5 39.0
38.0
40
40 60
60 80
80 100
100 37.0
Strength
Strength(Mpa)
(Mpa)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120 125 130 135 140 145 150 155 160 165 170 175 180 185 190

Cylinder Mark (CYL)

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CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL

Self-compacting Self-compacting

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CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL
TC2 TC5

Self-compacting

3rd Steel Outrigger

2nd Steel Outrigger

VIEW A

1st Steel Outrigger

Pre-stressed Concre
te Outrigger

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CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL

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THANK YOU

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