Proc.
of the 1st International Conference on Electrical, Communication and Computer Engineering (ICECCE)
A Bidirectional Wireless Power Transfer for
Electric Vehicle Charging in V2G System
Diyan Ahmad, Syed Zulqadar Hassan∗ , Amir Zahoor
Department of Electrical Engineering
National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences
Chiniot-Faisalabad Campus, 35400 Chiniot, Pakistan
{f180874, amir.zahoor}@nu.edu.pk
Tasawar Murtaza, Abdullah Irfan, Ali Abbas
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences
Chiniot-Faisalabad Campus, 35400 Chiniot, Pakistan
{f180861, f180868, f180851}@nu.edu.pk
Abstract—Wireless Power Transfer is a innovative technology
in which power is transferred without physical contact. As techni-
cal knowledge is proceeding, the most of wired technology is also
converting into wireless technology through different techniques.
Electric Vehicles and plug-in hybrids may be fresh and feasible
but it does not enough if it is forgetting to plug in power source
the night before. Electric Vehicle will automatically charge when
it will park in the special parking space where transmitter circuit
has already been developed, when an electric vehicle park on that
place, charging will start automatically. A preceding review of few
methods for wireless charging discover that Inductively Coupled
Power Transfer System (ICPT) is a advantageous method for
wireless charging of EVs(Electric Vehicles). This paper presents
a Bidirectional IPT(Inductively Coupled Power Transfer) system
which is appropriate for Vehicle to Grid (V2G) systems. For EV
charging A bidirectional WPT is a stable dynamic and effective
system. Wireless power techniques falls into two categories, non-
radiative and radiative. This research follows the non-radiative
field using magnetic inductive coupling between coils of wire.
In this project mutual inductance technique is used for wireless
charging for transferring voltage (12 V) for charging of that
battery at a considerable distance of 30 cm between two coils.
This paper will also enhance the feasibility, reliability and
efficiency of the system.
Index Terms—Keywords- Electric vehicles, Inductively Cou-
pled Power Transfer, Wireless power transfer, Vehicle to Grid.
I. I NTRODUCTION
IRELESS power transfer is a common term that in-
W troduce to a number of various technical knowledge
for transfer of energy by mode of electromagnetic fields. The
WPT rely on ICPT technology can transmit electrical energy
to the power sources to the load without any wire between
two sides which is effective in terms of flexibility, accuracy
and safety. WPT is a technology in which power transferred
without any wire by using method of magnetic coupling,
and therefore to make WPT technology generally used in
∗ Corresponding Author: Email: zulqadar.hassan@nu.edu.pk
978-1-7281-3825-1/19/$31.00 © 2019 IEEE
24-25 July 2019, Swat, Pakistan
Tariq Kamal
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Sakarya University, Faculty of Engineering, 54050
Serdivan/Sakarya, Turkey
tariq.kamal.pk@ieee.org
Muhammad Abbas Khan
Department of Electrical Engineering
Balochistan University of Information Technology
& Engineering Management Sciences, Airport Road Baleli
87650 Quetta, Balochistan, Pakistan
engineerabbaskhan111@gmail.com
industrialized and everyday applications the transfer distance
should be long [1]. Due to increase in cost of petroleum and
also charging through wire causes losses of power dissipation
and also health hazards might cause electric shock. That’s
why WPT is more efficient in different aspects. To understand
active charging in some applications, e.g., Electric Vehicles
(EVs), for these applications the factor of high-power transfer
is used in WPT system. The main focus for current research
is low cost, simplicity and reliability for charging of Electric
vehicles [2].
IPT is a technique in which power is transferred with no
physical contact. IPT technology transfer power wirelessly
through inductive coupling which offers safety, low cost,
simplicity and reliability. According to literature, In past many
IPT systems used different circuit topologies implemented
for EV. However, this system cannot be applicable for V2G
applications which require bi-directional power transfer for
charging EV. According to Literature, A bidirectional IPT
system has been proposed [3]. A bidirectional WPT system is
a dynamic and effective system for electric vehicle charging
[4]. The technology at the back of WPT for EV is placed on
the significant proposition that “A time varying magnetic field
induces a voltage in a loop of conductor proportional to the
rate of change of flux enclosed by the loop. This is the same
principal on which transformer operates; however, in this case
the two sides of the transformer (primary and secondary) are
separated from each other with one side on the ground and
the other onto the underside of the vehicle”. Based on above
analysis this paper will design bidirectional wireless inductive
power transfer system for EV charging [5].
The MIT researcher designed the system which glow the 60
W light bulb wirelessly from 60 cm distance efficiency of 45
% with the help of two 5 turns copper coils. Both coils will
resonate at 9.9 MHz frequency oriented towards same axis.
One wire connected to light bulb other connected inductively
to the power source [6]. In [7], to overcome magnetic losses
it is preferred to use wireless power distribution with capac-
itive coupling for inexact connections. To increase provided
power in this paper new wireless power distribution by us-
ing capacitive coupling excited by multi-stage switch mode
excited power. In [8] to make realize wireless power supply
to Micro Aerial Vehicle. A microwave power beaming de-
signed. Designed system contains transmitting, receiving and
tracking system. Frequency of 5.8 MHZ designed microwave
beam emitted from active antenna in the transmitting system.
Power which is transmitted wirelessly was 4 W and angle
of divergence was 9°. A sophisticated way to used laser to
supply varying power multimode wireless sensor networks is Fig. 1. The overview of magnetic resonance system
discussed in [9]. In wireless sensor network laser is changed to
a spatial light field with discrete continuous phosphor elements
changes its wire length of solar cell. Couple of scientists B. Capacitive coupling power transmission
tried in the past to transfer power wirelessly some of them Capacitive coupling is the transfer of electrical power by
which are a very famous Nikola tesla by pursuing the work dielectric. For transferring power capacitance is formed by
Henrich hertz who purposed the distance of electromagnetic two electrodes cathode and anode. Power is transmitted in
radiation during his experiment. Tesla discussed his various the form of electric fields between metal plates. By charging
experimental setups WPT in medical application by using plates with high voltage AC source electric field is created. An
high frequency oscillator [10]. “A group of physicists from AC voltage produced by transmitter is transfer to transmitting
the Massachusetts Institute of Technology caught the world’s plate and by electrostatic induction an AC voltage generated
attention by powering a 60 W of light bulb suspended in space, on receiver plate which induce AC current in load [15]. Figure
2 m away from the transmitting coil” [11]. 2 shows the working of capacitive coupling.
This paper is categorized as follows. Section II describes
WPT and different methods of WPT. In Section III, Method-
ology of RIPT System is explained. Section IV elaborates
operating modes. Then Section V describes Designing of a
coil. Section VI describes experimentation. Section VII tells us
about the results. Finally conclusions are drawn in last section
VIII.

II. W IRELESS P OWER T RANSMISSION

The first attempt for wireless power transmission is reg-
istered for the experiments of Heinrich Hertz, by parabolic
reflectors he transmitted high frequency power [12] Nikola
Tesla suggested the concept of wireless power more broadly
in 18th century and 19th century. By using magnetic res- Fig. 2. Capacitive Coupling
onance systems, he transmitted electrical power. Tesla also
designed a demonstration of wireless energy transfer that is
C. Microwave Power Transmission
called the "Electrostatic Method" or Capacitive Coupling [13].
S = D2/4λ Where D is the antenna’s length or diameter The first in WPT technology William C Brown has per-
and λ is the wavelength. Magnetic and electrostatic coupling formed and shown that how power can be transferred by
are near field and microwave and laser methods are far field microwaves. The block diagram in Figure 3 shows WPT
method [14]. concept of Microwave Power Transmission below:

A. Magnetic Resonance
In WPT by resonance method we have two coils each coil
is coupled with a capacitor and meanwhile they have mutual
inductance effect, behave like a transmitter and receiver. One
coil is attached with supply and the other one is attached with
load. An Alternating flux with the same frequency exists by
AC current in transmitter coil. Alternating flux that is produced
by the transmitter coil and hence its frequency is same as the
resonant frequency of the receiver circuit. Figure 1 shows the
overview of magnetic resonance system. Fig. 3. Block Diagram
 There are two sections in block diagram one is transmitting
and other receiving. In transmission power is transferred in
the form of microwave the electronic control circuit control
the microwave power which is generate by microwave power
source. The waveguide circulator covers the supply from mir-
rored power that is attached to coax waveguide adaptor. Tuner
show opposition to the impedance between the microwave
source and transmitting antenna. The attenuated signals are
divided by the directional coupler that is based on the signal Fig. 5. (a) Series RLC circuit (b) Parallel RLC circuit
propagation direction. The transmitting antenna transfer power
to the receiving antenna through free space. Receiver of
antenna gets the power in microwave guide and transforms and power conversion from grid to load. Input AC power
this transmitted power into DC power. To maintain this output converted to DC and then by converter into high frequency AC
impedance circuit is filter and impedance matching which is power. AC current in primary side produce generates changing
equal to rectifying circuit. It consists of Scotty barriers diode magnetic field due to its high frequency which as a result
that transforms transmitted power into DC power. induces AC voltage on secondary side. High frequency AC
which is obtained rectified to charge batteries [16].
D. Laser power transmission
Laser power beaming is the WPT from one place to another
by the use of laser light. The general idea is the same as
solar power system in which the light rays fall on a PV cell
that convert solar energy into electrical energy but in LPB
a PV cell convert the laser light into energy.“Power can be
transmitted through air or space, or through optical fibers,
as communications signals are sent today, and it can be sent
potentially as far as the Moon”. The simplified view of laser
method is shown in Figure 4 below Fig. 6. General wireless power transfer block diagram

A. Quality factor and bandwidth

Currents and charges stored in RLC circuit inform of
electric and magnetic field. There is also loss of energy in
form of ohmic and radioactive losses. The quality factor, or
Q-factor, of a circuit with resonance frequency ω0 is defined
as
W stored electric and magnetic energy
Q = ω0 = 2π
P energy dessipated during one period
Fig. 4. The simplified view of the laser method (1)
where P is a resistive loses of power. W is net energy stored
III. M ETHODOLOGY by electric and magnetic field. A Q-factor value indicates how
much power will be store comparison to energy dissipated. For
This ICPT method consists of resonant coil primary side and the resonance frequency ω0 , the quality factor can be expressed
on their one is secondary side are paired. Primary resonator as
generally increases the primary coil current and at the same ω L 
time maximizes magnetic flux. It is principle if amount of 0
, Series Resonating Circuit
energy is placed in a capacitive load it will constitute a ring  R 
will from remote magnetic field. A very basic element for
 R 
Q= , P arallel Resonating Circit (2)
 
wireless energy transfer system is resonant circuit. A general  ω0 L 
 
circuit consists of R, L and C in parallel or series combination
as shown in Figure 5.
Frequency interval around energy oscillates in the electric The bandwidth of a resonant circuit is
circuits. Energy stored in the capacitive and magnetic energy
stored in inductor and energy dissipated in resistor. WPT BW = ω0 /Q (3)
system consists of magnetically coupled primary and sec-
ondary coils, AC DC rectifiers and inverters and compensation The equation stated that Q resonant and the frequency range
circuits. The diagram Figure 6 below describes components of resonant behavior of circuit is limited [17].
 IV. O PERATING MODES
A. Uni-Directional Mode (G2V)
In Figure 7 there is dc block which give the supply to
circuit. The value of voltage is 12 V DC which supplied
to High frequency inverter. As switch (1) normally closed
in start i.e. process of uni-direction and is attached with the
coil 1 compensator. Another switch (2) is connected here
which will be normally open in uni-direction. The coil one
started energized and start producing flux and this will induce
the flux in coil 2.Due to energizing of coil 2 the secondary
compensator start working and collecting power from the coil
2. The switch (5) which is attached with this compensator
is normally open in uni-direction. After this the switch (3)
is used which also normally closed in uni directions process. Fig. 8. Basic working principle of Bi-direction Wireless Power Transfer [18]
The voltage through the switch passed to rectifier section in
which the high frequency AC changes in DC. The DC output
is connecting with the battery and the battery start charging. • Compensator Design
The other switch is used their will remain normally open in The most important part is designing of coil. Three specifies
uni-direction. which should kept ion minds before designing the coil.
• Coil Material
• Coil Size Selection
• Winding type
• Magnetic sheet selection
The coil material is very essential. Pure copper wires are
used for winding. Copper wire size is also very essential. It
comprises the thickness of the wire, internal resistance, width
and Current carrying capacity etc. Select the 16 SWG wire on
demand as shown in Table I. For getting high efficiency use
Fig. 7. Basic working principle of Uni-direction Wireless Power Transfer
pure copper wire. Length of the coil that is used rely upon
your condition of voltage and current [19].
B. Bidirectional Mode (V2G)
In Figure 8 bi-directional mode there were very little TABLE I
C OPPER WIRE SWG CHARACTERISTICS
changes because to get voltage from the system some switches
had to be detached. First of all, turn off the Dc source and SWG Diameter(mm) Max. Amp. Ohm‘s/100m
make normally open position of switch (1) and switch (3). 13 2.34 012 0.53
14 2.03 9.3 0.67
Now normally closed the switch (4) So the voltage starts to 15 1.83 7.4 0.85
flow toward the high frequency inverter of other side which 16 1.63 5.9 1.07
is connected to switch (4). Normally closed the switch (2), 17 1.43 4.7 1.37
switch (5). Switch (5) is connected with the compensator.
Compensator start working and the voltage start flowing to Further wind the copper wire on aluminum sheet in order to
coil 2. Coil 2 start energizing and due to this magnetic flux is produce strong magnetic field to increase efficiency. Second
induced in coil 1. When the coil 1 energized it starts producing reason is that aluminum sheet can secure the coil from heat
voltage, these output voltages are faded to the compensator up also absorb heat and increases magnetic field strength [20].
by opening switch (2). So, in this way get the bi-directional Compensator plays a vital role. Compensator is very impor-
output. tant. There are many topologies which are used worldwide for
The bold arrows show bi-direction process and the thin wireless power compensator design and it depends upon your
arrows show the uni-direction process of resonant inductive requirement and need. According to requirement and demand
power transfer. there are four main types of topologies that are using across
V. D ESIGNING OF C OIL the globe shown in Figure 9.
On the basis of design there are three parameters which are • Series-Series Topology (SS)
the core of WPT and these are as • Series-Parallel Topology (SP)
• Parallel-Series Topology (PS)
• Coil Design
• Parallel-Parallel Topology (PP)
• Topology Selection
 Fig. 10. E-Type transformer core

Fig. 9. Compensator Topologies [21]

VI. E XPERIMENTATIONS
Experiments are very important and heart of any project.
In this the main problems that have been faced and design of
different parameters of project discussed.
A. Initial Experiments
As the wireless power work on the phenomena of trans-
former i.e. mutual induction. So approach is to do all the Fig. 11. Tesla coils
experimentations and use all the law of electromagnetic in-
duction.
Following are the experiments that have been done. VII. R ESULTS AND D ISCUSSION
• Working on core The result of project is mention below in form of Table II.
• Working on Tesla Coil The results in table are achieved at the distance of 30 cm.
B. Working on the Core TABLE II
So begin with working on core type model of transformer. O BSERVATIONS AND C ALCULATION
E-type core of transformer for the winding is choosed as Pin ALIGNMENT(%) Pout EFFICIENCY (%)
shown in Figure 10. By winding different number of turns 48 50 9.75 20
on both primary and secondary core then run experiments by 48 75 22 45
giving supply and making distance between the coils. Able to 48 100 39 81
achieve the voltage at the distance of 1 cm in air but did not
achieve targets. But when increase more distance then did not The output parameters at 100% Aligned coils are
get any voltage. Different experimentation has been done by Distance between the coils in air = 30 cm (Constant)
changing the number of turns of primary and secondary side Output Voltage = 13 V
and also changing the wire size and at last change the winding Output current = 3 A
type i.e. using paper winding, But every time only manage to Coil alignment is a key role in project in terms of efficiency
get voltage at the distance of 1 cm only. because if the coils are not properly aligned then they will not
resonate fully and the losses in WPT increase. Weak alignment
C. Working on Tesla Coil is effecting on output power. As see in first row of table II, 20
Then did experiment on Tesla coil as shown in Figure % efficiency get because the coils are 50 % aligned and have
11. Make a tesla coil with the copper wire having SWG 81 % efficiency when the coils are 100% aligned. Figure 12
(Standard Wire Gauge) 22. Make 80 turns on each primary and shows experimental setup.
secondary side of tesla coil and use a step-down transformer
for supply having 12 V AC. Note the values of parameters VIII. C ONCLUSIONS
by changing the distance between the transmitter and receiver In this paper research has been done on bidirectional
coil and see that by decreasing the distance get more amount wireless power in V2G system. There are different types
of voltage but unable to get current. Also when using VFD of methods for wireless transmission. For Electric vehicles
notice that by increasing the frequency the output voltage at Inductive power transfer is appropriate method. Different
secondary side is also increased but there are some other experiments have been done on Tesla coils and E transformer
problems. Below is the Figure 11 of our working on Tesla core. Both experiments gave different results. After doing these
coil. experiments final result has been concluded. 81% efficiency
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