MAGNETICALLY

CONTROLLED
SHUNT REACTORS

1
 HISTORY OF “ZAPOROZHTRANSFORMATOR”
1947 – 2009
1947 -Construction of the transformer plant was started in Zaporozhye
1949 -First transformer TM-1000 kVA, 10 kV was manufactured
1955 -Transformers 90000 kVA, 400 kV were manufactured for OHL Kuibyshevskaya HPP – Moscow
1960-1965 -Autotransformers up to 250 MVA and transformers up to 400 MVA, 330 kV were designed
1962 -First three-phase autotransformer 250 MVA, 500 kV equipped with built-in OLTC device was manu-
factured
1967 -Transformers and autotransformers 206 MVA and 167 MVA, 500kV were manufactured for Aswan
HPS (Egypt)
-Transformer 630 MVA, 220 kV (being of the highest power rate at that time) was manufactured for
Krasnoyarskaya HPP (Russia)
1970 -Pilot transformer 210 MVA, 1140 kV was manufactured for 1200 kV AC line
1971 -Step up transformer 1000 MVA, 330 kV for generation unit 800 MW of Slavyanskaya TPP (Ukraine)
was manufactured
1972 -Three-phase autotransformer 560 MVA, 330/110 kV was manufactured for Coventry substation
(USA)
-Single-phase autotransformers 333 MVA, 750/330 kV and 417 MVA, 750/500 kV were manufactured
for transmission lines of new voltage level 750 kV
1977 -Three-phase transformer 1000 MVA, 330 kV was manufactured for Uglegorskaya TPP (Ukraine). It
became one hundred thousand transformer since foundation of the plant
1978 -Transformer 667 MVA 1150/500 kV was manufactured
-Step-up single-phase transformers 417 MVA, 750 kV were manufactured for generation units 1000
MW of NPC
- Step-up single-phase transformers 533 MVA, 500 kV (total capacity of three units – 1600 MVA) were
produced for doubled generation units 640 MW each of Sayano-Shushenskaya HPP (Russia) and for
generation units 1200 MW of thermal power plants
1980 -1000 MVA, 500 kV transformer was manufactured for generation unit 800 MW of Ryazanskaya TPP
(Russia)
1981 -Three-phase transformer with the highest power rate 1250 MVA, 330 kV for generation units 1000
MW of Yuzhno-Ukrainskaya NPP
1982-1985 -Special equipment was developed for DC line 1500 kV, including converter transformer 320 MVA for
the voltage levels ± 400 and ± 750 kV power winding 500kV
1985 -Single-phase unit transformer 417 MVA, 1150 kV was manufactured
1988 -Liner shunt reactor 1200 A, 800 kV was manufactured for 750 кV transmission line Ekibaztuz – Cen-
ter (Kazakhstan)
1987-1990 -Single-phase 333 MVA, 750 kV step-up transformer and three-phase 666 MVA, 500 kV step-up trans-
former were manufactured
1990 -Shunt reactor 60 MVAr, 500 kV was manufactured.
1996 -Shunt reactors for 750 kV transmission lines in Ukraine, 400 kV and 500 kV transmission lines in
Egypt were manufactured
1997 -First three-phase Magnetically Controlled Shunt Reactor 25 MVAr, 110 kV was designed.
1998 -Unit transformer 400 MVA, 220 kV with OLTC device was manufactured
-Autotransformer 250 MVA with voltage regulation at 220 kV side was manufactured
-Three-phase autotransformers 250 MVA 330/220 kV with voltage regulation at 220 kV side (BIL 1050)
were manufactured
1999 -Single-phase transformer 62,5 MVA, 163 kV and three-phase transformer 63 MVA, 154 kV success-
fully passed short-circuit withstand tests in KEMA testing laboratory (the Netherlands)
2000 -Manufacturing of control and monitoring systems was started
-Single-phase transformer 500 MVA, 765/345 kV with voltage regulation at 345 kV side was manufac-
tured
-Shunt reactor 120 MVA, 800 kV was manufactured
2001 -Three-phase Magnetically Controlled Shunt Reactor 100 MVA, 220 kV was manufactured
2002 -Magnetically Controlled Shunt Reactor 180 MVA, 330 kV was manufactured and successfully com-
missioned
2003 -Representative office was opened in Moscow (Russian Federation)
2005 -Representative office was opened in St. Petersburg, Krasnoyarsk, Yekaterinburg (Russian Federa-
tion) and in Almaty (Kazakhstan)
2006 -Representative office was opened in Krasnodar (Russian Federation)

2
 MAGNETICALLY CONTROLLED SHUNT REACTORS
- NEW TYPE OF FACTS DEVICES
Flexible alternating current transmission systems (FACTS) devices are used for the
dynamic control of voltage, impedance and phase angle of high voltage AC lines. FACTS de-
vices provide strategic benefits for improved transmission system management and operation
efficiency through better utilization of existing transmission assets; increased transmission
system reliability and availability; increased grid stability as well as increased quality of sup-
ply. The need for more efficient electricity systems management has given impulse to innova-
tive technologies in power generation and transmission. Worldwide transmission systems are
undergoing continuous changes and restructuring. They are becoming more heavily loaded and are being operated
in ways not initially forecasted. Transmission systems must be flexible to react to more diverse generation and load
patterns. In addition, the economical utilization of transmission system assets is very important for utilities to remain
competitive and to survive. Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) is a technology which meets these re-
quirements. It significantly changes the way transmission systems are developed and controlled together with im-
provements in asset utilization, system flexibility and system performance.
Magnetically controlled shunt reactor is a new type of FACTS devices which starting from 90th is widely used
for voltage stabilization and reactive power control in transmission and distribution networks and at the level of in-
dustrial consumers. Numerous advantages typical for magnetically controlled transformer equipment allow MCSR
to keep leading position among other compensation devices.
Main competitive advantages of MCSR are robust design similar
to standard transformer design, high operational safety, optimal
technical and economical characteristics, easy maintenance and
significantly low price. Being equipped with series capacitors
banks MCSR acquires full set of functional capabilities of known
Static VAR Compensation (SVC) devices. Unlike standard de-
sign of SVC composed with interconnection transformer, reac-
tors, thyristor valve (100% of SVC rated capacity) MCSR is the
only specific transformer device. Windings of this device act as
SVC reactor while saturable core acts as back-to-back thyristor
valve. As a result MCSR has only one power component instead
of three power components of SVC. Field operation and mainte-
nance of MCSR does not require complex protection and control
loop, deionized water cooling, special education of maintenance
staff and indoor installation. MCSR can be directly connected to
the high voltage (HV) bus or line without using of interconnection
transformer. This additional advantage makes possible to pro-
vide full regulating range of MCSR at the voltage level where
regulation is needed according to the network operation and dis-
patch.
High level of Client-oriented quality characteristics of
Magnetically Controlled Shunt Reactors were confirmed and en-
sured during decennial field operation experience. In case even
one MCSR is installed at predefined key substation continuous
automatic control and optimal voltages support for several distri-
bution substations on large region of electrical networks can be
provided. Repair and maintenance expenses of transformer and
switching equipment, which normally intensively participate in
voltage regulation process, are decreased significantly. Considerable decreasing of equipment failure factor phe-
nomenon (after commissioning of MCSR) is generally more evident in case of long HV network configuration and
electric lines operated under conditions of reverse power flows.

FUNCTIONAL CAPABILITIES OF MCSR

Magnetically Controlled Shunt Reactor is a three-phase static device operating on principle of continuous
regulation of inductive reactance. MCSR is designed for automatic voltage stabilization as well as compensation
and regulation of reactive power flows. MCSR allows to:

3
 1. avoid daily and seasonal voltage oscillations in electric network due to rapid varying of consumed
value of reactive power;
2. improve quality of electrical energy;
3. optimize and automatize conditions of power system operation; rapidly and efficiently respond on
changes of electrical parameters by remote control of MCSR set-point from SCADA/EMS terminal of
relevant Dispatch Center;
4. significantly decrease losses of electric energy during power transmission and distribution;
5. significantly improve network stability;
6. improve maintenance conditions of electrical equipment by decreasing number of switchings of non-
regulated reactive power compensation devices and considerable decreasing number of taps
changeover of unstable transformer’s LTC devices;
7. increase transfer capability of HV lines and provide secure automatic voltage control when active
power flows are close to the thermal or stability limits;
8. avoid voltage collapses after network incidents (e.g., load rejections, generator and line outages,
etc.);
9. provide favorable voltage conditions for operation of power generators.

MCSR FIELD OF APPLICATION

Manufacturers and designers of MCSR defined the following electrical networks as the most favorable for its
application based on existing operational experience of MCSR and it’s functional benefits:
- networks which sustain significant daily or/and seasonal fluctuations of electrical consumption;
- networks with depreciated switching and transformer equipment, which is regularly used for voltage stabili-
zation;
- networks which consist of long electrical transits being loaded with reverse power flows significantly varied
within short-term period;
- networks distributing electric energy to consumers that are highly sensitive to voltage oscillations;
- networks with excess losses of electric energy;
- networks having voltage profile under which power generators can not operate within permissible reactive
power production range.
Due to numerous MCSR functional and economical benefits it can be efficiently used in electric networks of
different voltage levels, independently from their ownership and level of dispatch hierarchy. Rapidly operating
MCSR can continuously monitor consumed value of reactive power required to control dynamic voltage swings un-
der various system conditions and thereby improve power system transmission and distribution performance.

PROSPECTIVE MCSR TYPES & REFERENCE LIST

The most prospective types of MCSR are presented in the table below. This set of MCSR types was devel-
oped based on the requirements of our Clients and existing experience of JSC ZAPOROZHTRANSFORMATOR in
the field of voltage stabilization and reactive power compensation. Specialists of dispatch centers and project de-
partments from several countries provided numerous technical observations to be implemented in MCSR construc-
tions. All their comments were considered during MCSR development. Other types of MCSR with different rated
capacity and voltage level can be designed during 6-9 months including elaboration of design documentation

MCSR rated parameters

Rated capacity, Rated voltage, Rated current,

Type
kVA kV А
RTU-25000/110 25000 121 119
RTU -32000/110 32000 121 153
RTU -63000/110 63000 121 300
RTU -63000/220 63000 242 151
RTU -100000/220 100000 242 239
RTU -100000/330 100000 347 167
RTU -180000/330 180000 347 300
RTU -180000/500 180000 525 198

4
The number of geographical regions and power companies using MCSR is continuously growing up. Annual Oder-
In-Take of MCSR is doubled from year to year. Compared to 2001 when only few magnetically controlled reactors
were installed in electric networks of Russian Federation nowadays 21 MCSR are already delivered to Client’s sub-
stations in four countries, namely Russian Federation, Belarus, Lithuania and Kazakhstan. Total installed capacity
of MCSR is 2028 MVAr. It is forecasted that this value will be doubled in 2008.

MCR Reference list

MCSR type Year of installation Place of installation Country
TCR -180000/500 2005 Tavricheskaya s/s Russia
TCR -180000/500 2005 Barabinskaya s/s Russia
TCR -180000/500 2007 Agadyr s/s Kazakhstan
TCR -180000/500 2007 Agadyr s/s Kazakhstan
TCR -180000/500 2007 YuKGRES s/s Kazakhstan
TCR -180000/330 2002 Baranovichi s/s Belarus
TCR -180000/330 2006 Miradino s/s Belarus
TCR -180000/330 2007 Ignalin NPP Lithuania
TCR -180000/330 2008 Irtysh s/s Russia
TCR -100000/220 2001 Chita s/s Russia
TCR -100000/220 2005 Khabarovskaya s/s Russia
TCR -100000/220 2006 Khekhtsir s/s Russia
TCR -100000/220 2008 Vladivostok s/s Russia
TCR -100000/220 2008 Nadym s/s Russia
TCR -63000/110 2005 Sovetsk s/s Russia
TCR -25000/110 1999 Kudymkar s/s Russia
TCR -25000/110 2004 Igolskaya s/s Russia
TCR -25000/110 2004 Dvurechenskaya s/s Russia
TCR -25000/110 2004 Katylginskaya s/s Russia
TCR -25000/110 2007 Sugmutskaya s/s Russia
TCR -25000/110 2007 Fominskaya s/s Russia
TCR -25000/110 2007 Fominskaya s/s Russia
TCR -25000/110 2007 Aktogay s/s Kazakhstan
TCR -25000/110 2007 Aktogay s/s Kazakhstan
TCR -25000/110 2007 Novogodnyaya s/s Russia
TCR -25000/110 2007 Vandmtor s/s Russia
TCR -25000/110 2007 Churapcha s/s Russia
TCR -25000/110 2008 Sochi s/s Russia
TCR -25000/110 2008 Vostochnaya s/s Russia
TCR -25000/110 2008 Bahilovskaya s/s Russia
TCR -25000/110 2008 Urgal s/s Russia

PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION

Ihv Magnetically Controlled Shunt Reactor is almost usual transformer

type technology. Functionality of semiconductor key device is achieved due to
operation of MCSR cores in saturation range. This principle was the basis for
UHV the development of MCSR construction. Magnetic system of each phase of
Ic MCSR contains control winding and high-voltage winding. Both windings are
placed on two solid semi-cores. When regulated DC voltage source is con-
nected to control winding the DC magnetic bias flux appears in the core of
Uc MCSR. Alternative magnetic flux of HV-winding overlays with bias flux pro-
duced by DC voltage source and thus resulting magnetic flux moves to the
saturation range of MCSR core. Saturation of MCSR core causes appearance
of inductive current in HV-winding. As magnitude of energy in control system
changes, magnitude of inductive current in HV-winding changes correspond-
F1 F2 ingly. Finally, it causes increasing or decreasing of reactive power consumed

5
by MCSR.

Fs DC voltage source which produces current in control winding is fed by

iω compensating winding of MCSR. Rectification of compensation winding
- Fs alternative current is provided by small-power thyristor converter. Magni-
tude of inductive current in HV-winding is regulated according to propor-
tional principle. It means that tyristors operating angle is defined accord-
ing to the difference between MCSR voltage set point and actual voltage
of the bus MCSR connected to. MCSR superexcitation circuit is designed
to achieve quick change of MCSR loading from one quasi-steady state to another. In the mode of superexcitation
MCSR changes its loading from no-load state to rated capacity during 0,15 seconds. Actually, there are no limita-
tions on operating performance of MCSR. But optimal balance between MCSR performance and rated capacity of
magnetic bias system was defined during practical experience of MCSR operation. Relevant performance analysis
ensure that recommended time of MCSR loading / unloading is within interval 0,15-3 seconds. Depending on Cli-
ent’s requirements MCSR can operate in the mode of voltage stabilization, consumption of reactive power fixed
value or absorption of inductive current fixed value. Magnetically Controlled Shunt Reactors as well as non-
regulated reactors can be two types: bus MCSR and linear MCSR. Depending on type or upon request of the Client
construction of MCSR is completed with additional element which provide preliminary biasing of magnetic system
and subsequent instantaneous loading up to nominal capacity directly after switching to network. As any trans-
former device MCSR allows continuous overloading up to 110-130% of rated current and due to specific design
can be also shortly overloaded up to 200%. MCSR can, if necessary, operate as usual non-regulated reactor hav-
ing all its functional capabilities including arc quenching during autoreclosing.
MCSR electric circuit diagram is presented below.
Electromagnetic system is the main power element of Magnetically Controlled Shunt Reactor. Electromag-
netic system consists of HV winding which is connected directly to the electric network, compensation winding and
control winding. In some MCSR design decisions compensation and control windings are constructed as a single
winding. HV winding is used for consumption of reactive power from network while control winding is responsible
for magnetic biasing of MCR core. Compensation winding is implemented to feed DC voltage source and to loop
harmonics aliquot to three inside the winding.
Oil transformer with Converter (OTC) is designed for regulation of DC current magnitude in control winding of
electromagnetic system via changing magnitude of DC voltage on the terminals of Converter (DC voltage source).
Rated capacity of OTC is usually equal to 1-2% of MCSR rated capacity. Some designs of MCSR are equipped
with 2 or 3 OTC connected in parallel. This is allow to increase redundancy of MCSR construction and ensure its
stable operation even in case of failure of the main OTC. Normally all OTCs (except OTC which is used for prelimi-
nary magnetic biasing) are connected to the compensation winding.
Automatic control system (ACS) of MCSR generates control signals to the thyristor valves of Converter (DC
voltage source). According to these control signals Converter changes the magnitude of DC voltage in magnetic
biasing system and MCSR loading with reactive power changes correspondingly. ACS is an electronic device allo-
cated in standard cabinet. Input power of control system is less than 1kW.

6
 MCSR Electric Circuit Diagram

HV busses
VT Circuit Breaker
OVL

А В С N
CT 1
CT 2 Auxiliary CB

HVW Standby
OTC
CT 3
CT 4

CtrW
CW
CT 7

CT 5

CW
OVL

CT 6 TCRB

LV busses
CB

OTC
VT
= 220 V
ACS U ia ib ic CT 8
ТМПх30
ТТ 2 Rel. Pr.
- CT 2 БУЗ1х12 UAB
ТТ5-ТТ8
- CT5-ТТ8 UBC
фаз А БУЗ2х12
CT 1 - CT 6
- А, В.С UCA
UAB UBC ОН х 3 А, В, С;

- TCRB – Three-phase Controlled Reactor with Blower cooling (electromagnetic system)

- HVW - High Voltage Winding;
- CtrW - Control Winding;
- CW - Compensation Winding;
- OTC - Oil Transformer and Converter;
- ACS - Automatic Control System.

7
 MCSR OPERATION EXPERIENCE ON SUBSTATIONS OF INDUSTRIAL CONSUMERS

Beginning 2004 three RTU -25000/110 were installed at the 110 kV substations Dvurechenskaya, Katylginskaya
and Igolskaya.
By the end of 2003 it was a critical situation at Uzhny Vasugan oilfields of Tomskneft’ JSC. During several years
continuous load buildup was observed due to expansion of industry. Total length of distribution network 110 kV
which supplies power to consumers of the region exceeds 700 km. Electric energy from generation sources trans-
mitted to the deficit region through backbone 220 kV network. This network was designed and constructed as two
closed transits which respect N-1 criteria concerning security of power supply in case of failures. However due to
the big difference of voltage angels at the end of each transit
they were forced to operate in open mode. Under such condi-
tions voltages in 110 kV network were significantly reduced
up to 85% of its rated value (90 kV). As a result transmission
capacity of electric lines was absolutely exhausted. Major
consumers of the region are synchronous and asynchronous
machines (90% of total consumption) which are very unstable
to the voltage oscillations caused by power system distur-
bances (short circuits, electric lines tripping, connecting and
disconnecting of load, etc.). One network incident usually
caused full disconnection of all synchronous and asynchro-
nous machines and voltage jumps up to 128-130 kV.
Tomskneft’ JSC suffered great looses in oil production re-
sulted both from undersupply of energy and often disconnec-
tion of electric engines during voltage deviations and unse-
cured operation of distribution network. By the end of 2004
number of emergency outages of oil consumers reached 392
per year (60 times at some months). Oil underproduction in-
creased to 38,500 ton per year (more than 7,500 ton at some months). Secure level of energy supply was not
achieved even after three series capacitors banks (total rated capacity 3 x 54 MVAr) and gas-turbine unit (rated
capacity 24 MVAr) were installed in 110 kV network. Maintenance staff continuously changed tap positions of
transformers and switched series capacitors banks due to sig-
nificant voltage oscillations, thunderstorm activities and com-
plex programs for connection / disconnection of equipment.
Commutations of series capacitors resulted in 10-15 kV volt-
age jumps which were still inadmissible for stable operation of
consumers. Cascading disconnections of synchronous and
asynchronous machines took place regularly. Operation condi-
tions were significantly changed only after three 25 MVAR
Magnetically Controlled Shunt Reactors were commissioned at
Igolskaya, Dvurechenskaya and Katylginskaya substations in
August-October 2004. Transfer capacity of 110 kV lines was
increased on 30-50%, voltages were stabilized on 105-110%
of its rated value and could be adjusted in a wide range de-
pending on operation conditions. Next benefits were noticed by
the Client even after short period of MCSRs operation:
1. MCSRs equipped with series capacitors banks provide op-
timal flows of reactive power and maximize transfer capacity of
electric lines up to the thermal limits.
2. Enhancement of distribution network to voltage level 220
kV was postponed.
3. Losses of electric energy in the regional network were
decreased more than on 35% (from 11,9 MW to 7,5 MW).
4. Smooth automatic stabilization of pre-set voltages was
provided for steady states, number of series capacitors
banks switching off was significantly reduced, usage of
transformer’s LTC for voltage regulation was almost
avoided.
Cascading load tripping was completely eliminated. Emer-
gency disconnection of individual synchronous or asyn-
chronous engines did not lead to voltage jumps and has no
influence on the rest engines. Number of special measures
for electric lines and other electric equipment connection /
disconnection was reduced. It allows to provide maintenance and repair works without danger of consumers’ power

8
supply interruption. Losses in oil production were reduced more than 50 times. Pay-back period of installed MCSRs
was equal to 1 month.

OPERATION OF MCSR IN DISTRIBUTION NETWORKS

Efficiency of MCSRs operation in 220-110 kV net-

works can be analysed on the examples of substations
Kudymkar and Chita, Russia.
Kudymkar substation is fed from subsystem Per-
menergo by two 110 kV lines with length more than 100
km. Regular voltage oscillations within the range 97-120 kV
were caused by significant seasonal and daily changes of
loads as well as by remote position from generation
sources. Existed series capacitors bank were switched
several times per day (total number of commutations
reached 800 times per year). Continuous voltage regula-
tion by means of transformers LTC was also used. 1800
tap change procedures were registered within 1 year. Dur-
ing switching of series capacitors bank voltage jumps were equal to 10-15 kV. Having big voltage deviations, worn
circuit breakers of series capacitors and worn LTC of transformers power system additionally suffered from excess
losses of electric energy which were caused by non-optimal flows of reactive power.
During technical and economical analysis it was defined to solve existed voltage problems by installation of
Magnetically Controlled Shunt Reactor at Kudymkar substation. Operating together with already installed series
capacitors banks MCSR should have same functional capabilities as standard Static VAR Compensator (SVC).
These analyses were completely approved during practical operation. Furthermore, price of MCSR equipped with
series capacitors bank is twice cheaper than price of analogous SVC devices. Commissioning and maintenance
expenses appeared to be lower as well because commissioning and maintenance procedures of MCSR are the
same as corresponding procedures for standard non-controlled shunt reactors and transformers. MCSR is de-
signed for outdoor installation and does not require special operational staff knowledge and skills for maintenance.
9 months after commissioning of MCSR at Kudymkar substation analysis and registered parameters of
MCSR operation were presented for power industry specialists during the seminar. Members of the seminar stated
the following decisions:
1. voltage oscillations at the bus MCSR connected to are limited within 1,5% of MCSR voltage set point;
2. number of series capacitor banks switching and changing tap positions of transformer’s LTC was reduced
in 100 times (approximately 1 operation per year);
3. during maximum loads demand periods losses of energy were reduced on 2,5 MW. Under these conditions
pay-back period of MCSR is equal to 3 years;
4. in the automatic mode Magnetically Controlled Shunt Reactor does not need involvement of maintenance
staff;
5. MCSR ensured no-break power supply of consumers of Komi-Permyatskiy region and allowed to postpone
construction of new 220 kV line for 10-15 years.
6. during whole period of MCSR operation (since 1999) neither failures of reactor itself nor relay protection
misoperation took place.

RTU-100000/220 was installed at

substation Chita and connected to 220 kV
bus-bar in 2001. Nearby in power system
Chitaenergo have been already in opera-
tion other voltage regulating devices – two
non-controlled shunt reactors with rated
capacity 100 MVAr. One of them installed
at Haranorskaya TPP was switched off at
least 2 times per day during summer pe-
riod. New MCSR according to its operation
principle allows to change its capacity
within whole regulating range unlimited
number of times. Continuous voltage regu-
lation by means of MCSR made possible
to desist from switching of non-controlled
reactors. Voltage profile in the network
was corrected and voltage oscillations
were eliminated. Number of annual main-

9
tenance works on circuit breakers was reduced. Installation of MCSR made possible commissioning of new OHL
220 kV. Its connection to the network as well as field tests execution (no-load operation, autoreclosing tests, etc.)
were not possible without equipment providing smooth regulation of reactive power.
Regional Dispatch control center of Chitaenergo power system provided summary of the results and benefits
of MCSR operation:
Application of Magnetically Controlled Shunt Reactor allows continuously compensate reactive power gener-
ated by high voltage lines. Next benefits were additionally achieved due to MCSR operation:
1. Necessary conditions were provided for commissioning of new 220 kV OHL.
2. Quality of electric energy in Chita and Buryatiya power systems was significantly increased.
3. Existed voltage oscillations in the network were stabilized.
3. Units of TETS-1 power station were not more forced to operate in the mode of reactive power consump-
tion.
4. Tripping of low loaded 220 kV lines were no more applied for reducing voltages in the network.
5. Safety and stability of power supply were increased.

MCSR AS A SOLUTION FOR FULL-SCALE VOLTAGE STABILIZATION IN TRANSMISSION NETWORKS

Since 1991 power system of Belarus experienced strong decreasing of active power load demand. Exces-
sive amounts of reactive power which previously served to ensure long distance active power transfer appeared in
750-330 kV transmission network. Free surpluses of reactive power caused significant voltage buildup at each
voltage level of power system. Regulating range of all reactive power compensating devices was exhausted. Set of
uneconomical and unsafe measures were taken daily to prevent violation of voltage limits during minimum load
periods. The most popular among them
were: tripping some 330 kV lines to de-
crease charging capacity of the network,
large scale disconnection of consumer’s se-
ries capacitors banks, operation of synchro-
nous generators in the mode of consumption
of reactive power, regular transformer’s LTC
taps changing. Realization of these meas-
ures always increased losses of electric en-
ergy significantly and violate security con-
strains for safe power transmission and sup-
ply.
Solution for existed voltage problems
in the power system of Belarus must have
been found for all voltage levels and consid-
ering all recent changes of operation condi-
tions both in transmission and distribution
networks. The number of research analysis
and investigations were carried out to define
measures necessary for normalization of
voltage profile. Finally, it was decided and
economically approved to install four shunt
reactors (1 non-controlled shunt reactor and
3 MCSRs) rated capacity 180 MVAr and rated voltage 330 kV. As it was summarized during economical analysis
existed losses of electric energy in the power system were so big that after installation of MCSRs and stabilization
of voltages at optimal level the pay-back period of MCSRs will be less than five years.

MCSR OPERATION ON LONG DISTANCE HIGH VOLTAGE TRANSITS

Omsk power system includes long 500 kV transit connecting Russian power system with power system of
Kazakhstan. Synchronous operation of these systems depends on safe operation of interconnected 500 kV lines.
During separate operation of Russian and Kazakh systems existed non-controlled shunt reactor at substation
Tavricheskaya was switched off more than 40 times per day according to changes of active power flows and volt-
age profile in the network. After resynchronization of Kazakh and Russian systems in July 2000 safety of power
supply was increased but voltage oscillations increased as well. Before commissioning of RTU-180000/500 high
voltages and excess losses of electric energy were continuously observed in Omsk subsystem. Voltage oscillations

10
were directly depended on magnitude of active power flow on 500 kV transit. Any time magnitude of active power
flow decreased voltages at 500 kV network reached boundary values or even violated upper voltage constraints. In
December 2005 MCSR 180 MVAr 500 kV was installed in Omsk subsystem at Tavricheskaya substation.
MCSR allowed to solve next
problems existed in Omsk subsystem:
1. early deterioration of elec-
tric equipment;
2. switching voltage overload
of equipment;
3. often switching off non-
controlled compensation
devices.
Application of MCSR allowed to
support voltages in the nearby net-
work at constant safe and optimal
level independently from magnitude of
active power flow and loading demand
profile. MCSR almost instantaneously
respond on short circuit and have all
functional capabilities of non-regulated
shunt reactor including arcquenching
during autoreclosing. For some opera-
tional conditions MCSR keep voltages at substation bus-bars equal to the high permissible value ensuring maxi-
mum transfer capacity of 500 kV transmission line.

11
JSC “ZAPOROZHTRANSFORMATOR”
3, Dnepropetrovskoe shosse, Zaporozhye
69600, Ukraine
Tel. +380 61 2703900
Fax +380 61 2703232
e-mail: office@ztr.ua
http://www.ztr.ua
Sales Department
Tel. +380 61 2703033
Fax +380 61 2703939
e-mail: sales@ztr.ua
FOR SUPPLIES OUTSIDE CIS COUN-
TRIES
ZTR-ENESTA Handelsgesellschaft m.b.H.
Joint Venture between ZTR and VAIT
Strasserau 6, A-4010, Linz
AUSTRIA
Tel. +43 732 7804247
Fax +43 732 7804399
e-mail: ztr-enesta@vait.com
http://www.ztr-enesta.com
REPRESENTATIVE OFFICE
IN THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN
AND MIDDLE ASIA
Office 701, 151/115, Abaya Avenue,
Business centre “Alatau”,
050009, Almaty, Republic of Kazakhstan
Tel.: +7 (3272) 3334692
Fax +7 (3272) 3334696
office@ztr.kz
REPRESENTATIVE OFFICES
IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
REPRESENTATIVE OFFICE IN MOSCKOW
build. 1, 17/2 Bolshaya Yakimanka str.
119180, Moskow, Russian Federation
Tel.: +7 (495) 7458828, 7458840
Fax +7 (495) 2382415
ztr-secr@esgr.ru
REPRESENTATIVE OFFICE IN ST.PETERSBURG
Office 409, 5 Krapivniy side str.
194044, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
Tel.: +7 (812) 3364445
Fax +7 (812) 5426571
ZTR_SPb@mail.quantum.ru
REPRESENTATIVE OFFICE IN EKATERINBURG
Offise 410, 22 Karl Libkneht str.
620075, Ekaterinburg, Russian Federation
Tel./Fax: +7 (343) 3792137
edozorov@mail.ru
REPRESENTATIVE OFFICE IN KRASNOYARSK
Office 309, 110 Dubrovinskogo str.
660021, Krasnoyarsk, Russian Federation
Tel.: +7 (3912) 212327
Fax +7 (3912) 680442
wladimir-khv@mail.ru
REPRESENTATIVE OFFICE IN KRASNODAR
Office 409,135/1 Turgeneva str.
350000, Krasnodar, Russian Federation
Tel.: +7 (861) 2201965
Fax +7 (861) 2201928
info-ztr-krasnodar@yandex.ru
12
13