UNIVERSITY OF VAASA

FACULTY OF TECHNOLOGY

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Katja Hannele Sirviö, L83830

SATE.3050 Project work in Electrical Engineering

INTERFACING LOW VOLTAGE EQUIPMENT TO

DISTRIBUTION AUTOMATION

Number of pages: 52

Submitted for inspection: 30.10.2011

Supervisor Erkki Antila

 2

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS......................................................................... 3  

1.   INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................... 6  
2.   PATENT REVIEW .................................................................................................... 8  
2.1.   Patents in Finland ................................................................................................ 8  
2.2.   Patents in European countries............................................................................ 10  
2.3.   Conclusions ....................................................................................................... 11  
3.   DISTRIBUTION AUTOMATION .......................................................................... 13  
3.1.   DA functions...................................................................................................... 14  
3.2.   DA technologies ................................................................................................ 15  
3.3.   Development of DA........................................................................................... 19  
3.4.   Remote access of LV network........................................................................... 21  
4.   REQUIREMENTS FOR COMMUNICATION INTERFACES ............................. 23  
4.1.   Secondary substations........................................................................................ 24  
4.2.   Cable distribution cabinets ................................................................................ 28  
4.3.   Smart energy meters .......................................................................................... 30  
4.4.   Home automation .............................................................................................. 35  
4.5.   Summary............................................................................................................ 35  
5.   DISCUSSION........................................................................................................... 37  
6.   SUMMARY.............................................................................................................. 39  
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................... 42  
 3

ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

ATS Automatic Transfer Switch

CIS Customer Information System

CDMA Code Division Multiple Access

CSS Compact Secondary Substation

DA Distribution Automation

DEM Distribution Energy Management

DMS Distribution Management System

DNO Distribution Network Operator

EDM Energy Data Management

EPO European Patent Office

FA Feeder Automation

GIS Geographical Information Systems

GOOSE Generic Object Oriented Substation Event

HAN Home Area Networks

HART Highway Addressable Remote Transducer

 4

HVAC Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning

ICT Information- and Communication Technologies

IED Intelligent Electronic Device

IM Instant Messaging

IP Internet Protocol

LAN Local Area Network

LOM Loss Of Mains

LV Low Voltage

MIS Material Information System

MMS Manufacturing Message Specification

MUC-C Multi Utility Communication-Controller

NCS Network Control System

NIS Network Information System

PC Process Control

PCT Patent Cooperation Treaty

RTU Remote Terminal Unit

SA Substation Automation
 5

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition

TCP/IP Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol

 6

1. INTRODUCTION

Traditional grid includes centralized power generation. To satisfy both the increasing
demand for power and the need to reduce carbon dioxide emissions, power distribution
networks are increasingly developed towards Smart Grids. Smart Grids include
centralized and distributed power generation and the system must meet requirements of
energy capacity, reliability, efficiency and sustainability. In integrating distributed
energy resources into energy markets and power systems the key challenge is the
controllable multi-directional power flow based on real time data. Increase of
distributed energy resources requires new grid architecture, the micro grid concept.

Increasing intelligence in grids contains development and integration of protection,

control and ICT (Information- and Communication Technologies). When connecting
LV (Low Voltage) micro grids to distribution automation, the most important challenge
is to find communication interfaces of devices, equipment and systems. In future
devices are required to develop towards intelligent equipment (i.e. interactive customer
gateway), which include advanced functions based on local intelligence and the use of
power electronic applications.

One of the main requirements is to remote control LV network, which means increasing
number of devices should have capability for two-way communication. Circuit breakers
and fuse-based devices are used for safety and protection, whereas switches
disconnectors and contactors are used for operating and control in LV distribution
networks. Currently circuit breakers are the most intelligent devices. Reverse power and
backup supplies are typically implemented by using ATS (Automatic Transfer Switch).
ATS are typically including load-break switches, circuit breakers or contactors. ATS-
devices are most advanced switching devices.

Fuse based protection is widely used in Finland and it is an economical and efficient
way for protecting distribution networks. Current limiting characteristics and operating
time in short circuit protection are important when choosing a fusible system.
 7

Communication of fusible devices has to be developed in order to meet future

requirements (control, measurement, status reporting, protection functions, etc.) from
system point of view.

In this project work the first objective was to find present interfaces of equipment
connected to DA in LV distribution and communication architectures outlined in
general use. The second objective was to identify important interfaces to
communication and to data systems when connecting LV distribution to DA
increasingly.

In this project work patents related to communication in LV distribution is examined

first. After patent review DA (Distribution Automation) is presented by functions and
technologies in general. Related to DA, sustainability of network development is
presented and thereafter remote access of LV network. Requirements for
communication interfaces in LV networ ks are examined in key nodes of LV
distribution: in secondary substations, in CDCs (Cable Distribution Cabinets) and in
smart energy meters.
 8

2. PATENT REVIEW

A patent is an exclusive right accorded to an inventor to exploit his invention, usually

for a certain time period, maximum 20 years from the date of submission. A patent is
also a right to ban, which forbids professional utilization in countries where the patent is
valid. Annual fee has to be paid to national board of patents during the validity period of
the patent. This depends on the number of countries where the patent is applied. (Antila,
2008, Housh 1998).

An idea cannot be patented, but the invention must be a concrete solution: equipment, a
product or a new manufacturing method or a new way of using the product. Typically a
patent application is submitted to the national board of patents in the native country.
Within a year patent applications have to be filed in to cover foreign countries and the
application is typically PCT (Patent Cooperation Treaty)- or EPO (European Patent
Office)- application. (Antila 2008). In following chapters patents and patent
applications are examined in Finland and in Europe after 1.1.2000 within the scope of
this project work.

2.1. Patents in Finland

Basic information on Finnish patents and utility models are available on PatInfo public
database. Patents and patent applications found interesting are divided in to following
groups; communication between electric devices, components or devices proposed to
include communication, communication networks and automation systems.

Communication between electric devices:

• A method and a device for minimizing disturbances between cyclical data

transfer and general communication network, e.g. connecting Profibus to
Ethernet. (Pat. FI 115272 2003).
 9

• A method and a device for efficient time synchronization over the LAN
(Local Area Network) -switch reducing latency time in LAN and reducing
malfunctions of IED (Intelligent Electronic Device) caused by LAN -switch.
(Appl. FI 20055362 2006).
• A method and a device for efficient time synchronization without polling the
processor of an IED. (Pat. FI 119205 2006).
• A method and a device for redundancy of communication network between IED
devices or between control- and data acquisition devices of IEDs. (Appl. FI
20055363 2006).
• A method and a device for efficient and cost-effective signal sampling. (Pat. FI
118747 2005).

Components or devices intended to be included in communication:

• An arrangement for fuses monitoring. (Appl. FI 20110144 2012).

• A remotely controllable switching device for smart energy meters including
switch, current transformer and control relay. (Appl. FI 20095060 2010).
• An integrated electric distribution system. (Appl. FI 20105483 2010).
• An energy prepayment system in energy meters including a smart card and an
automatic switching device. (Appl. FI 20070328 2007).
• A method and a device for restricting of current harmonics from AC-network to
frequency converter. (Appl. FI 20070212 2008).
• Measuring of earth fault current. (Appl. FI 20105479 2011).
• Equipment (Appl. FI 20115050 2012) and a system (Appl. FI 20115155 2012)
for transmitting electric power.
• A method and equipment for fault indication in electric distribution network.
(Appl. FI 20106106 2012).
• Energy measurement by means of a frequency converter. (Appl. FI 20031349
2005).
• An integrated current metering sensor and wireless transmitter (radio) mountable
around a wire. (Pat. FI 116102 2005).
 10

• A method, a system and devices for LOM (Loss Of Mains) –

protection in distribution network. (Pat. FI 120122 2009).

Communication networks:

• A device for searching safe paths in IP (Internet Protocol) –networks. (Appl. FI

20096120 2009).
• A control system of automatic power control in CDMA (Code Division Multiple
Access) network. (Appl. FI 20105117 2010).
• A method and a system for forwarding instantaneous message automatically in
wireless IM (Instant Messaging) –system. (Pat. FI 212358 2004).

Automation systems:

• A communication module (radio) for HART (Highway Addressable Remote

Transducer) bay bus. Patent granted 2008. (Pat. FI 118699 2006).
• A method and equipment for sending alarm messages in Modbus network
simply and user-friendly. Patent opposition period. (Pat. FI 121494 2008).

2.2. Patents in European countries

Patent publications in Europe are available in Esp@cenet -database covering EPO

(European Patent Office) patents. Patents and patent applications found interesting were
in the field of communication in SA (Substation Automation) and communication
modules.

Communication in SA:

• A method of a computer program and system for monitoring for identifying of a

failed communication network component, which are passive components or
 11

non-intelligent devices, in an industrial communication network

and in a SA system in particular. (Pat. EP 1758301 2007).
• A method and a tool of analysing of a communication stack performance of an
IED in a communication network of a SA system. (Pat. EP 2288080 2009).
• A method of analysing a communication configuration and an engineering tool
to determine a network load situation at the receiver IED, which prevents
communication disruption in communication networks of PC (Process Control)
or SA systems with a plurality of IEDs. Network interested includes periodic or
repeated real-time multicast messages (SV Sampled Values) and event based
multicast messages (GOOSE Generic Object Oriented Substation Event). (Pat.
EP 2157731 2010).

Communication modules:

• An interface module for communication with devices using power line for low
cost communication solutions. (Pat. EP 2149554 2010).
• A communication plug-in module for an electronic trip unit including both wired
and wireless communication methodologies using a wide variety of conventional
communication protocols. (Pat. EP 2040280 2009).
• A method and devices for wireless communication between an electrical
switching apparatus and a number of accessories thereof. (Pat. EP 2028677
2009)
• A self-powered current sensor with a wireless communication device including
one or more sensors adapted to sense a characteristic of the power bus and a
circuit adapted to transmit or receive a wireless signal. (Pat. EP 1684080 2006).

2.3. Conclusions

Wireless communication, especially in radio frequencies, seems to be a trend and

requirement for low voltage devices and equipment. Wireless current sensors,
accessories and communication modules are found to be interest of patent
 12

applications. In general it can be noticed that communication modules

for different low voltage devices are developed.

Development trend of energy meters seem to be integration of remote controlling

and remote switching functions. Technology of frequency converters will be
exploited in energy measurement, in transferring electric power and improving
quality of electricity (reducing generated harmonics) in low voltage distribution.

New intelligent protection devices are developed for distribution network. LOM-
indication devices and a method utilizing 1000 Hz signal in distribution network.
Reliable sampling of signal (e.g. voltage and frequency) in a cost-effective way
might be an important option in developing new intelligent devices and systems.

Communication effectiveness and reliability in SA are researched and developed,

particularly between IEDs and an IED communication performance in IEC 61850
environments. An identifying method of failed communication network component,
which are passive components or non-intelligent devices without reverting to a
dedicated communication protocol, gives a change for getting status information
from older devices.

Connecting a synchronic and a public communication network together is

challenging because of time synchronisation, disturbances and latencies, which can
be critical for proper operation of protection devices. Many patents and patent
applications are in this field.
 13

3. DISTRIBUTION AUTOMATION

DA (Distribution Automation) means managing, protecting, using and controlling of

electricity distribution networks. Automation includes different type of control and
measurements functions, transferring of status of devices and alarms etc. Main
automation systems in DA are a NCS (Network Control System) and a FA (Feeder
Automation) system, which a DMS (Distribution Management System) supports. (ABB
2000).

The automation of medium voltage system is defined as the DA-concept. The DA-
concept applies the generic word the entire distribution system operation and covers the
complete range of functions from protection to SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition) and associated information technology applications. (Northcote-Green&
Wilson 2007). In this way the DA-concept integrates devices, equipment and sub
systems into the one and comprehensive automation system.

Figure 1 describes the traditional model of the DA concept, which covers five hierarchal
levels of operations: utility, network, substation, distribution and consumer layers. In
these layers data and information systems used are defined.

Figure 1. Typical power utility control hierarchy. (Northcote-Green & Wilson 2007).
 14

Figure 2 describes the DA concept in a modern way. The main difference with the
traditional way is to show the vertical integration of traditional levels with primary and
management processes. Management processes are safety (protection)-, operation-,
asset- and business management.

Figure 2. DA concept in the modern way. (Antila 2006).

3.1. DA functions

Mainly medium voltage networks are managed and controlled by DA. Main functions
of the DA system are outage management, operation and control of network, remote
control of substations (SCADA), SA (Substation Automation), control of network status
and support functions of network management. (ABB 2000).

Outage management (clearing network failure and fault situation management) includes
e.g. handling of alarms and fault reports from consumers, fault indication and
calculation, remote reading of fault indicators and fault isolation. With automation the
operation and control of network are rationalized, as well as the instantaneous state of
network is optimized. These functions are e.g. remote control of disconnectors, voltage
control, reactive-power compensation, operation (operating situation) optimizing, grid
logbook, planning of switching operations, checking and adjustment of protection.
 15

Remote control of substations includes e.g. remote control of breakers, disconnectors

and tap changers, measurements of substation bus bars and feeders. Remote control
systems are connected in real time to important distribution processes – development
trend is integration and its expansion. Substation automation includes e.g. substation
clock synchronized with overall system time and local operation like voltage control
and event and alarm managements. Network status control covers network control in
normal state, maintenance and planning e.g. network map, switching situations, load
estimation and prediction and remote control of network components. (Antila et al.
2004; ABB 2000; Northcote-Green & Wilson 2007).

3.2. DA technologies

Figure 3 describes DA technologies in general, where data systems and communication

are illustrated. Data systems are a DMS (Distribution Management System), which
includes various applications that capitalize the information from other data systems, a
NCS (Network Control System), a NIS (Network Information System), a GIS
(Geographical Information Systems), a CIS (Customer Information System), a DEM
(Distribution Energy Management), a MIS (Material Information System) etc. In
substations the data system is FA (Feeder Automation). The main task for FA is to limit
the affected zone and time of a fault in the network. In addition, with the help of the FA
system the faults in network can be prevented. FA consists of actuators in a distribution
network and terminal devices of a remote control system. (Antila et al. 2004).

Communication in DA includes a NCS communicating with RTUs (Remote Terminal

Units) in substations and with DMS in remote control centre. RTUs in substations
communicate with a FA system. Secondary substation communication with the NCS
arises and elaborates. CDCs (Compact Secondary Substation) are not integrated into
DA. Today smart energy meters are connected at least to a CIS for billing purposes.
Home automation is still local, and connectivity to smart energy meters are considered.
(Sirviö 2010).
 16

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Figure 3. Automation technology connected to electricity network. (Lakervi & Partanen

2008; Kauhaniemi 2011a; Sirviö 2010)
 17

Figure 4 describes general solution of SA today. The SA system comprises secondary

devices and a data acquisition system, which architecture is distributed and may be
assigned to hierarchical levels, i.e. the substation level, the feeder level and the device
level. Remote control interface can be a RTU, a protocol gateway or a substation
computer. (Vähämäki, O. 2009). Protection relays and control units are connected to
communication bus, and they operate independently in network fault situations
switching off the faulty part of the grid. Today devices are at the same time
communication units between local and remote control centres substituting partly
functions of traditional RTU. (Antila et al. 2004; Northcote-Green & Wilson 2007).

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Figure 4. A general substation automation system. (Antila et al. 2004; Northcote-Green

& Wilson 2007).

Figure 5 presents as well the hierarchy of DA, where are four levels from switchgear to
remote control centres level. In level 3 communication medias are mainly telephone
lines, fibre optic cables, radios and TCP/IP networks. Communication protocols are
 18

mainly IEC60870-5-101, IEC60870-5- 104, DNP 3.0, DNP TCP and Modbus. In
level 2 and underneath communication medias are mainly fibre optic cables (star or
loop), RS-485 interface and Ethernet (TCP/IP networks). Communication protocols are
IEC60870-5-103, IEC61850, DNP 3.0, DNP TCP, Modbus, Modbus TCP, Profibus DP,
SPA-Bus, J-Bus and LON. (Vähämäki 2009).

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Figure 5. A conventional hierarchical architecture of network management systems.

(Antila et al. 2004).

IEC 61850 is a global standard for communication systems in substations, which

provides interoperability among the all communication devices within the substation.
The standard enables integration of devices from different manufacturers, and the use of
open, flexible architectures in substations. IEC 61850 can be mapped to a number of
protocols based on a reduced OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) protocol stack with
the TCP and IP in the transport and network layer. IEC61850 includes several message
standards; for non-time critical messages the MMS (Manufacturing Message
Specification), for time-critical event-based messages the GOOSE (Generic Object
Oriented Substation Event) and for very fast periodically changing signal at the process
level the SV (Sampled Values). (ABB 2008a).

MMS messages can run over TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol / Internet
Protocol) and Ethernet or RS232C as physical media. GOOSE and SV messages run
directly on Ethernet link layer. The leading one, GOOSE, is the horizontal
communication between IEDs. SV messages are e.g. measured analogue voltages or
currents. (ABB 2008a). IEC61850 doesn’t require a separate communication interface,
and system can be connected to a NCS without a separate communication interface (e.g.
 19

RTU). The protocol is planned to use fast Ethernet-switch network (10/100 Mb).
(Ekman 2009) SA executed with IEC 61850 is presented in Figure 6.

Figure 6. SA executed with IEC 61850 (Andersson, Brunner & Engler 2003).

Because GOOSE communication provides data transmission via Ethernet, the need of
hardwiring between IEDs reduces, and in addition virtual inputs and outputs can be
increased without wiring or without new devices. GOOSE is intended for very fast
communication e.g. control or alarms between IEDs devices (response time < 4ms)
(Uusimäki 2010). One device sends message and only defined subscribers receives the
message. With GOOSE messages it is possible to improve the protection (e.g.
selectivity and tripping times) compared conventional solutions of communication.
(Taikina-Aho 2011).

3.3. Development of DA

Power distribution networks are increasingly developed towards Smart Grids, and the
future system must meet requirements of energy capacity, reliability, efficiency and
sustainability. Information exchange and data mining will be more complex in Smart
Grids and microgrids, because of utilization of distributed energy resources and more
 20

efficient use of energy by consumers. Open communication is in the key role in

connecting different devices, systems, maintenance staffs and business partners together
in real time. Transparent data exchange makes possible to better exploit functions for
safety-, operation-, asset- and business management in power distribution. (Antila &
Wiklund 2009). In Figure 7 it presents the three-dimensional model for data access,
which enables data from everywhere in the system for the use of different management
systems.

Figure 7. “The three dimensional” model for data access. (Antila & Wiklund 2009).

The monitoring and control of the process depends highly on the technology of DA. The
open communication increases efficiency in power distribution management. With an
intelligent device it is possible to produce all required services available for other
functions from its own operational environment. (Antila & Wiklund 2009; Antila 2006).
 21

3.4. Remote access of LV network

Figure 8 describes protection and control devices used in low voltage distribution
according to the three-dimensional model, which gives data access for each aforesaid
management sector. The main functionalities of protection and control devices are
presented, which are available for intention to interface devices to DA. Protection
devices are fuses and breakers, and control devices are load-break switch-disconnectors
and contactors. (Sirviö 2010).

Figure 8. Functionalities of devices used in low voltage distribution. (Sirviö 2010)

Figure 9 presents communication interfaces and the related functions of LV devices

used in distribution. Currently circuit breakers are the most intelligent devices, because
they include a wide scope of protection and measurement functions with
communication. Communication technologies used in circuit breakers are developed to
meet industrial needs mostly. (Sirviö 2010).
 22

Functionality
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1=fuse 6=disconnector
2=fuse switch 7=switch
3=switch fuse 8=switch-disconnector
4=breaker, thermomagnetic Trip
9=contactor
5=breaker, electronic Trip 10=breaker –based switch
11=ATS switch-disconnector

Figure 9. Communication interfaces and related functionalities of devices used in low

voltage distribution. (Sirviö 2010)

In switching and fuse-based devices the communication availabilities are mostly

arranged via contact information. Motor operators of load break switches and switch
fuses enable to remote control of devices. Load-break switches, circuit breakers and
contactors are available as ATS devices, which are most advanced in communication
technologies. The communication protocol used in ATS-devices is mostly Modbus.
(Sirviö 2010)

Interfaces of devices have a big role for connecting LV distribution to DA. Important
interfaces of equipment are in secondary substations, in cable distribution cabinets and
in smart energy meters. These interfaces are researched in the next chapter.
 23

4. REQUIREMENTS FOR COMMUNICATION INTERFACES

In this chapter connections of low voltage distribution to DA are introduced generally.

Thereafter communication interfaces between DA and LV distribution as well as local
automation are examined by using a specific questionnaire, which are sent to all DNOs
(Distribution Network Operators) in Finland. The target for this questionnaire was to
collect information about current communication practices as well as to get opinions
how to make reasonable connections between LV distribution and DA. Based on the
results of questionnaire, the aim was to describe future requirements for horizontal and
vertical communication interfaces in LV distribution. The research method used was
Argument Delphi (or Delfoi).

Delphi is a useful research method when developing and forecasting future trends and
visions. Participants are normally experts of a specific branch and whose views and
knowledge are wanted to utilize anonymously. As a result there will be opinions, ideas
and arguments for a specific subject. (Linturi 2005). In the standard version Argument
Delphi the experts answer to questionnaires, which are collected in two or more rounds.
After each round, summary of the previous round is provided. Experts are encouraged
to revise their earlier answers and the replies of other members of the panel. Finally, the
process is stopped and the final rounds determine the results. (Rowe & Wright 1999).

Overall research problem and corresponding research questions are presented in Figure
10. Research questions are divided into three categories from LV distribution operating
point of view: secondary substations, cable distribution cabinets and smart energy
meters. Original questionnaires are in Appendix 1. In the first round the questionnaire
was sent to all DNOs in Finland, and based on the replies, eight network operation
managers were selected to Argument Delphi panel. Three rounds of questions were
implemented in this survey. Summary of present situation, connections and connectivity
to DA in future, is presented in chapter 4.5.
 24

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4.1. Secondary substations

Secondary substations are typically compact, indoor or pole mounted types.

Communication medias between remote control centres and secondary substations are
UHF/VHF, GSM/GPRS, WLAN, telephone lines, fibre optics and TCP/IP networks in
general. Protocols used are IEC60870-5-101, IEC60870-5-104, DNP 3.0, DNP TCP,
Modbus, Modbus TCP and SMS messages. (Vähämäki 2009)

Based on the survey made, secondary substations are connected more or less to DA.
Figure 11 presents connections between CSSs (Compact Secondary Substations) and
the NCS. In case 1 there is a wireless communication network, 2G (GPRS) or 3G,
between CSSs and the NCS. Measuring and monitoring units (Wimo) and RTUs are
 25

connected via the GW (GateWay) server (in remote control centre) to the NCS.
Protocol in the remote control centre is IEC60870-5-104 and in the CSS the protocol
used is IEC60870-5-101. In case 2 there is an own communication network including
radio, cable and fibre optics between CSSs and the NCS. The communication network
is in the process of IP updating. Measuring and monitoring units (Wimo or eQL) and
RTUs are connected to the NCS. In case 3 there is a VY-85 radio network between
CSSs and the NCS. In CSSs disconnectors are connected via RTUs in secondary
substations to RTUs in the HV/MV substation and thereof to the NCS. The protocol
used in the VY-85 radio network is ANSI. In case 4 there is an own radio network
between CSSs and the NCS. Measuring and monitoring units are connected to the NCS
via RTUs like in case 3. The protocol used is IEC 60870-5-101.

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'(" )T@*" *1#""23043565!3!"
(O8@"
#" #" #" #"
*1#""23043565!3!" *1#""23043565!3!"
-" ." -" .R"6" -" -" ."

*+,"-./+.0/" *+," *+,"-./+.0/" *+,"

2" 2" 2" 2"

)"7"8&9:;&"#:<;=:>"#&<;=&" !"7"T#@"" ."7"G&$%A=H<I"$<E"9:<H;:=H<I"A<H;"

?"7"@AB%;$C:<" -"7"8UV" 6"7"1JK"
#"7"@&D:<E$=F"@AB%;$C:<" '"7"(W"@&=X&=" 27"LH%D:<<&D;:="

Figure 11. Compact secondary substations connected to NCS straight and via
substation RTU.

Automation systems are centralised by a NCS in all aforesaid cases. For example in
case 1 the GW server is the same as a RTU from the NCS point of view. Via one GW
server roughly one hundred secondary substations could be controlled. The server
collects measurement and alarm data (i.e. phase voltages and currents, earth fault and
 26

short circuit indications, earth fault current, transformer temperature, voltage

total distortion, battery under voltage etc.) from measuring and monitoring unit (e.g.
Wimo) via GPRS -modem or Internet. From the GW server alarms and selected
measurements are transferred to the NCS.

Today only medium voltage disconnectors or breakers are remote controlled from the
DMS by means of a RTU. In all cases control and status indications of disconnectors or
breakers as well as status indications of batteries are transmitted to the NCS.

Regarding to present communication medias, opinions collected are mostly concerning

about wireless techniques. GSM technologies are regarded to be cost-effective in
general, and reliability depends highly on availability of base stations. In power failure
situations it is noticed that 2G networks are more reliable than 3G. That is because 2G
networks are required to be alive for three hours after a power outage. On the other hand
3G network is more efficient than 2G. For these reasons DNOs use modems serving
both 2G and 3G networks, and in this way they are ready for the coming close down of
the 2G-network. An own communication network is considered to be reliable in most
circumstances, but it is based on old technologies and therefore it has to be updated to
IP based continuously. Own radio networks also require precise planning (antenna etc.).
Regarding VY-85 radio network there are different opinions about the coverage area,
depending evidently of the geography.

Horizontal (or local or substation level) automation systems in secondary substations

don’t exactly exist, except a simple automation for the ventilation or for the lightning.
Local automation is desired in future (e.g. a protection function of a protection relay).

Opinions of communication medias that should be used in future connecting secondary

substations to DA are based on general medias like GSM, GPRS, radio, fibre optics or
RS-cable depending on cost-effectiveness and functionality. Protocols should be
compatible with NCS, for instance IEC 60870-5-101 or -104. For alarm indications the
existing paired cable network and GSM are considered to be good enough or the
existing AMR system could be utilised. For control commands the current
 27

communication system from the NCS to disconnector stations (e.g. radio) would be
reliable.

Connecting CSSs to DA would be either for the monitoring or for the controlling
purpose. Network operation managers views are listed below, which are the deciding
factors for either to monitor or to control a secondary substation.

• Present communication interfaces of devices and equipment in secondary

substations.
• Feasibility (cost and technology) of implementing communication network to
NCS and DMS.
• Importance of geographical location of the secondary substation – remote
controllable system are necessary in important nodes of electricity distribution
or places difficult to reach.
• For monitoring, costs are the ruling factor (solutions focusing on fault
indications directly to NCS or DMS).

Following basic items for data transmission between CSSs and the NCS are desired:

• Control messages to disconnectors and/or breakers,

• Status indications from disconnectors and/or breakers, from short circuit
indicators and from door switches,
• Load information,
• Quality of electricity and
• System control/self diagnosis.

Receiving aforesaid information to the DMS (and to the NIS) is useful for the network
controlling (in real time), for the switching planning, for the fault detection and
limitation, and for the life cycle management of devices in the secondary substation.
 28

Criteria of communication (cost and technology) are considered to be similar

for the indoor and the outdoor type secondary substations. Challenging in indoor types
are installing of cable connections or arranging of the acceptable GPRS covering.

Pole mounted substations are not connected to DA today. A number of pole-mounted

substations is going down because of MV network cabling; substituting substations are
satellite types. 1 kV networks are connected to pole mounted secondary substations, but
breakers are not connected to the NCS. A cost-effective solution is under a research.
The tripping information of a 1 kV breaker comes still from a customer at the present.
In future the AMR – DMS integration will solve this issue.

4.2. Cable distribution cabinets

Low voltage network in rural area is a radial type, in urban areas backup power supplies
are arranged by connecting secondary substation together. These form an open ring
distribution system, but they are operated in radial in order to simplify the protection of
the networks. The connecting points are in a secondary substation or in a CDC (Cable
Distribution Cabinet). CDCs are used mostly on boundaries of cabled networks in rural
and in urban areas. In some cases LV switchboards of pole-mounted transformers can
be intended to be distribution cabinets in overhead distribution networks.

Differences of CDCs depend mostly on passed operational lifetime. Older cabinets are
mainly fully fitted up, but newer have spare space for future needs. Older cabinets are
equipped with separate handle-type or plug fuses (not protected against contact) and
today with vertical type fuse-switches (protection against contact). In some rare cases
there can be a breaker in the cabinet. CDCs are coordinated in modular dimensions.

CDCs are not connected in any automation system today. In some cases concentrators
of the PLC-based AMR are placed in cabinets, but usually they are in secondary
substations. Devices in CDCs have no intelligence today, and it is not needed until
 29

further notice. In future distributed generation can set pressure to increase

intelligence in CDCs because of the adaptive protection of LV microgrids.

The natural way is to increase information from substations to secondary substations

and thereafter to CDCs. At present AMR increase a large amount of data from the
opposite direction. Since this data is exploited, the need of the information increase
from CDCs is insignificant. The information needed can be measured in secondary
substations and communication can be arranged there easily and centralised. AMR
gives good status and load information of outputs from CDCs.

In future remote controllable switch fuses would have some feasible places in LV
networks e.g. in an open ring distribution systems. Remote monitoring or status
indications of fuses are not seen to be needful because outage data is available from
smart energy meters. Based on this the blown fuse can be localised. On the other hand
the integration of status information to the DMS produced by the AMR eliminates the
need of status information of a single LV switch. Devices located in CDCs would be
possible to connect to automation systems based on GSM -technologies.

Opinions of network operation managers about targets of developing CDCs are:

• Placements, the image, the construction and spare space for future needs (fibre
optics and telecommunication devices are usually mounted near a power
supply).
• Blown fuse indication integrated to DMS with GSM or possibly with techniques
offered by telecommunication cabinets beside. However control of every fuse is
quite far away in future.
• Outage information in CDCs have no financial benefits because of AMR – DMS
integration.
• Remote controllable LV switches, and in the case remote control is impossible,
the status information of fuses would be valuable to integrate to the DMS. In
the other hand this information would be available after AMR – DMS
integration.
 30

• Today PiHa –items are not reasonable to integrate in CDCs

• Possibly PiHa –items, measurements, protection and isolation automation
• Local distributed generation could bring new needs (to SA, to NIS and to
network protection).
• In open ring distribution systems, remote controllable CDCs would be
reasonable.

4.3. Smart energy meters

Smart energy meters are commonly called for AMR-meters and the infrastructure is
named AMI (Advanced Metering Infrastructure). AMI consists of AMR-meters,
communication technologies and data systems. There can be found five levels in AMI:
home automation, regional meter reading, data transmission between AMR-
concentrators and a DNO, data systems of a DNO and connections to other parties in
electricity markets. (Koto 2010).

Characteristics of an AMR (Automatic Meter Reading) system are communication

between meters and the system, data banks and data transmission between the AMR and
other systems (Kärkkäinen et al. 2006).

Smart energy meters are connected to the CIS for billing purpose mostly. Possible other
operating functions depend on communication, measurement and input/output features.
These offer data transmission between the home automation and systems of network
operators. Communication medias between meters and operators in general are PLC
(Power Line Carrier), radio networks (e.g. GPRS) or radio frequencies and meshed
networks. These medias are verified to be too slow for handling a large amount of
metering data (Haukkasalo 2010).

Based on the survey made smart energy meters are connected to AMR systems as
described in Figure 13. In the case 1 communication media is PLC between energy
meters and the AMR concentrator and from the AMR concentrator to the AMR server
 31

the communication media is GSM radio network. In the case 2 there are RS cable
between energy meters and a master energy meter, the master meter is connected to the
AMR server by GSM. In the case 3 there is GSM (GPRS) connection from a single
meter to the AMR-server, in the case 4 the connection is 3G. The case 5 is like the case
4, but there is a master meter connected to the AMR server.

Case 1 Case 2 Case 3 Case 4 Case 5

0$ 0$ 0$ 0$ 0$

%&'()%$ %&'()%$ %&'()%$ <%$ <%$

!)!$ !)!$

)$ <$ <$ <$ <$

!"#$ /&$ '*+,-*.$

'8"9:$ ":;$
<$ @$ @$

0$1$2'/$+*34*3$ <$1$2'/$=*.*3$>=7+.*3?$
)$1$2'/$56-5*-.37.63$ @$1$2'/$=*.*3$+A74*$

Figure 12. Connection practices of AMR-meters to AMR servers.

For the MDM (Meter Data Management) it is used Sonera KMP

(KulutusMittausPalvelu) and Landis+Gyr Gridsteam AIM services. Gridstream AIM is
an AMM (Automatic Meter Management) system, which includes measuring devices,
and software for AMR (Automatic Meter Reading) and MDM (Meter Data
Management) to collect, store, process and transfer data.

AMR is connected to several systems as described in Figure 13. AMR is already

connected or can be connected to an EDM (Energy Data Management), to a CIS
(Customer Information System) for billing purposes, to a NIS (Network Information
System) for network calculation and planning exploitation, and to other systems e.g.
software for calculating MV overhead lines (E-Line). In addition AMR – DMS
integration projects are in progress, which have a general target to extend the control of
network to consumers end via smart energy meters. The integration is important in rural
areas specially. No information is transferred from the AMR to the NCS. The PiHa-
integration is in progress in some cases.
 32

!*#$

!"#$ )&#$ 777$0./859.0$

+,-./0$$ %&'$ *"#$

.12$(3456.$

()&$ :;<45,=$

Figure 13. AMR system connected to other systems.

”PiHa is a low-voltage network management feature, combining remote reading

with operational support. To enable network management, installed Aidon meters
can be updated via a remote connection. This feature is already widely used in
both rural and urban areas.

Modularity and an open architecture enable the easy connection of the metering
equipment to various reading systems. Other vendors’ equipment can also be
connected to the systems. This next-generation metering equipment includes an
electrical energy meter equipped with a telecommunications bus, a system module
and a remote connection device.” (Aidon 2010).

In future there is no need to integrate the AMR to the NCS, but AMR – DMS
integration is now in the wind. The main target is to get real time data exploited, for
example the DMS can exploit outage and quality data from PiHa. This solution is good
enough in future, because it enables reading of energy data in short time periods (< 1
hour). Quality data (outages, under-/over voltages) of electricity is available from smart
meters; alarm indications and a fault log are available too. Applications of quality
improvement increases based of this information. System offers a possibility to load
control and to improve operational reliability of the network.

To get the real time data to the AMR system depends highly on used communication
technologies of reading energy measurements from AMR meters. AMR-meters with
 33

PLC (Melko, Lon) communication interface cannot reach the real time data,
but status of last reading is available. Point-to-point –meters are evidently capable to
send real time alarms.

Besides energy consumption it is possible to read hourly power, voltage alarms,

switching/breaking-, quality- and fault- (e.g. phase loss) information from AMR meters.
These would not necessarily be automated functions. The AMR system offers remote
control or load control possibilities by means of a control relay inside a meter. To the
control relay can be send 1-2 control messages for control purposes e.g. heating or
sauna stove. Consumers have opportunity to utilize the pulse information (according to
standard S0) from meters, which is proportional to the energy consumption. A separate
display can be interfaced to newest meters by means of a local wireless radio frequency
-channel.

In future data from energy meters will be exploited more for customers e.g. receiving
information (quality and outage information) via Internet –based applications and to
bigger customers it can be delivered different types of consumption reports. By
exploiting the control relay inside the meter is considered. Some DNO’s aim is to
develop load flow calculation to exploit the hourly data in future.

Topics for developing the AMR are identified and proposed as follows:

• Developing the EDM for securing the data validity and for facilitating the
correction of mistakes in data
• Exploiting the AMR for correction of disturbances in distribution network, for
resourcing, for customer serving, for network calculation and planning and in
future for optimising boundaries of distribution network
• Developing the DMS to exploit data from the AMR and the AIM.
• Integrating AMR systems to the NIS and the DMS by integrating AMR meters
to network control and planning more efficiently.
• Exploiting the AMM in the network operation and control.
 34

• Controlling quality of electricity (e.g. voltage levels) via AMR

meters in customers.
• Moving over to point-to-point reading (meters).
• Acquiring measurement data in real time.
• Developing of AMR meters to be more intelligent. For example capability to
sense fault or failures in customers network, which could damage equipment or
risk safety. In these situations the meter should be capable to disconnect the
customer automatically and to send an alarm message to the DMS.
• Developing system integration.
• AMR in PLC –based communication network is not usable in dead distribution
network, therefore it cannot be utilised to network control.
• Automation and process control
• Striving more exact data in power measurements incurs growth in data flow and
data banks and thereby challenges in data management and in costs.

Specific topics for developing the AMR in rural areas are following:

• Risks of communication are lesser when beyond the same master energy meter
doesn’t exist number of meters, but only one point-to-point meter
• Requirements for measured data and control are same basically in urban and
rural areas, differences comes from the type of a consumer
• Reliability of the communication in rural areas is more challenging than in urban
areas because of e.g. GPRS network covering
• AMR meters using Melko -technique are slow to read and the number of meters
is limited per substation
• Software of meters can differ from each other at least in alarm indications.
• Communication methods from meter to reading system are different in rural and
urban areas.
• 2G (GPRS) network termination is a problem and the coverage of
communication network
• 100 % covering communication is not available, likewise available band or
simultaneous connections are limited
 35

4.4. Home automation

Connectivity to home automation or HAN (Home Area Networks) would give a way to
collect data (quality, consumption etc.) and to control the consumption from a
consumer. In fault situations equipment or non-critical loads could be disconnected. The
integration of home automation or HAN and smart energy meters are considered
nowadays. Nowadays separate subsystems would be reasonable to integrate in some
point of DA, to control the energy consumption and safety in microgrids.

Some manufacturers, e.g. ABB, offers a module for the interconnection of KNX
network to an energy meter (KNX to Modbus, KNX to PLC, KNX to GSM/GPRS)
called MUC-C (Multi Utility Communication-Controller). There are several local
automation systems (security, HVAC (Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning),
power supply, lightning etc.) for homes and connectivity to all variants is impossible.
Some manufactures of AMR meters have products that have inputs for the home
automation system, e.g. Actaris have ACE4000 meter with Zigbee and Modbus inputs.

At the DNO’s point of view the control of home automation should be a separated
system. Today there are not interfaces to standard protocols IEC 60870-5-101 and -104.
Transferring I/O-data to the NCS would require a separate RTU and a communication
system, which wouldn’t be cost-effective for status indications only.

4.5. Summary

Compact types of secondary substations are desired to connect to DA increasingly.

Criteria of communication technologies are similar with indoor and with outdoor
secondary substations. There is no pressure to connect pole-mounted types to the DA
because of satellite types substitutes them in future. A deciding factor for connecting a
secondary substation to the DA is the need for either monitoring or controlling as well.
Communication media used in future should be based on common wireless technologies
 36

between secondary substations and the NCS, and the protocol should be
according to the NCS. For alarm indications the AMR system might be utilised.
Horizontal automation systems don’t really exist, but in future possibly e.g. protection
relays might generate one.

Distributed generation might set a pressure to increase intelligence in CDCs because of

adaptive protection requirements. In open ring systems remote controllable switching
devices would be beneficial for the quick restoration of electricity. GSM technology
would be usable for integrating CDCs CDC to the NCS. In future the AMR substitutes
the need of the blown fuse indication to the NCS.

Integration of the AMR to the DMS increases. Desirable for network monitoring is to
get real time data from AMR-meters, which depend highly on used communication
technologies. With PLC-technologies real time data cannot be reached. Point-to-point
meters are evidently capable to make alarms in real time.
 37

5. DISCUSSION

Development of monitoring and control of LV distribution networks is based on use of

AMR meter technology. In addition to hourly energy measurements, smart energy
meters gives alarms and quality information. It is not urgent to integrate CDCs to DA at
present, because the focus is on smart meters and information processing. In future, in
an open ring distribution system, remote controllable CDCs would be reasonable. This
would be advantageous in fast recovery situations of power supply.

Figure 14 presents communication interfaces for connecting LV distribution to DA,

which were found as described previously. Deeper analysis is still needed for
discovering detailed methods for reasonable communications of connecting LV
distribution to DA. Related to this issue, there are certain objects in the field, which
should be examined or studied e.g., by benchmarking or by enquiring. These items are
numbered from 1 to 8 and related research questions and subjects are presented latter.

456)5'*78&/9:;,'
2
1
5
<,/$-#9:;,''
23*' ()*' 0)1'

3 !"#$%$&&' 8 !"#$%$&&' 6 !"#$%$&&'

7
+/>$#,$/6'
4 3**' 3(3' +,$#-.')$/$#' ?3@6<@'
0)1'' 0)1''
=;,=$,/#9/;#' =;,=$,/#9/;#'

Figure 14. Open research issues (1-8) in connecting LV distribution to DA.

 38

1.Which are long distance communication links used at present and which are future
scenarios?

2. Follow up of IEC61850 implementation to substations (benchmarking SA?)

3. Wireless communication between the NCS and CSSs; Analysing common wireless
technologies and protocols according to the NCS.

4. Which medias and protocols are used in communication of CSSs on substation level?
Which would be feasible communication technologies for a remotely monitored and
which ones for a remotely controlled CSS? Which are requirements for real time
communications? What is local automation, which might be needed in LV microgrids?

5. Follow up of AMR – DMS integration. Which requirements would appear?

6. Desired communication method to AMR systems is wireless point-to-point because

of its capability of real time alarms. According to the requirement of network control in
real time, what is the scenario of AMR meters, which are communicating slower?

7. How to exploit customers existing Ethernet for LV distribution automation? Which

possibilities bring optical fibres, which are already installed in customers? In newest
AMR meters it is available fibre optics as a communication media.

8. In microgrids, in open ring distribution systems and in back up power systems there
would be required remote and automatic change over functions. Which of them and
what kind of devices might be reasonable to locate in CDCs? DG sets requirements for
adaptive protection, what is the impact on CDCs? What is the effect of AMR – DMS
integration in CDCs? Would there be communication needed between CDCs and DG
units or the MMS (Microgrid Management System) in microgrids?
 39

6. SUMMARY

The purpose of this project work was to find and to analyse interfaces of LV equipment
when connecting LV distribution to DA. The study was based on a patent review, on an
study of DA and on a survey of present practices and future requirements. The patent
review consisted of patents and patent application in Finland and in Europe concerning
communications in LV distribution. The study of DA was made based on publications.
The survey was made with the Argument Delphi method, and into the argument panel
was collected eight network operation managers in Finnish DNO’s.

In patents and patent applications related to communication of LV devices there were

devices and methods for signal sampling, for wireless sensors, for wireless
communication modules, for fuse monitors, for AMR meters and for frequency
converters. Signal (voltage, current) sampling without a DSP (Digital Signal Processor)
gives possibility for the development of more cost-effective LV devices. Wireless
sensors for current measurement integrated a wireless transmitter would help to get load
information about LV grid easily. Different wireless communication modules for a
device or between a device and its accessories, give a change to get the desired
information about LV networks. By integrating intelligent switching devices to AMR
meters gives an opportunity to remote control selected functions of LV customers. The
technology used in frequency converters could be exploited to measurement of energy,
to restriction of current harmonics, to transmission of electricity and to measurement of
earth fault current.

In patents and patent applications related to communication between devices and

communication in SA or DA there were devices and methods for LOM protection in
distribution network, for efficient time synchronization without polling an IED, for
minimizing disturbances between Profibus to Ethernet and for sending alarm messages
in a simple ways in Modbus network. A transmitter and receivers connected to power
lines for operating in a specified frequency (under 1000 Hz) is a simple way to control
the continuity of the network from the HV/MV station to a LV consumer (or a
producer). Time synchronization of IEDs by using a serial traffic circuit (e.g. UART) is
 40

beneficial for developing new devices, because time synchronization without a

FPGA circuit improves cost-effectiveness or because of processor is not loaded a by
polling I/O ports of devices.

In patents and patent applications related to communication in SA there were methods

for identifying a failed communication network component, for analyzing of a
communication performance of an IED and for determining a communication network
load. Identifying a failed communication network component, which is unable to report
its own operating status without reverting to a dedicated communication protocol. This
is beneficial when improving reliability in communication network. A method and a
tool for analysing of communication performance of an IED and for determining the
load in communication network are beneficial for control systems including several
IEDs. When these IEDs communicate to each other with increased needs of real-time
critical communication due to multicast communication (e.g. GOOSE and SV according
to IEC61850) message traverse the entire system in substations.

In chapter 3 it was described DA functions and technologies in general, as well as

communication aspects in DA development. Main DA functions were outage
management, operation and control of network, remote control of substations, SA,
control of network status and support functions of network management. These
functions are executed by several data systems and communication between remote
control centres, substations, etc. Remote access of LV network was examined based on
communication features existing in primary LV devices. The most intelligent primary
devices in LV distribution from the safety and protection, as well as from the operation
and control point of view were circuit breakers with electronic trip unit including
several functionalities and communication characteristics.

In the survey made, the main research question was: How to connect low voltage
distribution to DA? This survey was sent to all DNO’s in Finland. The research question
was divided into two parts, present situation and future visions: What kind of
communication interfaces and systems are used in LV distribution today? And what
 41

systems and equipment would be important to connect to DA, and which

would be worthwhile methods?

Based on the survey, presently used communication interfaces were found in compact
secondary substations and in AMR meters. No communication were integrated to
devices in CDCs. In CSSs there were measuring and monitoring units, RTUs, and
quality modules connected to the NCS mostly by different wireless communication
methods. AMR meters were connected to the AMR meter reading system by different
medias e.g. PLC, GSM, and 3G. AMR – DMS integration is an important target for
development of LV network management.

For requirements in future, based on the survey made, the deciding factor in connecting
secondary substation to DA was the need either for monitoring or for controlling. The
communication method should be based on general medias, and protocols should be the
same as used in substations and the NCS. Real time communication, which was desired
for monitoring LV network with AMR meters, is challenging at least with PLC based
meters. Therefore moving over to point-to-point meters is considered.
 42

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 48

APPENDICES

Appendix 1. The questionnaire of the survey made.

KYSELY –
PIENJÄNNITEJAKELUN LIITTÄMINEN SÄHKÖNJAKELUN AUTOMAATION

JAKELUMUUNTAMOAUTOMAATIO

Paljonko jakeluverkossanne on sähköasemia ja kuinka paljon on jakelumuuntajia?

Kuinka paljon jakelumuuntajista on puistomuuntajia, kellarimuuntajia ja pylväsmuuntajia?

1 PUISTOMUUNTAMOT
1.1. Minkälainen/minkälaisia kommunikaatioyhteyksiä on käytetty puistomuuntamojen
liittämiseen jakeluautomaatioon eli vertikaalinen liittyminen - käytetty tiedonsiirtomedia ja
protokolla)?
1.2. Valittujen tapojen hyvät ja huonot puolet?
1.3. Minkälaisia asematason eli paikallisia eli horisontaalisia automaatiojärjestelmiä
puistomuuntamoissanne on?
1.4. Mitkä ovat puistomuuntamojen asematasolla käytetyt tiedonsiirtomediat ja protokollat?
1.5. Mitä tietoa luetaan kaukokäyttöjärjestelmään ja miten?
1.6. Mitä tietoa lähetetään kaukokäyttöjärjestelmältä muuntamolle, mikä on vastaanottava
laite/laitteisto?
1.7. Mihin muhin järjestelmiin paitsi kaukokäyttöjärjestelmään puistomuuntaja on liitetty?
1.8. Puistomuuntamoissa tarvittavat automaatioon liittyvät kehityskohteet tulevaisuudessa
mielestäsi?
!
 49

2 KELLARIMUUNTAMOT
2.1. Minkälainen/minkälaisia kommunikaatioyhteyksiä on käytetty kellarimuuntamoihin
liittämiseen jakeluautomaatioon eli vertikaalinen liittyminen - käytetty tiedonsiirtomedia ja
protokolla)?
2.2. Valittujen tapojen hyvät ja huonot puolet?
2.3. Minkälaisia asematason eli paikallisia eli horisontaalisia automaatiojärjestelmiä
kellarimuuntamoissanne on?
2.4. Mitkä ovat kellarimuuntamojen asematasolla käytetyt tiedonsiirtomediat ja protokollat?
2.5. Mitä tietoa luetaan kaukokäyttöjärjestelmään ja miten?
2.6. Mitä tietoa lähetetään kaukokäyttöjärjestelmältä muuntamolle, mikä on vastaanottava
laite/laitteisto?
2.7. Mihin muhin järjestelmiin paitsi kaukokäyttöjärjestelmään kellarimuuntaja on liitetty?
2.8. Kellarimuuntamoissa tarvittavat automaatioon liittyvät kehityskohteet tulevaisuudessa
mielestäsi?
!
!

3 PYLVÄSMUUNTAMOT
3.1. Minkälainen/minkälaisia kommunikaatioyhteyksiä on käytetty pylväsmuuntamoihin
liittämiseen jakeluautomaatioon eli vertikaalinen liittyminen - käytetty tiedonsiirtomedia ja
protokolla)?
3.2. Valittujen tapojen hyvät ja huonot puolet?
3.3. Minkälaisia asematason eli paikallisia eli horisontaalisia automaatiojärjestelmiä
pylväsmuuntamoissanne on?
3.4. Mitkä ovat pylväsmuuntamojen asematasolla käytetyt tiedonsiirtomediat ja protokollat?
3.5. Mitä tietoa luetaan kaukokäyttöjärjestelmään ja miten?
3.6. Mitä tietoa lähetetään kaukokäyttöjärjestelmältä muuntamolle, mikä on vastaanottava
laite/laitteisto?
3.7. Mihin muhin järjestelmiin paitsi kaukokäyttöjärjestelmään pylväsmuuntaja on liitetty?
3.8. Pylväsmuuntamoissa tarvittavat automaatioon liittyvät kehityskohteet tulevaisuudessa
mielestäsi?

!
 50

KYSELY-
PIENJÄNNITEJAKELUN LIITTÄMINEN SÄHKÖNJAKELUN AUTOMAATION

KAAPELIJAKOKAAPIT

1 Paljonko jakeluverkossanne on kaapelijakokaappeja?

2 Millaisiin käyttökohteisiin (eri käyttökohteet) kaapelijakokaapit ovat suunniteltu ja asennettu?

3 Millaisia ovat kaapelijakokaapit eri käyttökohteiden mukaan? Eroavaisuudet (lähinnä

komponenttitasolla/laitteet +liitynnät + tilavaraukset)?

4 Onko kaapelijakokaappejanne kytketty johonkin automaatiojärjestelmään?

5 Onko kaapelijakokaapeissa olevissa laitteissa älykkyyttä ja olisiko niitä mahdollista liittää

automaatioon? Miten?

6 Tarvittavat kehityskohteet tulevaisuudessa näkökulmastasi.

!
 51

KYSELY-
PIENJÄNNITEJAKELUN LIITTÄMINEN SÄHKÖNJAKELUN AUTOMAATION

AUTOMAATTINEN MITTARINLUENTA

Paljonko jakeluverkossanne on etäluettavia energiamittareita?

Kuinka paljon etäluettavista mittareista on kaupunkialueella ja kuinka paljon haja-asutusalueella?

1 ETÄLUETTAVAT MITTARIT KAUPUNKIALUEELLA

1.1. Minkälainen/minkälaisia kommunikaatioyhteyksiä on käytetty mittarien etäluentaan (eli
käytetty tiedonsiirtomedia ja protokolla)?
1.2. Valittujen tapojen hyvät ja huonot puolet?
1.3. Mikä tai mitkä ovat valitut mittarityypit? Miksi?
1.4. Mitkä ovat niissä käytetyt tiedonsiirtomediat ja protokollat?
1.5. Mihin järjestelmään/järjestelmiin mittarinluenta on liitetty? Miten?
1.6. Mitä tietoa luetaan kaukokäyttöjärjestelmään ja miten (reaaliaika, jaksottain, jne.)?
1.7. Mitä muuta tietoa kuin energian kulutusta mittareistanne luetaan?
1.8. Mitä tietoa lähetätte mittarin kautta asiakkaan järjestelmille? Mitä tietoa olisi mahdollista
lähettää?
1.9. Mittarin luennassa - hallinnassa tarvittavat kehityskohteet tulevaisuudessa näkökulmastasi.
!
 52

2 ETÄLUETTAVAT MITTARIT HAJA-ASUTUSALUEELLA

2.1. Minkälainen/minkälaisia kommunikaatioyhteyksiä on käytetty mittarien etäluentaan (eli
käytetty tiedonsiirtomedia ja protokolla)?
2.2. Valittujen tapojen hyvät ja huonot puolet?
2.3. Mikä tai mitkä ovat valitut mittarityypit? Miksi?
2.4. Mitkä ovat niissä käytetyt tiedonsiirtomediat ja protokollat?
2.5. Mihin järjestelmään/järjestelmiin mittarinluenta on liitetty? Miten?
2.6. Mitä tietoa luetaan kaukokäyttöjärjestelmään ja miten (reaaliaika, jaksottain, jne.)?
2.7. Mitä muuta tietoa kuin energian kulutusta mittareistanne luetaan?
2.8. Mitä tietoa lähetätte mittarin kautta asiakkaan järjestelmille? Mitä tietoa olisi mahdollista
lähettää?
2.9. Mittarin luennassa - hallinnassa tarvittavat kehityskohteet tulevaisuudessa näkökulmastasi
!