Grammar Reference UNIT 1 Auxiliary verbs Introduction ‘There are thee classes of verbs in English 1 The auxiliary verbs do, be and have “These are used to form tenses, and to show forms such as questions and negative. They are dealt with inthis unt. 2 Modal auxiliary verbs ‘These are verbs such as must, can, should, might wil, and would, They are auxiliary verbs because they help’ other verbs, but unlike do, be and have, they have their vn meanings. For example, ca expresses ability, and must expresses obigation. (See Unis 4, 8, and 9) 3 ull verbs ~ These are all the other verbs in the language, for example play, run, Ielp, think, want, go, ee Remember thatthe verbs do, Be and have can also be used as full ‘orbs with their own meanings do my washing on Satay. ‘She does a lot of busines tthe Far East. Tvantt0 be a teacher We are in class at the moment. ‘They were at home yesterday. He has alos of problems They have three children. What do you do? = What's your job? (The fist do isan auxiliary the second is «full ver) Auxiliary verbs and tenses ‘When be and fave ae used as auxiliary verbs, they make different verb forms be 1 Be with verb + -ing i used to make continuous verb forms, ‘He's washing his hair (Present Continuous) They were going to work, (Past Continuous) ve been learning English fo two years. Present Perfect Continuous) Ta lke tobe lying on the beach right now. (Continuous infinitive) Continuous verb forms describe activites in progress and temporary 2. Be withthe past participle ed ete) is used to form the passive Paper is made from wood. (Present Simple Passive) ‘My car was stolen yesterday. (Past Simple Passive) The house has been redecorated. (Present Perfect Passive) This homework needs to Be done tonight (Passive infinitive) “There isn introduction to the passive on page Idd. dave ‘ave withthe past participle is used to make perfer verb forms He has worked in seven diferent countries. (Present Peres) ‘She was erying because she had had some bai news. (Past Perfect) Ti tke to have met Napoleon. (Perfect infinitive) Perfect means ‘before’, so Present Perfect means ‘before now’. (See Units 7 and 10), Past Perfect means “before atime in the past’. (Soe Unit 3) 142 Grammar Reference Auxiliary verbs and negatives To make a negative, add to the auxiliary verb. I there is no auxiliary verb, use don'ldoes did Negative He's working. He isn't working Tivas thinking. Twas’ thinking We've seen the ploy ‘She works ina bank They like skiing. He went om holiday: We havens seen she play. ‘She doesn't work ina bank, They don' like skiing He didn't go on holiday. [Note the following points. ~ Weccan' say-*hameworking. We have to say Im not working = Ieis possible o contract the auxiliaries be and have and use the ‘uncontracted nor. He's mot playing roday. (= He iat playing today.) We're mot going to ray afterall. (= We arent going to Waly...) ve not read the book yet. (= U havent read the book yet.) ‘Auxiliary verbs and questions 1 To makea question, invert the subject and the auxiliary verb. If there is no auxiliary verb, use doldoesdid Question What is she wearing? Wi aren’ you working? Has Peter heen to China? Where were you born? She's wearing jeans You aren’ working Peter's been 10 Chi, You were bort in Paris know you DoT know you? He wants an ice-cream, What does he want? They dit go owt. Why dida’t they go out? 2 Question tags are very common in spoken English. (See Unit 11) Hts a lovely day, ant it? You've never tried curr: have you? You love learning English, dan't you? 3. There is usually no doldoesldd in subject questions. Who wants an ice-cream? What happened to your eye? Who broke she window? ‘Compare the questions above to the following: What flavour ice-cream do you want? What did you do to you eye? Hove did yous break the window? Auxiliary verbs and short answers 1 Short answers are very common in spoken English. Ifyou just say Yes or No, itean sound rude. We use short answers afte ‘yelno' questions and also in reply to ‘To make a short answer, repeat the auxiliary verb. If there is no auxiliary verb, use doldoeslid. Short answer Are you coming with ws? Yes, Lam. “Have you had breakfast? No, F haven't Isa lovely day! Kate likes walking Yes: ii, ie i? No, she doesn’. She hates i Dist you go out last might? Yes, me di ‘Mary did't phone. Yes she did: You were out Don't forget to write No, Fwon't Can you cook? Yes, Fan2 We often use a short question to reply to something someone has said. In this way, we use the short question to express our interest, concern, surprise or whatever emotion we feel, We are not asking & question Reply question Did you, dear? Hare you? Thank you. Is hed How interesting! Do you? I can't stand i Tovent shopping today. Tre bought you a present. Davie’ going to Berlin love classical muse Auxiliary verbs and emphasis ‘Special emphasis can be put on an auxiliary verb when we speak. This can give more emotional force to the whole sentence, or it can express a contrast, for example, between true or false. If there is no ausiiary, use dofdoestaid. The house isso tidy! You have been working han Monn! That was delicious 1 do lke your cooking! 1 time you cleaned your room ‘Thave cleaned my room. “Why dd’ you ring me lastnight?" ‘Tdi rng, but you were out have/have got There are two forms of the verb have: have asa fll verb with dfdoesdid for questions, negatives and short answers, and have got ‘where hav is an auxiliary. Thase thre sisters, Does she have any children? Tden’t have any meetings today, Do fish have ings?” ‘Have fish gor haves?” "Yes they do” "Tes they have ‘Have and have got ean mean the same. Note the following points: ‘Have go is more informal, and spoken, When we write, we normally use hae. = We cannot use have gor to talk about a habit The got a meeting this afternoon Talvays have a meeting on Monday afternoon. (habit) = For the past, we use forms of have only with didldihit, NOT "hast ot Thad a headache yesterday, Did you have any pets asa child? Mid‘ have any money when Twas a student ve got thee sisters Has she got any children? Thaven't got any meetings today UNIT 2 enc an EERE Present states and actions Present Simple ‘The Present Simple is one of the most common tenses in English. It can refer to the present (now), but it can also refer to al ne and regular time (permanent situations and habits). Twant a cup of ta. = now The sun rises in the eas. = alltime Iplay tennis on Sunday mornings = regular time * Form Positive and negative tae | We | work You | don't work They Question works doesn't work + Use ‘The Present Simple is used: 1 toexpress an aetion that happens again and again, that i, « habit. go to work by car ‘She smokes ten cigarettes a da I wash my hair tice week 2 to express fact which is always true Rolf eames from German ‘Some bids fy south in winter My daughter kas brown exes 3. toexpress a fact which stays the same for a fong time (a state), ‘He works in a hank. ive ina flat near the centre of town I prefer coffee to tea Adverbs of frequency 1 We often use adverbs of frequency with the Present Simple, % so, —__________ soy IY nototen comets ten aunty loys 2 ‘They go before the main verb, but aftr the verb tobe Tsually 0 10 bed a 11.0. don't often go swinwning She never eats meat early see Peter these days, Hee ts never ate for school am usually ina hury in the morning. 3. Sometimes and usualy can also come atthe beginning othe end Sometimes we play cards We play ears sometimes. imal 1 sig with frends 149 soping wt ens sally. 4 Never, alnays, rarely, and seldom eanmot move in tis way. NOT "Never! go-to the-sneeni, "*Abwayo- have tet the morning 5. Everyday, ete. goes atthe end He phones me every night Spelling of verb + -s 1 The normal rule isto adds to the base form of the verb wants eats helps drives 2 Adds to verbs that end ins, -sh chy =x, and -0. kisses washes watches fixes gues 3. Verbs that end in a consonant + y change to es carries flies worries tries But verbs which end in a vowel + y only add. hos says plays enjoys Present Continuous Form Positive and negative Question am | 1 1 she He is | he She wat ® | doing? Es we We ere | you You they They Grammar Reference 143= Use “The Present Continuous is used: socupress an activity that i happening now. Dowttrurn the TV off Pm watching it You can’ speak 0 Jane, She's having a bath ‘© capress an activity or situation that is true now, but is not ‘secessarily happening at the moment of speaking. Dowis rake tat book. Jane's reading it ‘Pam doing a French evening conse this yen. 5 sp expressa temporary activity ‘Poser tsa student, bur he's working as a barman daring the holidays. Pox Bring with friends wil 1 find place of my own. | socapress a planned future arrangement ‘Pax baring lich with Glenna tomorrow. ere meeting at 1.00 outside the restaurant ‘Spelling of verb + -ing 4 The normal rule is to add ~ing tothe base form of the verb, goanz wearing visiting eating > Verbs that end in one - lose the -e. smoking coming hoping writing But verbs that end in -ce don't lose an. aprecing seeing ln verbs of one syllable, with one vowel and one consonant, the consonant is double. sopping getting But ifthe final consonant i -y or = plssing showing Nete tio tying State verbs 1 There are certain groups of verbs that are ‘Present Simple. This is because their meanings ae related to states ‘conditions which ate facts and not uctvities. Tis isa feature of the use of the Present Simple. The groups of verbs are: ‘Yerbs of thinking and opinions believe think understand suppose expect scree doubt know remember forget sean imagine realize deserve prefer Thebicve you ‘Do you understand? ‘know his face, but I forget his name. \Yerbs of emotions and fecing [Ske love hate care hope wish want admit [ike black coffee Do you want 10 g0 out? Ion care ‘Verbs of having and being belong own have possess contain cost seem appear faced depend on weigh come from resemble This book belongs 10 Jane Leadbetter Bowe much does it cot? Fiehas alot of mones. ‘Verbs of the senses Jook hear taste smell fel ‘The fod smells 00d ruming planning jogging is not doubled Grammar Reference When the subject isa person, we often use can. Can you see tha bina? Can you smell something burning? Team hear someone crying 2. Some of these verbs can be used in the Present Continuous, but with 1 change of meaning. Inthe Continuous, the verb expresses an activity, nota stat. 1 think you're right = opinion) We've thinking of going to the cinema, (= mental activity) He has alot of money. = (possession) ‘She's having « bath. = (activity) see has you mean. (= understand) Are you seeing Nigel tomorron? = (activity) The soup tastes av (= state) Pm tasting the soup to see if i needs sat, (= etvity) The passive Introduction to the passive ‘The passive is dealt with in Units 1,2, Intermediate and 7 of New Headway * Form ‘The tense ofthe verb fo be changes to give diferent tenses in the passive, This is followed by the past participle, mended, Notice the pasive infinitive. Ta love 10 be inte to ther party, This homework mus be done by tomorrow. © Use I Passive sentences move the focus from the subject to the object of active sentences. Shakespeare wrote Hamlet in 1398. Hale, one of the great dramatic tragedies, was written by ‘Shakespeare “The passive is not another way of expressing the same sentence in the active We choose the active othe passive depending on what we are ‘more interested in. Inthe ist sentence, we are more interested in Shakespeare; in the second sentence, Handler bas moved to the beginning ofthe sentence because we are mote interested inthe play. 2 Very often by and the agent are omitted in passive sentences, This might be because: ~ the agent is not known. My flat was burgled lastnight the agent is not important This bridge ws bail in 188. we understand who the agent i, 1 was fined £100 for speeding 3. The passive is associated with an impersonal, formal syle. It is often used in notices and announcements. Customers are requested to refrain from smoking I has been noted that reference books have been removed from the brary4 Informal language, we often use you, we, and they to refer to people in general or fo no person in particular. In this way we ean avoid using the passive, They re building «new department store inthe city centre You can buy staps in lots of shops, not just post offices Wie speak English in this shop The same meaning is expressed informal language using oe. (One should diess fo suit the occasion Be careful! Many past purticiples are used more like adjetives Tn very interested in modern art Tas suprised by her behaviour We were very worried about you. Aren't you Bored by the news? To exhausted! I've been working all day Present Simple and Continuous passive "The wee the ue in he pastive as nthe act My cars sce gtr abi) Comptes reed al eres of fe and work (at hich lays Soy ob he mes. Te isi big eds a the moment city happening nv) UNIT 3 Past tenses Look at the diagram. When Sylvia arrived home at 8.0 last night 5.00 6.00 pm 7) coke she meal sem Ti seas cooking the meal Tim had cooked the meal The form of the Past Simple isthe same for all persons Positive You finishes Hershen | arives | Yesterday, We Tet ree weeks ag They Negative 1 finish ‘She Fe Seu | sist | ave yesterday. (ee) | Question you ho | finish? P| they | enjoy the meal? | tote + Use The Past Simple is use 1 toexpress a finished action in the past. We met in 1987 I went 10 Manchester last week John left 20 minutes age 2 to express actions whieh follow each other in a story Mary walked nto he room and stopped. She fstened carefully: She heard a noise coming from behind the curcain, She threw the curtain ‘pen, and then she saw 3. toexpressa past situation or habit. When Twas a child, we lived in a small house by the sea. Every day 1 walked for miles on the beach with my doe This use is often expressed with ws to, We used to ie in a small house .. Fused 10 walk miles Past Simple and time expressions Look at the time expressions that are common with the Past Simple. lastnight two days ago. yesterdey morning, jn 1990, hon I v9e young, tei it Spelling of verb + -ed 1. The normal rue isto add -ed to the base form of the verb. worked wanted helped washed ‘When the verb ends in ~, just ad ~< Iiked used hated cared 3. I'the verb has only one syllable, with one written vowel + one ‘written consonant, the consonant is doubled. stopped planned robbed — tinned But we write cooked, seared and moaned because there are two vores 4. The consonant is not doubled if itis y oF w played showed 5 In most two-syllable verbs the end consonant is doubled ifthe stress is on the second syllable. pre'forred admitted ‘But we write ‘entered and ‘visited because the stess i on the frst syllabi. The exception is the final consonant) as in travelled in British English, (In American English the spelling is traveled ) 6 Verbs that end in a consonant +p change to ed ried buried carried But we write enjoyed, because it ends ina vowel + Past Continuous © Form Positive and negative Question was | Roe working. What | doing? were | you they Grammar Reference 145+ Uso ‘We often use the Past Continuous in sentences together with the Past Simple. When this happens, the Past Continuous refers to longer, Shackground? tivities, whilst the Past Simple refers to shorter actions ‘that happened in the middle of the longer ones. When woke up this morning ‘This morning ‘the birds were singing ad he son was shining, “The Past Continuous is used 1. to express an activity in progress before, and probably after a particular time in the past. T walked past your house lastnight. There was an anf lot of woe What were you doing? 17.00 this morning. Iwas having breakfast. 2. to describe a situation or activity during a period in the past. Jan looked lovely She was wearing « green cotton dress. Her eyes were ‘ining inthe light of the candles that were burning nearby: to express an interrupted past activi When the phone rang, Iwas having a bath, We were playing tennis when it started to rain 4 to express an incomplete activity inthe past in order to contrast with the Past Simple which expresses a completed activity. Twas reading a book during the flight (did't finish it) watched afl during the fight. (Une whole film) 5. The Past Simple is usually used to express a repeated past habit or T went out with Jack for years But the Past Continuous can be used if the repeated habit becomes longer ‘setting’ for something Twas going ont with Jack when [fist met Harr: Past Simple versus Past Continuous 1 The Past Simple expresses past actions as simple fats, The Past Continuous gives past setvities time and duration, ‘Compare the following pairs of sentences: A. [did't see you the pub lass nigh B No, Fstayed at home and watched the football ‘A. Trang you lastnight, but there was no rep B Sorry. Twas watching the football [did hea the phone The questions refer to diflerent time periods: the Past Continuous asks about activities before the Past Simple asks about what happened after When the war Broke out, Peter was studying medicine at university: He decided tha it was safer 10 go home to his parents and postpone his ‘tui What was Peter doing when the war broke out? — He was studying What did Peer do when the war broke out? He went home 10, his parents 148. Grammar Reference Past Perfect Perfoct means ‘completed betore, so Past Perfect refers to an action in the past which was completed before another action inthe past * Form “The form of the Past Perfect is the same for all persons. Positive and negative 1 | You | had | seen him before. we | hadn't | finished work at 6.00. (ee) | Question the ' Where haa | 58, | boon before (ee) * Use |The Past Perfect is used to look back to a time in the past and refer to.an action that happened before then, Past Now When 1 got home, found that someone had broken nso my flat and Ia stolen my stereo 1 dis want t0 go tothe cinema with the others because 1 sen the ifm before 2 Notice the difference between the following sentences: When I got to the party, Peter went home. (© After I arrived, Peter left) When T got to the party, Peter had gone home ( Before I artved, Peter left.) Past tenses in the passive “The uses are the same in the passive asin the active The bridge was built 1876. (Past Simple ~ finished setion in the past) The bom was being defused when it exploded. (Past Continuous — interrupted past activity) The lerter Iwas wating for did’ arvive beeause it had been sent to my old address. (Past Periect ~ one action before another action in the past) UNIT 4 Modal verbs (1) Introduction to modal verbs “The modal verbs are can, could, may, might, must, will, would, shall, should, ought. They are known as modal auxiliary verbs because they “help' another verb. (See also Unis 1,5,8,9) ean si Do vot think should go?Expressing obligs Form ‘There is 20 sin the titd person singular ‘She cam ski, He must be tired. It might rain There is no doldoes inthe question, ‘Shall we go for a wale? — Can Felp you? ‘There is no dow'tfdoest in the negative. He cant dance I won't be a minute You mustn't steal? ‘Modal auxiliary verbs don't usually have past forms. Other ‘expressions are used instead. Thad to work hard a school Could s used with past meaning in some cases. Compare the following sentences L could sim when I was sx. (= general ability) The prisoner was able rofmanaged to escape by climbing onto the roof of the prison. (NOT *eould escape) (= abilty/performance on one ‘ccasion) ‘They have no infinitives and no -ing forms. Other expressions are used instead, Ta love to beable 10 ki Thre having t0 getup on cold, winter mornings. ‘They ae followed by an infinitive without ¢o, The exception is ought to Younust go. FUhelp you You ought to see a doctor. They can be used with perfect infinitves to talk about the past. You should have told me that you can't swine You might have drowned! What shoutd 1 do? Use Each modal verb as at least two meanings. One use of all of them is to express possibility or probability. must post this letrer! (= obligation) You must be tired! (= deduction, probability) Contd you help me? (= request) We eould go 10 Spain for our holidays. (= possibility) May Igo home now? (= permission) “Where's Ama?’ ‘Tm not sure She may be at work (= possibility) Modal verbs express our attitudes, opinions and judgements of events. Compare the dialogues. Who's thas knocking on the door?” “Ws John (This sa feet) Who's that knocking on the door? ‘1 couldimaymightimustshoutdcan'¥'I be Jol, (These all express our attitude or opinion.) Have 10, must, and should are used to express obligation. Form Positive and negative You | haves | We | don'thaveto They work hars, He | haeto She | dovsn't have to Question roy Do | you | have to work hard? fete) ‘Must and should are modal verbs. See the Introduction to modal verbs. Positive and negative 1 must You) mustne " They | shoud | 49that {ete} | shouldnt [Note the following points: 1 Mase 1 ..?s possible, but question forms with have to are more Bo Ihave to do what you say or ea Bd what want? 2 Should 1 isheive ..? 8 possible. We often use Da you think... Should U0 to eat less? ‘Do you think I should see a doctor? 3. Have to as al the forms that muse doesn't have Thad to work wil midnight last night, Past) You'l have to study har when you go to wnversity. (Futuee) ‘She's a millionaire. She's never had to do any work. (Present Perfect) ‘hate having to getup on col, winter mornings (ing form) IF you were a policeman, you woud have o wear a uniform Gitintive) + Use 1 Mase and have to both express strong obligation, ‘Mast is used to express an obligation that involves the speaker's opinion. Ie is personal must get my haircut. (This smo talking to me.) You must do this homework careful, (A teacher talking to students) Must is also associated with a formal, written style Candidates must write in ink an answer four questions (Insteuctions fon an exam paper) ‘Books must be returned on or before the due dave. (Instructions in & library) 2 Have 1 expresses general obligation based on & law or rule, of based on the authority of another person. ILis more objective. ean‘ play tennis tomorrow. T have to goto the dentist. (Vhave an appointment.) Children have 0 g0 to school until they are sixteen. (A law) ‘Mua says you have to dy your room before you go out. (Mother's order!) Must and have fo are sometimes interchangeable J must be home by midnight. T have to be home by midnight But, fave ois used more often than must, If you ate unsure which to use its probably safer to use hare 1, 3. Be carefull The negatives mustn't and dow’ have to are completely different ‘Musov' expresses negative obligation ~ its very important not to do something. Don't have to expresses the absence of obligation — you can if you want to but it isn't neoessary You must’ steal other people's things, I's wrong, You mustn't drive if you've been drinking. You could kill someone! ‘Some people ivn their soeks, but you dom’ have to. think it's When you go into @ shop, you don't have to buy something. You can “ust look 4 Have g01 tos also common in British English but itis more informal than have to ve got to 0 now: See you Don't g0 to ed tate, We've got to get up early tomorrox: ‘Go and tidy your room.’ "Have I gor 10 Yes, you have!5 Should snd oughe fo express mild obligation, or advice. They both 3. Shall..?is used in questions with the frst person, and we. Tt txpres hain spre opaon se Sakon br ingore aie san tei pen 2m a ‘Sha cary yo bg yh ery tia Thnk yo Toe ce alge for mong Ti psn open ‘Shales orate ig” “his Ht aaa ne Sad Wak pa Wha hl we We hav oy oes We cod ak at Tino sha’ ep i present ut ju oe yout lit lie te Yount soe oki ib be oro eee Seeareeeieee Whar heat gh Can mayan aloe ar we exes persion, Can 2 Talc barou i so cot kr hg nom UNITS Mas omatioae erate hema tn Future forms i eee mr on Fo ‘Theres no fcr tenn Eglin therein many Eopean ieaepes Woon Rak et ect ga ebeecee ir Hieiing roqees ttre Tso cet lao he Ps Co 1 Tir uy way of malig Engl Tse ote 7 We're going t0 see a film tonight. Do you want to come? = Pinsent dato mone cae weal you| help me, please? ‘The difference between them is not about near or distant future, or wi, 7") pase sa sat ssc Tea cheers mesa Spon oa cr rcnepedirtager eg evel mn bn oo! ou min bn pls? Semler eee toe ae one eres = Foun Could ' sk you a question? For Do you mind if open the window? Positive and negative Would you mind | opened the window? ' 1 Ho won't Can, could, will, and would are all modal verbs, Foran introduction They help you. to modal verbs, se page 46 From not watch the football tonight. 2 Could is (a ttle) more formal: can is (alte) more familiar, She'iShe isn't | going to Could £...? and Could you .. are very useful because they can be __We'rehve arent used in many dilerent situations. From not ee eee, emmy Hose isn't catching the 10.00 train aa oe eee You'reiYou aron' A. Excuse me! Could you help me? B Swe OF course. conte Well 'm afraid Tm a bit busy at the moment will you : A. Would you mind if 1 opened the window? What ime | are you going to aes eBU Natrecet al ‘are you meeting the manager? No, that’s fine a 2 e Well, Lm raherta tte chil, actualy: Note that we avoid saying going so come or going to go. Making offers Were coming omar 1 Wand shail reused to express offers. They are both modal verbs, He are 7 goin home opereeneesier erin use Come over after work. I'll make a meal for you. wa ‘In many languages, this idea is often expressed by a present tense, ‘Thase flowers won't grow under the tree. It's too dark. Yow be sik if you etal those sweets! ‘Will for & préliction can be based more on an opinion than a fact, [think Laura will do very well in her exams. She works hard. ara convinced thas inflaion wil allo 3 per cent next Year NOT *4give you-my number NOT *1caty-yourssitease Other uses of will are dealt with in Unit 5 148 Grammar Reference a clgoing t0 Going to can also express a prediction, especially when itis based on. ‘a present fact. There i evidence now that something is certain 0 happen. ‘Se’ going to have baby: (We can see she’s pregnant.) ‘Liverpool are going to win the match (I's fous nil, and there's only five minutes left.) 11 isn't going 10 rain today: (Look at that lovely blue sky.) Sometimes there is no difference between will and going to sell in ‘the covntry with ts stupid This sovenment ec orale | econo ple 2 Decisions and intentions (ill and going to) Willis also used as & modal auxiliary verb to express a decision, intention or offer made at the moment of speaking. We st this use in Unit 4 (See page 148) TWhave the steak. please TU see you tomorovs. Bye! Gire me ring some time. We'l go ont for a drink. “Jeff, there's someone at the door!” ‘OK, 10 get it Remember that you can’t use the present tense for this use, NOT *Hhavethe seals Tyee porto Going ois used to express a future plan, decision or intention, made before the moment of speaking. When 1 grow up, Pm going t0 be a doctor Jane and Peter are going to get married after they've graduated We're going to paint this rom blue 43 Arrangements (Present Continuous) ‘The Present Continuous can be used to express future arrangement between peopl. It usually refers to the near future. ‘We're going owt with Jeremy tonight. Pm having 93 haircut tomorrow What are we having for hunch? ‘Think of the things you might put in your diary to remind you of ‘what you are doing over the next few days and weeks. These are the kinds of events that are often expressed by the Present Continuous forthe future. The verbs express some kind of activity or movement. Tim meeting Peter tonight. The Taylors are coming fr dinner Pm seeing the doctor ithe morning, Were going to. party on Saturday night. Were catching the 10.00 tain, Remember, that you can't use the present tense for this use NOT Fmoet Petertonight: sce the doctor the morning: *What-de-yourdo thirevening? Sometimes there is no difference between an agreed arrangement (Present Continuous) and an intention (going 1). Te MEE married inthe We're gening ane UNIT 6 Ser like 1 Be careful not to confuse like as a verb and like asa preposition Like as a verb has a person as subject ike modern art. 1 don ike the way he looks of me. Do you tke fish? Would you tke a drink? Like as preposition has an abject after it ‘She's wearing a hat lke mine ‘He's noing like his farher. That sounds tke the postman. You're behaving lke children This new girlfriend of his — whar’s she like? 2 What's London lle? isa very general question. It means “Describe London to me because | doa't know anything about i’, or ‘What are ‘our impressions of London compared to other cities”, The answer fan bea description or a comparison. 1 quite big, and it's very intresting (= description) {slike New York, but without the tall buildings (= compatison) ‘Be careful not to confuse a description and a comparison, What's Peter like? (asks fora description) He's tall and good-looking. NOT "Heike ta8bor- 3 What. lke? asks about the permanent nature of peopfe and things War's your mosher tke? What's the health system kein your country? 4 How ..?'s used to ask about the present condition of something that ean change How's work these days? How was your journey? ‘How asthe traffic this morning? To ask about the weather, we can use both questions What's the weather like How's the weather 5. Hove...” also used to ask about people's health and happiness. ‘Compare the following. How's Peter? He's fe What's Peter tke? He's a nice guy. Quiet but fam: He's quite tal, has dark hair 6 How ...?is also used to ask about people's reactions nd feelings, How was the party? How's your meal? How's your neve job? where you are? Sometimes we ean use What lke? or How-..2, but they aren't the ‘same. What... ike? asks for an objective description, How ..? asks Tor personal feelings. How's the party? Ws great! What's the party lke? Irs very nots, hu there’ lots to eat and drink Verb + -ing or infinitive? See Appendix 2 on page 188 for ist of verb puters Relative clauses | Relative clauses are used to tellus which person or thing we are talking about. ft makes it possible to give more information about the person or thing being spoken about “The boy has gone into hospital (Vick boy?) ‘The boy who lives next door has gone nto hospital “The book is very good.” (Which book?) "The book that I bought yesterday is very good: “This is a photo of the hotel.” (Which hotel) ‘This sa photo of the hotel where we stayed: Grammar Reference 149