Strength of Materials Chapter One Simple Stresses

Chapter One
Simple Stresses
In any engineering structures or mechanism , the individual components
will be subjected to external forces arising from the service condition or
environment in which the component works . If the component or member is
in equilibrium , the resultant of forces will be zero but nevertheless , they
together place a load on the member which tends to deform that member and
which must be reacted by internal forces which are set up within material .
Analysis of Internal Forces :
The most type of internal forces on any structure or member are :
1- Px : Axial force represents a tensile or compressive force in (X) direction .
2- Py, Pz : Shear force represents the resistance to sliding the portion to one
side of the section past the other .
3- Mx: Torque represent to the resistance to twisting about X-axis.
4- My , Mz : Bending moment that measure the resistance
to bending about (Y) or (Z) axis .

Py
My

Mx
X
Px
Pz Mz
Z

Internal forces on body

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Strength of Materials Chapter One Simple Stresses

Types of Simple Stresses :

1) Normal stresses : (Tensile and Compressive Stresses)
One of the basic problem of the engineer is to select the proper material
that is used in different applications like (structures or machines parts ) to do
most efficiently what it is designed to do . For this purpose , it is essential to
determine the Strength , Stiffness and other properties of materials .
The unit strength of materials is usually defined as the (Stress) in the
material , and the stress expressed symbolically as :
P
  (1)
Ac
where :
ζ-------Stress (force per unit area) (N/m2) or Pascal (Pa)
P-------Applied load (N)
AC-----Cross-sectional area (m2)

P
P

Cross-sectional
area
Tension Compression

Axial tensile Force Axial compressive force

2
Strength of Materials Chapter One Simple Stresses

Ex:-3- A (1000kg) homogenous bar (AB) is suspended from two cables (AC)
and (BD) , each with cross-sectional area (400mm2) , as shown in figure .
Determine the magnitude of load (P) and location (x) that is additional force
which can be applied to the bar . The stresses in the cable (AC) and (BD) are
limited to (100MPa) and (50MPa) respectively

Sol:
F
   F  *A C D
A
FAC  100 *10 6 * 400 *10 6  40kN P
1.8m
6
FBD  50 *10 * 400 *10
6
 20kN x X

From F.B.D and for equilibrium state : A B

F y 0 2m

FAC P FBD
P  9810  40 *10  20 *10
3 3
X
x
P  50.2kN

M A  0  9810 *1  P * x  FBD * 2

x =0.602 m 1000*9.81

Free-body diagram

6
Strength of Materials Chapter One Simple Stresses

2) Direct Shear Stress :

Shearing stress differs from both tensile and compressive stress in that is
caused by forces acting along or parallel to the area resisting the force where’s
tensile and compressive stress are caused by forces perpendicular to the area
on which they act . For this reason , tensile and compressive stresses are
frequently called (Normal Stresses ) where’s shearing stress may be called
(Tangential Stresses ).
V
 
Ash.
where: (V) is shearing load
(Ash.) is shearing area (parallel area)
In single shear , there is single area of shear P
P P
 

d2
4
P P
d ------- Diameter of area parallel to load
direction (m) .
(Single shear )
In double shear , there are two area of shear

P/2
P
  P
 P/2
2* d2
4

(Double shear )

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Strength of Materials Chapter One Simple Stresses

3) Bearing (Crushing) Stress :

Bearing stress differs from compressive stress in that the latter is the
internal stress caused by a compressive force where’s the former is a contact
pressure between separate bodies .
P P
 cr 
P
 t
Acr d *t P

d
Where :
Acr-------Bearing (Crushing ) area

Ex:-4- The lap joint shown in figure is fastened by three (20mm) diameter
rivets . Assuming that (P=50kN) applied determine : 1) The shearing stress in
each rivet . 2) The bearing stress in each stress in plate.
3) The maximum average tensile stress in each plate . Assume that the applied
load (P) is distributed equally among the three rivets .
Sol:
P P 25mm P
1)   
Ash 3 Ar P

50 *103
  53.1MPa
 2
3 0.020  P 130mm P
4 

Pb P 50 *10 3
2)  b     33.3MPa
Ab 3 * d * t 3 * 0.02 * 0.025

P P 50 *10 3
3)  t     18.2MPa
Aplate (w  d ) * t (0.13  0.02) * 0.025

8
Strength of Materials Chapter One Simple Stresses

Ex: -5- As shown in figure , a hole is to be punched out of a plate having an

ultimate shearing stress of (300MPa) . 1)If the compressive stress in the punch
punch is limited to (400MPa) , determine the maximum thickness of plate
from which a hole (100mm)in diameter can be punched . 2)If the plate is
(10mm) thick , compute the smallest diameter hole which can be punched .

Sol:
P
P
1)  comp. 
A
t

P   * A  400 *10 * (0.1) 2
6
100m
4 m

P =3141.6kN

V V 3141.6 *10 3
   A    * d *t 
A  300 *10 6

t  33.33mm

P
2)  comp. 
A

P   comp. * A  400 *10 6 * d2
4

 *A
 
 * d *t

400 *10 6 * d2
300 *10 6  4
 * d * 0.01

9
Strength of Materials Chapter One Simple Stresses

 d  30mm
Chapter Two
Simple Strain

Strain : Is a measure of the deformation of the material which is subjected to

an external load , and its non-dimensional .
The strain may divided into : 1) Normal strain . 2) Shear strain
1) Normal Strain : It is occur due to normal stresses ( tensile causes +ve
strain and compressive stress causes –ve strain ).

P
L L2  L1
  
L L1
In tension :

L L2  L1
t   (+ve strain ) L1 L2
L1 L1

In compression :
P

L L2  L1
c   (-ve strain)
L1 L1

L2 L1
as L1 larger than L2

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Strength of Materials Chapter One Simple Stresses

Stress-Strain Diagram :
In order to compare the strength of various materials to select the better
material for using , it is necessary to carry out some standard form of tests to
establish their relative properties . The most important of these tests is (tensile
tests) , in which a circular steel bar of uniform cross-sectional area is
subjected to gradually increasing tensile load until failure occurs , and
measuring the change in selected length (gauge length ) of bar simultaneously
, and then plot the relation between the tensile stress and tensile strain for bar
graph .

O
ε

Stress-Strain diagram for mild steel

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Strength of Materials Chapter One Simple Stresses

1-(O----A) : Straight line where the strain is linear proportional with

stress    
  (Cons tan t ) * 
  E *  ( Hook’s law )
E-----Young modulus (modulus of elasticity ) .
P L 
  E *  ,   and  
A L L
P  P*L
  E*  
A L A* E
A-----Refer to proportional limit .
2- (A----B) : The material may still be elastic but Hook’s law not valid .
B-----Elastic limit
3-(B----C) : Beyond point (B) strain are not removed (permanent strain).
C-----Upper yield point .
4-(C----D) : Increasing in deformation without increasing in load .
D-----Lower yield point .
5- (D----E) :The reduction in cross-sectional area of specimen will occur
(nicked specimen ) .
E-----Ultimate strength .
6- (E----F) : The failure will occur in specimen .
F----- Failure point .

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Strength of Materials Chapter One Simple Stresses

2) Shear Strain : It is occur due to shear stress and its represented by (γ) in
radians , and its is defined as ˝ The angular change between two faces of
differential element ˝ . The shearing force cause shearing deformation , the
element that subjected to shear dose not change in length of its sides , but
undergoes change in shape from rectangle to parallelogram .
The average shearing strain is found by :
Ps δs
s
tan( ) 
L
since the angle (γ) is usually very small , then
tan (γ)  (γ) γ
L

s
 
L
Ps
The relation between shearing stress and shearing strain , assuming Hook’s
law apply to shear .
  Cons tan t * 
  G * 
G------Modulus of elasticity in shear ( Modulus of rigidity )
Shearing deformation is expressed as :
V s
  ,   G * ,  
A L

V 
  G* s
A L
V *L
 s 
A*G

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Strength of Materials Chapter One Simple Stresses

Poisson’s ratio (υ) :

Another type of elastic deformation is the change in transverse dimensions
accompanying axial tension or compression .
If the bar is extended by axial tension , there is a reduction in the transverse
dimensions .The ratio of lateral strain to the longitudinal strain is called ˝
Poisson’s ratio ˝ . This ratio is constant for each material like [ for steel

(υ)=0.25-0.3 , for concrete (υ)=0.2 , and for rubber (υ)  0.49 ] .

when the load (P) in X-direction : (Px)

y z
 
x x
when the load (P) in Y-direction : (Py)
x z
 
y y
when the load (P) in Z-direction : (Pz)
x y
 
z z
d
From above figure   Lateral  ( in Y-direction )
d
b
 Lateral  ( in Z-direction )
b
L
 Longitudinal  ( in X-direction )
L
 Lateral
 
 Longitudinal

16
Q/A piece of copper originally 305 mm long is pulled in tension
with a stress of 276 MPa. If the deformation is entirely elastic,
what will be the resultant elongation? E=110Gpa

Q/A tensile stress is to be applied along the long axis of a

cylindrical brass rod that has a diameter of 10 mm. Determine the
magnitude of the load required to produce a 2.5 × 10-3mm change
in diameter if the deformation is entirely elastic.v=0.34 E=97Gpa.
Solution
This deformation situation is represented in the drawing.