★ P1 - Motion

● Speed = Distance/time
● Distance = Speed * Time
● Time = distance/speed
● Velocity = Displacement/Time
● Average speed = Total Distance/Time
● Km/hr * 5/18 = m/s
● m/s * 18/5 = km/hr
● mi/hr * 4/9 = m/s
● m/s * 9/4 = mi/hr
● km/hr * ⅝ = mi/hr
● mi/hr *8/5 = km/hr
● Acceleration = (v-u)/t
● V = u+at
● S = ut+½ at2
● v2 - u2 = 2as

★ P2 - Matter and Forces

● Weight = m * g (9.8 or 10)
● Resultant Force = F1 - F2
● K = F/X (hooke’s law)
● Density = Mass/Volume
● Momentum = Mass * Velocity (P = MV)
● Moment of force = Force * perpendicular distance from pivot
● Pressure = Force/Area
● Force = ma
● Impulse => Ft = m(v-u) or F = [M(v-u)]/t (Change in momentum)
● Final momentum = Initial momentum + impulse of force
● Pressure = depth * density * acceleration due to gravity (p = hdg)

★ P3 - Energy,Work and Power

● Work Done = Force * Displacement (ma*s)
● Potential Energy = mgh
● Kinetic Energy = ½ mv2
● Work done = Final ke - Initial ke
● Work done = F cos theta * s
● Efficiency = (useful energy or power output/energy or power input)*100
● Power = work done/time taken (w/t)

★ P8 - Light
● Angle of incidence = Angle of reflection
● Refractive index (n) = Speed of light in a vacuum / speed of light in
the material
● n = sin i / sin r
● Angle of incidence > critical angle = Total Internal Reflection(TIR)

★ P10 - Sound
● Frequency = 1/t
● Velocity = force * lambda (wavelength)
● V = (2d)/t (echo)

★ P12 - Electricity
● V=IR ,R=V/I ,I=V/R
● W = F*S
● POWER = ELECTRIC ENERGY / TIME
● P = I2R
● P = V2 / R
● P = I*V
● P=E/T
● E = I*V*T
● E = P*T
● I=Q/T
● Series circuit:
○ R = r1+r2+r3
○ I = constant
○ V = v1+v2+v3
● Parallel circuit:
○ (1/R) = (1/r1)+(1/r2)+(1/r3)
○ V = constant
○ I = i1+i2+i3
● In transformer: Vp / Vs = Np / Ns
Ip * Vp = Is * Vs

★ Respiration and gas exchange

● (Aerobic respiration) C6H12O6 + 6O2 = 6CO2 + 6H2O+Energy
● (Anaerobic respiration - in yeast) C6H12O6 = 2C2H5OH + 2CO2
● (Anaerobic respiration - in muscles) C6H12O6 = C3H6O3
★ Air and Water

★ Stoichiometry
● Moles(n) = m / mr (g/mol - SI Unit)
● Moles(n) = c * v
● Moles(n) = v / 24dm3
● 1L = 1dm3
● 1ml = 1cm3
● 1dm3 = 1000cm3

★ Reactivity series (easy way to learn)

Element (symbol) Element (Name) Word of the
sentence starting
 with the first letter
of element (name)
K potassium Please
Na Sodium Send
Ca Calcium Cats
Mg Magnesium Monkeys
Al Aluminium And
Zn Zinc Zebras
Fe Iron Into
Pb Lead Lovely
H Hydrogen Hot
Cu Copper Countries,
Ag Silver Signed
Au Gold General
Pt Platinum Penguin
Full sentence - Please send cats, monkeys and zebras into lovely hot
countries, signed general penguin!