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Niche
The term Niche was used for the first time by Grinnel (1971).
The ecological niche of an organism is the position it fills in its environment, comprising the
conditions (the biotic and abiotic factors) under which it is found, the resources it utilizes and
the time it occurs there, thus is the sum of all adaptations, use of resources and lifestyle for a
positive population growth.
The Eltonian Niche - The ecological role of a species in a community (its ‘job/profession’)
The Hutchinsonian Niche -The range of conditions and resource availabilities within which an
individual or a species persists.
Niches are very tough to define due to high dimensionality.
Species have evolved to occupy their own ecological niche.
Organisms that have evolved together for very long periods of time seem to reduce
competition (fill other niches)
The three aspects of ecological niche are:
o Spatial/Habitat niche: Physical space occupied by an organism.
o Trophic niche: functional role i.e. trophic position
o Multidimensional/Hypervolume niche: Position in environmental gradients
space in which the organism can occur. Considering all dimensions together defines fully the
organism’s niche and the multidimensional niche space.
Niche of sp. 5
sp. 7
frequency
• The fundamental niche is the "set of resources and physical factors required for survival and
reproduction of individuals of a species" and the realized niche is the "set of resources and
physical habitats actually used by individuals of a species in an area “
Character Displacement
• Evolution of morphological divergence in places where two otherwise similar species occur
together
• Darwin’s finches, Geospiza fortis and G. fuliginosa occurred on large islands together, they could
be distinguished unequivocally by beak size. When either one occurred by itself on a smaller
island, however, the beak size was intermediate in size relative to when the two co-occurred.
• Anolis lizard on isolated islands diverge to occupy separate ecological niches, mostly in terms of
the location within the vegetation where they forage (such as in the crown of trees vs. the trunk
vs. underlying shrubs). These divergences in habitat are accompanied by morphological changes
primarily related to moving on the substrate diameter they most frequently encounter, with twig
ecomorphs having short limbs while trunk ecomorphs have long limbs.