Chapter 1:

1.What is information system?

2. Framework of major areas of Information systems knowledge needed by Business Professionals:

 Management Challenges:
 Business Applications:
 Development Processes:
 Information technology:
 Foundation Concepts:

3. Fundamental Role of IS in Business:

 Support Business processes and Operations

 Support Business Decision Making
 Support of Strategies for Competitive Advantage

4. Trends of Information System: social, technical, economic and cultural

Information Redefined:
 meta-data for making Sense of Data(automatic agents gather data,
 Open Information System, for fluid information exchange between environment, customers and
partners.
 Corporate Symmetric Web: sophisticated search queries
 Self-Organizing Data Stream from unstructured content as information now a days stays hidden

Workplace Redefined:

 Value Co-Creation,-the we approach as now it is more individualistic

 CloudTop, -cloud storage so lost data can be recovered
 User Centric Application, like spreadsheets and words will leave and more cloud computing tools
 Autonomic Computing- a computer that doesn’t require a human to operate

Collaboration Redefined:

 Bio teaming: send signals to offer status updates though non verbal communicating
 Integrated Collaborating Suites: communication and collaboration
 Ad-hoc Telescope, : web conferences
 Corporate Crowdsourcing: experts will be available onlne to resolve problems

5. Managerial Challenges of Information technology

 Business/IT challenges
 Business I.T Developments
  Business I.T goals

6. Types of Information System:

(For opertions) Operation Support Systems Management Support Systems

(formanagers)

T.P.S , Process Control System, Enterprise Collaboration Systems-----------------M.I.S, D.S.S, E.SS

Speciaised Processing System

Expert Ssystem, Functional Business System, Strategic Information Systsm, Knowledge Management
Systems

7. Other Classifications

 Expert Systems
 Knowledge Management System
 Strategic Information System
 Functional Business System’

8. Developing Information system:

 Investigate,
 Analyze,
 Design,
 Implement,
 Maintain

9. Challenges and Ehics of IT

CRM-privacy issues

HRM-wrongs information

Business Intelligence systens: Collusion

8. What is System and its functions?: System is a defined as a set of interrelated components with a
defined boundary working together to achieve a common set of objectives by accepting inputs and
producing outputs in an organized transformation process

Three basic functions

Input- raw materials,energy, data

Processing- Transformation process, breathing, calculating

Output: finished goods, human services etc

9. Feedback: Data about the performance of system

and Control: involves monitoring and evaluating feedback to determine whether a system is moving
towards achievement of its goals and then makes necessary adjustments

10. Component of Information Systems: all resources to perform to to transform data resources into
information products

Uses:

Software Res: All sets of information processing instructions. Example, Systems software, application
software and Procedures.

Hardware Res: All physical devices and Material. For example, Computers and Peripherals.

Data Res: product descriptions, customer records and employee files

Network Resources: Communication media like fiber optic cable, cellular and wireless technology.

And Network Infrastructure includes everything for support of communication

People Resources: End Users and System Specialists

Performs:

Input- Data entry

Processing- calculating, comparing, summarizing sorting

Output: information products, reports, forms

Storage: retrieval

and Control Activities: monitor and evaluate system performance

 Chapter 2 Computer hardware

1. Types of Computer System

Micro Computer Systems: most important catgetoy of cpumpueters for business speople also know
asPC

a) Network Computer:
1. Primary for use with internet and corporate intranet by clerical worker, operational
Employees and knowledge worker.
2. Low cost, sealed with no cost or minimal disk storage
3. Users primarily depend o networks servers for their system software, application software’s web
browser, data access and storage
4. LOW total cost of ownership, upgrade purchase maintained , support costs less

b) Technical Work Stations: powerful workstations that support applications with heavy
mathematical computing and graphical display demand such as CAD in engineering or portfolio
industry in securities industries,
c) Information Appliances: Tablets
d) Personal Computers are also known as personal computers
e) PDA also information appliances

Mid-Range Systems: are primarily high end network servers and other type of servers that can handle
large scale processing of many business application. Not as powerful as mainframe computers they
are less costly to operate and maintain than the mainframe computers

a) Network Servers: Midrange has become popular a powerful network servers to (computers used
to coordinate communications and manage resource sharing in network settings)to help
manage large Internet websites, corporate intranets and extranets and other networks. Other
applications like data mining, analytical processing and data ware house management are
demanding network servers.
b) Minicomputers: became famous as minicomputers for scientific research, engineering analysis
and industrial process monitoring and control.
c) Web Servers, : today midrange include servers used in industrial processing control and
manufacturing plants and play major role in CAD

Mainframe Computer Systems:

 Mainframe systems are large, fast powerful computer systems

 Can process thousands of millions instructions per second.
 Have large primary’s storage capacities from hundreds of gigabytes to terabytes of primary
storage.
 Slimmed down and cheaper.
 Used to hand informal needs of major corporations and major government agencies with high
transaction processing volumes or complex computational problems.
  For example, banks, airlines, oil companies and large corporations process millions pf
transactions and sales enquiries daily with help of large mainframe systems.
 Also as used as super servers for large client/server networks and high volume internet websites
of large companies. Also sued for data mining, warehousing an electronic commerce
applications/
 Supercomputers describes a category of extremely powerful computer systems for scientific,
engineering and business applications requiring high speeds for massive numeric calculations.
 Enterprise Systems, Supercomputers, Transaction processors ,Super servers

2. Computer System Concept: is a system with interrelated components that performs the basic
functions of input output storage and control thus providing end users with a powerful information
processing tool .

Input-Processing-Output-Storage

3. Computer Peripherals: are the generic name given to all the input, output and secondary devices that
are part of a computer system but are not part of the CPU, peripherals depend on direct connections or
telecommunications links to the central processing unit of a computer system.

Monitors, printers, Scanners, Hard Disk Drives, DVD, CD, Backup Systems

4 .Input technologies:

 Pointing Devices: electrical mouse, touchpads, touchscreens

 Optical Scanning: Compact Scanner, OCR
 Pen Based Devices: Stylus
 Magnetic Strips, Smart Cards: Data entry, debit cards
 Speech Recognition

5. Output Technologies

 Video Output
 Printed Output

6: Storage Trade Off: cost,speed and capacity trade off

7. Primary and Secondary Storage:

 Semiconductor Memory P:
Rrandom access memory: each memory position can be read and written.
 Magnetic Disks s
 Optical Disks S
 Magnetic Tape s

8. TYPES of magnetic disks: floppy disk and hard disk drives

Chapter 3 Computer Software

1. Software: general term used for various kinds of programs to operate and manipulate different
computers and their peripherals devices.

2. Types of Software

System softeare: consists of pograms that manage and support a computer system and its information
processing activities.

5. Operating System and Functions: An operating system is an integrated system of programs that
manages the operations of the CPU, controls the input/output and storage reosurces and
actities of the computer systems and provides varius support services as the computer executes
the application programs of users.
a) User Interface: part of operating system tha allows to communicate so we can load program,s
access files and accomplish other tasks. Graphical user interface.
b) Resource management: a O.S uses a variety of resource management programs to manage the
hardware and networking resources of a computer system, including its CPU memory secondary
storage devices telecommunication processors and input/output peripherals.
c) File Management: contains file management programs that control the creation deletion and
access of files of data and programs. It maintains directories of information about the location
and characteristics of files stored on a computer systems secondary storage devices.
d) Task Management: task management programs helps accomplish the computing tasks of end
users. The program controls which task get access to cpu and for how long
Multitasking.

4. Open Source Software: in this approach develops collaborate on the development of an

application using programming standards that allow anyone to contribute to the software

 Programmers can read, redistribute ad modify source code.

 People improve it, adapt and fix bugs
 Happens at rapid speed
 Not like closed model, every can see the code. Developers embraced it
 Previously mother company out of business, product had no use.
 Fixes of bugs depended on mother company.
 Licensed to guarantee free access to programming behind the source code.
 Allows users to install software on a new platform without additional purchase to get
support for a product whose creator no longer ruses it, Those who can fix bugs themselves.
 OSS is distributed and copyrighted with licensed terms to ensure that the source code will
always be available.

5. Four Levels of Programming Languages

 Machine Language
 Assembler Language
 High Level Languages
 Fourth generation Languages
 Object Oriented Languages
6. Programming Tools
7. Language Trasnlators: Assemblers,intrpretor
Intrepretors

7. Programming Software’s

Chapter 4 Data Resource Management

1. Data Resource Management

 Data is vital important asset
  Business cannot service without quality data about their internal operations and external
environment
 Corporations needs DBM to analyses data for competitive advantage.
 DBM is a managerial activity that applies information system technologies like database
management, data warehouses and other data management tools to meets the need of
stakeholders information needs.

2. Types of Database
Operation Database: supports the business processes and operations. Exp; customer database,
human resources database, inventory etc.

Distributed Database

Many organizations replicate and distribute copies or parts of databases to network servers at variety of
sites. These distributed database can reside on networks servers on the www, on company intranets or
extranets, or on other company networks. Distributed database can be copies of operational database.

 Advantages: protection of valuable data form catastrophes, fire, damages. Hence negative
impact is minimized.
 Each location/branch has its own data while other locational process the database if desired.
 Large databased can be distributed in smaller database

Challenges: Data accuracy. Any change to data in one location needs to update everywhere.

Done by: Replication: involves using a specialized software that looks at each individual databases and
then find the changes in it. After identification, the replication process makes all of the distributed
databases look the same by making the appropriate changes to each one. Complex and time consuming.

Duplication: less complicated. Identifies one database as master and then duplicates that database at a
prescribed time after hours so each database has the same data. Only problem is no changes can be
made other than the master database.

External Database: any online databases.

Data warehouse: stores data that have been extracted from the various operational and external
database of an organization.

 It is a central source of data that has been cleaned, transformed and catalogued so that they
can used by managers and other business professionals for data mining, online analytical
processing and other forms of business analysis, market research and decision support.
 Later moved to data marts that focus on specific aspects of a company departments
 Variety of analytical software tools can be provided to query, report, mine and analyses data for
delivery via internet to business end users.
Data Mining:
 The data in a data warehouse are analyzed to reveal hidden pattern and tends in historical
business activity.
  This analysis can be used to help managers make decisions about strategic business in business
operations to gain competitive advantage. Data mining can discover new correlations, patterns,
trends I vast amounts of business data stored in business data warehouses.
 For example, perform market basket analysis to identify new product bundles.
 Profile customers with more accuracy

3. Traditional File Processing and limitations: cumbersome, costly and inflexible

 Data Redundancy: lot of duplicate data, separate software needed to update data
 Lack of Data Integration: time consuming, difficult and costly, manual
 Data Dependence: high maintenance effort
 Lack of Data Integrity or Standardization: inconsistency, security problems
4. Database Management approach: consolidates data records, formerly held as in separate files, into
databases that can be accesses by different application programs.
 Database management systems serves as a software interface between users and database
which helps users easily access the data in a software
 The database approach involves the use of database management software to control how
database are created, interrogated and maintained to provide information that end users
need.

5.DMMS is the main software tool of the database management approach because it controls the
creation ,maintenance, and use of the databases of an organization and its users. For example.
Microsoft access

Major use of DBBS software: to Create new database

Maintain: to maintain quality of the data in an organizations database

Use: to use the database of an organization to provide the information that it end users need
 Chapter 5 Telecommunication and Networks]

1. Concept of Network: intercoonected or interrelated chain, group, system

2. Metcalfe’s Law: usefulness or utlity of a network equals to the square of the number of users.
3. Trends in Telecommunications:
 Industry Trend: Towards more competitive vendors, carriers, alliances and network
services, accelerated by derrugularities and growth of www and internet.
 Technology Trend: towards extensive use of internet, digital fiber optic and wireless
technologies to create high speed local and global internetworks for voice, data, images
 Application Trend: towards playing vital role in web enabled business, e commerce,
enterprise collaboration, and other business application that support the business and
strategic objectives.
Open system: are information systems that use common standards for hardware, software,
applications and networking.
Middleware is a general term for any programming that serves to glue together or mediate
between to separate, and usually already existing programs.
4. Business Value of Telecommunication Networks
 Overcome geographical barriers: capture information about business transactions from remote
lcoations.
 Overcame time barriers: provide information to remote location immediately after its located
 Overcome cost barriers: reduce cost of traditional communication
 Overcome structural barriers: support linkage for competitive advantages.
5. Business value of Internet
 Attract New Customer
 Develop New Market and Channel
 Generate New Revenue Sources
 Reduce Costs Doing Business
 Develop New Web Based Product’s
 Increase Customers Loyalty and Retention

6. Business Value of Intranets: an intranet is a network inside an organization that uses internet
technology to provide internet like environment within an enterprise for information sharing,
communications, collaborations, and the support of business processes.
 Communication and Collaboration: email, chat etc
 Web Publishing: author, publish, and share multimedia documents.
 Business Operations and Management: secure, universal access to view and use corporate and
external data
 Intranet Portal Management : centrally administer clients, servers, security, directory and traffic
7. The role of extranet: extranets are network links that use internet technologies to interconnect
the intranet of a business with the intranets of its customers, suppliers or other business
partners.
 Self service
 Raw materials order easier and faster
 Strengthens strategic relationships
 Facilities online interactive product development
8. Telecommunication network model is an arrangement in which a sender transmit a message to
a receiver over a channel consisting of some type of medium.
 Terminal : any input/output device model that uses telecommunication networks to transmit or
receive data is terminal for example telephone
 Telecommunication processors such as modems, routers which support data transmission and
reception
 Telecommunication Channel: they control data transmission, speed, accuracy, efficiency
 Computer: of all sizes so that they can carry out their information processing arrangements.
 Telecommunication control software: programs that control telecommunications.

9. Types of Telecommunication Network

 Wide Area Network: covering large area network, cities, countries, regions.
 Metropolitan Area Network local cable provider
 Local Area Network: limited physical area
 Virtual Private Network is a secure network that uses the internet as its main backbone network
but relies on network firewalls, encryptions and other security features of its internet and
intranet connections and those of participating organizations.
 Client/Server Network: computer network in which one centralized, powerful computer (called
the server) is a hub to which many less powerful personal computers or workstations
(called clients) are connected. The clients run programs and access data that are stored on
the server.
Peer to Peer Networks: Peer to Peer." In a P2P network, the "peers" are computer
systems which are connected to each other via the Internet. Files can be shared directly
between systems on the network without the need of a central server. In other words,
each computer on a P2P network becomes a file server as well as a client.
 A peer to peer network with a directory of all peers on a central server
 A pure peer to peer network

10. Digital and Analog Signals

11. Telecommunication Media

 Twisted Pair Wire
 Coaxial Cable
 Fiber Optiocs
 Wireless Technologies
 Terrestrail Microwave
  Communcaiton Sattleities
 Cellular and PCS systems
 Wireless Lan
 Bluetooth

12. Network Topologies

 Star Netwrok
 Ring Network
 Bus Network

13. OSI Model

 Layer 1:Physical Layer
 L2: Data Link Layer
 The Network Layer
 The transport layer
 The session layer
 The presentation layer
 The application layer

14. The Internet’s TCP/IP

Chapter 6 E-Business Systems

1. Cross Functional Enterprise Applications: Organizations view C.F.E as a strategic way to use IT to
share information resources and improve the efficiency and effectiveness of business processes and
develop strategic relationships, with customers, suppliers and business partners.

2. Enterprise Application architecture : Presents an overview of major cross-functional enterprise

applications and their interrelations

3. Enterprise Application Integration: software can integrate a variety of enterprise application clusters
by letting them exchange data according to rules derived from the business process models developed
by users.

3. Transaction processing systems: are cross functional information systems that process data resulting
from the occurrence of business transaction.

Transaction processing Cycle:

 Data Entry
 Transaction Processing
  Database Maintenance
 Documents and Report Generation
 Inquiry Processing

4. Enterprise collaboration systems collaborate, communicate and coordinate

Functional Business Systems

6) Marketing Systems

a) Interactive Marketing
b) Targeting Marketing :
I. Community
II. Content
III. Context
IV. Demographic/ Psychological
V. Online Behavior
c) Sales Force Automation: notebook to sales person
d) Product Management
e) Advertising and Promotion
f) Market research and forecasting

7) Manufacturing Systems: goal is to flexible manufacturing, agile manufacturing and total quality
management.

i. Computer-Integrated Manufacturing is a concept that emphasized that the objectives of

computer based manufacturing should be to :
ii. Simplify production process, product designs and factory organization as a vital foundation to
automation and integration
iii. Automate production process and business functions that support them with computers,
machines and robots.
iv. Integrate all production and support processes using computer networks, cross functional
business software and other information technologies.
v. Computer Aided Design
vi. Computer Aided Engineering
vii. Material Requirements Planning
viii. Computer Aided Manufacturing-automation
ix. Manufacturing Execution Systems(MES): Performance measurement of: Materials, Equipment,
personnel, Facilities, Specifications, Instructions
x. Process Control and: use of computers to control ongoing process.
xi. Machine Control: To control actions of machine

8) Human Resources supports Strategic, tactical and Operational System for staffing, training and
compensation adminsitration

 Recruitment ,selection and hiring

  Job placement
 Performance appraisals
 Employee benefit analysis
 Training and development
 Health safety and security
 HRM and Intranet: Self Service, Instruction manuals, training, round the clock service etc

9) Accounting Systems six essential accounting systems:

Payroll, inventory, payable, receivable, general ledger, order processing

10) Financial Management Systems

a. Financing of a business b. allocation and control of financial resources within a business

cash flow forecast, capital expenditure, interest rates, spreadsheets, analyses present and future
value, DSS etc

Chapter 7 Enterprise Business System

What is CRM

Application Clusters in CRM:

 Sales- Cross Sell and Upsell

 Marketing and Fulfilment
 Customer Service and Support
 Contact and account Management
 Retention and Loyalty Programs

Three Phases of CRM

 Acquire
 Enhance
 Retain

Benefits and Challenges of CRM

CRM Failures

Trends in CRM
Operational CRM

 Collabpatrive CRM
 Portal Based CRM
 Analytical CRM
 Social CRM

Enterprise Resource Planning

Major Application Components of Entriprise Resource Planning

 Customer Planning
 Production Planning
 Integrated Logistics
 Sales Distribution Order Management
 Human Resource
 Accounting and Finance

Benefits and Challenges of ERP

Quality and Efficiency

Decreased Costs

Decision Support

Enterprise Agility

Costs of ERP

Cause of ERP

Supply Chain Management

Role of SCM

Beneifts and Challenges of SCM

Business Value Goals

Objectives of SCM
Trends in SCM

Stages in use of SCM:

Current Supply Chain Improvemnet

Chapter 8

1. Scope of E commerce
2. Categories of E Commerce
 Business to Consumer b2C
 C2C
 B2B
3. Essential E Commerce Processes
 Access Control and Security
 Profiling and Personlaiing
 Search management
 IContent and Catalog Management
 Work Flow ManagementEvent Notification
 Collaboration and Trading
 Electornic Payment Processes Web Payment Processes

4. B2C
5. E Commerce Success Factors
 Selection Value
 Performance and Service
 Look and Feel
 Advertisement and Incentives
 Personal Attention
  Community Relationships
 Security and Reliability
 Great Customer Communications

5 Web Store Requires

 Build
 Market
 Serve
 Transact
 Support
 Manage
 Operate
 Protect

B2B E commernce

6. E Commerce Market places

 One to Many
 Many to Many
 Some to Many
 May to Some
 Many to Many

7. Clicks and Bricks

8. E Commerce INTEGRATION
9. E COMMERCE Channel Choices