Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
By
Riskha Paulina (25410057) and Mizan Bustanul Fuady (25410077)
Abstract
This paper aims to brief the importance of planning activities and the relation to multi level of
communities’ resilience as well as urban lifelines. In order to do so, the summary of two chapters
from a book entitled Disaster Resilience: An Integrated Approach (Paton and Johnston, 2006) plus its
relevancy with Indonesian context will be consisted in this paper. Basically the paper will be divided
into two parts; the first part emphasizes on the chapter 17 about planning for natural hazard
communities, it covers the relation between planning and disaster management at many levels of
communities, on the other hand, the second part which was came from chapter 4 emphasizes on the
vulnerability of urban lifelines. Finally on the last part of this paper it would be clear that
mainstreaming disaster management in the planning regime is extremely important to be implemented
at all level of communities. However, each country faces they own problems and challenges in doing
so. Moreover, assessments for lifelines resilience in urban area are very important.
Thankfully, the way people nowadays in The objective of this paper is to brief the
understanding disaster is shifting, from only importance of planning activities and its
defined it as God‟s punishment into a risk that relation at multi level of communities
basically can be overcome. The shifting can be resilience as well as urban lifelines. In doing
seen in Awotona‟s concept (1997), Wisner so, this paper will review two chapters from a
(2004), and so forth. The Enhanced Pressure – book titled Disaster Resilience: an Integrated
Release Modelii shows that basically disaster‟s Approachiii. The first chapter entitled Planning
risk is a result of a dynamic components of for Hazard Resilient Communities wrote by
vulnerability (root causes, dynamic pressure, David King. while the second chapter entitled
and unsafe condition) with trigger events that Lifelines and Urban Resilience wrote by David
usually natural hazards. Johnston himself. Most of the statements and
illustrations there came from Australian
One of the signatures from those shifting was context or other countries cases, therefore
when United Nations designated the 1990s as Author would like to enrich it by giving
the International Decade for Natural Disaster Indonesian context. The first chapter mostly
Reduction; which emphasized on efforts to discourses about the importance of multi-level
reduce disaster risk rather than disaster planning for hazard resilient communities; this
response. After the decade, then in 2000s it will be covered in Part B and C. As the other
was followed by the enactment of Hyogo one about urban lifelines and the methods to
Framework for Action (HFA). The HFA enhance its resilience; this will be covered in
basically gave further framework for countries Part D and E. Each key point will be enriched
in dealing with disaster risk. by Indonesian context.
B. POSITION OF PLANNING AND Another proves provided by King in the
PLANNER position planner respective to disaster issue
In order to ensure the position of planner was a comparison between the number of
within the increasing number of disaster risk, disaster concern that appeared in the journals
Kingiv firstly noted the role of planner based of planning in USA and Australia. The result
on The Planning Institute of Australia. He was and its enrichment from Indonesian context are
stated that: “Planning deals with many as follows:
different issues. Planners guide and manage
the way suburb, cities, and regions develop, Table1. Comparison over Disaster‟s Concern
making sure that they are good places in on Journals of Planning
which to live, work, and play. Planners are
involved in making decisions about land use
proposals and other types of developments
whilst balancing the needs of communities and
the environment”. Those then imply to the
range of responsibility of planner that
includes: 1) shaping the form of
neighborhoods and cities; 2) controlling the
spread of urban regions; 3) ensuring
sustainable natural environments; 4) working
towards economic and cultural development;
5) ensuring vibrant and livable communities;
and 6) providing advice on planning matters to (Source: King, 2006 with enrichment)
public stakeholders.
In Australia to mainstream disaster risk
Based on that, the role of planners is becoming reduction into their planning, The Council of
more important, as society in Australia places Australian Government (COAG) in 2002
greater emphasis on balancing environmental established a high-level mitigation priorities at
and development issues, promoting livable all levels of government and put responsibility
communities and securing high-quality urban on planner to do so. The mitigation priorities
design. The society then also demands to itself consists of several main substances as
planner for emphasizing more on emergency follows: 1) actions to ensure more effective
management and hazard mitigation. According statutory plan at all level of government trough
to King, basically those two issues are not a land use planning, development, and building
the core of activities of planners or planning; control regimes; 2) cost effective mitigation to
that in Australia during that time the issue of make more resilient infrastructure; and 3)
disaster was a relatively new direction in the development of joint improved national
increasing complexity of planning profession. practices, community awareness, education,
and warnings.
The same conditions actually arose in
Indonesia after the enactment of Law 24/2007 As in Indonesia, the momentum was the
about disaster management, Law 26/2007 enactment of three laws mentioned before as
about spatial planning, and Law 27/2007 about well as Indonesian National Disaster
coastal area. After the enactment, there was Management Agency (BNPB). Following the
much training or workshops conducted by line enactment of those laws there are requirements
ministries (Public Works, Bappenas, Ocean to incorporate disaster risk reduction into
and Fisheries) or The Indonesian Association development planning process. Pujiono and
of Planner (IAP) to enhance planner‟s Triutomo (2007)v have already emphasized the
understanding about disaster risk and technical importance and mandatory of integration
ability to incorporate disaster risk analysis into between the development plan with spatial
spatial plan. However, Indonesia still doesnt planning and disaster management, which was
have an instrument to analyzethe quality of defined in Law 25/2004 about National
risk to be addressed in the spatial planning Development System. Therefore, the local
process. spatial plan and disaster management plan
should inline with RPJPD and RPJMD.
Another important issue in Indonesia was The term of community, especially when
about accelerating local government‟s action dealing with disaster risk, can‟t be only about
in enacting local disaster management, local proximity. Mitigation of hazards and the
spatial plan which based on disaster risk enhancement of hazard resilient communities
reduction framework, and construction of local are not achieved by simple target of a
disaster management agency. Actually this geographical collection of streets and housesvii.
issue has been addressed in the related laws. The term of resilience itself also may vary,
The consideration part of Law 26/2007 it was according to Kingviii, hazard resilience
already mandated that spatial planning should community has the ability to cope with a crisis
be based on disaster risk reduction aspect. and bounce back. In addition a more
Moreover, Article 28 Law 26/2007 mandated comprehensive concept of community
that one of the spatial structure components is resilience provided by Twiggix; whom defined
evacuation route. As the Law 24/2007 has that community‟s resilience covers the
stated that spatial planning was one of the capacity to absorb stress/disaster impact,
mitigation actions in Indonesia. Below is the capacity to retain certain basic functions
example of spatial plan that based on disaster during emergency condition, and capacity to
risk reduction aspect: bounce-back after disastrous event. Therefore,
resilient community may arise in a various
Figure1. Sample of Risk Map in Indonesia way, maybe in neighborhood, school,
workplace, shopping mall, etc.