FLUID MACHINERY

Chapter 2
Hydraulic Turbines
Part I
Classification

2
 Pelton Wheel

Lester Pelton (1829 ~ 1908), an American mining engineer

 A high-speed jet of water strikes the buckets and is deflected.

 The water enters and leaves the control volume
surrounding the wheel as free jet.
 Relative velocity magnitude of the water does not change as it slides
across the buckets, but its direction does. 3
 Pelton Wheel

Characteristic
The impact of water on the buckets causes the runner to rotate and thus
develops mechanical energy. The buckets deflect the jet through an angle of
about 160 and 1650 in the same plane as the jet. After doing work on the
buckets water is discharged in the tailrace, and the whole energy transfer
from nozzle outlet to tailrace takes place at constant pressure.
The buckets are so shaped that water enters tangentially in the middle and
discharges backward and flows again tangentially in both the directions to
avoid thrust on the wheel. The casing of a Pelton wheel does not perform any
hydraulic function. But it is necessary to safeguard the runner against
accident and also to prevent the splashing water and lead the water to the
tailrace.

4
 Pelton Wheel

Velocity triangles

u=
1 u=
2 U translating or bulk velocity

v1u= v=
1 w1 + U =v2u w2 cos β + U w1 = w2

v2u − v1u = (U − v1 )(1 − cos β )

5
 Pelton Wheel

Torque and power

rm − effective radius

− ( Q ρ v2u rm − Q ρ v1u rm
T= ) − moment of momentum law

T= Q ρ rm ( v1 − U )(1 − cos β )= mr
 m ( v1 − U )(1 − cos β )

 ( v1 − U )(1 − cos β )
N =T ω =mU

6
 Pelton Wheel

Typical theoretical and experimental power and

torque as a function of bucket speed

 The power is a function of β. A typical

value of β=1650 results in a relatively small
reduction in power since 1-cos1650 =1.966.
 Also the torque is maximum when the
wheel is stopped (U = 0), there is no power
under this condition – to extract power one
needs force and motion.
 The power output is maximum when
U=0.5v1
 The maximum speed occurs when
T = 0.

7
 Pelton Wheel
Efficiency and losses
Power transfered
U ( v1 − U )(1 − cos β )
η=
(v 2)
2
1 Power available in jet

hf

Schematic layout
of hydro plant

8
 Pelton Wheel

Efficiency and losses

Transmission efficiency

=ηtr
(=
H1 − h f ) H
H1 H1
Nozzle efficiency
v12
ηj =
2 gH
Actual jet velocity
v1
Nozzle velocity coefficient Cv =
2 gH 1 Theoretical jet velocity

η j = Cv2

9
 Pelton Wheel

Design example 1
Pelton wheel is supplied through a pipe from a lake. Determine the maximum power
output and the angular velocity of the rotor at this condition. Include the head loss
due to friction in the pipe, but neglect minor losses.

z0 = 60 m

= =
l 300 m , f 0.02
D = 20 cm β = 1500

2 R = 0.9 m

z1 = 0
D1 = 5 cm

10
 Pelton Wheel

Shaft Power N ρ QU ( v1 − U )(1 − cos β )

=
p0 v02 p1 v12
Bernoulli equation z0 + + =z1 + + + hf
ρ g 2g ρ g 2g
v2
z1 =p0 =p1 =v0 =0 ⇒ z0 = + h f
2g
 l  D1   v12
4
z0 =1 + f    =60 ⇒ v1 =23.28 m / s
 D  D   2 g

π D12
Flow rate =Q= v1 0.046 m3 /s
4
v1
For the maximum power U= = 11.64 m / s
2
N 1.156 ⋅ 104 W =
= ω U= = 25.87 s −1 ;=
R 11.64 0.45 n 30ω=
π 329.4 rpm
11
 Pelton Wheel

Design example 2
A Pelton turbine wheel has a head of 90 m and loss due to friction in the penstock is 30 m .
The bucket speed is 12 m/s and the nozzle discharge is 1.0 m3/ s. If the bucket has an
angle of 1650 at the outlet and Cv = 0.98, find the power of Pelton turbine and its
hydraulic efficiency.

=
Given: =
H1 90 m ; h f =30 m ; Q 1=
m / s ; U 12 m / s.

Head available at the nozzle: H = H1 − h f = 90 − 30 = 60 m

=
Jet velocity at the bucket inlet: v1 C=
v 2 gH = 33.62 m / s
0.98 (2)(9.81)(60)

From the inlet velocity triangle: w1 = v1 − U = 33.62 − 12 = 21.62 m / s

N ρ QU ( v1 − U )(1 − cos β=
= ) (1000)(1)(12)(21.62)(1 + 0.966)
= 510059 W
U ( v1 − U )(1 − cos β ) (12 ) (21.62)(1.966)
=η = = 0.9025
v12 2 ( ) 2
33.62 2
12
Francis Turbine

General characteristic

13
 Francis Turbine

Francis turbine
installation

14
 Francis Turbine

Configuration of turbine passage

15
Francis Turbine

Velocity triangles

16
 Francis Turbine

Torque and power

− ( Q ρ v2u r2 − Q ρ v1u r1 ) − moment of momentum law
T=

=T Q ρ ( v1u r1 − v2u r2 )

= ω Q ρ ( v1u r1ω − v2u r2ω

N T= )

=U1 ω=
r1 , U 2 ω r2

=N Qρ ( v1uU1 − v2uU 2 )

Power output without consideration of leakages and viscous loss in the runner

17
 Francis Turbine

Lost power

N s = shaft power; N s = ρ gQr hr

N m = mechanical power loss;

N c = casingr power loss;

N c = ρ gQhc
NV = leakage loss;
= Qr + q
Q NV = ρ ghr q
N 0 = water power available;
N 0 = ρ gQH
Qr = flow rate through the runner;

hr = head loss across the runner;

hc = head loss in casing;

18
 Francis Turbine

Efficiency
Total energy balance

ρ gQH = N m + ρ g ( hr Qr + hc Q + H r q )

Overall efficiency

Ns Ns hQ
η
= = = r r
N 0 ρ gQH QH

Hydraulic efficiency

Ns + Nm
ηh =
N0

19