Poor Polydori Notes

Notes
The following abbreviations are used throughout the notes:
Angeli-Dennis Helen Rossetti Angeli-Imogene Dennis Collection, Special

Collections Division, University of British Columbia Library
BLJ Byron's Letters and Journals ed Leslie A. Marchand
Berchtold John William Polidori Ernestus Berchtold; or, the Modern Oedipus
CHP George Gordon Noel Byron Childe Harold's Pilgrimage
Death' John William Polidori 'On the Punishment of Death'
Diary The Diary of John Polidori ed William Michael Rossetti
Disputatio John William Polidori Disputatio medica Inauguralis
Essay John William Polidori An Essay upon the Source of Positive Pleasure
Fall John William Polidori The Fall of the Angels
SE The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works ofSigmund Freud
ed James Strachey et al
Sketches John William Polidori and R. Bridgens Sketches lllustrative of the
Manners and Costumes of France, Switzerland, and Italy
'Vampyre' John William Polidori T h e Vampyre: A Tale by Lord Byron' New
Monthly Magazine
WLB The Works of Lord Byron: Poetry ed Ernest Hartley Coleridge
WLB: LJ The Works of Lord Byron: Letters and Journals ed Rowland C. Prothero
Ximenes John William Polidori Ximenes, The Wreath, and Other Poems
For full citations, see the Bibliography.
Preface
1 James Rieger 'Dr. Polidori and the Genesis of Frankenstein' Studies in

English Literature 1500-1900 3 (1963) 471
2 Ibid 464 Brought to you by | UCL - University College London
Authenticated
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244 Notes to pages x-5
3 Karl A. Menninger Man against Himself (New York: Harcourt, Brace 1938)
187-8
4 William Patrick Day has argued that there is a peculiar affinity between
the Gothic and psychoanalysis - as, respectively, imaginative and
analytical responses to similar sets of cultural conditions - so that they
illuminate each other. In the Circles of Fear and Desire: A Study of Gothic
Fantasy (Chicago: U of Chicago P 1985) 179-81
5 As recently as 1930, Helen Rossetti Angeli referred to 'John Polidori's
bound volume of "Relation's Letters,'" ms note, Angeli-Dennis box 31, file
5. Unfortunately, I have not been able to trace this volume. Dr W.E.
Fredeman fears that it may have been destroyed when the Rossetti house
was bombed in the Second World War - if indeed it was not simply
broken up to provide the Polidori letters now in the Angeli-Dennis
collection.
6 William Veeder wrestles with the same problem of nomenclature in his
recent book Mary Shelley & Frankenstein: The Fate of Androgyny (Chicago:
U of Chicago P 1986) In.
Chapter 1 Beginnings
1 Diary 205; William Michael Rossetti, memoir, Dante Gabriel Rossetti: His
Family Letters ed W.M. Rossetti (London: Ellis and Elvey 1895) 1: 25
2 Diary 202; William Michael Rossetti, ms note to ms letter of Gaetano
Polidori to John William Polidori, 17 December 1816, Angeli-Dennis box
31, file 6; 'Typhus Fever,' ms note, Angeli-Dennis box 27
3 Kathleen McGrath located the living Polidoris and sampled their Chianti.
4 Rossetti, memoir, Family Letters 1:25
5 'Obituary [of Gaetano Polidori]' The Press 2 (1854) 10
6 Diary 201
7 Marguerite Blessington Lady Blessington's Conversations of Lord Byron ed
Ernest J. Lovell (Princeton: Princeton UP 1969) 64-5
8 Rossetti, memoir, Family Letters 1: 27
9 Vittorio Alfieri Memoirs (anon translation; rev E.R. Vincent) (London:
Oxford UP 1961) 261
11 BLJ9:11
13 'Obituary' 11
14 Helen Rossetti Angeli 'Byron's Physician' ts essay, Angeli-Dennis box 31,
file 4
16 'Obituary' 11
18 Ibid 29
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Authenticated
Notes to pages 5-10 245
19 Ms list of the children of Anna Maria Polidori, Angeli-Dennis box 27

20 Rossetti, memoir, Family Letters 1: 28-31
21 Gaetano Polidori, undated ms, Angeli-Dennis box 27 (tr Eve Shamash)
22 Dom James Forbes 'Dieulouard to Ampleforth' in Ampleforth and its
Origins: Essays on a Living Tradition by Members of the Ampleforth
Community ed Abbot Justin McCann and Dom Columba Cary-Elwes
(London: Burns Oates and Washbourne 1952) 212. Forbes is not certain
that the description is in the hand of the prior, Anselm Appleton.
23 Forbes 'Dieulouard to Ampleforth' 200
24 Ibid 210-11
25 Edward Norman The English Catholic Church in the Nineteenth Century
(Oxford: Clarendon Press 1984) 34-5
26 Br Terence Richardson, librarian of Ampleforth Abbey, pointed this out.
27 Gaetano Polidori, ms letter to John William Polidori, 24 May 1818, Angeli-
Dennis box 31, file 6 (tr Robert Vidoni)
28 Essay 36-7
29 Dom Cuthbert Almond The History of Ampleforth Abbey: From the
Foundation of St. Laurence's at Dieulouard to the Present Time (London:
Washbourne 1903) 189
30 The Laity's Directory for the Church Service (London: Keating, Brown, and
Keating 1812) C5
31 Gregory Swann Students at Ampleforth undated, ms I.R.5, Ampleforth
Abbey archives. Of the twenty-two students Swann lists as having
attended the school between 1802 (when it was founded) and 1810 (when
Polidori left), eleven became Benedictine monks. But the list is incomplete:
it does not, for example, mention Polidori, though it does mention his
brothers, Robert and Henry. Br Richardson points out that it is likely to
include all those students who later became monks, but not all those who
did not.
32 Gaetano Polidori 'Directions for John,' draft ms booklet, Angeli-Dennis
box 27
33 Abbot Justin McCann Ampleforth Abbey and College: A Short History 6th ed
(York: Ampleforth Abbey 1975) 16
34 W.B.P. 'Old Recollections [1]' Ampleforth Journal 6 (1900) 32
35 John William Polidori, ms letter to Gaetano Polidori, 15 December 1806
(year uncertain), Angeli-Dennis box 31, file 6
36 Ampleforth Abbey, account book for 1817, ms 63, Ampleforth Abbey
archives, 197
37 John William Polidori, ms letter to Gaetano Polidori, 24 November 1804,
Angeli-Dennis box 31, file 6
38 Gaetano Polidori, ms letter to John William Polidori, undated (reply
drafted on J.W. Polidori's letter of 24 November 1804), Angeli-Dennis box
31, file 6
39 John William Polidori, letter to Gaetano Polidori, 4 April 1806 in A
Sentimental Library: Comprising Books Formerly Owned by Famous Writers,
Authenticated
246 Notes to pages 10-16
Presentation Copies, Manuscripts, and Drawings by Harry B. Smith

(privately printed 1914) 39
40 John William Polidori, ms letter to Gaetano Polidori, 8 June 1807, Angeli-
Dennis box 31, file 6
41 Charles Gobinet The Instruction of Youth in Christian Piety. Taken out of the
Sacred Scriptures and Holy Fathers (anon translation) 4th ed (Newcastle:
Coates 1783) 1: 207
42 Norman The English Catholic Church 34
43 Gobinet Instruction of Youth 1: 243, 248
44 John William Polidori, ms letter to Gaetano Polidori, 28 December 1808,
45 John William Polidori, ms letter to Gaetano Polidori, 9 January 1809,
46 John William Polidori, 'Account of My passing my trials,' 29 February
1816, ms in the endpapers of Disputatio, PR 10 N9 R6a 1815, Special
Collections, UBC
47 Eliza Arrow, ms letter to John William Polidori, 25 November 1811,
Chapter 2 The University of Edinburgh
1 Robert Christison The Life of Sir Robert Christison, hart, ed his sons
(Edinburgh: Blackwood 1885-6) 1:157
2 Statuta Solennia de Doctoratus in Medicina Gradu (Edinburgh: University of
Edinburgh 1814) II
3 John Dixon Comrie History of Scottish Medicine 2nd ed (London: Wellcome
Historical Medical Museum and Bailliere, Tindall and Cox 1932) 2: 476;
David Hamilton The Healers: A History of Medicine in Scotland (Edinburgh:
Canongate 1981) 111
4 Hamilton The Healers 147-8
5 Ibid 152
6 Ibid 120
7 Christine Johnson Developments in the Roman Catholic Church in Scotland
1789-1829 (Edinburgh: John Donald 1983) 228
8 Hamilton The Healers 154
9 Ibid 159
10 Comrie History of Scottish Medicine 2: 473
11 Ibid 493
12 Christison Life 1: 75-6
13 Ibid 76-7
15 Ibid 2: 483
16 Hamilton The Healers 168
Authenticated

18 Christison Life 1: 80
19 Essay 22-3
20 His name does not appear in the General List of the Members of the Medical
Society of Edinburgh (Edinburgh: The Society 1850).
21 John William Polidori, ms letter to Gaetano Polidori, 1 December 1812
(dated '31st Nov.'), Angeli-Dennis box 31, file 6
22 Gaetano Polidori, ,Directions for John'
23 The couplet (in English in the original) is from Edward Young Love of
Fame, the Universal Passion (1725-8) 1.53-4, The Poetical Works of Edward
Young (London: Bell and Daldy 1871) 2: 61. Polidori does not seem to
understand that Young is satirizing this universal passion.
24 John William Polidori, ms letter to Gaetano Polidori, December 1813,
Angeli-Dennis box 31, file 5 (tr William Michael Rossetti [last four block
quotations] and Robert Vidoni). Rossetti's translations of excerpts from the
Polidori letters were obviously intended for a projected edition. They are
accurate and clearly written, though full of abbreviations. I have expanded
all abbreviations except honorifics, because they do not correspond to
anything in the original Italian and because Rossetti himself clearly
intended to expand them (as may be seen from the translated letter
published in Diary 217-19).
Given Polidori's attitude towards the Scots, it seems particularly
unfortunate that James B. Twitchell should choose to refer to him as 'an
irascible Scotsman.' The Living Dead: A Study of the Vampire in Romantic
Literature (Durham, NC: Duke UP 1981) 103
25 Edgar Holt Risorgimento: The Making of Italy, 1815-1870 (London:
Macmillan 1970) 30-3
26 Stuart Woolf A History of Italy, 1700-1860: The Social Constraints of Political
Change (London: Methuen 1979) 224
27 J.M. Roberts The Mythology of the Secret Societies (London: Seeker and
Warburg 1972) 243
28 John William Polidori, ms letter to Frances Polidori, 2 May 1816, Angeli-
Dennis box 31, file 6; printed in Diary 212
29 John William Polidori, 'Song,' copied into the commonplace-book of
Frances Polidori, Angeli-Dennis box 12, file 18, p24
30 It is alarming, though of uncertain relevance, to note that the nine Stoic
heroes (counting both Bruti) Polidori and his father cite to each other
include a fratricide, two filicides, and (counting Regulus) three suicides.
31 Gaetano Polidori, ms letter to John William Polidori, 9 December 1813,
Angeli-Dennis box 31, file 5 (tr W.M. Rossetti and Robert Vidoni [last block
quotation])
32 John William Polidori, ms letter to Gaetano Polidori, 16 February 1814,
Angeli-Dennis box 31, file 5 (tr Robert Vidoni)
Authenticated
Chapter 3 Ximenes: The Modern Abraham
1 Ximenes ix
2 Ximenes vi-viii. The Latin is adapted from Horace Odes III.i.1.
3 John William Polidori, ms letter to John Murray, July 1817, John Murray
archives, London
4 The play's repeated comparisons of the desolate human heart to 'a
withered lonely stem' (Ximenes 60, IILii) and a 'scathed' tree (Ximenes 70,
IV.iii) seem to allude to Manfred's comparison of himself to a blasted pine
in the drama Byron began while in Switzerland with Polidori and pub-
lished in 1817 (Manfred I.ii.66, WLB 4: 96). It is also possible that Byron
borrowed (and improved on) Polidori's image, but in this case it seems
unlikely, since the passage in Manfred is drawn from a journal Byron kept
for Augusta Leigh while touring the Bernese Alps with Hobhouse after
Polidori's departure (BLJ 5:102). Polidori uses the image again in Ernestus
Berchtold, published, like Ximenes, in 1819 (Berchtold 88-9; see chapter 18).
As Jay Macpherson points out, however, the image is a commonplace. The
Spirit of Solitude: Conventions and Continuities in Late Romance (New
Haven: Yale UP 1982) 269-70 n2.
5 Ximenes 73, IV.iv
6 Ximenes 95, V.iii
7 SE 14:252
8 Ximenes xii
9 Ximenes 61, Ill.iii; Ximenes 90, V.ii
10 Ximenes 31, II.ii
11 Ximenes 88-90, V.ii
12 Thomas Medwin Conversations of Lord Byron ed Ernest J. Lovell (Princeton,
NJ: Princeton UP 1966) 104
13 Plato Phaedo tr David Gallop (Oxford: Clarendon Press 1975) 6; Stephanoas
62b. The term Gallop gives as prison can, however, also be translated as
guard post, which changes the metaphor. See The Collected Dialogues of
Plato, Including the Letters ed Edith Hamilton and Huntington Cairns
(Princeton: Princeton UP 1961) 45.
14 John Donne Biathanatos ed Michael Rudick and M. Pabst Battin (New
York: Garland 1982) 39, xvii
15 Ibid 53; Genesis 22.2
16 Maurice J. Quinlan William Cowper: A Critical Life (Minneapolis: U of
Minnesota P 1953) 91. Southey's life of Cowper, from which this quotation
is drawn, was not published until 1835-7:1 offer these examples purely for
purposes of contrast.
17 Ximenes 80, IV.iv
18 Ximenes 100-2, V.vi
19 Ximenes 43, Ill.i; Ximenes 102, V.vi; Ximenes 79, IV.iv
Authenticated
20 See Macpherson Spirit of Solitude 75-6. Macpherson also points out that
Wringhim's demonic double, in James Hogg's The Private Memoirs and
Confessions of a Justified Sinner (1824), speaks of being 'wedded' to the
unfortunate Wringhim: The Private Memoirs and Confessions of a Justified
Sinner ed John Carey (Oxford: Oxford UP 1981) 229; Macpherson Spirit of
Solitude 234-5.
Chapter 4 Oneirodynia
1 Polidori to Gaetano Polidori, 16 February 1814. The word tentatively

translated as 'failure' is illegible.
2 Statuta Solennia III-VII
3 Ibid XII
4 Robert Christison Life 1: 160-1
5 John William Polidori, ms letter to Frances Polidori, 22 March 1815,
7 John William Polidori, ms letter to Frances Polidori, 4 May 1815, Angeli-
Dennis box 31, file 6. Robert Vidoni and Marguerite Chiarenza assessed
the quality of the Italian of the sonnet.
8 William Michael Rossetti, ms note to John William Polidori's ms letter to
Frances Polidori, 22 March 1815, Angeli-Dennis box 31, file 6
9 Polidori to Frances, 22 March 1815
10 Ibid, 4 May 1815
11 Ibid, 22 March 1815
12 Ibid, 4 May 1815
13 James Balfour Paul ed The Scots Peerage: Founded on Wood's Edition of Sir
Robert Douglas's Peerage of Scotland, Containing an Historical and
Genealogical Account of the Nobility of that Kingdom (Edinburgh: David
Douglas 1904-14) 6: 117-19
15 Ibid, 4 May 1815
16 Ibid, 22 March 1815
17 Dictionary of National Biography 19: 475
18 Harriet Martineau Harriet Martineau's Autobiography (London: Smith Elder
1877) 1: 298, 300
19 George Borrow Lavengro: The Scholar, The Gypsy, The Priest ed W.I. Knapp
(London: John Murray 1900) 147-8
20 Quoted in John Greene Crosse Diary & Letters of John Greene Crosse, 1815-
35, ms 470, Norfolk Record Office, Norwich
21 William Taylor, ms letter to John William Polidori, 12 March 1815, Angeli-
Authenticated
23 William Cullen The Works of William Cullen ... Containing his Physiology,
Nosology, and First Lines of the Practice of Physic: with Numerous Extracts
from his Manuscript Papers, and from his Treatise of the Materia Medica ed
John Thomson (Edinburgh: Blackwood 1827) 1: 319-20
24 Disputatio 3. All translations from Polidori's thesis are my own, checked
by Lyn Rae.
25 Michel Foucault The Birth of the Clinic: An Archaeology of Medical
Perception tr A.M. Sheridan Smith (New York: Pantheon Books 1973) 89
26 Francois Boissier de Sauvages de la Croix, Nosologia Methodica Sistens
Morborum Classes Juxta Sydenhami Mentem & Botanicorum Ordinem last ed
(Amsterdam: Tournes 1768) 2: 150; 1: 594,168 (my translation)
27 Erasmus Darwin The Loves of the Plants 111.51-78, The Poetical Works of
Erasmus Darwin, M.D. F.R.S. (London: J. Johnson 1806) 2:a126-8
28 Ibid III.74n, Works 2: 128n; Erasmus Darwin Zoonomia; or, The Laws of
Organic Life 2nd American ed (Boston: Thomas and Andrews 1803) 1:155,
I.xviii.3
29 Modern research confirms Cullen and Darwin's impression that
somnambulism and the night terror are related phenomena; they often
occur in the same person. See Ernest Hartmann The Nightmare: The
Psychology and Biology of Terrifying Dreams (New York: Basic Books 1984)
13,18.
30 Quoted in Eunice Morgan Schenck La Part de Charles Nodier dans la
formation des idees romantiques de Victor Hugo jusqu'a la preface de
Cromwell (Paris: Libraire Ancienne Honore Champion 1914) 55 (my
transalation)
31 Cullen Works 2: 536-7
32 Taylor to Polidori, 12 March 1815
33 John William Polidori, ms 'Account of My passing my trials'
34 Disputatio 10
36 Disputatio 11-13, 20
37 John Lough The Contributors to the Encyclopedic (London: Grant and Cutler
1973)21
38 Disputatio 8; Sauvages Nosologia 2: 207
39 Disputatio 35-6; Sauvages Nosologia 2: 207; Denis Diderot and Jean
d'Alembert eds Encyclopedic, ou Dictionnaire raisonne des sciences, des
arts et des metiers, par une societee de gens de lettres (Paris: Briasson et al
1751-65)15: 342b
40 See Lester S. King The Philosophy of Medicine: The Early Eighteenth Century
(Cambridge, Mass: Harvard UP 1978) 223.
41 Disputatio 7; Encyclopedic 15: 342b
42 Disputatio 35
43 Foucault Birth of the Clinic 17
44 Disputatio 1-2
45 Disputatio 6, 23, 28-9, 32
Authenticated
46 Darwin makes the same point about dreamers in the first Interlude to
Plants, Works 2: 69; and Zoonomia 1: 157,1.xviii.6.
47 Disputatio 31-2
48 Darwin supports the same doctrine in his discussion of dreams in
Zoonomia 1: 157,1.xviii.6.
49 Disputatio 33-4
50 Polidori to Frances, 22 March 1815; 4 May 1815.
51 Polidori 'Account of My passing my trials'
52 Hippocrates The Medical Works of Hippocrates tr John Chadwick and W.N.
Mann (Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications 1950) 173, VII.7
53 Polidori copied out all his examination answers on the endpapers of
Disputatio (my translation).
54 Polidori 'Account of My passing my trials'
Chapter 5 'On the Punishment of Death'
1 Diary 31
2 For example, 'My Dream' from 'The Wreath':
Tis said that dreams come true, if it be so
I well may die, while yet 's breath
Leaves on my feverish cheek its warmer glow - (Ximenes 115)
3 Arrow to Polidori, 25 November 1811
5 Polidori to Frances, 22 March 1815; 4 May 1815
6 See Percy Bysshe Shelley The Complete Works of Percy Bysshe Shelley ed
Roger Ingpen and Walter E. Peck (New York: Gordian Press 1965) 9: 222n.
7 William Taylor, ms letter to John William Polidori, 28 May 1815, Angeli-
8 David Hamilton The Healers 165-6
9 Robert Gooch, ms letter to Gaetano Polidori, 3 February 1816, Angeli-
Dennis box 27
10 Quoted in J.W. Robberds A Memoir of the Life and Writings of the Late
William Taylor of Norwich (London: John Murray 1843) 2: 463
11 Martineau Autobiography 1: 81-2
12 Ximenes 166
13 David D. Cooper The Lesson of the Scaffold: The Public Execution Contro-
versy in Victorian England (Athens, Ohio: Ohio UP 1974) 27
14 Harry Elmer Barnes The Story of Punishment: A Record of Man's Inhumanity
to Man 2nd rev ed (Montclair, NJ: Patterson Smith 1972) 101; Michel
Foucault Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison tr Alan Sheridan
(London: Allen Lane 1977) 14
15 Elizabeth Orman Tuttle The Crusade against Capital Punishment in Great
Britain (London: Stevens 1961) 6n
Authenticated
16 Cooper Lesson of the Scaffold 1; Ruth Richardson Death, Dissection and the
Destitute (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul 1987) 35-6.
17 BLJ 5: 34-5; Leslie A. Marchand Byron: A Portrait (New York: Knopf 1970)
217-18
18 Cooper lesson of the Scaffold 32-3, 39-40
19 'Death'282-3
20 'Death' 287
21 Cesare Bonesana, Marchese di Beccaria On Crimes and Punishments tr
Henry Paolucci (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill 1963) 45; Foucault Discipline
and Punish 94. Ironically, Romilly, like Polidori, committed suicide - thus
provoking some of the most savage passages in all of Byron's
correspondence (eg BL] 6: 80-1) and a sarcastic reference in Don Juan:
the lamented late Sir Samuel Romilly,
The Law's expounder, and the State's corrector,
Whose suicide was almost an anomaly -
One sad example more, that 'All is vanity,' -
(The jury brought their verdict in 'Insanity!')
(Don Juan i.xv, WLB 6:17-18)
22 'Death' 289
23 'Death' 293
24 'Death' 292
25 Beccaria On Crimes 58-9; Cooper Lesson of the Scaffold 34; Foucault
Discipline and Punish 95-6
26 'Death' 296
Chapter 6 Negotiations
1 John Cam Hobhouse, Baron Broughton Recollections of a Long Life, with

additional extracts from his private diaries ed Charlotte Carleton, Baroness
Dorchester (London: John Murray 1909-11) 2: 250
2 Broughton Recollections 2: 277
3 Hilde Bruch The Golden Cage: The Enigma of Anorexia Nervosa (Cambridge,
Mass: Harvard UP 1978) 11-20
4 BLJ 4:189
6 William Makepeace Thackeray The Works of William Makepeace Thackeray
(New York: Scribner 1903-4) 30: 361; quoted in Doris Langley Moore The
Late Lord Byron: Posthumous Dramas (London: John Murray 1961) 487-8
7 Gilbert Highet A Clerk of Oxenford: Essays on Literature and Life (New York:
Oxford UP 1954) 124
8 Wilma Paterson 'Was Byron Anorexic?' World Medicine 15 May 1982: 38
9 Lawrence Stone The Family, Sex and Marriage in England 1500-1800
abridged ed (Harmondsworth: Penguin 1979) 282-4
10 Bruch Golden Cage Brought
48-9 to you by | UCL - University College London
Authenticated
11 Broughton Recollections 2: 207, 250-1

12 John Cam Hobhouse, Baron Broughton, ms diary, 12 February 1816, Berg
Collection, New York Public Library, 4: 216
14 BLJ 5: 20
15 John Cam Hobhouse, Baron Broughton, ms diary, 12 March 1816; quoted
in T.A.J. Burnett The Rise and Fall of a Regency Dandy: The Life and Times of
Scrope Berdmore Davies (London: John Murray 1981) 116
16 Quoted in Malcolm Elwin Lord Byron's Wife (London: Macdonald 1962)
461
17 Polidori was not the only medical man Knighton recommended to Byron.
In September 1814, he had brought Johann Christoph Spurzheim (1776-
1832), the phrenologist, to examine him. Byron forwarded his surprisingly
accurate diagnosis to Annabella Milbanke: 'He says all mine ['faculties &
dispositions'] are strongly marked - but very antithetical for every thing
developed in & on this same skull of mine has its opposite in great force so
that to believe him my good & evil are at perpetual war - pray heaven the
last don't come off victorious.' BLJ 4: 182
18 John Cam Hobhouse, Baron Broughton Byron's Bulldog: The Letters of John
Cam Hobhouse to Lord Byron ed Peter W. Graham (Columbus: Ohio State
UP 1984) 270-1
19 John Cam Hobhouse, Baron Broughton, ms diary, 28 March 1816, Berg
Collection, New York Public Library, 4: 271-2
20 Gaetano Polidori, ms letter to Luigi Eustachio Polidori, 1818, Angeli-
Dennis box 31, file 6 (tr William Michael Rossetti)
21 George Gordon Noel Byron, ms letter to John William Polidori, 2 April
1816, Angeli-Dennis box 31, file 6
22 Gaetano to Luigi, 1818
23 See 'Obituary' 11
24 WLB: LJ 3: 284n
25 John William Polidori, ms letter to William Taylor, 3 September 1816,
26 Diary 44
27 Polidori to Frances Polidori, 2 May 1816
28 BLJ 6: 127
29 John William Polidori, ms note on the flyleaf of 'Death'
30 Diary 180
31 William Michael Rossetti, 'John Polidori's Passport,' ms note, Angeli-
32 John William Polidori, ms will, 8 April 1816, Angeli-Dennis box 31, file 6
33 John Cam Hobhouse, Baron Broughton, ms diary, 17 April 1816, Add ms
47232, British Library, f 112
34 WLB 3: 533-5
35 John Cam Hobhouse, Baron Broughton, ms diary, 20 April 1816, Add ms
Authenticated
36 Leigh Hunt 'Distressing Circumstance in High Life' Examiner (1816) 247-

50
38 This was 23 April 1816: the first three dates in Polidori's journal are a day
oput.
40 BLJ 2: 206-7
41 WLB 4: 45-8
42 Diary 28
43 Diary 30
45 Diary 123, 44
46 Diary 30-1; John Cam Hobhouse, Baron Broughton, ms diary, 24 April
1816, Add ms 47232, British Library, f 106: the version printed in
Recollections 1: 335 reads only 'Polidori was very strange tonight.'
47 Samuel-Auguste-Andre-David Tissot had published De I'onanisme in 1758;
it was still current. Masturbation was of course the most serious threat to
sexual health, but 'licentiousness' and even 'MATRIMONIAL EXCESS' were
almost as bad. See Peter Gay The Bourgeois Experience: Victoria to Freud
(New York: Oxford UP 1984-) 1: 295-7, 310-11.
48 Diary 31
49 Diary 31
50 Diary 31-2; John William Polidori Journal of a Journey thro' Flanders &c
from April 24 1816 to Dec 28 / 16, ms copy by Charlotte Polidori, Angeli-
Dennis box 31, file 1,1: 7-8.1 have collated the ms of Polidori's journal
with Rossetti's edition, but I shall note only substantive differences. In this
case, Rossetti prints aspect for appearance.
51 Burnett Regency Dandy 240
52 CHP Ill.i, WLB 2: 216
53 BLJ 5: 71; Byron is alluding to The Merchant of Bruges, Kinnaird's adap-
tation of Beaumont and Fletcher's The Beggar's Bush.
54 John Murray ed Lord Byron's Correspondence, Chiefly with Lady Melbourne,
Mr. Hobhouse, The Hon. Douglas Kinnaird, and P.B. Shelley (London: John
Murray 1922) 2: 3. The postscript is not in BLJ.
Chapter 7 Travels with Byron
1 Diary 32
2 Diary 33; Charlotte deleted this from Polidori's journal, but luckily Rossetti
had already read the manuscript and found the sentence unforgettable.
3 Diary 33
4 Quoted in Andrew Rutherford ed Byron: The Critical Heritage (London:
Routledge and Kegan Paul 1970) 179-80
5 Diary 33
Authenticated
6 BL/5: 77
7 Diary 60-1, 73, 80
8 Polidori to Frances Polidori, 2 May 1816; printed in Diary 211-12
9 Diary 73, 76
10 Diary 59, 61, 96
11 Diary 43-4, 74
12 BL/ 5:76-7
13 Diary 70
14 Diary 35, 58-9, 43, 48, 55, 75, 80
15 Diary 77
16 Diary 92
17 Diary 86, 91, 82, 96-7
18 Ernest J. Lovell ed His Very Self and Voice: Collected Conversations of Lord
Byron (New York: Macmillan 1954) 459
19 Diary 39
20 Diary 41; Polidori, ms journal, Angeli-Dennis box 31, file 1,1: 24. Rossetti
prints eyes for eye.
21 BL/5; 74-5
22 Gerald Reitlinger TTie Economics of Taste (London: Barrie and Rockliff
1961-70) 1: 38
23 Quoted in Reitlinger Economics of Taste 1:17
24 Henry Fuseli The Mind of Henry Fuseli: Selections from his Writings ed Eudo
C. Mason (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul 1951) 264-5
25 Diary 42
26 Diary 53
27 Diary 52; Polidori, ms Journal, Angeli-Dennis box 31, file 1,1: 42-3.
Rossetti prints Guy Warwick giant's wife and omits with. I have been unable
to identify Guy Warner or his wife. Guy of Warwick was a hero, but not a
giant.
28 BL/5: 74
29 Diary 48
30 Diary 77; Polidori, ms Journal, Angeli-Dennis box 31, file 1,1: 80. Rossetti
tones down the exclamation mark to a period.
31 Diary 79
32 Diary 93
33 BL/5: 74
34 H.F.B. Wheeler and A.M. Broadley Napoleon and the Invasion of England:
The Story of the Great Terror (London: John Lane-Bodley Head 1908) 2: 24
35 Diary 54
36 Diary 82, 86
37 Diary 63, 69, 70
38 Diary 62-3; Polidori, ms Journal, Angeli-Dennis box 31, file 1,1: 61-2.
Rossetti prints battle for 18th.
39 CHP III.xxx, WLB 2:Brought
234 to you by | UCL - University College London
Authenticated
40 John William Polidori, ms letter to Gaetano Polidori, postmarked 20 June

1816, Add ms 54226, British Library, ff 54-5
41 John William Polidori, ms letter to John Murray, 6 May 1816, John Murray
archives, London
42 Diary 64
43 John William Polidori, ms letter to John Cam Hobhouse, Baron Broughton,
11 May 1816, Add ms 36456, British Library, f 337; printed in Diary 213
44 Polidori to Murray, 6 May 1816
45 Diary 65
46 BLJ 5:76
47 Gordon later claimed to have accompanied them to Waterloo, but neither
Byron nor Polidori mentions it, and Polidori's reference the next day to 'a
Mr. Pryse Gordon' suggests that this was the first time they had met. See
Diary 69. Gordon gives himself away by claiming to have heard Byron say
at Waterloo: 'I am not disappointed. I have seen the plains of Marathon,
and these are as fine.' Pryse Lockhart Gordon 'Sketches from the Portfolio
of a Sexagenarian: Lord Byron. - Sir Walter Scott at Brussels' New Monthly
Magazine and Literary Journal 26 (1829) 192
48 Diary 70
49 Walter Scott Poetical Works ed J. Logie Robertson (London: Oxford UP
1904) 626, xxiii. A little informal research among students and colleagues
suggests that so far Scott's prediction has been accurate.
50 Diary 69. Polidori described Gordon as 'a good-natured gentleman'; in
return Gordon published, eight years after Polidori died, an anonymous
attack on him, of which not a sentence is true (Gordon 'Sketches' 197). It
was omitted from the Personal Memoirs published under Gordon's name in
1830. It is noteworthy mainly as an extreme, but not entirely
unrepresentative, example of the distortions present even in firsthand
accounts of Polidori.
51 Diary 70
52 Polidori to Frances, 2 May 1816; printed in Diary 210-11
53 Thomas Moore Life of Lord Byron: with his Letters and Journals new ed
(London: John Murray 1854) 3: 280
54 Samuel Smiles A Publisher and his Friends: Memoir and Correspondence of
the Late John Murray, with an account of the origin and progress of the house,
1768-1843 (London: John Murray 1891) 1: 223
55 Medwin Conversations 214
56 Quoted in Medwin Conversations 215n
57 Frederick L. Jones ed Maria Gisborne & Edward E. Williams, Shelley's
Friends: Their Journals and Letters (Norman: U of Oklahoma P 1951) 122; 2
January 1822
58 Polidori to Broughton, 11 May 1816; printed in Diary 213
59 Diary 43
60 BLJ 5: 73
Authenticated
61 Diary 88-9
62 BLJ 5: 76,. 81, 78-9
Chapter 8 A Star in the Halo of the Moon
1 Diary 135
2 Richard Holmes Shelley: The Pursuit (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson
1974)342
3 Diary 97
4 Diary 106
5 Clara Mary Jane Clairrnont, ms letter to George Gordon Noel Byron, 17
May 1816, John Murray archives, London
6 Quoted in Leslie A. Marchand Byron: A Biography (New York: Knopf 1957)
2: 620; John Murray archives, London
7 Quoted in Ibid 2: 621
8 Diary 99
9 Clara Mary Jane Clairmont, ms letter to George Gordon Noel Byron, 6
May 1816, John Murray archives, London
10 Quoted in Marchand Byron: A Biography 2: 627
11 Holmes Shelley 326
12 Ibid 143n, 220-1, 314
13 Diary 101
15 Ibid 31, 51-2. But see W.M. Rossetti's comments in Diary 109-10.
16 Diary 107
17 Diary 112
19 Diary 112-13
20 Holmes Shelley 28-30
21 Diary 113
22 Holmes Shelley 226, 232, 284, 307, 312-13
23 Rieger 'Dr. Polidori' 471-2
24 Diary 110
25 Diary 127
26 Polidori to Gaetano, 20 June 1816
27 Diary 108
28 Diary 99
29 John William Polidori, ms letter to John Murray, 10 July 1816, John Murray
archives, London
30 Diary 118
31 Moore life of Lord Byron 3: 278-9
32 Ibid 278
33 Ibid 275
34 BL] 6: 127
35 Diary 105
Authenticated
36 Diary 98
37 BLJ 6:127; see also Moore Life of Lord Byron 3: 278
38 Moore Life of Lord Byron 3: 277
39 Diary 101
40 Diary 104; Polidori, ms Journal, Angeli-Dennis box 32, 2: 11-12; Rossetti
prints armies on their march.
41 Diary 151,118,151
42 Diary 118-19
43 Diary 143,146
44 BL] 3: 66
45 BLJ 4:122
46 Diary 146
47 Diary 118
49 Polidori to Taylor, 3 September 1816
50 Diary 104
51 Diary U7
52 Ludovico di Breme Lettere ed Piero Camporesi (Torino: Einaudi 1966) 389
(my translation)
53 Frank Ongley Darvall Popular Disturbances and Public Order in Regency
England: Being an Account of the Luddite and Other Disorders in England
during the Years 1811-1817, and of the Attitude and Activity of the Authorities
(1934; rpt London: Oxford UP 1969) 152-3; and John W. Derry Reaction
and Reform, 1793-1868: England in the Early Nineteenth Century (London:
Blandford Press 1963) 50
54 Darvall Popular Disturbances 321
55 Polidori to Murray, 10 July 1816
57 Gaetano Polidori, ms letter to John William Polidori, 24 June 1816, Angeli-
Dennis box 31, file 6 (tr W.M. Rossetti)
58 Leonard Homer ed Memoirs of Francis Horner, with Selections from his
Correspondence (Edinburgh: William and Robert Chambers 1849) 337
59 Diary 149
60 Diary 106
61 Diary 119
62 Diary 122
63 The Waltz 147-8, WLB 1: 494; Byron's comment is actually much harsher
than that of Goethe's Werther, who says only 'that a girl I loved, on whom
I had any claim, would never waltz with anyone besides myself, even if it
meant my end. You know what I mean!' Johann Wolfgang von Goethe The
Sufferings of Young Werther tr Harry Steinhauer (New York: W.W. Norton
1970)16
64 Diary 122,105, 119
65 Diary 33
Authenticated
66 Henry R. Viets tentatively identifies her as the descendant of James Daniel

Bruce (1670-1735), Peter the Great's Grandmaster of Artillery. She lived
near Geneva from 1815 to 1822. 'The London Editions of Polidori's The
Vampyre' Papers of the Bibliographical Society of America 63 (1969) 88. The
name is always spelled Breuss in Charlotte's transcript (and Rossetti's
edition) of Polidori's journal; Diary 141.
67 Diary 142
68 Diary 146
70 Diary 149
Chapter 9 Ghost Stories
1 Rieger 'Dr. Polidori' 461-74; Christopher Frayling Introduction to The

Vampyre: Lord Ruthven to Count Dracula ed Christopher Frayling (London:
Victor Gollancz 1978) 18-25
2 Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus ed
James Kinsley and M.K. Joseph (Oxford: Oxford UP 1980) 7. Eyries (1767-
1846) an author and geographer, is best known for his Voyage et
decouvertes dans la partie septentrionale de I'ocean Pacifique (1807), an
intriguing anticipation of the arctic frame of Frankenstein.
3 Mary Shelley Frankenstein 7; Moore Life of Lord Byron 3: 281
4 Quoted in Frayling, Introduction to The Vampyre 21
5 Diary 122-3
6 BLJ 5: 82
7 Moore Life of Lord Byron 3: 279-80. Moore's anecdotes about Polidori were
derived from Mary Shelley, who may have been reading the themes of her
novel back into the circumstances of its inspiration.
8 Diary 123
9 Moore Life of Lord Byron 3: 275-6
10 Diary 123
11 Mary Shelley Frankenstein 8-9
13 Diary 121
14 See Christison Life 1: 175-80 for a graphic account of resurrectioning.
16 See Lester S. King Philosophy of Medicine 146.
17 Quoted in 'Abernethy on the Vital Principle' Edinburgh Review 23 (1814)
394
18 Quoted in Trevor H. Levere Poetry Realized in Nature: Samuel Taylor
Coleridge and Early Nineteenth-Century Science (Cambridge: Cambridge UP
1981) 47; the biblical phrase, which is from Deuteronomy 12.23, is quoted
Authenticated
by Renfield in Bram Stoker Dracula ed A.N. Wilson (Oxford: Oxford UP

1983) 141.
19 John Keir, quoted in Desmond King-Hele Doctor of Revolution: The Life and
Genius of Erasmus Darwin (London: Faber 1977) 31
20 'Abernethy, Lawrence, &c. on the Theories of Life' Quarterly Review 22
(1819-20) 1; see Levere Poetry Realized in Nature 49.
21 'Abernethy, Lawrence, &c.' 18, 25
22 'Abernethy on the Vital Principle' 387, 392
23 Erasmus Darwin The Economy of Vegetation I.401n, Works 1: 46n
24 Darwin The Temple of Nature, Additional Note I, Works 3:194-5
25 Mary Shelley Frankenstein 8
26 Ibid 10
27 Ibid 8
28 Diary 125,127
29 Mary Shelley Frankenstein 7-8
30 The close parallelism between Polidori's title and that of Frankenstein; or,
The Modern Prometheus raises intriguing but insoluble questions of priority.
As far as I know, no one referred (at least, in writing) to Frankenstein as
The Modern Prometheus until after its publication in 1818. Ernestus Berchtold
was not published until 1819, but in 1817 Polidori tried to persuade Murray
to publish Ximenes under the title Count Orlando; or, The Modern Abraham.
John William Polidori, ms letter to John Murray, July 1817, John Murray
archives, London. The mythological archetype is, of course, essential to
the conception of Frankenstein, but it is equally so to that of Ernestus
Berchtold, which was conceived at the same time, and to that of Ximenes,
which was apparently conceived in 1813, and which Mary Shelley may
have heard read (and laughed at) in 1816. There is no a priori reason to
assume that the greater artist had the idea first, and the evidence, such as
it is, favours the priority of Polidori. Shelley's contempt for him may be
partly an expression of her uneasiness at having imitated him, but it may
be partly an expression of her irritation at his having imitated her.
32 Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley The Letters of Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley ed
Betty T. Bennett (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP 1980-3) 1: 96
33 Berchtold v-vi
34 BLJ 6:119
35 WLB: LJ 3: 452
36 Twitchell The Living Dead 114-15
37 Dom Augustin Calmet Trait'e sur les apparitions des esprits, et sur les
vampires, ou les revenans de Hongrie, de Moravie, &c. rev ed (Paris: Debure
l'aine 1751) 2: 35 (my translation)
38 Calmet Trait'e sur les apparitions 2: 70 (my translation)
39 John Herman Merivale Poems Original and Translated (London: William
Pickering 1838) 1: 71
40 Calmet Trait'e sur les apparitions 2: 122
Authenticated
41 Manfred I.ii.7-24, WLB 4: 94

42 Cain IH.i.441-3, WLB 5: 271
43 WLB: LJ 3: 452-3
44 John William Polidori, letter, Morning Chronicle 25 September 1819: 4
46 The Giaour 755-86, WLB 3:121-3
47 Rieger 'Dr. Polidori' 465-6
51 Christopher Small Ariel Like a Harpy: Shelley, Mary and 'Frankenstein'
(London: Victor Gollancz 1972) 34
52 Diary 113
53 Samuel Taylor Coleridge 'Fire, Famine, and Slaughter' 81, The Complete
Poetical Works of Samuel Taylor Coleridge ed Ernest Hartley Coleridge
(Oxford: Clarendon Press 1912) 1: 240
54 Ibid 21-23, 40-1, Works 1: 238
55 Ernest Jones sees the blood vampires suck as primarily a symbol for
semen. On the Nightmare new ed (New York: Liveright 1951) 119.I am not
sure it is so simple. The symbol has a number of possible interpretations
which, far from ruling each other out, probably reinforce each other. In a
word, it is over-determined.
56 John William Polidori, ms letter to John Murray, 18 June 1816, John Murray
archives, London
57 BLJ 5: 321 and n
58 Diary 128
59 Twitchell The Living Dead 39-48
60 Coleridge 'Christabel' 247-54, Works 1: 224
61 Diary 128
62 Coleridge Works 1: 224n
63 Percy Bysshe Shelley, The Witch of Atlas' xi.88, Complete Works 4: 20;
Veeder Mary Shelley & Frankenstein 113
64 Holmes Shelley 89-93, 214-15, 277-9
65 Diary 128
66 BL/5: 81-2
68 Diary 132
69 Diary 145-6
70 Emmanuel Benezit ed Dictionnaire critique et documentaire des peintres,
sculpteurs, dessinateurs et graveurs de tous les temps et de tous les pays ...
(Paris: Librairie Grund 1948-55) 2: 295
71 Diary 144
72 Diary 143
73 Moore life of Lord Byron 3: 285
Authenticated
74 Thomas Love Peacock The Works of Thomas Love Peacock ed H.F.B. Brett-
Smith and C.E. Jones (London: Constable 1924-34) 3: 99
75 Diary 147; BLJ 6: 127; Diary 147; Polidori, ms Journal, Angeli-Dennis box
32, 2: 51-2. Rossetti prints talkative for Vathek's; the word in Charlotte's
hand is almost illegible.
76 Doris Langley Moore Lord Byron: Accounts Rendered (London: John Murray
1974)306
77 Quoted in Ernest J. Lovell ed Collected Conversations 191
78 BLJ 5: 92, 85
79 Broughton Byron's Bulldog 222
80 BLJ 5: 85, 86
81 Frances Jerningham The Jerningham Letters (1780-1843): Being Excerpts from
the Correspondence and Diaries of the Honourable Lady Jerningham and of her
Daughter Lady Bedingfield ed Egerton Castle (London: R. Bentley 1896) 2:
111
82 BLJ 5: 88-9, 93; WLB 2: 429n
83 See Louis Crompton Byron and Greek Love: Homophobia in ISth-Century
England (Berkeley: U of California P 1985) 221-4
84 BLJ 5: 85
85 Broughton Byron's Bulldog 222; BLJ 5: 84-5
86 Berchtoldvi
87 John Mitford 'Extract of a Letter from Geneva, with Anecdotes of Lord
Byron, &c.' New Monthly Magazine and Universal Register 11 (1819) 194-5.
This article, which is anonymous, is ascribed to Mitford in the catalogue of
the Houghton Library, Harvard.
88 John William Polidori, ms letter to Henry Colburn, 2 April 1819, Angeli-
Dennis box 31, file 6; printed in Diary 15
89 WLB: LJ 3: 449, 450, 449
90 'Vampyre' 197
91 Twitchell The Living Dead 108; Carol A. Senf The Vampire in Nineteenth-
Century English Literature (Bowling Green, Ohio: Popular Press 1988) 35-6
92 Caroline Lamb Glenarvon (1816; rpt Delmar, NY: Scholars' Facsimiles and
Reprints 1972) 86; 2: 37 (original pagination)
93 See 'Lines Inscribed upon a Cup Formed from a Skull' (1808), WLB 1: 276-
7.
94 Polidori, letter, Morning Chronicle 25 September 1819: 4
Chapter 10 A Series of Slight Quarrels
1 Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley Mary Shelley's Journal ed Frederick L. Jones

(Norman: U of Oklahoma P 1947) 57-60
2 Louis F. Peck A Life of Matthew G. Lewis (Cambridge, Mass: Harvard UP
1961) 160
Authenticated
3 John Cam Hobhouse, Baron Broughton, ms diary, 29 August 1816, Add ms

4 Ibid, 1 September 1816, f 110
5 See Levere Poetry Realized in Nature 159-61.
6 Broughton, ms diary, 31 August 1816, Add ms 56536, British Library, ff
109-10
7 Ibid, 20 September 1816, Add ms 56536, British Library, f 129
8 Ibid, 4 September 1816, Add ms 56536, British Library, f 112
9 T.A.J. Burnett Regency Dandy 132
10 BLJ 5: 122
11 Moore Life of Lord Byron 3: 281n
12 WLB:L/3:348n
13 Diary 136
14 Mary Shelley Journal 56
15 Diary 136
16 Diary 150-1; Polidori, ms Journal, Angeli-Dennis box 32, 2: 57-8. Rossetti
guesses fellows for (they).
18 Diary \35
20 Ibid 276-7
22 John William Polidori, ms letter to Gaetano Polidori, 20 September 1816,
Angeli-Dennis box 31, file 5; printed in Diary 215-16
23 Medwin Conversations 106-7
24 BLJ 5: 163
26 Germaine de Stael-Holstein Oeuvres Completes (1861; rpt Geneva: Slatkine
Reprints 1967) 1: 177
27 Percy Shelley Complete Works 9: 196
28 Clara Mary Jane Clairmont, ms letter to George Gordon Noel Byron, 12
September 1816, John Murray archives, London
29 D.L. Moore The Late Lord Byron 199-200
30 D.L. Moore Byron: Accounts Rendered 217 and n; Diary 103
31 Polidori to Gaetano, 20 September 1816; printed in Diary 216
32 Diary 152
Chapter 11 Crossing the Alps
1 Polidori to Gaetano, 20 September 1816; printed in Diary 216

3 See Christopher Hill Milton and the English Revolution (1977; rpt London:
Faber 1979) 197.
Authenticated
4 Gaetano Polidori, ms letter to John William Polidori, 30 September 1816,

Angeli-Dennis box 31, file 6 (tr W.M. Rossetti)
5 John William Polidori, ms letter to George Gordon Noel Byron, 1 October
1816, John Murray archives, London; Diary 164
6 Polidori to Byron, 1 October 1816
7 Diary 153
8 Diary 154
9 Diary 155-6,158
10 Diary 160,163,164
11 Diary 158-9
12 Polidori to Byron, 1 October 1816
13 Ximenes x
14 Ximenes 116-17
15 Since Coleridge seems to have been much read and discussed at Diodati,
Polidori may have encountered the image in 'The Destiny of Nations' 215.
Coleridge Complete Poetical Works 1:138. See John Livingston Lowes The
Road to Xanadu: A Study in the Ways of the Imagination (1927; rpt Princeton:
Princeton UP 1986) 98-100.
16 Kenneth Neill Cameron et al eds Shelley and his Circle, 1773-1822
(Cambridge, Mass: Harvard UP 1961-73) 4: 762n
17 Ximenes 119. It is impossible to be sure. Byron began Manfred in July 1816
(BLJ 5:170n), and may have showed some of it to Polidori then, but he is
unlikely to have written much of it before his tour with Hobhouse in
September: he later told Moore that he had written it 'for the sake of
introducing the Alpine scenery in description' (BLJ 5: 188). He may have
shown Polidori some of it when they met again in Milan. Or Polidori may
have written or revised 'My Dream' (and, despite its title, 'Written at the
Grimsel') after Manfred was published in July 1817. But the suicide theme
was at least as much Polidori's as Byron's; it is even possible that Polidori
wrote the sections while crossing the Alps, showed them to Byron in
Milan, and helped to inspire the parallel passages in Manfred, rather than
the reverse. It is also possible that both were independently inspired by
the passage in Goethe's novella in which Werther, longing for oblivion,
finds himself unable to plunge into the abyss. Goethe The Sufferings of
Young Werther 77
18 Diary 158,164
19 Ximenes 158-9
20 Holt Risorgimento 40; Woolf A History of Italy 237-8
Chapter 12 Milan
1 Diary 167,168
2 Diary 170
Authenticated
3 Diary 176; Polidori, ms Journal, Angeli-Dennis box 32, 2: 104. Rossetti

prints gratifies.
4 Diary 176
5 Diary 193, 176
6 Breme Leffcre 372, 389 (my translation)
7 Broughton Recollections 2: 40-1
8 Diary 176, 175
9 Diary 176
10 Diary 176
11 Medwin Conversations 166n
12 Diary 172
13 Diary 183
14 Drary 182, 173
15 Diary 181; Polidori, ms Journal, Angeli-Dennis box 32, 2: 113. Rossetti,
following Charlotte, writes pemphizus.
16 Diary 174
17 Diary 182
18 Diary 155
19 Diary 183
20 John William Polidori, ms list on his 'Carta di Sicurezza per Forestieri,' 5
October 1816, Angeli-Dennis box 31, file 6
21 BL/5: 125
22 D.L. Moore The Late Lord Byron 386
23 Diary 177, 171, 178. Polidori (when writing in English) and Rossetti always
use the French spelling of di Breme's name.
24 BL/5: 124
26 Diary 177
27 Broughton Recollections 2: 52-7
28 Quoted in D.L. Moore The Late Lord Byron 373
29 Marie-Henri Beyle de Stendhal Racine and Shakespeare tr Guy Daniels
(New York: Crowell-Collier 1962) 204
30 Ibid 198, 207
31 Marie-Henri Beyle de Stendhal Red and Black tr and ed Robert M. Adams
(New York: W.W. Norton 1969) 64 and n
33 Diary 180; see the copy of 'Death' with holograph revisions, PR 10 N9 R6a
1816, Special Collections, UBC.
34 BLJ 5: 117; Broughton Recollections 2: 45
35 Henry Paolucci Introduction to Beccaria's On Crimes xi
36 Diary 181-2
37 Diary 183
38 Clara Mary Jane Clairmont The Journals of Claire Clairmont ed Marion
Kingston Stocking (Cambridge, Mass: Harvard UP 1968) 198 and n
Authenticated
39 Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley 'The English in Italy' Westminster Review

(October 1826); quoted in Clairmont/ourna/s 451
40 Don Juan XV.xx, WLB 6: 549; BLJ 5: 119
41 John Cam Hobhouse, Baron Broughton, ms diary, 25 October 1816, Add
ms 56537, British Library, f 111
42 Ibid ff 108-9
43 Diary 183-4
44 Clairmont/owrnfl/s 471
45 Broughton, ms diary, 29 October 1816, Add ms 56537, British Library, f
126
46 BLJ 5:125. The narrator was probably di Breme, but a number of the
regulars in his box could be described as among the first men in Milan.
47 BLJ 5:122
48 Diary 186
49 Diary 186 (tr W.M. Rossetti)
50 Diary 189
51 Diary 186-7; Polidori, ms Journal, Angeli-Dennis box 32, 2:122-3. Rossetti
prints any one there.
53 Beyle Racine and Shakespeare 203
55 BLJ 5:121
57 Quoted in Lovell ed Collected Conversations 198
60 Broughton, ms diary, 29 October 1816, Add ms 56537, British Library,
f 125
61 Diary 188
62 Diary 193
63 Broughton, ms diary, 29 October 1816, Add ms 56537, British Library,
f 126; cited in D.L. Moore The Late Lord Byron 395
64 John Cam Hobhouse, Baron Broughton, ms letter to Scrope Berdmore
Davies, 7 November 1816, Loan 70, British Library, vol. 1, ff 58-9
65 Beyle Racine and Shakespeare 203-4
66 BLJ 5:126-7,124
67 Breme Lettere 387 (my translation)
69 Diary 193
Chapter 13 Travels in Italy
1 Sketches, text to plate 19

2 Diary 193-4
Authenticated
3 Diary 194
4 Woolf A History of Italy 244
5 Diary 196,194
6 Diary 195
7 Diary 194
8 Horner ed Memoirs of Francis Homer 292
9 John William Polidori, ms letter to George Gordon Noel Byron, 11 January
1817, John Murray archives, London
10 Diary 196
11 Polidori to Byron, 11 January 1817
12 Diary 196
14 Diary 197
15 Gaetano Polidori to Polidori, 24 June 1816
16 Diary 201
17 His journal says that he left on the thirteenth, but it was written up some
time in December; Luigi, writing to Gaetano on the fourteenth, says that
Polidori arrived on the twelfth. Luigi Eustachio Polidori, ms letter to
Gaetano Polidori, 14 November 1816, Angeli-Dennis box 31, file 6
18 Diary 201
19 Breme Lettere 385 (my translation)
22 Diary 199
24 Diary 202
25 Diary 202
26 Polidori to Gaetano Polidori, 20 September 1816; printed in Diary 216
27 John William Polidori, ms letter to Gaetano Polidori, 14 November 1816,
Angeli-Dennis box 31, file 6 (tr W.M. Rossetti), printed in Diary 218
28 Diary 181
29 This was not Polidori's only attempt to find an aristocratic employer to
replace Byron. In Milan, Hobhouse had written a letter in support of his
attempt to be appointed as physician to the Princess of Wales. The
prospect amused Hobhouse, who remarked in his diary, 'Poor thing, she
must be mad.' Polidori did not get the appointment. Broughton
Recollections 2: 46, 51
30 Diary 171
31 Polidori to Gaetano, 14 November 1816, Diary 219
32 Luigi to Gaetano, 14 November 1816, Angeli-Dennis box 27 (tr W.M.
Rossetti); quoted in Diary 219. The Latin quotation, which is correct in the
original, is from Juvenal VII.73-4. Rossetti (both in the ms and in Diary)
has saevus for rams and (in the ms) omits ferme.
33 Gaetano Polidori to John William Polidori; 17 December 1816, Angeli-
Authenticated
34 Dante Gabriel Rossetti Letters of Dante Gabriel Rossetti ed Oswald Doughty

and John Robert Wahl (Oxford: Clarendon Press 1965-7) 1: 247
35 Diary 203
36 Gaetano to Polidori, 17 December 1816
37 Diary 203
38 The watch cost twenty-eight napoleons, of which Byron paid fifteen.
Polidori described it ungratefully as a 'foolish watch.' Diary 103; see also
Polidori to Gaetano Polidori, 20 June 1816.
39 Diary 203-4
40 Polidori, ms Journal, Angeli-Dennis box 32, 2: 150; not in Diary
41 Polidori, ms Journal, Angeli-Dennis box 32, 2:150-1; not in Diary
42 Diary 205
43 Diary 205-6
44 Clairmont Journals 464-6
45 BLJ 5:64,179; BLJ 10:193-4
46 Clairmont Journals 122
47 Mary Shelley Letters 1:168,132
48 Clairmont Journals 142
50 John William Polidori, ms letter to George Gordon Noel Byron, 17 January
1817, John Murray archives, London
51 BLJ 5:163-4
52 BLJ 11:164
53 BLJ 11:164
54 BLJ 5: 210
55 D.L. Moore The Late Lord Byron 78n; John Cam Hobhouse, Baron
Broughton, ms diary, 2 July 1824, Add ms 56549, British Library, f 11
56 Horner Memoirs of Francis Homer 337
57 BLJ 3: 226
58 Horner Memoirs of Francis Horner 364. According to Dr S.P. Dhiman and
Dr D.I. Macdonald Zaharuk, Horner's disease was probably emphysema,
which is still incurable.
60 Darvall Popular Disturbances 274
61 Ibid 163-4, 278
62 WLB 2:108n
63 Blessington Conversations 51
64 John Cam Hobhouse, Baron Broughton, ms diary, 30 August 1816, Add ms
56536, British Library, f 105; Polidori to Byron, 1 October 1816
65 Quoted in David Watkin Thomas Hope 1769-1831 and the Neo-Classical Idea
(London: John Murray 1968) 21
66 It was signed by a Governatore Viviani, whom W.M. Rossetti conjectures
to be a relative of the Emilia Viviani of 'Epipsychidion.' 'John Polidori's
Passport,' ms note, Angeli-Dennis box 31, file 6
67 Sketches, text to plates 20, 21
Authenticated
68 Sketches, text to plates 35, 50

69 Sketches, text to plates 42, 32, 31, 30
70 BL] 11: 165
71 BL/11: 164
72 BL/ 5: 215
73 BLJ 3: 65
74 John Cam Hobhouse, Baron Broughton Byron's Bulldog 161. Menaleas is
presumably a slip for Absalom as well as a misspelling of Menelaus.
75 BL} 5: 199
76 BL/5: 212
77 Quoted in T.A.J. Burnett Regency Dandy 138
78 BL] 5: 215
79 Ximenes 162
80 BL/ 11: 165
81 BL/5: 241
Chapter 14 Norwich
1 William Taylor, ms letter to John William Polidori, 10 June 1817, Angeli-

2 William Michael Rossetti, memoir, Family Letters 1: 33; the archives of the
hospital are in the Norfolk Record Office, Norwich.
3 John William Polidori, ms letter to John Murray, 7 January 1818, John
Murray archives, London; John Deagostini, ms letter to John William
Polidori, 18 December 1817, Angeli-Dennis box 31, file 6; Ximenes vii;
Angeli-Dennis box 31, file 6 contains a certificate, dated 24 April 1819, of
Polidori's entry into Lodge 68 (Norwich) of the Ancient, Free and
Accepted Masons on 31 March 1818, and of his admission to the third
degree on 1 June 1818, along with a printed list of the members of Lodge
68, including Polidori.
4 Alec Mellor Our Separated Brethren the Freemasons tr B.R. Feinson (London:
George G. Harrap 1964) 156-60, 200-1; Roberts Secret Societies 68-72,
79-84
5 WooH A History of Italy 220-1; Roberts Secret Societies 207-10
6 BL/5:272
7 Medwin Conversations 107; Thomas Medwin The Life of Percy Bysshe
Shelley ed H. Buxton Forman (London: Oxford UP 1913) 149
8 John William Polidori, ms letter to John Murray, 19 October 1817, John
Murray archives, London
9 Gaetano Polidori, ms letter to John William Polidori, 27 January 1818,
Angeli-Dennis box 31, file 6 (tr Robert Vidoni [first block quotation to
'friendships and confidences' and second block quotation] and W.M.
Rossetti) Brought to you by | UCL - University College London
Authenticated
10 John Deagostini, ms letter to John William Polidori, 2 March 1818, Angeli-

Dennis box 31, file 6; Gaetano Polidori, ms letter to John William Polidori,
24 May 1818, Angeli-Dennis box 31, file 6 (tr Robert Vidoni); John
Deagostini, ms letter to John William Polidori, 19 August 1818, Angeli-
Dennis box 31, file 6; Gaetano Polidori, ms letter to John William Polidori,
11 September 1818, Angeli-Dennis, box 31, file 6 (tr W.M. Rossetti and
Robert Vidoni [block quotation]); Gaetano Polidori, ms letter to John
William Polidori, 11 December 1818, Angeli-Dennis box 31, file 6 (tr Robert
Vidoni)
11 Martineau Autobiography 1: 82
12 Gaetano to Polidori, 27 January 1818 (tr W.M. Rossetti)
13 Gaetano Polidori, ms letter to John William Polidori, 23 February 1818,
Angeli-Dennis box 31, file 6 (tr Robert Vidoni); Gaetano Polidori, ms letter
to John William Polidori, 3 May 1818, Angeli-Dennis box 31, file 6 (tr W.M.
Rossetti); Gaetano to Polidori, 24 May 1818; ms obituary of John Deago-
stini, copied from The Times, undated, Angeli-Dennis box 27
14 Gaetano to Polidori, 11 September 1818 (tr Robert Vidoni); Gaetano to
Polidori, 27 January 1818 (tr Robert Vidoni)
15 Gaetano to Polidori, 3 May 1818
16 Gaetano to Polidori, 11 September 1818 (tr Robert Vidoni); Gaetano
Polidori, ms letter to John William Polidori, 16 November 1818, Angeli-
17 Gaetano to Polidori, 11 December 1818
19 Polidori to Murray, July 1817
20 Ximenes ix-x
21 Quoted in Smiles John Murray 1: 386
22 BLJ 5: 258-61
23 Smiles John Murray 1: 386
24 Alvin Sullivan ed British Literary Magazines: The Romantic Age, 1789-1836
(Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press 1983) 354-8
25 John William Polidori, ms letter to John Murray, 19 August 1817, John
26 Ibid, 7 January 1818
27 Ibid, 19 October 1817
28 Jerningham Letters 2: 111
29 Polidori to Murray, 7 January 1818
30 Smiles John Murray 1: 475-80
31 BL/5: 259
32 Robert Gooch, ms letter to Gaetano Polidori, 9 May 1818, Angeli-Dennis
box 27
33 John William Polidori, ms letter to Frances Polidori, 6 February 1819,
34 Cooper Lesson of the Scaffold 50
35 BLJ 6: 14n
Authenticated
36 BLJ 5: 272, 265,263

37 John Cam Hobhouse, Baron Broughton Historical Illustrations of the Fourth
Canto ofChilde Harold: Containing Dissertations on the Ruins of Rome; and
An Essay on Italian Literature (London: John Murray 1818) v-vi
38 John William Polidori, rev of Historical Illustrations ... by John Cam
Hobhouse, Baron Broughton Eclectic Review 2nd ser 10 (1818): 324
39 Broughton Byron's Bulldog 238-9n
Chapter 15 An Essay upon the Source of Positive Pleasure
1 'A melancholy accident...' Norfolk Chronicle and Norwich Gazette 20

September 1817: 2
2 'Sonnet: Written in the Album, at Costessy, after my recovery from an
Accident, 1817' Ximenes 163
3 Gaetano Polidori, ms letter to John William Polidori, 16 October 1817,
Angeli-Dennis box 31, file 6 (tr Robert Vidoni)
4 Medwin Shelley 151-2
5 Jerningham Letters 2: 111
6 BLJ 5: 272
8 Quoted in Henry R. Viets ' "By the Visitation of God": The Death of John
William Polidori, M.D., in 1821' British Medical Journal (1961) 1774
9 Essay i
10 Edmund Burke A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of our Ideas of the
Sublime and Beautiful 2nd ed (1759; rpt New York: Garland 1971) 52-3,1.iv
11 Essay 9-10
12 Samuel Taylor Coleridge Biographia Literaria; or, Biographical Sketches of
My Life and Opinions ed George Watson (London: Dent 1965) 167
13 Dugald Stewart Elements of the Philosophy of the Human Mind (1792; rpt
New York: Garland 1971) 502
14 Cf Dugald Stewart Outlines of Moral Philosophy: For the Use of Students in
the University of Edinburgh 2nd ed (Edinburgh: William Creech 1801) 296.
15 Essay i-ii
16 John William Polidori, ms letter to Frances Jerningham, 1818, copied by
Polidori onto the flyleaves of Essay, PR 10 N9 R6a 1818 Copy 2, Special
Collections, UBC
17 'To Mrs. -. Presenting her a copy of my "Essay on Pleasure" 1818'
Ximenes 144-7; the inscribed copy (with Mrs. Robberds's name filling the
blank in the title) is *EC8.P7598.818e in the Houghton Library, Harvard.
18 Essay 52
19 E.P. Thompson The Making of the English Working Class (1963; rpt New
York: Vintage Books 1966) 639n
20 WLB 2: 326
21 Beppo x1vii, WLB 4: Brought
Authenticated
22 Polidori to Jerningham, 1818

23 John William Polidori, ms account on the flyleaves of Essay, PR 10 N9 R6a
1818 Copy 2, Special Collections, UBC
24 Robberds William Taylor 2: 440-1
25 He had written to Murray: 'Since it has given you hopes entering well into
the literary field next winter, that Child Harold has got another Canto of
118 stanzas you will be more pleased to hear of another poem of 400 lines
called the castle of Chillon the feeling of a third of 3 brothers in prison on
the banks of the Genevan Lake. Much very beautiful containing more of
his tender than sombre poetry. Indeed Childe Harold himself is a little
altered more philosophic less blackly misanthropic than before.' Polidori
to Murray, 10 July 1816
26 Essay 4
27 CHP Ill.cxiv, WLB 2: 287
28 Essay 25. One function of 'fictitious narratives,' according to Stewart, is to
'soothe the mind when ruffled by the rude intercourse of society, and
stealing the attention insensibly from our own cares, substitute, instead of
discontent and distress, a tender and pleasing melancholy.' Elements 519-
20
29 CHP IV.v, WLB 2: 332
30 Essay 39
31 CHP I.xliv, WLB 2: 52
32 Essay 40
33 CHP IV.ix-x, WLB 2: 334-5
34 Essay 40; Persius V.152
35 Don Juan I.ccxviii, WLB 6: 79
36 Essay 13
37 CHP IV.xlii-xliii, WLB 2: 361-2; CHP IV.lxii, WLB 2: 377; CHP IV.lxv, WLB
2:379
38 Essay 13
39 Germaine de Stael-Holstein Reflexions sur le suicide, Oeuvres Completes 1:
182
40 Essay 44
41 The Prisoner of Chillon 381-4, WLB 4: 28
42 On the pleasures of smell, see Essay 15; cf CHP Ill.lxxxvi, WLB 2: 269; CHP
Ill.xcviii, WLB 2: 276; CHP I.xvii, WLB 2: 33. On the pleasures of sight, see
Essay 17; cf CHP II.xlviii-1, WLB 2: 130-1; CHP IV.cxxix, WLB 2: 425; and
Essay 16; cf CHP Ill.lxii, WLB 2: 254; CHP IV.xxv, WLB 2: 347; CHP IV.iii,
xi, WLB 2: 329, 335; CHP IV.cvii, WLB 2: 407; CHP IV.cxliii-cxliv, WLB 2:
434.
43 Essay 28; CHP Il.xxvii, WLB 2:116; CHP Ill.xiv, WLB 2: 224; CHP IV.cxlviii,
WLB 2: 437-8
44 Essay 28; CHP IV.clxxxiii, WLB 2: 460-1. For more on Byron's use of
emblems, see Peter J. Manning Byron and his Fictions (Detroit: Wayne State
UP 1978) 67.
Authenticated
45 Essay 29
46 CHP Ill.xviii, WLB 2: 226
47 CHP Ill.xvii, WLB 2: 226; CHP Ill.xxvii, WLB 2: 232. See Robert F. Gleckner
Byron and the Ruins of Paradise (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP 1967) 240.
48 CHP IV.lxiv, WLB 2: 378
49 Jerome J. McGann Fiery Dust: Byron's Poetic Development (Chicago: U of
Chicago P 1968) 65-6
50 Slightly altered from Ximenes 155.
51 Essay 35-6; cf Stewart Elements 514.
52 CHP I.lxxxii, WLB 2: 73; CHP IV.cxxi, WLB 2: 419; see Gleckner Ruins of
Paradise 292-3.
53 Essay 34
54 CHP Il.lxi, WLB 2: 138 and n; CHP IV.clxvii-clxxii, WLB 2: 450-3. See also
McGann Fiery Dust 116-17; Manning Byron and his Fictions 93-5.
55 CHP Ill.liv, WLB 2: 247; CHP Ill.cxvi, WLB 2: 288
56 Essay36
57 Clairmont, the mother of Byron's second daughter, consoled herself with
these imaginary pleasures when she had to consign Allegra to Byron's
care. She wrote to Byron:
My dear friend how I envy you. You will have a little darling to crawl to
your knees & pull you till you take her up - then she will sit in the
crook of your arm & you will give her raisins out of your own plate & a
little drop of wine from your own glass & she will think herself a little
Queen in Creation. When she shall be older she will run about your
house like a lapwing; if you are miserable her light careless voice will
make you happy. But there is one delight above all this: if it shall please
you, you may delight yourself in contemplating a creature growing
under your own hands as it were. You may look at her and think 'this is
my work.' (Clara Mary Jane Clairmont, ms letter to George Gordon
Noel Byron, 12 January 1818, John Murray archives, London)
The sentiment is understandable and moving, but Clairmont was still
indulging in it as late as 1869. She liked to imagine that Allegra had not
died in childhood, that Byron had kept her hidden in a convent out of
spite. This fantasy provoked Trelawny to an outburst that recalls Polidori's
essay (and anticipates Yeats's 'Among School Children'):
If I was in Italy I would cure you of your wild fancy regarding Allegra: I
would go to the Convent - and select some plausible cranky old dried-
up hanger-on of the convent about the age your child would now be,
fifty-two, with a story and documents properly drawn up, and bring her
to you - she should follow you about like a feminine Frankenstein - I
cannot conceive a greater horror than an old man or woman that I had
never seen for forty-three years claiming me as Father - do you see any
of that age or indeed any age that you should like to have as son or
daughter? (Quoted in D.L. Moore The Late Lord Byron 446)
58 CHP Il.vii, WLB 2: Brought
Authenticated
59 Essay 40
60 CHP Il.viii, WLB 2: 103
61 CHP Ill.cvii-cviii, WLB 2: 282-3
62 CHP Ill.lxxiv, WLB 2: 263
63 Essay 42-3; verse adapted from Ximenes 41-2; Ill.i
64 Essay 50-1
65 CHP IV.xcv, WLB 2: 400; CHP IV.xcii, WLB 2: 398; CHP Ill.xix, WLB 2: 227;
CHP IV.xcvii, WLB 2: 401
66 Essay 50; CHP IV.xcvi, WLB 2: 400
67 CHP Ill.xix, WLB 2: 228
68 Jerningham to Polidori, 1818
69 Gaetano Polidori 'Gaetano Polidori a Giovanni suo figlio Epistola,'
undated ms poem, Angeli-Dennis box 27 (tr Robert Vidoni)
70 John William Polidori, ms note on the flyleaves of Essay, PR 10 N9 R6a
1818 Copy 2, Special Collections, UBC
71 Rev of An Essay upon the Source of Positive Pleasure by J.W. Polidori London
Literary Gazette, and Journal of Belles Lettres, Arts, Sciences, etc. (1818) 502-3
72 Quoted in Rutherford Byron 140-1
73 Rev of An Essay upon the Source of Positive Pleasure and Ximenes, the
Wreath, and other Poems by J.W. Polidori Gentleman's Magazine ns 89.1
(Jan-June 1819) 552
Wreath, and other Poems by J.W. Polidori Monthly Review 90 (1819) 92
75 S.A. 'To the Author of an Essay on the Source of -' Norfolk Chronicle and
Norwich Gazette 14 November 1818: 4; misquoted in Medwin Shelley 150.
The poem concluded a long letter that expressed the author's 'infinite
indignation' in even blunter terms. It was answered two weeks later by a
longer letter from 'Verax,' who attacked the 'ungenerous conduct' of S.A.
rather than defending Polidori. 'To S- A-, Esq.,' Norfolk Chronicle and
Norwich Gazette 28 November 1818: 4. S.A. had the last word the next
week, with a short letter sarcastically thanking Verax for 'the entertain-
ment your exquisitely facetious letter ... afforded me.' 'To Verax' Norfolk
Chronicle and Norwich Gazette 5 December 1818: 4. One wonders what
personal animosities lay behind this exchange, which has little enough to
do with Polidori.
Chapter 16 London
1 John William Polidori, ms letter to John Murray, 13 January 1819, John

2 John William Polidori, rev of The Vision; or, Hell, Purgatory, and Paradise, of
Dante Alighieri tr H.F. Carey Eclectic Review 2nd ser 11 (1819) 556, 557,
556-7
3 Ibid 566
Authenticated
4 John William Polidori, rev of View of the State of Europe during the Middle
Ages by Henry Hallam Eclectic Review 2nd ser 12 (1819) 517
5 Quoted in Jay Macpherson Spirit of Solitude 56; see also 276-7 n36
6 John William Polidori, ms letter to Frances Polidori, 6 February 1819,
7 John William Polidori, 'The dog Carlos, and Miss Emma,' ms tale, Angeli-
Dennis box 31, file 6. The title of the tale is not in Polidori's hand; the
portion that is refers to the dog as Carlo.
8 Byron, of course, was fond of Newfoundland dogs. He wrote an epitaph
for his first one, Boatswain, who died of rabies in 1808 (WLB 1: 280-1), and
he wanted to be buried beside it. Marchand Byron: A Portrait 67. Another,
Lion, was with him in Greece, and accompanied his body home to
England. Hobhouse adopted it, but it died less than a year later. D.L.
Moore The Late Lord Byron 196
9 'Sonnet. To my Book' Ximenes 169
Wreath, and other Poems by J.W. Polidori Monthly Review 90 (1819) 93-4
11 Rev of Ximenes, the Wreath, and other Poems by J.W. Polidori European
Magazine 75 (1819) 250-1
12 Rev of Ximenes, the Wreath, and other Poems by J.W. Polidori New Monthly
Magazine and Universal Register 11 (1819) 246-7, 250
13 Robert R. Harson 'A Profile of John Polidori with a New Edition of The
Vampyre' (PHD diss., Ohio University 1966) 48
14 John William Polidori, ms letter to Frances Polidori, 10 November 1819,
15 See BLJ 3: 77.
16 John William Polidori, ms letter to Frances Polidori, 15 August 1820,
17 W.C. Richardson A History of the lnns of Court: With Special Reference to the
Period of the Renaissance (Baton Rouge: Claitor's Publishing Division 1975)
313-21
18 John William Polidori, ms letter to George Jerningham, 12 September 1820,
19 See Frances Jerningham Letters 1: xxxviii-xxxix, 2: 267.
20 Thomas Burgess, ms letter to John William Polidori, 13 September 1820,
21 Lincoln's Inn admissions register, 7 November 1820; quoted by Frances
Crouch in a letter to the author, 3 September 1986
Chapter 17 The Scandal of The Vampyre
1 Alaric Alfred Watts Alaric Watts: A Narrative of his Life, by his Son (London:
R. Bentley 1884) 1: 57
2 Quoted in ibid 58-60Brought to you by | UCL - University College London
Authenticated
276 Notes to page 178
3 John Mitford 'Lord Byron's Residence in the Island of Mitylene' New

Monthly Magazine and Universal Register 10 (1818) 309-11. This article is
signed. 'Extract of a Letter from Geneva, with Anecdotes of Lord Byron,
&c.' New Monthly Magazine and Universal Register 11 (1819) 193-5, is
not, but it is attributed to Mitford in the entry for The Vampyre, *EC
8.P7598.819va (B), in the catalogue of the Houghton Library, Harvard.
Mitford (1782-1831) was a curious and not particularly reputable character.
He had published Poems of a British Sailor and The Adventures of Johnny
Newcome in the Navy (both 1818) under the pseudonym Alfred Burton. He
is said to have completed the latter, a long poem in four cantos, while
camping in Bayswater Fields and living on an allowance, from his
publisher, of a shilling a day, of which he spent twopence on bread,
cheese, and onions and tenpence on gin: perhaps Polidori should have
consulted him for advice on domestic economy. Sketches of the Obscure
Poets, with Specimens of their Writings (London: Cochrane and McCrone
1833) 93. In 1828, Mitford would take advantage of the burning of Byron's
memoirs by publishing the 'Only authentic edition' of a cheerful work of
erotica resoundingly entitled The Private Life of Lord Byron; comprising his
Voluptuous Amours, Secret Intrigues, And close Connection with various
Ladies of Rank and Fame in Scotland and London, at Eton, Harrow, Cambridge,
Paris, Rome, Venice, &c, &c, with a Particular Account of the Countess
Guiaccoli [sic/, And, never before Published, Details of the Murder at
Ravenna, Which caused his Lordship to leave Italy; Various Singular
Anecdotes Of Persons and Families of the highest Circles of Haut Ton;
compiled from Authentic Sources. With Extracts from Unburnt Documents!
And Familiar Letters, from his Lordship to his Friends; being an amusing and
interesting Expose of Fashionable Frailties, Follies, and Debaucheries (London:
H. Smith [1828]).
4 The introduction to the tale, which gives some information on the
superstition and quotes the curse from The Giaour, may be by Mitford too,
or perhaps by Watts. It is not by Polidori, who crossed it out, along with
Mitford's contributions, in preparing the tale for a second edition: his
annotated copy is *EC 8.P7598.819va (B) in the Houghton Library,
Harvard.
5 Alaric Watts, editor's note to 'Extract of a Letter from Geneva' and 'The
Vampyre' New Monthly Magazine and Universal Register 11 (1819) 193 (first
state), Angeli-Dennis box 31, file 6. Polidori later cited this note, carefully
omitting Watts's unflattering reasons for believing Byron had not written
the tale. Polidori, letter, Morning Chronicle 25 September 1819: 4
6 New Monthly Magazine 11 (1819) 193 (second state)
7 Alaric Watts, ms letter to William Blackwood, 17 December 1821, ms 4007,
National Library of Scotland, ff 285-8. Henry R. Viets quotes this as a
reference to the Vampyre scandal, 'The London Editions of Polidori's The
Vampyre' Papers of the Bibliographical Society of America 63 (1969) 91. But
Authenticated
Watts is apparently referring to some other piece of deception and

chicanery, one which had offended Blackwood.
8 Polidori to Colburn, 2 April 1819; printed in Diary 15-17
9 New Monthly Magazine 11 (1819) 195n
10 John William Polidori, ms draft letter to Sherwood and Neely, 3 April
1819, Angeli-Dennis box 31, file 6; the other draft is in Angeli-Dennis box
31, file 5.
11 John William Polidori, letter, New Monthly Magazine 11 (1819) 332
12 Quoted in Kenneth Neill Cameron et al eds Shelley and his Circle, 1773-
1822 (Cambridge, Mass: Harvard UP 1961-73) 6: 778, 780; Mitford 'Extract
of a Letter from Geneva' 194-5; quoted in Cameron Shelley and his Circle
6: 779
13 Ibid 781
14 Broughton Recollections 2: 111; quoted in WLB: LJ 4: 286n; Broughton
Byron's Bulldog 270-1; Broughton Recollections 2:112
15 Alaric Watts, ms letter to John Murray, 'Monday' (26 April 1819?), John
16 Ibid 'Wednesday morn.' (28 April 1819?)
17 Quoted in WLB: LJ 4: 286n
18 BLJ 6: 114, 118-19
20 BL] 6: 125-7,126
21 BL} 6: 131; Broughton Recollections 2:112
22 John William Polidori, letter, Morning Chronicle 25 September 1819: 4. The
undated draft of this letter, in Angeli-Dennis box 31, file 6 (excerpted in
Diary 17-19), clearly has 700 copies instead of some hundred copies; it also
gives the correct date of Byron's fragment, 17 June 1816.
23 Watts to Blackwood, 17 December 1821
24 Rev of The Vampyre by J.W. Polidori Edinburgh Monthly Review 1 (1819)
618, 620
25 Rev of The Vampyre by J.W. Polidori Monthly Magazine 47 (1819) 345; rev
of The Vampyre by J.W. Polidori Monthly Review 89 (1819) 87-8, 96
26 Leslie A. Marchand identifies the author as William Hone, BL] 6: 236n
27 William Hone Don Juan: With a Biographical Account of Lord Byron and his
Family; Anecdotes of his Lordship's Travels and Residence in Greece, at
Geneva, &c. Including, also, A Sketch of the Vampyre Family (London:
William Wright 1819) 67-8; cxxxviii-cxxxix
28 Ibid 141-2. The quotations are from Don Juan I.cxviii-cxix, WLB 6: 46-7;
the second is misquoted.
29 Polidori to Frances Polidori, 10 November 1819
30 Viets The London Editions' 97
31 Quoted in Lovell ed Collected Conversations 339
32 Eliza Marian Butler Byron and Goethe: Analysis of a Passion (London: Bowes
and Bowes 1956) 55
Authenticated
33 WLB: LJ 3: 451; 'Vampyre' 202

34 Charles Maturin Melmoth the Wanderer: A Tale ed Alethea Hayter
(Harmondsworth: Penguin 1977) 647-8
35 On Planche's setting, see Frayling Introduction to The Vampyre 64; James
Robinson Planche The Vampire; or, The Bride of the Isles in The Hour of One:
Six Gothic Melodramas ed Stephen Wischhusen (London: Gordon Fraser
1975) 34-6 (this is a facsimile edition; the pagination is that of the
original). Planche's melodrama is adapted from a play by Charles Nodier
(1780-1844), whose voluminous works include not only drama, verse,
and fiction, but also the Histoire des societes secretes de I'armee (1815), a
typically unreliable contribution to the ideas then current about secret
societies, to which I have referred in connection with Polidori's mem-
bership in the Freemasons. Nodier was so eager for political importance
that in 1804 he published a poem against Napoleon and then denounced
himself to the police. In 1834, he was elected to the Academie Francaise.
Roberts Secret Societies 268-72
36 Heinrich August Marschner Hans Heiling & Der Vampyr tr Maria Nunberg,
MRF-70-S 1971, 56-7
37 James Malcolm Rymer Varney, the Vampyre; or, The Feast of Blood (1847; rpt
New York: Dover 1972) 782
38 Joseph Sheridan Le Fanu 'Carmilla' In a Glass Darkly (London: Peter
Davies 1929) 333, 362
39 Bram Stoker Dracula ed A.N. Wilson (Oxford: Oxford UP 1983) 92,133,
256, 246, 322-6
40 In Scott's second novel, Guy Mannering (1815), which both Byron and
Polidori had read, the Gypsy queen Meg Merrilies has ben sworn to
secrecy by the smugglers who have kidnapped young Harry Bertram; on
his return home, she swears him to secrecy and later uses the (admittedly
not very striking) phrase 'remember your oath,' which recurs in Polidori's
tale. Walter Scott Guy Mannering; or, The Astrologer (London: Dent 1906)
384. The touch of Geraldine's bosom also constrains Christabel to silence
in Coleridge's 'Christabel' 267-78 Complete Poetical Works 1: 224-5
41 See Clive Leatherdale Dracula: The Novel and the Legend: A Study of Bram
Stoker's Gothic Masterpiece (Wellingborough, Northamptonshire: Aquarian
Press 1985) 51-2. Some of these changes were anticipated by Tieck's
'Wake Not the Dead' (1800), which is included in Frayling ed The Vampyre
167-92. But Tieck's main emphasis, unlike that of Polidori and his
successors, is still on the relationship between the vampire and her
husband, who woke her from the dead. Moreover, Polidori does not seem
to have known this story, which first appeared in English in Popular Tales
and Romances of the Northern Nations (1823), and the later versions seem to
descend from Polidori rather than from Tieck. Polidori also introduced at
least one other idea - that a dead vampire can be revived by moonlight -
which proved extremely popular with his followers, but it has nothing to
Authenticated
do with Byron, and though it is another index of Polidori's influence, it is

not, in its own right, particularly interesting. See Senf The Vampire 34.
42 Monthly Review 89 (1819) 90
43 Robert Southey Thalaba the Destroyer VIII.10 The Poetical Works of Robert
Southey, Collected by Himself (London: Longman, Orme, Brown, Green,
and Longmans 1838) 4: 281; Merivale Poems 1: 71; John Stagg The Minstrel
of the North; or, Cumbrian Legends: Being a Poetical Miscellany of Legendary,
Gothic, and Romantic Tales (London: the author and J. Blacklock 1810) 261
44 Quoted in The Complete Works of Percy Bysshe Shelley 10: 420
45 Senf attributes the change to Romantic individualism: The Vampire 144.
Day argues that the vampire has rejected its human identity and been
transformed into a 'monstrous parody of the human' by its descent into
the Gothic world. But he does not go so far as to argue that it has become
entirely inhuman. Circles of Fear 7. In another sense, he argues that all
Gothic villains are 'automatons whose will has been taken from them by
the very style of identity that was meant to liberate them from external
control' (100). Gregory A. Waller emphasizes that vampires 'remain
recognizably, disturbingly, human.' The Living and the Undead: From
Stoker's 'Dracula' to Romero's 'Dawn of the Dead' (Urbana: Illinois UP 1986)
16.
46 Milan V. Dimic 'Vampiromania in the Eighteenth Century: The Other Side
of Enlightenment' Man and Nature / L'Homme et la Nature: Proceedings of
the Canadian Society for Eighteenth-Century Studies 3, ed R.J. Merrett
(Edmonton: The Society 1984) 7-8.
47 Quoted in Frayling Introduction to The Vampyre 33-4
48 Oliver Goldsmith The Citizen of the World, Collected Works of Oliver
Goldsmith ed Arthur Friedman (Oxford: Clarendon Press 1966) 2: 209, 329
49 Quoted in Frayling Introduction to The Vampyre 37
50 Robert Burns The Poems and Songs of Robert Burns ed James Kinsley
(Oxford: Clarendon Press 1968) 2: 587
51 WLB 7: 35
52 William Hazlitt 'The Times Newspaper' The Complete Works of William
Hazlitt ed P.P. Howe (London: Dent 1930-4) 19: 180; quoted in James
Mulvihill 'Hazlitt, Shelley, and "The Triumph of Life'" ACUTE Conference,
McMaster University, Hamilton, 24 May 1987
53 Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels Capital: A Critique of Political Economy tr
Samuel Moore, Edward Aveling, and Ernest Untermann (Chicago:
Charles H. Kerr 1906-33) 1: 257, 263, 261-3
54 Frayling Introduction to The Vampyre 81-2
55 Southey Works 4: 297-305
56 Frayling Introduction to The Vampyre 44-63. See Senf The Vampire 25, 34,
43
57 John Ashton The History of Gambling in England (London: Duckworth
1898)114
Authenticated
58 'Vampyre' 198
59 Rymer Varney 756
60 Le Fanu 'Carmilla' 306, 316, 321
61 Stoker Dracula 29, 23, 306, 342
62 Day Circles of Fear 18
63 Stoker Dracula 20, 51
64 Frayling Introduction to The Vampyre 80-1; Senf The Vampire 59
65 Monthly Review 89 (1819) 90. See Senf The Vampire 36.
66 Stoker Dracula 22
67 'Vampyre' 197; WLB: L] 3: 450
68 BLJ 3:109
69 Susie Orbach Hunger Strike: The Anorectic's Struggle as a Metaphor for our
Age (London: Faber 1986) 105
70 Don Juan XVI.xcvii n, WLB 6: 600n
71 Ximenes 138
72 SE 17: 241. See Senf The Vampire 25.
73 E. Jones On the Nightmare 127
74 Johann Wolfgang von Goethe 'The Bride of Corinth' tr W.E. Aytoun and
Theodore Martin in The Permanent Goethe ed Thomas Mann (New York:
Dial Press 1948) 358
75 Mary Shelley Frankenstein 77; see Twitchell The Living Dead 8-9.
76 Percy Shelley The Cenci I.iii.77-89,169-78 Complete Works 2: 87, 90
77 Ximenes 20,1.ii
78 SE 11:169. James B. Twitchell notes that the incestuousness of vampires
'has been lost in our modern versions,' but he does not say who lost it, or
how. Forbidden Partners: The Incest Taboo in Modern Culture (New York:
Columbia UP 1987) 70; see also The Living Dead 83.
79 'Vampyre' 206. See Senf The Vampire 34, 36.
80 Planche The Vampire 22-4
81 Marschner Hans Heiling 47, 55
82 Maria Nunberg Introduction to Marschner's Hans Heiling & Der Vampyr 3
83 Marschner Hans Heiling 51; Richard Wagner The Flying Dutchman
introduction by Deryck Cooke, Decca OSA5 13119 1977, 27
84 Nunberg Introduction to Hans Heiling 3; Ernest Newman The Life of
Richard Wagner (1937; rpt Cambridge: Cambridge UP 1976) 1: 425
85 Rymer Varney 174,184, 212
86 Charles Baudelaire Les Fleurs du mal Richard Howard, ill Michael Mazur
(Boston: D.R. Godine 1982) 133-4
87 Le Fanu 'Carmilla' 318-19; Rudyard Kipling 'The Vampire' Rudyard
Kipling's Verse (London: Hodder and Stoughton 1940) 220-1; Stoker
Dracula 53: in this context, awful is essentially a synonym for sexually
active. See Day Circles of Fear 88-9; Senf The Vampire 161.
88 Calmet Trait'e sur les apparitions 2: 42-5
89 Stagg Minstrel 261
90 Marschner Hans Heiling 53
Authenticated
91 Rymer Varney 55
92 'Vampyre' 198. See Senf The Vampire 36.
93 Frayling Introduction to The Vampyre 79
94 Stoker Dracula 37. The passages that affirm sexuality - for example, the
account of Arthur's transfixation of Lucy, which is explicitly presented as
the consummation of their marriage - are if anything more alarming than
those that attack it. Stoker Dracula 215-16; Senf The Vampire 68
95 SE 11: 183, 185. Twitchell cites the same essay, 'On the Universal Tendency
to Debasement in the Sphere of Love,' in connection with vampires, but
stresses the need to debase the object of desire rather than the need for an
already debased object. Twitchell Forbidden Partners 73-4.
96 Johann Wolfgang von Goethe The Sufferings of Young Werther tr Harry
Steinhauer (New York: W.W. Norton 1970) 27. Day argues that the crucial
split for the Gothic is that between conventional ideas of the masculine
(which, however, he associates with desire) and the feminine (which he
associates with affection). Day Circles of Fear 148-9.
97 Stoker Dracula 282; see also Day Circles of Fear 144 and Tzvetan Todorov
The Fantastic: A Structural Approach to a Literary Genre tr Richard Howard
(Cleveland: Case Western Reserve UP 1973) 127-31. If vampires are partly
figures of incestuous eroticism, then their common insistence on oaths of
silence may correspond to the social prohibition of the mere mention of
incest. I shall discuss the latter in some detail in the next chapter.
98 Stoker Dracula 241, 297
99 Day Circles of Fear 143-4; Robin Wood 'Burying the Undead: The Use and
Obsolescence of Count Dracula' Mosaic 16.1-2 (Winter-Spring 1983) 186;
Montague Summers The Vampire in Europe (1929; rpt New Hyde Park, NY:
University Books, 1961) x-xi
Chapter 18 Ernestus Berchtold; or, The Modern Oedipus
1 Berchtold 14
2 Berchtold 10-11
3 Berchtold 16
4 R.R. Palmer The Age of the Democratic Revolution: A Political History of
Europe and America, 1760-1800 (Princeton: Princeton UP 1959-64) 2: 396,
409-10. Polidori's distortion of history differs from the alienation from
history that Day sees as characteristic of the Gothic, though both distortion
and alienation may be expressions of much the same conservatism. Day
Circles of Fear 33.
5 Berchtold 19
6 Palmer Democratic Revolution 2: 411-17
7 Diary 160-3
8 Berchtold 77
9 Berchtold 104
Authenticated
10 Berchtold 102-3
11 Day Circles of Fear 16-18
12 Berchtold 122
13 Quoted in Tomas Martinez The Gambling Scene: Why People Gamble
(Springfield, 111: Charles C. Thomas 1983) 66
14 BLJ 9: 23
15 Erving Goffman Interaction Ritual: Essays on Face-to-Face Behavior
(Chicago: Aldine Publishing 1967) 155-6
16 Brigid Brophy Black Ship to Hell (New York: Harcourt, Brace 1962) 104-6
17 Rev of Ernestus Berchtold by J.W. Polidori London Literary Gazette, and
Journal of Belles Lettres, Arts, Sciences, etc. (1819) 547
18 Berchtold 129-30
20 Diary 23
21 Berchtold 249-50
22 Berchtold 258
23 Berchtold 274, 275.1 have summarized the novel in some detail because it
is now hardly ever read. The much shorter summary given by James B.
Twitchell - it is less than a page long - contains at least six major errors:
that Louisa seduces Ernestus, that Julia dies in childbirth, that Doni has
known all along that Matilda has borne him twins, that he has been 'a
quack scientist' instead of a genuine magician, that he 'renounces all
antisocial behavior' instead of dying, and that Louisa dies 'from having
lived "too much'" rather than from the combined effects of consumption
and horror. Forbidden Partners 160-1
24 D.G. Rossetti Letters 1: 247
2.5 Berchtold 61
26 Berchtold 19, 68,108, 70
27 Berchtold 71-2, 88-9. The curious locution 'a scattered pine' may be an
attempt on Polidori's part to conceal the dependence of this passage on
Manfred's comparison of himself to 'these blasted pines, / Wrecks of a
single winter, barkless, branchless, / A blighted trunk upon a cursed root.'
Manfred I.i.66-8, WLB 4: 96. See Macpherson Spirit of Solitude 270 n2.
28 Berchtold 220-1
29 Berchtold 62
30 Rev of Ernestus Berchtold by J.W. Polidori, Edinburgh Monthly Review 4
(1820) 728.
31 Sophocles, Oedipus the King line 389, The Three Theban Plays: Antigone,
Oedipus the King, Oedipus at Colonus tr Robert Fagles (New York: Viking
Press 1982) 157. Unfortunately, the unspeakability of incest - the
'conspiracy of silence' shrouding it - is more than a purely literary
convention. See George Thorman Incestuous Families (Springfield, 111:
Charles C. Thomas 1983) v, 5, 85.
32 Sophocles Oedipus the King lines 1422-5,1542-3; 219, 225
33 WLB 3: 503
Authenticated
34 BLJ 3: 196
35 Francis Beaumont and John Fletcher A King and No King III.iii.12 The
Dramatic Works in the Beaumont and Fletcher Canon (Cambridge:
Cambridge UP 1966-82) 2: 232
36 WLB 4: 339
37 Horace Walpole The Castle of Otranto and The Mysterious Mother ed
Montague Summers (London: Constable 1924) 162; I.iii
38 BLJ 6: 206
39 Alfieri Memoirs 238
40 Johann Christoph Friedrich von Schiller Don Carlos Li The Works of
Frederick Schiller: Historical Dramas, Etc. tr R.D. Boylan et al (London:
George Bell 1891) 6-7
41 BLJ 3: 196
42 Gleckner argues that Byron revised the incest out of the poem because it
was 'really irrelevant to the thematic development he had in mind.' Byron
and the Ruins of Paradise 129. But it is directly relevant to the Oedipal
struggle between Selim and Giaffir. Gleckner seems to have something
against incest; he considers it 'peripheral' even in Manfred: 258.
43 Parisina 99-100, 217-18, 502-9, WLB 3: 511, 515, 525
44 Quoted in WLB 3: 500
45 Manfred III.iii.47, WLB 4: 129
46 Percy Shelley Complete Works 2: 158n
47 Percy Shelley The Cenci III.i.141-2, IH.i.214, IV.iv.128, Complete Works 2:
106,108,133. See Michael Worton 'Speech and Silence in The Cenci' in
Essays on Shelley ed Miriam Allott (Liverpool: Liverpool UP 1982) 108-10.
48 Percy Shelley The Cenci II.ii.72-4, Complete Works 2: 98. Earl R. Wasser-
man argues that Shelley endorses the repression these characters are
trying to impose on themselves. This is plausible to the extent that self-
knowledge, like incest, can be either destructive or liberating. Shelley: A
Critical Reading (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP 1971) 113-15; see also
Worton 'Speech and Silence' 109-10, 114.
49 Macpherson Spirit of Solitude 95
50 SE 18: 109
51 SE 14: 249-50; see also Menninger, Man against Himself 39-41. John A.
Sours postulates anxieties over this kind of orality in one group of
anorexics: 'The fear of being fat defends against the unconscious in-
corporation of the ambivalently loved object and reflects an identification
with a mother who similarly fears gaining weight.' Starving to Death in a
Sea of Objects: The Anorexia Nervosa Syndrome (New York: Jason Aronson
1980)339
52 SE 18: 112-13
53 Berchtold 19, 82; see Macpherson Spirit of Solitude 86-7.
54 Berchtold 69, 113
55 Berchtold 96-7
56 Walpole Castle of Otranto 201; IILii
Authenticated
57 Matthew Gregory Lewis The Monk ed Louis F. Peck (New York: Grove
Press 1952) 250
58 SE 4: 250
59 Berchtold 45
60 BLJ 3:199
61 John Ford 'Tis Pity She's a Whore ed Derek Roper (Manchester: Manchester
UP 1975) 8,1.i.24-7
62 Percy Shelley Complete Works 1: 247; 10:124-5
63 Percy Shelley Laon and Cythna Il.xxviii-xxxii, Complete Works 1: 282-3
64 Schiller Don Carlos IV.xxi, Works 163
65 Schiller Don Carlos l.v Works 28-3065
66 Manfred II.ii.110,116, WLB 4:106
67 Cain I.i.368-76, WLB 5: 226
68 'Stanzas to Augusta' (1816), WLB 4: 54
69 Wasserman Shelley 85
70 Ford 'Tis Pity She's a Whore 24; I.ii.236-8
71 John Milton Paradise Lost 11.756-65, Complete Poems and Major Prose ed
Merritt Y. Hughes (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill 1957) 250
72 Francois-Rene de Chateaubriand Atala / Rene tr Irving Putter (Berkeley: U
of California P 1952) 96
73 Walpole Castle of Otranto 167; I.iii
74 Lewis The Monk 82
75 See Macpherson Spirit of Solitude 47.
76 Percy Shelley Complete Works 5:144. Guy Mannering (1815) provides a
scrupulously innocent version of the same process: when Bertram meets
his sister Lucy, whom he has never seen, he gives way 'to all that family
affection, which had so long slumbered in his bosom for want of an object
to expand itself upon.' Scott Guy Mannering 370
77 Percy Shelley Alastor 153-61, Complete Works 1:181; see Barbara A.
Schapiro The Romantic Mother: Narcissistic Patterns in Romantic Poetry
(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP 1983) 5.
78 Percy Shelley Alastor 406-8, 469-74, Complete Works 1:188,190. See
Schapiro The Romantic Mother 18; William Keach Shelley's Style (New
York: Methuen 1984) 83-5.
79 Macpherson Spirit of Solitude 81-4
80 Percy Shelley Complete Works 1:173
81 Wasserman argues that there is nothing wrong with the Poet's pursuit
either, in itself: the fault lies with the world, which contains no object
adequate to his desires. But Wasserman does concede both that the quest
is fatal and that it may be illusory (Shelley19,34-5).
82 Percy Shelley Complete Works 5:189
83 Percy Shelley Laon and Cythna I.lx, Il.xxiv, Complete Works 1: 274, 281; see
Wasserman Shelley 24-5.
84 Percy Shelley Complete Works 6: 202
85 Manfred II.ii.105-16,117-19 WLB 4:106
Authenticated
86 See Manning Byron and his Fictions 77.

87 Macpherson refers to 'the two closely related conditions of nympholepsy
and vampirism - pursuing an object that cannot be possessed but whose
pursuit may destroy [the pursuer], the siren, and destroying the one
available to him, the real nymph ... However, sometimes we cannot
distinguish between these two demonic operations, ... the roles forced
upon [some] women being completely ambivalent' (Macpherson Spirit of
Solitude 151). Louisa's is such a role.
88 Berchtold 133-4, 156. Susan Sontag has analysed the imagery of both
tuberculosis and cancer as 'diseases of passion.' And she has pointed out
that tuberculosis used to be, as cancer still is, unmentionable, like
incestuous passion (Illness as Metaphor [New York: Farrar, Straus and
Giroux 1978] 6-7, 20).
89 Berchtold vii-viii
90 Rev of Ernestus Berchtold by J.W. Polidori Monthly Review ns 91 (1820) 215
91 Edinburgh Monthly Review 4 (1820) 728. The reference to untying knots is
an allusion to Horace's Ars Poetica 191-2.
92 Parisina 294-5, WLB 3: 517
93 Edinburgh Monthly Review 4 (1820) 728; London Literary Gazette (1819) 546;
Monthly Review ns 91 (1820) 215; Rev of Ernestus Berchtold by J.W. Polidori
European Magazine 76 (1819) 534
94 Polidori to Frances, 10 November 1819
95 Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, ms draft letter to John William
Polidori, 15 August 1820, Letterbook I, 101, no. 36, Longman archive,
University of Reading
Chapter 19 The Fall of the Angels
1 Rev of The Fall of the Angels by J.W. Polidori Literary Chronicle and Weekly
Review 3.103 (5 May 1821) 284
2 Paul A. Cantor points out the coincidence of gnostic heresy with the
anxiety of influence in both the early Christian and the Romantic periods:
'The Romantic quest for origins is profoundly connected with the
Romantic quest for originality.' (Creature and Creator: Myth-making and
English Romanticism [Cambridge: Cambridge UP 1984] xii).
3 Fall 16, I.xx; Fall 19, I.xxiv.
4 Louis Ginzberg The Legends of the Jews tr Henrietta Szold (Philadelphia:
Jewish Publication Society of America 1909-38) 1: 62-4; Benjamin Walker
Gnosticism: Its History and Influence (Wellingborough, Northamptonshire:
Aquarian Press 1983) 55; Robert H. West Milton and the Angels (Athens,
Ga: U of Georgia P 1955) 9
5 Fall 23, l.xxxi
6 Fall 62-4, Il.xli, xlivBrought to you by | UCL - University College London
Authenticated
7 Plato The Republic in The Collected Dialogues of Plato, Including the Letters
ed Edith Hamilton and Huntington Cairns (Princeton: Princeton UP 1961)
839; Stephanos 615a
8 Plato 844; 621a
9 Plato 495; 248c
10 Cantor Creature and Creator 46; Walker Gnosticism 63-4
11 Lara I.xviii.315-16, WLB 3: 335
12 Fall 24-5,1.xxxiii-xxxv; Mary Shelley Frankenstein 102-3
13 Fall 27,1.xxxviii
14 Fall 30,1.xliv
15 Fall 32,1.xlviii
16 Fall 31,1.xlvi
17 Milton Paradise Lost IX.692-7, Complete Poems and Major Prose 394
18 Literary Chronicle 3.103 (5 May 1821) 284
19 Fall 32,1.xlviii
20 CHP IV.xcvii, WLB 2: 402
21 Fall 50, II.xx
22 Fall 62, II.xl
23 Essay 29
24 Horace Smith Amarynthus (New York: Garland 1977) 213
25 Fall 65, Il.xlvi
26 Milton Paradise Lost 1.302-3, Complete Poems and Major Prose 219
27 Dante Alighieri Inferno III.112-14, The Divine Comedy tr John D. Sinclair
(1939; rpt New York: Oxford UP 1961) 1: 52
28 Fall 63, Il.xlii
29 Fall 68, H.lii
30 Fall 11,11.xi; Fall 47-8, Il.xv-xvi; Fall 55, Il.xxviii
31 Fall 65-6, Il.xlvii-xlviii
32 Cain I.i.138, WLB 5: 218; see Terry Otten After Innocence: Visions of the Fall
in Modern Literature (Pittsburgh: U of Pittsburgh P 1982) 10.
33 Fall 20,1.xxvii
34 Fall 18,1.xxii; Fall 47, Il.xiv
35 Fall 7,1.iv. The same imagery recurs, in connection with the extinction of
humanity, in II.xl, which I have already quoted.
36 Milton 'Lycidas' 128, Complete Poems and Major Prose 124
37 1 Kings 18.27
38 Fall 7,1.v
39 Fall 66-8, Il.xlix, li-lii
40 Fall 42, II.vi
41 Fall 59-60, Il.xxxv-xxxvi
42 SE 9: 239-40
43 Fall 9,14,1.ix, xvii
44 Fall 67, H.l
45 Fall 53, II.xxv
46 Manfred I.i.154-7, WLB 4: 90; Manfred I.ii.40-1, WLB 4: 95
Authenticated
47 The Giaour 68-93, WLB 3: 88-90

48 The Giaour 473-92, WLB 3: 108-10
49 Fall 18,1.xxii
50 Fall 60, Il.xxxvi
51 Manfred II.iv.55-8, WLB 4: 114
52 Cain I.i.123, 217, WLB 5: 217, 220
53 Fall 21-2,1.xxix-xxx
54 Milton Paradise Lost VI.330-2, Complete Poems and Major Prose 331; see
Denis Saurat Milton: Man and Thinker (London: Dent 1944) 112-18; West
Milton and the Angels 137-41.
55 Fall 23,1.xxxi
56 The Deformed Transformed I.i.420, WLB 5: 492
57 Fall 7, 14,1.v, xvi
58 Fall 65, Il.xlvii; Fall 7, I.v; Fall 12, 15,1.xii, xviii
59 Milton Paradise Lost III.375-6, Complete Poems and Major Prose 267
60 Fall 65, Il.xlvii; Fall 12, I.xii; Fall 20, I.xxvii
61 Fall 40, Il.ii-iii
62 SE 17: 232n
63 William Blake The Four Zoas 4.4, The Complete Poetry and Prose of William
Blake ed David V. Erdman, rev ed (Berkeley: U of California P 1982) 301;
see M.H. Abrams Natural Supernaturalism: Tradition and Revolution in
Romantic Literature (New York: W.W. Norton 1973) 256-7; Otten After
Innocence 13-14.
64 Percy Shelley Prometheus Unbound I.i.625-7, Complete Works 2: 198; see
Cantor Creature and Creator 135.
65 Cantor Creature and Creator 135
66 Ibid 145-6
67 Milton 'II Penseroso' 25-6, Complete Poems and Major Prose 72-3; see
Macpherson Spirit of Solitude 160.
68 Milton uses it in its adverbial form, 'wantonly,' in Paradise Lost IX.1015,
Complete Poems and Major Prose 401.
69 Fall 30,1.xliii
70 Fall 30, I.xliv
71 Manfred I.i.12, WLB 4: 85; Cain I.i.32-3, WLB 5: 214; Cain Li. 105-8, WLB 5:
217
72 Fall 48-9, ILxvii-xviii
73 Milton Paradise Lost 11.645, 879-83, Complete Poems and Major Prose 247,
252-3
74 Milton Paradise Lost II.927-8, Complete Poems and Major Prose 254
Chapter 20 Death and Afterlife
1 Gaetano Polidori, ms letter to Thomas De Ocheda, December 1821,

Angeli-Dennis box 27
Authenticated
2 D.G. Rossetti letters 1: 247

3 The testimony at the inquest is quoted in Viets ' "By the Visitation of
God": The Death of John William Polidori, MD, in 1821/ British Medical
Journal (1961) 1773-4.
4 Gaetano to De Ocheda, December 1821 (tr Robert Vidoni)
5 Viets ' "By the Visitation of God" ' 1774-5
6 D.G. Rossetti Letters 1: 247; W.M. Rossetti, memoir, Family Letters 1: 33
7 Recent studies suggest that suicide is actually most common in the
afternoon. See Gene Lester and David Lester Suicide: The Gamble with
Death (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall 1971) 146. There are, of course,
no reliable statistics for early nineteenth-century England.
8 Lester Suicide ix; Goffman Interaction Ritual 201
9 A. Alvarez The Savage God: A Study of Suicide (London: Weidenfeld and
Nicolson 1971) 42
10 Gaetano to De Ocheda, December 1821 (tr W.M. Rossetti [T have been ...'
to '... fatherly care,' and the last paragraph] and Robert Vidoni)
11 W.M. Rossetti, memoir, Family Letters 1: 33
12 Frances Polidori, ms poem, 3 October 1821, Angeli-Dennis box 6, file 18
13 William Sherlock A Practical Discourse concerning Death 17th ed (London:
D. Brown et al 1718) 243-7, Ill.iv; quoted in Frances Polidori, ms
commonplace-book, Angeli-Dennis box 12, file 18,133-7
14 W.M. Rossetti, memoir, Family Letters 1: 41
15 Quoted in William Michael Rossetti ed The Family Letters of Christina
Georgina Rossetti, with some Supplementary Letters and Appendices (London:
Brown, Langham 1908) 228
17 F.L. Jones ed Maria Gisborne & Edward E. Williams 122
18 Medwin Conversations 104-5. Mithradates vi, king of Pontus from 120 to
63 BC, conducted research into poisons and antidotes, and is supposed to
have immunized himself to poison by taking gradually increasing doses of
it. This turned out to be a bad idea. After his defeat by Pompey and the
revolt of his troops under his son Pharnaces n, he tried but failed to poison
himself; he then had to order one of his mercenaries to kill him.
119 Brought Recollections 3:699
20 Leigh Hunt Lord Byron and Some of his Contemporaries; with Recollections of
the Author's Life, and of his Visit to Italy (Philadelphia: Carey, Lea & Carey
1828) 99
21 Marchand Byron: A Portrait 403
22 Burnett Regency Dandy 118
23 William Michael Rossetti, compiler Rossetti Papers, 1862 to 1870 (London:
Sands 1903)159

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Notes

The following abbreviations are used throughout the notes:

Angeli-Dennis Helen Rossetti Angeli-Imogene Dennis Collection, Special

For full citations, see the Bibliography.

1 James Rieger 'Dr. Polidori and the Genesis of Frankenstein' Studies in

19 Ms list of the children of Anna Maria Polidori, Angeli-Dennis box 27

Presentation Copies, Manuscripts, and Drawings by Harry B. Smith

Chapter 2 The University of Edinburgh

17 Comrie History of Scottish Medicine 2: 475

Chapter 3 Ximenes: The Modern Abraham

1 Polidori to Gaetano Polidori, 16 February 1814. The word tentatively

Chapter 5 'On the Punishment of Death'

1 John Cam Hobhouse, Baron Broughton Recollections of a Long Life, with

11 Broughton Recollections 2: 207, 250-1

36 Leigh Hunt 'Distressing Circumstance in High Life' Examiner (1816) 247-

Chapter 7 Travels with Byron

40 John William Polidori, ms letter to Gaetano Polidori, postmarked 20 June

66 Henry R. Viets tentatively identifies her as the descendant of James Daniel

Chapter 9 Ghost Stories

1 Rieger 'Dr. Polidori' 461-74; Christopher Frayling Introduction to The

by Renfield in Bram Stoker Dracula ed A.N. Wilson (Oxford: Oxford UP

41 Manfred I.ii.7-24, WLB 4: 94

Chapter 10 A Series of Slight Quarrels

1 Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley Mary Shelley's Journal ed Frederick L. Jones

3 John Cam Hobhouse, Baron Broughton, ms diary, 29 August 1816, Add ms

Chapter 11 Crossing the Alps

1 Polidori to Gaetano, 20 September 1816; printed in Diary 216

4 Gaetano Polidori, ms letter to John William Polidori, 30 September 1816,

3 Diary 176; Polidori, ms Journal, Angeli-Dennis box 32, 2: 104. Rossetti

39 Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley 'The English in Italy' Westminster Review

Chapter 13 Travels in Italy

1 Sketches, text to plate 19

34 Dante Gabriel Rossetti Letters of Dante Gabriel Rossetti ed Oswald Doughty

68 Sketches, text to plates 35, 50

1 William Taylor, ms letter to John William Polidori, 10 June 1817, Angeli-

10 John Deagostini, ms letter to John William Polidori, 2 March 1818, Angeli-

36 BLJ 5: 272, 265,263

Chapter 15 An Essay upon the Source of Positive Pleasure

1 'A melancholy accident...' Norfolk Chronicle and Norwich Gazette 20

22 Polidori to Jerningham, 1818

1 John William Polidori, ms letter to John Murray, 13 January 1819, John

Chapter 17 The Scandal of The Vampyre

3 John Mitford 'Lord Byron's Residence in the Island of Mitylene' New

Watts is apparently referring to some other piece of deception and

33 WLB: LJ 3: 451; 'Vampyre' 202

do with Byron, and though it is another index of Polidori's influence, it is

Chapter 18 Ernestus Berchtold; or, The Modern Oedipus

86 See Manning Byron and his Fictions 77.

Chapter 19 The Fall of the Angels

47 The Giaour 68-93, WLB 3: 88-90

Chapter 20 Death and Afterlife

1 Gaetano Polidori, ms letter to Thomas De Ocheda, December 1821,

2 D.G. Rossetti letters 1: 247

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