ASSIGNMENT NO 1

4/27/2020 AERO 441

SUBMITTED BY :-
PLT OFF ZEESHAN
KHAN
PAKNO :-19228
COURSE 89(A) E.C

SUBMITTED TO :- WG CDR ALI JAVED

Introduction:-
Since the Wright brothers’ first flight in 1903, air transport has been constantly
growing and modernizing. Within a century, tremendous progress has been achieved
in aircraft design and flight operations, revolutionizing transport for people and goods
and making it a truly global industry. Aviation has always been strongly dependent
on economic and political factors and, despite experiencing crises, is now well
established throughout the world as an indispensable means of transport ensuring
global connectivity.
This paper has been compiled to provide a “Technology Watch” on developing
technologies. The topics covered are a selection of technologies which illustrate
some of the diverse areas covered by aircraft systems but are not intended to be an
exhaustive list of technologies. The paper identifies some key trends and areas of
focus which will be important in the aerospace sector to meet forecast market
opportunities.
Technological change has heavily affected aircraft performance improvements. The
introduction of the jet engine technology (incorporated in the Douglas DC-8 and
Boeing 707) in the 1950s, the introduction of the turbofan technology that extended
the aircraft range in the 1960s, and subsequently the emergence of wide-body
aircraft affected various aircraft performance indicators. As Mowery and Rosenberg
(1981) put it “various measures of aircraft product performance [also] displays
impressive gains for the 19251975 period. Direct operating costs per set per mile
dropped by over 90% between the era of the Ford and Fokker trimotors in the 1920s
and the wide body transports, utilizing high-by-pass ratio turbofan engine, in the
1970s. Passenger capacity and speed of aircraft have increased by a factor of 20
during this period”.

Emerging technologies and concepts in

aviation
4. Open Mission Systems (OMS)
Software
In April, Lockheed Martin’s Skunk Works division, the Air Force Research

Laboratory (AFRL), U.S. Air Force Test Pilot School and Calspan Corp.,

announced the completion of a demonstration of an experimental F-16

aircraft that acted as a surrogate unmanned combat air vehicle in a

dynamic threat environment during an air-to-ground strike mission. AFRL is

evaluating the future use of open mission systems (OMS) software to

rapidly introduce more autonomous capabilities on military aircraft.

2. Electric Hybrid Aircraft

At the 2017 American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA)

Aviation Forum in June, Airbus CTO Paul Eremenko gave a presentation

discussing how electric hybrid propulsion aircraft technology could become

a future disruptive concept for commercial aviation. Airbus is working

toward the development of a demonstrator aircraft known as the “E-Fan X,”

powered by a two-megawatt motor, with the goal of evaluating its ability to

power a future hybrid commercial single aisle aircraft.

1. Zero-Fuel Aircraft
The idea of a zero-fuel aircraft has gained a lot of traction recently in both

civil and commercial sectors. The concept can be used in agriculture, aerial

photography, 3D mapping, wildlife protection, and the provision of internet

access in remote places. But how does it work?

According to Avimanyu Basu, a lead analyst at Technavio for aerospace

research:

“Zero-fuel aircraft use photovoltaic panels to utilize solar energy to provide

necessary thrust to the engines. The Solar Impulse 2, a solar-powered

prototype had nano carbon fiber reinforced structural components to

reduce the overall weight of the body,”

The recent surge in interest has put pressure on global aerospace and

defense industries to create a long-term development strategy for the zero-

fuel aircraft concept and drive market growth.

3. Advanced Space Propulsion
Technologies
A new, plasma-based rocket propulsion technology known as the

VASIMR® rocket (Variable Specific Impulse Magnetoplasma Rocket) has

been in development by NASA, along with the Department of Energy and

the Oak Ridge National Laboratory, for several years now. This new

technology is expected to reduce fuel consumption and enable long-term

space missions in the future.

Although both NASA and the engineer developing the VASIMR propulsion

system have faced criticism recently, new breakthroughs have been made

that hint toward a looming payoff.

4. Advanced Materials
Advances in material science have hinted toward huge benefits for aircraft

manufacturers. New materials like graphene and carbon nanotubes are

helping to make airplane wings more efficient by reducing weight and fuel
consumption.

Using these new materials, scientists at MIT and NASA have developed a

“morphing” wing that could also lead to more efficient manufacturing

processes due to a system of tiny, lightweight subunits that can be

assembled by small, specialized robots.

5. Smart Automation and Blockchain

Manufacturing aircraft parts is a highly specialized and complicated

process. However, new technologies and processes are making it faster

and simpler. Take the airbus “factory of the future,” for example.
Technicians are able to scan the metal surface with a tablet or smart glass

and determine what the correct sized bolt that needs to be used is and how

much torque is required. Based on this information, a robotic arm will

perform the work.

Aerospace and defense companies are also starting to explore the digital

realm, as well. Technologies such as blockchain are helping to improve

transparency and automate transactions among supply chain partners.

Air Quad One:-

Neva Aerospace, a U.K.-based aviation consortium, has unveiled its

AirQuadOne commercial concept as a prototype for future personal

manned aerial transportation. Powered by Neva’s static thrust electric

turbofan technology, AirQuadOne is envisioned as a personal vertical

takeoff and landing (VTOL) aircraft, powered by a battery pack compatible

with electric car recharging stations via a direct wire connection, induction

or battery pack switch.

Neva also said the personal VTOL aircraft would feature an “emergency

satcom connection,” though not many details are provided on this feature.

The AirQuadOne has been under development since 2013, and the

development team is currently working with regulators and pilots to seek

light aircraft certification from the FAA and EASA.

Neva's co-founder and chief science officer, David Brotherton-Ratcliffe,

said the company is currently focusing on ensuring redundancy in flight

controls and energy resources. Plans are in place for Neva to build an

unmanned version of AirQuadOne as well, and future applications include

use in search and rescue missions, recreational flying, aerobatics, patrols

and defense, transportation and personal air taxis

AeroMobil Flying Car
The flying car is no longer a futuristic concept, as Slovakian manufacturer

AeroMobil proved earlier this year, unveiling its latest flying car at the Top

Marques Monaco super car show, and again last week during the Paris Air

Show.

AeroMobil is already available for pre-order with a $1.2 million price tag,

though the company plans to build various models at different price points.

The specifications of the AeroMobil flying car include:

Full transformation into flight mode in fewer than 3 minutes

Automotive range -700km (estimated using NEDC cycle)

Aerospace max cruise range ~750 km @ 75 % (1,200 m, ISA)

Fuel capacity 90 liters (95 RON gasoline)

Direct drive variable pitch propeller (speed 2,400 rpm)

Automotive – top speed 160 kph

Aerospace – vs / vc / vd – 112 / 259 / 360 kph

MTOW take off distance ground roll / 50 ft – 397 / 595 m

Max take-off weight – 960 kg (useable load 240 kg)

SOME AERODYNAMICS
ADVANCEMENTS:-
Strut-braced Wing
The strut-braced wing design (SBW) concept utilizes a structural wing

support to allow for larger wing spans without increasing structural weight.

By increasing the span, the induced drag is reduced and therefore less

thrust is needed, which allows installing smaller and lighter engines.

Folding wingtips avoid the aircraft exceeding the maximum wingspan of the

airport category standard of comparable present aircraft.

Blended Wing Body

The blended wing body (BWB), also called hybrid wing body (HWB), is

mainly a large flying wing, which contains a payload area (passenger cabin

or cargo storage area) within its center section. The shape of the center

body and the outer wings are smoothly blended. In the past, the flying wing

design was mainly used for military aircraft, such as the Northrop B-2
bomber. In civil aviation, the BWB is seen as a typical example of a

“futuristic” new aircraft category which could potentially enter into service in

civil aviation in the next decades. Its aerodynamic shape allows generating

lift by the entire aircraft, which is thus significantly higher than for

conventional tube-and-wing configurations.

“Flying-V”
Another promising flying wing-type concept that has recently attracted

considerable attention is the “Flying-V” [45], a V-shaped highly-swept

double wing configuration designed for a similar passenger number (314)

and range as the A350. The two wings accommodate the passenger cabin,
the cargo hold and the fuel tanks. With the same wingspan as the A350, it

can use the same airport infrastructure. Similar to the BWB configuration,

the FlyingV has lower aerodynamic drag and is 20% more fuelefficient than

a comparable tube-and-wing aircraft. Based on an initial idea developed at

Airbus, the Technical University of Delft in the Netherlands is now

developing the concept further. The project is supported by KLM, which

presented it at the 2019 IATA Annual General Meeting in seoul.

CONCLUSION
Innovative technologies and manufacturing processes are being developed

on a seemingly constant basis and small to medium sized manufacturer

are reaping the benefits as aerospace companies look for niche suppliers

to help expand their supply chain.

More and more joint ventures and outsourcing are expected to occur in the

next five to ten years as these emerging markets start to compete on a

global scale