Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Earth–Moon–Earth communication
Earth–Moon–Earth communication (EME), also known as moon bounce, is a radio communications technique that relies on the
propagation of radio waves from an Earth-based transmitter directed via reflection from the surface of the Moon back to an Earth-based
receiver.
History
The use of the Moon as a passive communications satellite was proposed by W.J. Bray of the British General Post Office in 1940. It was
calculated that with the available microwave transmission powers and low noise receivers, it would be possible to beam microwave signals
up from Earth and reflect off the Moon. It was thought that at least one voice channel would be possible.[1]
The "moon bounce" technique was developed by the United States Military in the years after World War II, with the first successful
reception of echoes off the Moon being carried out at Fort Monmouth, New Jersey on January 10, 1946 by John H. DeWitt as part of
Project Diana.[2] The Communication Moon Relay project that followed led to more practical uses, including a teletype link between the
naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii and United States Navy headquarters in Washington, DC. In the days before communications satellites,
a link free of the vagaries of ionospheric propagation was revolutionary.
Later, the technique was used by non-military commercial users, and the first amateur detection of signals from the Moon took place in
1953.
In practice, this limits the use of this technique to the spectrum at VHF and above.
The Moon must be above the horizon in order for EME communications to be possible.
Free space loss from an isotropic omnidirectional antenna is described by this formula. It calculates the surface area of an imaginary sphere
of radius , that the radio wave illuminates uniformly:
1 of 9 9/26/2018, 5:13 PM
Earth–Moon–Earth communication https://ipfs.io/ipfs/QmXoypizjW3WknFiJnKLwHCnL72vedxjQkDDP1mXWo6uco/wiki/Eart...
3. when is measured in .
or
The standard radar path link formula is basis for EME path loss calculations
, F = MHz, d = km
For some reason not specified, Josef has increased the loss by 3 dB producing:
or
Note that the distance from Earth to the Moon varies because the Moon's orbit is not perfectly circular, but somewhat elliptical with a
mean radius of 390,000 kilometres (240,000 mi). This means there is an apogee (the largest distance) and a perigee (the shortest distance).
In addition, the orbital plane precesses with a principal period of 18.6 years.
Depending on the position of the Moon with respect to Earth, apogee can be as much as 406,700 km, whereas perigee can be as little as
356,400 km.
This translates to as much as 2.25 dB difference in path loss from apogee to perigee.
The mean distance from Earth to Moon is given as 384,400 km.
These calculations consider the fact that the Moon is only 7% efficient as a reflector, use the radar equation (which defines a two-
way path-loss model) and the assumption that the Moon is a spherical reflector.
2 of 9 9/26/2018, 5:13 PM
Earth–Moon–Earth communication https://ipfs.io/ipfs/QmXoypizjW3WknFiJnKLwHCnL72vedxjQkDDP1mXWo6uco/wiki/Eart...
The Moon is nearly spherical, and its radius corresponds to milliseconds of wave travel time. The trailing parts of an echo, reflected from
irregular surface features near the edge of the lunar disk, are delayed from the leading edge by as much as twice this value.
Most of the Moon's surface appears relatively smooth at the typical microwave wavelengths used for amateur EME. Most amateurs do
EME contacts below 6 GHz, and differences in the moon's reflectivity are somewhat hard to discern above 1 GHz.
Lunar reflections are by nature quasi-specular (like those from a shiny ball bearing). The power useful for communication is mostly
reflected from a small region near the center of the disk.
The Moon is nearly spherical, with the reflection differential being the Moon's radius divided by the speed of light, ~5.8 ms
(electromagnetic wave travel time).
The effective time spread of an echo amounts to no more than 0.1 ms.
There is one note with respect to antenna polarization: Reflections from a smooth surface preserve linear polarization but reverses the
sense of circular polarizations.
At shorter wavelengths the lunar surface appears increasingly rough, so reflections at 10 GHz and above contain a significant Diffuse
Component as well as a quasi-specular component.
The Diffuse Component is depolarized, and can be viewed as a source of low level system noise.
Significant portions of the Diffused Component arise from regions farther out toward the lunar rim. The median time spread can then be as
much as several milliseconds.
In all practical cases, however, time spreading is small enough that it does not cause significant smearing of CW keying or intersymbol
interference in the slowly keyed modulations commonly used for digital EME.
Faster message keying may encounter the Diffused Component as significant system noise.
EME Time Spreading does have one very significant effect. Signal components reflected from different parts of the lunar surface travel
different distances and arrive at Earth with random phase relationships.
transmitting station
receiving station
reflecting lunar surface
3 of 9 9/26/2018, 5:13 PM
Earth–Moon–Earth communication https://ipfs.io/ipfs/QmXoypizjW3WknFiJnKLwHCnL72vedxjQkDDP1mXWo6uco/wiki/Eart...
The dynamic addition and cancellation will create large amplitude fluctuations. These amplitude variations are referred to as Libration
Fading. These Libration Fading amplitude variations will be well correlated over the Coherence Bandwidth (typically a few kHz). The
Libration Fading components are related to the inverse of the time spread.
Amateur operations use VHF, UHF and microwave frequencies. All amateur frequency bands from 50 MHz to 47 GHz have been used
successfully, but most EME communications are on the 2 meter, 70-centimeter, or 23-centimeter bands. Common modulation modes
utilized by amateurs are continuous wave with Morse Code, digital (JT65) and when the link budgets allow, voice.
Recent advances in digital signal processing have allowed EME contacts, admittedly with low data rate, to take place with powers in the
order of 100 Watts and a single Yagi antenna.
World Moon Bounce Day, June 29, 2009, was created by Echoes of Apollo and celebrated worldwide as an event preceding the 40th
anniversary of the Apollo 11 Moon landing. A highlight of the celebrations was an interview via the Moon with Apollo 8 astronaut Bill
Anders. He was also part of the backup crew for Apollo 11. The University of Tasmania in Australia with their 26m dish was able to
bounce a data signal off the surface of the Moon which was received by a large dish in the Netherlands - Dwingeloo Radio Observatory.
The data signal was successfully resolved back to data setting a world record for the lowest power data signal returned from the Moon with
a transmit power of 3 milliwatts - about 1,000th of the power of a strong flashlight filament globe. The second World Moon Bounce Day
was April 17, 2010 coinciding with the 40th anniversary of the conclusion of the Apollo 13 mission.
In October 2009 visual artist Daniela de Paulis and the CAMRAS radio amateurs association based at Dwingeloo radio telescope (NL)
developed a new application of Moonbounce, called Visual Moonbounce, which allows moonbouncing images using the MMSSTV
software. The technology was applied to a live performance called OPTICKS during which digital images are sent to the Moon and back in
real time and projected live.
CW
JT65A
JT65B
UHF
CW
JT65C
SSB
Microwave
4 of 9 9/26/2018, 5:13 PM
Earth–Moon–Earth communication https://ipfs.io/ipfs/QmXoypizjW3WknFiJnKLwHCnL72vedxjQkDDP1mXWo6uco/wiki/Eart...
CW
SSB
JT4F or G
5 of 9 9/26/2018, 5:13 PM
Earth–Moon–Earth communication https://ipfs.io/ipfs/QmXoypizjW3WknFiJnKLwHCnL72vedxjQkDDP1mXWo6uco/wiki/Eart...
6 of 9 9/26/2018, 5:13 PM
Earth–Moon–Earth communication https://ipfs.io/ipfs/QmXoypizjW3WknFiJnKLwHCnL72vedxjQkDDP1mXWo6uco/wiki/Eart...
See also
Communication Moon Relay
Information theory
Lunar Laser Ranging experiment
Meteor burst communications
Passive repeater
Radar Equation
7 of 9 9/26/2018, 5:13 PM
Earth–Moon–Earth communication https://ipfs.io/ipfs/QmXoypizjW3WknFiJnKLwHCnL72vedxjQkDDP1mXWo6uco/wiki/Eart...
References
1. ↑ Pether, John (1998). The Post Office at War. Bletchley Park Trust. p. 25.
2. ↑ Butrica, Andrew J. (1996). To See the Unseen: A History of Planetary Radar Astronomy. NASA. Archived from the original on 2007-08-23.
http://www.opticks.info
External links
NASA, Beyond the Ionosphere: the development of satellite communications
http://www.k5rmg.org/tech/EME.html (another calculator)
http://www.df9cy.de/tech-mat/pathloss.htm (gives formulas for EME path loss calculation)
http://www.camras.nl site of CAMRAS radio amateurs association at Dwingeloo radio telescope
http://www.opticks.info
http://echoesofapollo.com/moon-bounce/ World Moon Bounce Day - Echoes of Apollo
http://www.wia.org.au/members/armag/2009/august/ Amateur Radio - August 2009 - Wireless Institute of Australia
http://www.k3pgp.org/uhftveme.htm K3PGP - UHF TV reception via Earth–Moon–Earth communication
http://internal.physics.uwa.edu.au/~agm/eme.html UHF TV carrier reception via moonbounce (EME)
This snapshot was generated and distributed by the Distributed Wikipedia Mirror project (https://github.com
/ipfs/distributed-wikipedia-mirror) The Distributed Wikipedia Mirror is a global effort, independent from Wikipedia.
Created on: 2017-05 from the kiwix ZIM file
IPFS Link (this snaphost): /ipfs/QmXoypizjW3WknFiJnKLwHCnL72vedxjQkDDP1mXWo6uco/wiki/Earth–Moon–
Earth_communication.html (/ipfs/QmXoypizjW3WknFiJnKLwHCnL72vedxjQkDDP1mXWo6uco/wiki/Earth%E2%80
%93Moon%E2%80%93Earth_communication.html)
IPNS Link (most recent): /ipns/QmdJiuMWp2FxyaerfLrtdLF6Nr1EWpL7dPAxA9oKSPYYgV/wiki/Earth–Moon–
Earth_communication.html (https://ipfs.io/ipns/QmdJiuMWp2FxyaerfLrtdLF6Nr1EWpL7dPAxA9oKSPYYgV/wiki/Earth
%E2%80%93Moon%E2%80%93Earth_communication.html)
HTTP Link: https://ipfs.io/ipfs/QmXoypizjW3WknFiJnKLwHCnL72vedxjQkDDP1mXWo6uco/wiki/Earth–Moon–
Earth_communication.html (/ipfs/QmXoypizjW3WknFiJnKLwHCnL72vedxjQkDDP1mXWo6uco/wiki/Earth%E2%80
%93Moon%E2%80%93Earth_communication.html)
Download IPFS Here (https://ipfs.io/ipns/dist.ipfs.io/#go-ipfs)
8 of 9 9/26/2018, 5:13 PM
Earth–Moon–Earth communication https://ipfs.io/ipfs/QmXoypizjW3WknFiJnKLwHCnL72vedxjQkDDP1mXWo6uco/wiki/Eart...
9 of 9 9/26/2018, 5:13 PM