Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
by
KC. S Cabundocan
Antonette S. Canlas
Hannie Pearl L. Cortez
Mapùa University
PROPOSAL
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page
TABLE OF CONTENTS
List of Tables
List of Figures
Chapter
1 Introduction -
Related Readings
Related Literature
Combined Sewer -
Combined System -
Domestic Sewage -
Drainage System -
Open Channel -
Sewer -
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Condition Assessment of Underground Pipes: Engineering Calculations -
Related Studies
Neural Networks -
collection networks -
3 Methodology -
Theoretical Framework -
Conceptual Framework -
References
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List of Figures
Figure Page
2 Map of Intramuros -
framework
8 The system architecture for the sewer text detection and recognition -
with a defect of the “crack” type; on the right, from a pipeline with
training.
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15 Normalized video-wise confusion matrix on the validation set. -
pipes.
28 Failure rate vs. pressure variation range for longitudinal (a) and -
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List of Tables
Figure Page
generated
assessment report.
networks.
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
Pipelines
One of the important structural element of many systems are the pipelines. For
instance, they are used in heat and water supply systems, in chemical productions, in
the oil and gas industry and aircraft manufacturing. Due to its significance, accidents in
piping system can result to economic damage. These accidents occur periodically and
quite often due to cracking and corrosion. A study indicated that the causes of accidents
in pipeline systems are more likely due to local damage rather than a deterioration of
material properties during operation along the entire length of the pipeline.
For modern municipalities, sewer pipeline networks have become their main
concern as these networks are reaching their design lifetime and too old. Moreover, the
increasing environmental and health requirements, tight budgets and growing demands
have made all the problems difficult to deal with. Because of the degradation of sewer
networks over their service life, even if they were in good condition now, they would
still require gradually bigger investments as they age. Therefore, in prevention to these
problems such as sever and costly damages, sewer system conditions were needed to
656.
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Neural Network (CNN) used in image classification consists of multiple layers of
convolutional stack is fed through a classification neural network that output the
the parameter of the overall network. There are many CNN architectures has been
proposed so far for the image classification tasks and, the of-art method of-the art
method such as the (Simonyan and Zisserman, 2014), (He et al., 2016) and (Szegedy et
al., 2015).
CNN learn the relevant features from data unlike traditional machine learning.
However, it requires large amount of labelled data which might not be available for
many applications. There were several approaches that have been proposed to solve this
using off-shelf pre-trained models and fine-tune the final classification layer, and data-
augmentation.
Intramuros, Manila
One of the oldest district of Manila, the capital of the Philippines, is the
Intramuros which is located along the Manila Bay and the Pasig river. In 1574,
Manila was vulnerable to foreign attacks since the city had no stone buildings or
walls to protect it such as when Chinese pirates attacked. Aside from this, the city
was always prone to fire since most of the houses were made out of nipa and
bamboo. As a result, stone houses were beginning to build all over Manila.
Under the tenure of Governor Gomez Perez Dasmariñas, the wall began
construction. By the eighteenth century, the city was completely enclosed in wall
hence its name Intramuros which means “within the walls” in Latin.
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Figure 1.Aerial view of the Intramuros “Walled City”
https://theculturetrip.com/asia/philippines/articles/the-history-of-manilas-walled-
city-of-intramuros/)
In 1951, reconstruction of the walls has faithfully restored after the Battle of
Intramuros’ colonial architecture to its pre-war appearance which turned into tourist
sight it is today. Many of the buildings still have Spanish-tile street names and the
residential areas within the walls provide a pleasant change of pace. The Intramuros
Administration renovated the walled city into a much develop but still retained the
old-Spanish era influences. The outside of the gates of Intramuros have minimally
touched by modernization. From the old moats that surrounded the Intramuros, it
had been filled up and transformed into a golf course and the garrison which was
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Figure 2 .Map of Intramuros
This research will focused in Barangay 656 which is located along the shore of
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Figure 3.Map of Barangay 656
Flooding has been a recurrent problem for the residents of Intramuros. During
rainy seasons, from June up to the early part of October, the city dwellers live
through the heavy rainfalls and its consequential flooding. According to a MMDA’s
flood control and sewerage management office, “Manila has the highest number of
cited in Cayabyab, 2019). Aside from flooding, the stench of the sewerage, which
can be smelled while walking along the streets of Intramuros, has also been a
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Pipe defect detection in Intramuros is the focus of this study. Despite the
constant maintenance and monitoring, the pipelines or the drainages in the area are
still vulnerable in losing their functionality due to its outdated design and factors that
contribute to corrosion and cracking. Everything from water to oil even solid
materials is being conveyed through these pipelines. The transport and distribution
network became prone to many risks however pipelines and drainages were still
Leakage is the major threat occurs in pipelines. The effects will go beyond
repair expense and cost and will significantly affects the environment as well as
human lives. To hinder these huge expenses, it is crucial to design a reliable leak
detection system.
The main objective of this study is to develop and assess the existing sewer
computer aided sewer pipeline defect detection using convolutional neural networks.
• Identify the behavior and various factors associated with pipe defects.
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• Assess the results to its functionality and significance to predicting
The scope for this thesis will be the development and assessment on the sewer
pipe conditions in Intramuros with the aid of piped defect detection system using
convolutional neural network. The researchers will gather data and information
through closed interviews among agencies or entities that will help analyze and
evaluate the behavior and factors that contributes to leakage of pipes. Through this,
the researchers can have any data regarding the subject as well as guidelines when
detecting defects in pipelines. Thereafter, the data needed for computer modeling
will be designed. Moreover, the researches will determine the designed pipe defect
detection techniques using convolutional neural network. Then, from the results and
data gathered through computer modelling, the researchers will assess the results of
The proposed pipe defect detection technique for the drainages in Intramuros in
order to develop and assess the sewer conditions, if proven to be effective, will offer
great impact to predicting and monitoring the defections in the pipelines. This
technique that allows to conduct inspection of these pipelines without any physical
damages to the structure and produce data that will provide information to the service
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The study will also be beneficial to the Department of Public Works and
DPWH and the MWSS are having difficulty to maintain the proper condition of the
pipes due to flooding, leakages, and foul odor from these pipes. This research will
introduce a system that will provide them guidelines and preparation in case of
defections.
pipelines will maintain health and environmental effects for the residents in the area
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CHAPTER II
Introduction
This chapter overviews the existing research and studies that apply to the topic
of this paper. These related works will allow the researchers to expand their
knowledge and to support their ideas in the paper. Various studies and literature from
both local and foreign researchers are presented and discussed to substantiate the
Related Readings
According to the Plumbing Law, Republic Act No. 1378 (1955), the “plumbing
system shall be subject to such tests as will effectively disclose all leaks and defects in
the work”. The Plumbing Law, Republic Act No. 1378 (1955) also stated that the
“piping of the plumbing system shall be of durable materials, free from defective
workmanship and so designed and constructed as to give satisfactory service for its
reasonable expected life”. Inspection and testing of the drainage and sewer system are
essential to identify the presence of leaks and defects on the pipes. This will secure the
wellness of the people, economy and environment. It was also stated that the design,
and clogging in the pipes. These can be obtained with thorough and reliable monitoring
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The semi-automated sewer pipes inspection and maintenance that Manila can
benefit from today is far from what most of the rural areas experience. According to the
Department of Public Works and Highways [DPWH] (2013), leakage and defects on
pipes in rural areas are inspected by walking on the route of the sewer and visual
investigation using mirrors on an adjustable pole. Aside from that, the sewer
• root cutting using a remotely operated cutting tool inserted at maintenance holes
In cases where leaks and defects are detected, DPWH (2013) stated that broken
or cracked sewer pipes are rehabilitated to minimize infiltration or inflow and leakage.
Trenchless technology is used in the most commonly used techniques for rehabilitation.
This technology minimizes the costs and disruption compared with open excavation.
• lining sewers with a durable waterproofing liner material or inserting a new pipe
Related Literature
Combined Sewer
Combined sewers are designed to carry domestic sewage, industrial waste, and
storm sewage.
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Combined System
Domestic Sewage
buildings or institutions.
Drainage System
Open Channel
surface.
Sewer
Sewage from sewer systems in the Philippines are normally connected to nearby
rivers or creeks. These drainage systems can be classified as a combined sewer since it
carries both sanitary sewage and storm water. In most urban areas in the country, the
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Currently, the drainage system in Manila and suburbs are composed of closed
principal channels (drainage mains or outfalls), and open channels (creeks or estuary),
are typically underground or out of sight is critical for its management and maintenance.
Due to the technological developments, modern pipe inspection technologies that can
identify damaged and leaking infractions are available. Data collected can be analyzed
• Lidar – used to measure profile and actual pipe conditions above the flow level
With the help of a computer aided software, the gathered data from one or
multiple sensors can be processed and interpreted into different classifications. The
basic steps include data acquisition, signal processing, feature extraction, data fusion,
and diagnosis. A fuzzy logic based sensor fusion algorithm can be used.
In the absence of CCTV or sensors, flow meter data can provide pipe conditions.
Flow meters provide numerical data to quantify flow for the area tributary to the
metering location and therefore a well-defined sewer shed tributary must be mapped
out. Flow monitoring has real value in development of a database on long-term historic
trends in order to determine seasonal variations and impacts of wet weather on the
sewer system.
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Take the calculation of hydraulic capacity as an example. Flow data can provide
projected conditions. If it does not meet the required design conditions or performance
Related Studies
Networks
errors caused by fatigue, speed working or poor training. A computer vision algorithm
storm-water pipe systems, which would allow for the automatic identification and
Figure shows the diagram of the general process of the proposed automated
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be an expert, will control the robot in recording a clear video of the pipe’s internal
condition. The model will analyze the video, frame by frame, and detect the defects
present in each frame. The identified defects will undergo classification and extraction
for assessment and investigation of the pipe’s current condition. Not only does
automated inspection increase the accuracy of the results, it also reduces the time and
existing methods of machine learning techniques, that are used for the automated
These types of machine learning techniques allow faster detection of pipes defects, and
even prediction of the presence of infiltration on pipes. Despite the convenience of the
existing machine learning techniques for automated pipe inspections, the output is not
reliable in comparison to the manual monitoring and inspection of pipes due to the
• data size
• image processing
• type of defects
when the “Deep Convolutional Neural Networks” were developed. Deep convolutional
neural network (CNN) is a deep learning method applied to image classification and
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operations”, as stated by Tennakoon, Hoseinnezhad, Tran, & Bab-Hadiashar (2018).
Krizhevsky et al., stated that the probability of an input image belonging to one of the
classification neural network (as cited in Tennakoon, Hoseinnezhad, Tran, & Bab-
extraction of features from images, CNNs learn the important features from the input
data by itself. However, its parameters are learned end-to-end through back propagation
algorithm. This becomes a problem because end-to-end training requires a large amount
of labelled data.
This study proposed a storm water pipe inspection consisting of a novel defect
type detection module, which will detect the five main types of defects, namely:
1. Breaking
2. Cracks
3. Deposition
4. Root Intrusion
5. Holes
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Figure 5. Types of defects in pipes.
With the aid of deep convolutional neural networks, it will learn end-to-end
using data alone, and without the need for manual extraction of input data’s features.
Using the transfer learning method, a set of parameters that was already trained on a
different domain is used and fine tuned to the original domain, as stated in Tennakoon,
Hoseinnezhad, Tran, & Bab-Hadiashar (2018). This solves the problem of the limited
networks
According to Hassan, et al., (2018), robots are used to record CCTV videos of
the sewer pipes to assess their current conditions. CCTV systems made the inspection
easier because the underground sewer system has an unsanitary environment, and high-
water pressure on the pipes. IN addition to this, CCTV systems are cost-effective and
efficient ways to monitor the sewer pipes. However, CCTV systems can also be time-
consuming because the footage needs to be reviewed in order to manually identify the
defects. It also has the possibility to produce inaccurate results due to human error as it
based system for sewer defects classification and location recognition. This will allow
automatic detection and diagnosis of defects, along with pinpointing the location of the
defect in the sewer pipe system, without having to heavily rely on manual labor. This
research also presents a comparison of the reports made by the proposed model and the
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Figure 6. Overview of the proposed defect classification and defect location
The proposed framework involves manual extraction of frames from the CCTV
footage, which are then categorized into normal or defect. Frames that are classified as
defective will undergo feature extraction through CNN, which will automatically
classify the types of defects on the images. After fine-tuning and augmentation
processes, text detection and the recognition modules are implemented to identify the
location of the defect in the sewer pipe. The classification of the defects is:
• Crack Longitude
• Debris
• Joint Faulty
• Joint Open
• Lateral Dame
• Surface Damage
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Figure 7. CNN architecture for the proposed sewer defect classification framework.
The figure shows the detailed configuration for each layer using AlexNet
model’s parameters. The first eight layers of AlexNet architecture, which are Conv1,
Pool1, Conv2, Pool2, Conv3, Conv4, Conv5, and Pool3 are dedicated to feature
extraction. After each convolutional layer, a ReLU (Rectified Linear Units) function is
applied at the output of the convolutional layer. There are three fully connected layers
(FC-1, FC-2, and FC-3), and the output of the last fully connected layer was reduced
from 1000 to 6 neurons. The generated CNN model is trained using NVIDIA DIGITS
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Figure 8. The system architecture for the sewer text detection and recognition
section, for each second, 30 continuous frames were extracted from the input video.
After that, frame averaging was adopted to enhance text edge and reduce background
complexity. Image processing comes next wherein various techniques are used to
extract relevant data and recognize pipe defect patterns. Text detection included two
steps, which were text localization (find the text lines) and text line verification (all
detected false alarm lines are removed). Text recognition consisted of two steps, which
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Figure 9. Six types of sewer defects extracted from CCTV videos.
The figure above shows the images of the six types of defects taken from the
CCTV video. These will be the basis of the classification of the defects on sewer
pipelines. The total number of manually validated defective images before applying
augmentation was 24,137. Then, the number of images in the dataset increased to
48,274 after data augmentation was used. Furthermore, the dataset was divided into two
separate parts, one for training and the other for testing. In the training part, 97% of the
entire dataset, which equals to 47,072 images, were applied for training and validation
purposes (75% out of 47,072 images were used as training, and 25% were used as
validation). The remaining 3% of the dataset was used in the testing part (1202 images).
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Figure 10. Sewer defects and their corresponding visualization.
In the figure, the sewer defects and their corresponding class activation map are
shown. It shows that the defect classification framework correctly learned the defects
feature. The experimental results of the research shows that the CNN model correctly
recognizes all the six types of defects with an accuracy of 99.5% for debris silty and
Table 1. A comparison between results from proposed model and manually generated
assessment report.
Results from the model were compared to the existing assessment reports of the
underground sewer pipes. The table above shows that the number of defects identified
by the assessment report is accurate with the number of defects identified on the
proposed model.
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Assessment of the Condition of Pipelines Using Convolutional Neural Networks
often vulnerable to corrosion and cracking. Based on data gathered, accidents occur in
the energy systems of the Russian Federation at 0.94-2.86 per 1 km of pipeline network
due to the lack of flaw detection equipment. It says that accidents due to local damage
during operation are more likely, than deterioration of material properties. Operational
loads that cause static and dynamic loads cause crack-like defects and corrosion.
For this research, an acoustic diagnostic method was used to detect pipeline
defects. The acoustic signals were then processed using convolutional neural network
architecture based on the modified Inception ResNet V2. The input data, amplitudes of
vibration signals were converted using developed algorithms into RGB format images
with resolution of 210x210 pixels. Computational experiments were carried out for the
problems of binary classification into the categories: “norm” and “defect”, “crack” and
(a)
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(b)
Figure 11. (a) Detailed diagram of the algorithm for converting measurements to
RGB images. (b) An example of processing acoustic signals: on the left, from a defect-
free pipeline; in the center, from a pipeline with a defect of the “crack” type; on the
Figure 12. Block diagram of acoustic signal conversion and neural network training.
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Table 2. The effectiveness of the neural network in the search for defects.
Networks
and returned to the environment. To enhance general sanitation and for the sewer to be
Circuit Television systems are used to monitor the inside of the pipes, then personnel
would review the footage and report its condition. This manual process is time-
to perform obstruction level assessment by gathering a database of videos that are used
This system interprets the images into classifications of clean, slightly dirty, dirty,
and very dirty. This is done by a pixel motion analysis that measures the degree of noise
in the dataset, and to define a unified frame extraction policy. Upon exploring the
behavior of the model, the researchers validated the visual features used by the model
to make predictions. In particular, the center canal of the sewer is essential for the
assessment of obstructions, the visibility of circles around the pipe speaks of cleanness,
and the illumination and perspective can complicate the resolution of the problem.
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Based on the encountered complications, two inspection protocols are recommended:
appropriate camera location before starting the recording and inspections during heavy
Figure 13. Samples of pixels trajectories. Blue line shows change in pixel values.
Red lines show a smoothed version of the same function. Notice the significant scale
Only a small portion of frames are extracted from full length videos. Frames from
the videos where the camera is not zoomed are used. The segment of interest is located
by using the VidStab video stabilization algorithm from the OpenCV library. This
algorithm produces a smoothed trajectory of pixels through use of key point detectors.
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Figure 14. Normalized image-wise confusion matrix for validation set.
Figure15. Normalized video-wise confusion matrix on the validation set. From the
The condition of sewer pipeline network is vital to any city and infrastructure. Its
failure can cause harm to the environment, and public health and safety. Therefore, an
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approach in sewer pipeline using a combination of Geospatial Information System
(GIS) and Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP)- Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). This
approach calculates the Probability of Failure using Bayesian Network (BN), along
with Consequence of Failure (CoF) using GIS functionalities along with DEA and
AHP. Results showed that 3% of sewers are in critical situation due to the young age
of pipelines.
• Calculation of PoF
Figure 16. The steps to calculate the risk of the pipes of failure.
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Figure 17. Bayesian Network structure.
BN can integrate various variables into a single model, this PoF of the sewer
pipeline was calculated using it. First, the impact factors were categorized, then BN
was constructed, and the learning and validation process was performed on the data.
The datasets were divided into two categories: 70% was used for learning and 30% for
validation purposes.
• Calculation of CoF
CoF was calculated by a combination of GIS and AHP-DEA. AHP was used to
determine criteria weights, and GIS was applied for storing the data, and performing
some spatial analysis to prepare the data to ender the DEA model. DEA was used for
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assessing quantitatively the CoF without using imposed weights and experts’
judgement.
collection networks
Its failure can cause adverse consequences and disrupt activities in the affected parts of
a city. By identifying high failure risk areas, inspections and prevention measures can
pipes inspection using Bayesian Networks (BNs) to compute the probability of failure,
and weighted average method to calculate the consequences of failure values. Then,
Results show that 62% has moderate risk, but 12% of sewers are in critical condition.
In this study, possible damages to the sewer networks have two categories:
structural and hydraulic failures. In each damage, impact factors were determined to
calculate the probability of failure using Bayesian network model. The algorithm of
Bayesian Network, validation of the learned network, and obtaining the probabilistic
output results. The datasets are divided into two groups: calibration datasets for learning
the Bayesian Network and validation datasets to check the accuracy of the learned
network.
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Where, MPt, MPF, and MPNF are mean accuracy for all sewer pipes, mean
accuracy for sewer pipes withput failure event, and mean accuracy for sewer pipes
without a failure vent, respectively; (Pobs)NF,I and (Pest)NF,I are observation probability
of failure/non-failure of i-th pipe that is 100 percent for pipes with the failure event and
zero percent for pipes without failure and n is total number of sewer pipes associated
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• Calculating the Consequences of Failure
The consequences of failure values were calculated using weighted average of the
factors affecting the consequences. Expert opinion was used to determine the weights
different consequences according to their weight and the scores of their impact factors,
consequences index of impact factor i; and n is the number of effective factors in the
• Results
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Figure 20. Frequency of ser pipes in risk categories.
Supply Networks
According to Rezaei, Ryan, & Stoianov (2015), pipe attributes, pipe material
properties, environmental conditions and pipe loading conditions can be factors that are
critical to pipe defects and failure mechanisms. It is crucial to always monitor the pipes
and the water’s hydraulic condition because the state and interaction of these factors
can change over time. There can be possibilities of excessive loading on pipes due to
the unsteady state of hydraulic conditions. It is even more dangerous for pipes with
undetected or overlooked pipe defects, because it can cause failures to the whole
cause short term and long term effects on the pipes (Rezaei, Ryan, & Stoianov, 2015).
One of the long term effects of hydrualic instabilities is the gradual decrease of the
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pipe’s tensile strength, due to the formation of microcracks, corrosion and fluctuation
of pipe stresses (Rezaei, Ryan, & Stoianov, 2015). Rezaei, Ryan, & Stoianov stated that
“pipe failures are caused by applied forces exceeding the residual strength of the pipe
material” (2015). These applied forces can be from internal loading, such as force
exerted by the flowing water inside the pipe, or external loading, such as soil pressure.
properties of the surrouding soil, can also contribute to the factors causing pipe failures.
additionally, pipe breakage can also develop when operational and environmental
stresses act on pipes that are already suffering from defects such as corrosion,
• Pipe size
• Pipe matrial
• Soil corrosivity
• Temperature
The relationship between the mentioned factors and historic burst records
were investigated. Using 78, 000 failure failure records over a 10-year period (2003-
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Figure 21. Failures based on mains diameter range.
Figure 21 shows that as the internal pipe diameter increases, the burst rate per
length of mains are reduced. Pipes with diameters less than 100 mm have higher number
of pipe bursts occurrence compared to pipes with diamter of greater than 600 mm.The
large diameter of some pipes helps the to resist the larger loads.
Figure 22 shows that 69% of the occurrence of pipe burst happen to cast iron
pipes. There are 326 bursts/km for CI, 187 bursts/km for asbestos cement (AC), 143
bursts/km for polyvinyl chloride (PVC), 99 bursts/km for polyethylene (PE) and 75
bursts/km for DI over a 10-year period. The main reason for the higher density of
failures is the brittleness of cast iron and its lower tensile strength, which is 200 MPa.
Additionally, age, manufacturing, installation, temperature and cyclic pipe stresses also
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Figure 23. Failure based on seasons (temperature).
Based on the figure 23, pipe failures increase during winter when temperatures
are cold. This can be attributed to the volume expansion of water, frost heave in the soil
surrounding the pipe, and increased brittleness. Development of frost heave can also be
affected by the intensity and duration of cold weather, rate of freezing, surface cover,
Figure 24 shows the correlation between pipe age and the number of bursts
cannot be strongly established. Even though most people would likely be thinking that
as pipe age increases, it is more likely to burst. However, it is not the case in this figure.
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There may be other factors associated with the pipe age, such as method of pipe
Figure 25 shows that pipe bursts are most likely to occur on areas where soil
fracture potential is very low. There is a 41% of pipe bursts on areas with moderate
level of soil fracture potential, while there is less than 15% of pipe bursts occurring on
areas with very high soil fracture potential. Soil with high soil fracture potential
aggressive has around one quarter of pipe bursts, while approximately three quarters of
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pipe bursts occurs with soil that are either non-aggressive, slightly or moderately
aggressive soils which indicates the impact of soil corrosivity in initiating and
result in figure above shows that there may be other factors affecting the pipe bursts
Rezaei, Ryan, & Stoianov concluded that, “the analysis presented a weak and
in some cases no correlation between mains failures and the factors conventionally
considered as the key impacting factors” (2015). Because of this, there might be other
potential factors that have yet to be distinguished to have a large impact on pipe defects.
This study suggests that stresses imposed by hydraulic instabilities in the system may
Figure 27. Number of bursts per length vs. pressure variation for metallic pipes.
The figure27 shows that number of pipe bursts per length increase as pressure
variation increases. This represents a positive correlation between rate of failure and
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Table 4. Distribution of historical burst records and failure mechanisms vs. pressure
variation range.
dynamic condition and varying pressures will cause hoop stresses which in turn
Using the data on table 4, the correlation between pressure variation, and longitudinal
Figure 28. Failure rate vs. pressure variation range for longitudinal (a) and
From figure (28a), it can be observed that the longitudinal failure rate increases
as the pressure variation increases. On the other hand, figure (28b) shows that the
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can be concluded that pressure variation is also one of the most important factors that
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CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
Introduction
The purpose of this paper is to assess and develop the existing conditions of the
sewer pipes in Barangay 656 Intramuros, Manila using convolutional neural networks
and GIS. This chapter presents the approach made by the researchers to accomplish the
main and specific objectives of this thesis. The processes that the input data go through
Theoretical Framework
Sewer pipes are often underground which makes it difficult to monitor and
assess its condition. In the past, a long pole with a mirror attached at its other end was
the only equipment used to inspect the state of sewer pipes. Now, through
This paper aims to assess sewer pipe conditions using pipe properties and
probability and consequences failure values using fuzzy logic. The probability of failure
(BN), validation of model and obtaining out puts. The consequences of failure, on the
other hand, would be calculated by using GIS and scoring categories are made. Then,
data from GIS will be entered to DEA model to be calculated and the sewer pipeline
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ranked. Fuzzy logic would then be used to integrate POF and COF. The data would
For Pof, this research would also use CCTV images of the internal conditions
of the sewer pipes and use them as input data. Relevant features are extracted from the
images using image processing techniques. Convolutional neural networks will be used
to process the information to turn them into classifications, specifically the types of
defects present in the sewer pipes. These images would be analyzed and turned into
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Conceptual Framework
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