Tutorial: Unidirectional transport

1. For the vertical downward flow of liquid in a pipe in the absence of any
applied pressure gradient, the hydrostatic head provides the pressure gra-
dient. Instead of the pressure gradient term in the momentum equation,
the flow is driven by the body force per unit volume, (ρg), where ρ is the
liquid density and g is the acceleration due to gravity. If the pipe diameter
is d, the average fluid velocity is ū and the viscosity is µ.
(a) How is the friction factor related to the
√ Froude number based on the
mean velocity and pipe diameter, (ū/ gd)?
i. f = (Fr/2)
ii. f = (Fr2 /2)
iii. f = (1/(2Fr))
iv. f = (1/(2Fr2 )) X
The velocity profile for the flow due to the body force is,

1 dp 2 ρg(R2 − r2 )
u=− (R − r2 ) =
4µ dx 4µ
when the body force is substituted for the pressure gradient. The
mean velocity for pipe flow is given by

R2 dp R2 ρg d2 ρg
ū = − = =
8µ dx 8πµ 32µ
since the pressure gardient is due to the gravitational force. The wall
shear stress is,
ρgR ρgd
τw = =
2 4
The friction factor is given by,
τw ρgd 1
f= = =
ρū2 /2 2ρū2 2Fr2

(b) For a laminar flow, what is the relation between the Froude number
and the Reynolds number?
i. Re ∝ Fr
ii. Re ∝ Fr2 X
iii. Re ∝ Fr−1
iv. Re ∝ Fr−2
For a laminar flow, f ∝ (1/Re), and therefore, Re ∝ Fr2 .
2. Consider the flow of water of density 103 kg/m3 and viscosity 10−3 kg/m/s
in a tube of length 2 m. The average flow velocity is 1 m/s, and the applied
pressure difference between the ends is 3.1 kPa.

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(a) What is the Reynolds number?
i. 102
ii. 103
iii. 104 X
iv. 105
Re = (ρūd/µ) = (103 × 1 × 10−2 /10−3) = 104
(b) What is the friction factor?
i. 0.03875
ii. 0.00775 X
iii. 0.003875
iv. 0.00125
τw (πdL) = (∆p)(πd2 /4) → τw = (∆p/L)(d/4) = (3.1×103/2)(.01/4) = 3.875Pa
f = (τw /(ρū2 /2) = (3.875/500) = .00775
(c) What is the approximate ratio of the actual friction factor and the
friction factor for a laminar flow at the same Reynolds number?
i. 1
ii. 2
iii. 5X
iv. 10
For a laminar flow, f = (16/Re) = 1.6 × 10−3 . Therefore, the ratio
is (0.075/(1.6 × 10−3 )) = 4.85
(d) What is the friction velocity?
i. 0.01 m/s
ii. 0.024 m/s
iii. 0.031 m/s
iv. 0.062 m/s X
p
ρu2∗ = τw → u∗ = τw /ρ = 0.062m/s
(e) For this pipe flow, what is the ratio of the thickness of the viscous
sub-layer and the pipe diameter? Note that the viscous sub-layer
extends to (yu∗ /ν) ≤ 5 where y is the distance from the wall.
i. 8 × 10−4
ii. 8 × 10−3 X
iii. 8 × 10−2
iv. 8 × 10−1
(y(0.062)/(10−6) ≤ 5 → y ≤ 8.07 × 10−5 m

2
3. Consider the pressure driven flow in an annulus of inner radius Ri and
outer radius Ro , as shown in figure ??. The flow is in the streamwise x
co-ordinate, and the streamwise velocity is only a function of the radial
co-ordinate r. The equation for the unidirectional pressure-driven flow is,
 
dp µ d dux
0=− + r ,
dx r dr dr
and the pressure gradient (dp/dx) is a constant.
(a) What is the velocity profile that satisfies the governing equation and
the boundary conditions?
1 dp
Ro2 − r2


i. −
4µ dx
1 dp
Ri2 − r2


ii. −
4µ dx
1 dp 1 dp
log (r/Ro )
Ro2 − r2 + Ro2 − Ri2


iii. − X
4µ dx 4µ dx log (Ri /Ro )
1 dp 1 dp
log (r/Ro )
Ri2 − r2 + Ri2 − Ro2


iv. −
4µ dx 4µ dx log (Ri /Ro )
(b) What is ratio of the shear stress on the inner and outer walls?
i. 1
ii. (Ri /Ro )
iii. (Ro /Ri )
iv. None of the above. X
Shear stress is
dux r dp 1 dp (Ro2 − Ri2 )
τw = µ = +
dr 2 dx 4 dx r log (Ri /Ro )

The ratio of the shear stress on the inner and outer walls is,

1 (R2o −R2i )
Ri + 2 Ri log (Ri /Ro )
1 (R2o −R2i )
Ro + 2 Ro log (Ri /Ro )

(c) What is the average velocity?

1 dp
(Ro2 + Ri2 )


i. −
8µ dx
Ro2 − Ri2
 
1 dp
ii. −
8µ dx log (Ro /Ri )
Ro2 + Ri2
 
1 dp 2 2
iii. − (Ro − Ri ) −
8µ dx log (Ro /Ri )
Ro2 − Ri2
 
1 dp
iv. − (Ro2 + Ri2 ) − X
8µ dx log (Ro /Ri )

3
The flow rate can be evaluated from the two integrals. The first
integral is the first term in the expression for the velocity,
RR  
1 dp
2π Rio r dr − 4µ dx (Ro2 − r2 )
 2 
π dp Ro R2o R2o R2i R4i
= − 2µ dx  2 − 4 − 2 + 4
2 2 2
π dp (Ro −Ri )
= − 2µ dx 4

The integral of the second term in the expression for the velocity is,
RR  2 2

1 dp (Ro −Ri ) log (r/Ro )
2π Rio r dr − 4µ dx log (Ri /Ro )
2 2 R Ro
π dp (Ro −Ri )
= 2µ dx log (Ri /Ro ) Ri r dr log (r/Ro )
2 2
R 
π dp (Ro −Ri ) r 2 log (r) r2 r 2 log (Ro )  o
= 2µ dx log (Ri /Ro ) 2 − 4 − 2 
 2 Ri 
2 2 2
π dp (Ro −Ri ) Ro log (Ro )−Ri log (Ri ) Ro −R2i
2
R2o log (Ro )−R2i log (Ro )
= 2µ dx log (Ri /Ro )  2 − 4 − 2
2 2
R2o log (Ro )−R2i log (Ri ) R2o −R2i R2o log (Ro )−R2i log (Ro )

π dp (Ro −Ri )
= 2µ dx log (Ri /Ro ) 2 − 4 − 2
2 2
 2 
π dp (Ro −Ri ) Ri log (Ro /Ri ) R2o −R2i
= 2µ dx log (Ri /Ro ) 2 − 4
π dp (R2o −R2i )R2i 2
π dp (Ro −Ri )
2 2
= − 2µ dx 2 − 2 dx 4 log (Ri /Ro )

Adding the two, we get,

 2 22 
π dp (Ro −Ri ) (R2o −R2i )R2i (R2o −R2i )2
Q = − 2µ dx 4 + 2 4 log (Ri /Ro )
π dp (R4o −R4i 2
π dp (Ro −Ri )
2 2
= − 2µ dx 4 − 2µ dx 4 log (Ro /Ri )

Dividing this by the total area π(Ro2 − Ri2 ), we get,

Q
ū = π(R2o −R2i )
2 2 2 2
1 dp (Ro +Ri 1 dp (Ro −Ri )
= − 2µ dx 4 − 2µ dx 4 log (Ro /Ri )

The flow rate

Z Ro
(Ro2 − Ri2 )2
 
2π dp 4 4
2π rdrū(r) = − (Ro − Ri ) −
Ri 16µ dx log (Ro /Ri )

The average velocity is the flow rate divided by π(Ro2 − Ri2 ), which
is,
Z Ro
Ro2 − Ri2
 
2 1 dp 2 2
rdrū(r) = − (R o + Ri ) −
Ro2 − Ri2 Ri 8µ dx log (Ro /Ri )

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 NPTEL course 2017
Transport Processes I: Heat and Mass Transport
Prof. V. Kumaran
Solutions to Assignment 7

1. a) The velocity profile for the flow due to the body force is,

1 dp 2 ρg(R2 − r2 )
u=− (R − r2 ) =
4µ dx 4µ
when the body force is substituted for the pressure gradient. The
mean velocity for pipe flow is given by,

R2 dp R2 ρg d2 ρg
ū = − = =
8µ dx 8πµ 32µ
since the pressure gradient is due to the gravitational force. The
wall shear stress is,
ρgR ρgd
τw = =
2 4
The friction factor is given by,
τw ρgd 1
f= = =
2
ρū /2 2ρū2
2Fr2

b) For a laminar flow, f∝ (1/Re), therefore, Re ∝ Fr2

2. a) Re= (ρūd/µ) = (103 × 1 × 10−2 /10−3 ) = 104

b) τw (πdL) = ∆p(πd2 /4) → τw = (∆p/L)(d/4) = (3.1×103 /2)(0.01/4) =
3.875 Pa f = (τw /(ρū2 /2)) = (3.875/500) = 0.00775

1
 c) For a laminar flow, f = (16/Re) = 1.6 × 10−3 . Therefore, the
ratio is (0.0075/(1.6 × 10−3 )) = 4.85 ∼ 5
p
d) ρu2∗ = τw → u∗ = τw /ρ = 0.062 m/s
e) (y(0.062)/10−6 ) ≤ 5 → y ≤ 8.07 × 10−5 m

3. a) Use conditions of no-slip on both the boundaries and solve the

given governing equation to obtain

1 dp 2 1 dp 2 log(r/Ro )
− (Ro − r2 ) + (Ro − Ri2 )
4µ dx 4µ dx log(Ri /Ro )

b) Shear stress is

dux r dp 1 dp (Ro2 − Ri2 )

τw = µ = +
dr 2 dx 4 dx r log(Ri /Ro )

The ratio of the shear stress on the inner and outer walls is,
2 2
1 (Ro −Ri )
Ri + 2 Ri log(Ri /Ro )
1 (Ro2 −Ri2 )
Ro + 2 Ro log(Ri /Ro )

c)

2
The flow rate can be evaluated from the two integrals. The first
integral is the first term in the expression for the velocity,
RR  
1 dp
2π Rio r dr − 4µ dx (Ro2 − r2 )
 2 
π dp Ro R2o R2o R2i R4i
= − 2µ dx  2 − 4 − 2 + 4
2 2 2
π dp (Ro −Ri )
= − 2µ dx 4

The integral of the second term in the expression for the velocity is,
RR  2 2

1 dp (Ro −Ri ) log (r/Ro )
2π Rio r dr − 4µ dx log (Ri /Ro )
2 2 R Ro
π dp (Ro −Ri )
= 2µ dx log (Ri /Ro ) Ri r dr log (r/Ro )
2 2
R 
π dp (Ro −Ri ) r 2 log (r) r2 r 2 log (Ro )  o
= 2µ dx log (Ri /Ro ) 2 − 4 − 2 
 2 Ri 
2 2 2
π dp (Ro −Ri ) Ro log (Ro )−Ri log (Ri ) Ro −R2i
2
R2o log (Ro )−R2i log (Ro )
= 2µ dx log (Ri /Ro )  2 − 4 − 2
2 2
R2o log (Ro )−R2i log (Ri ) R2o −R2i R2o log (Ro )−R2i log (Ro )

π dp (Ro −Ri )
= 2µ dx log (Ri /Ro ) 2 − 4 − 2
2 2
 2 
π dp (Ro −Ri ) Ri log (Ro /Ri ) R2o −R2i
= 2µ dx log (Ri /Ro ) 2 − 4
π dp (R2o −R2i )R2i 2
π dp (Ro −Ri )
2 2
= − 2µ dx 2 − 2 dx 4 log (Ri /Ro )

Adding the two, we get,

 2 22 
π dp (Ro −Ri ) (R2o −R2i )R2i (R2o −R2i )2
Q = − 2µ dx 4 + 2 4 log (Ri /Ro )
π dp (R4o −R4i 2
π dp (Ro −Ri )
2 2
= − 2µ dx 4 − 2µ dx 4 log (Ro /Ri )

Dividing this by the total area π(Ro2 − Ri2 ), we get,

Q
ū = π(R2o −R2i )
2 2 2 2
1 dp (Ro +Ri 1 dp (Ro −Ri )
= − 2µ dx 4 − 2µ dx 4 log (Ro /Ri )

The flow rate

Z Ro
(Ro2 − Ri2 )2
 
2π dp 4 4
2π rdrū(r) = − (Ro − Ri ) −
Ri 16µ dx log (Ro /Ri )

The average velocity is the flow rate divided by π(Ro2 − Ri2 ), which
is,
Z Ro
Ro2 − Ri2
 
2 1 dp 2 2
rdrū(r) = − (R o + Ri ) −
Ro2 − Ri2 Ri 8µ dx log (Ro /Ri )