1

Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

Promoting awareness among students is important to enhance the knowledge.

Awareness is a fundamental aspect that students should take into consideration.

Awareness starts from within. self-awareness is a dynamic, transformative process of

self. Ultimately, self-awareness is the use of self-insights and presence knowingly to

guide behavior that is genuine and authentic to create a healing interpersonal

environment.

Each year there are more new HIV/AIDS infections, which shows that people

either aren't learning the message about the dangers of HIV, or are unable or unwilling to

act on it. Many people are dangerously ignorant about the virus - a survey found recently

that a third of teens thought there was a 'cure' for AIDS. Awareness is an important

component of preventing the spread of HIV. HIV/ AIDS awareness or education is

needed to improve quality of life for HIV positive people, to reduce stigma and

discrimination and o prevent new infections from taking place.

In 2017, 3.9 million [2.1–5.7 million] aged 15 to 24 years became HIV-populated

teenagers worldwide. Approximately 1 600 young people between the ages of 15 and 24

get HIV every day and a young person dies every 10 minutes as a consequence of AIDS.

Young women between the ages of 15 and 24 are unnecessarily vulnerable to new HIV

infections in young people worldwide, responsible for 58 per cent of young women's new

HIV infections and 67 per cent of new infections in Sub-Saharan African countries. Iraq
 2

appears to be among the low HIV / AIDS prevalence levels. Around 1986 and December

2011, there were confirmed records of 615 HIV cases: 309 of them (50 percent) were

Iraqi residents, 59 still living.

The distribution of cases follows: 85% men and 15% women; 66% hemophilic by

parenthood; the Regional Journal of Health Research, www.ccsenet.org/gjhs. 7, No. 1;

2015 17% by heterosexual route; 5% by vertical mother transmission (Alwan, 2004;

UNAIDS, 2012b). During the duration from March 2003 to December 2011, 131 new

HIV cases were registered after the political system had shifted in Iraq, of which 51 were

Iraqi civilians (39 percent).

Globally, the prevalence of HIV awareness among young people between 15 and 24

years old is well-known. The WHO said that young people are crucial to stopping the

HIV / AIDS pandemic from evolving. The WHO reports that young adults between 15

and 24 years of age represent 50 percent of all new HIV diagnoses, and that counseling

will be aimed to minimize exposure and stigmatize HIV diagnosis (WHO 2004). A lack

of awareness of the etiology of HIV / AIDS among adolescents worldwide remains a

significant problem for the treatment of this pandemic. Many adolescents in puberty are

sexually engaged. In war against HIV / AIDS particularly relevant is the need to

understand that young people have contact but have no sufficient information to defend

themselves. The epicenter is now in young people and the risk of the pandemic is

overwhelming (WHO / UNICEF / UNAIDS 2002). Reports tend to show significant

misconceived ideas on HIV and how it is spread by teenagers aged 15 to 24 years

(Cohall, et.al., 2001).

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Rivers State has been identified as an region of very low vulnerability to HIV.

Ignorance of and complexities of HIV / AIDS is both pervasive. Apart from the

possibility of HIV infection, individuals participated in actions almost naturally. At the

other side, the sick individuals have become heavily stigmatized. We were rejected by

bosses, acquaintances and relatives. We became aggressive. Thanks to the uninformed

prejudices and judgment they were refused treatment by both doctors and nurses in

hospital and clinics (Cohall, et.al., 2001).

In the Philippines, women are not encouraged, due to cultural, physiological and

socio-economic factors, to defend themselves and to bargain for safe sex. Although there

is a strong level of awareness of the epidemic, HIV / AIDS misconceptions among both

health workers and general public remain common. Women in Cordillera were noted to

have a high level of awareness on the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), the

Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA) reported during a regional data dissemination forum

on November 9, 2018 (Farr et. al, 2010).

In Central Visayas, Cebu leads the provinces with 67 persons confirmed to be

living with AIDS, and 1,872 others who have tested positive for HIV but have yet to

show or feel symptoms.

A centre for the call center industry is Cebu City. People in the field are known

as at-risk communities for HIV infection (Kabamalan et al., 2010). Call center

employees are also viewed as more promiscuous and vulnerable to vices that are

perceived to be contributing factors for unsafe sexual activity (Kabamalan et al. 2010).

While awareness of the disease is critical in its prevention (Fisher & Fisher, 1992), other
 4

call centres ' experience in HIV / AIDS is missing and risky activities may contribute to

an rise (Melgar, Bangi, Mandel & McFarland,2012).

Since 1984, at least 62 people from Central Visayas have died as a result of

HIV/AIDS. On a larger scale, the Philippines is said to be among the nine countries in the

world with more than 25 percent growth in HIV prevalence, trailing behind Bangladesh

and Indonesia which rank first and second, respectively (Destacamento,2015).

This study seeks to determine the awareness of District V High School students in

Lapu-Lapu City from January-February 2020 based on their knowledge on the

transmission, prevention, treatment, and perception and attitude towards HIV/AIDS.

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Statement of the Problem

This study generally aims to determine the awareness of District V High School

students in Lapu-Lapu City from January-February 2020.

Specifically, this study shall seek answers to the following questions:

1. What is the educational profile of the respondents in terms of:

1.1 Year Level;

1.2 School?

2. What is the respondents’ level of awareness based on the following:

2.1 Knowledge:

2.1.1 General Knowledge;

2.1.2 Transmission;

2.1.3 Prevention;

2.1.4 Treatment;

2.2 Perception;

2.3 Attitude?

3. Is there a significant difference on the respondents’ level of HIV/AIDS awareness by

their educational profile:

3.1year level

3.2 school

4. What intervention plan can be proposed base on the findings of the study?
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Significance of the Study

HIV and AIDS has long been in the dark of our knowledge, hence the rapid

increase in number of victims. By the end of the study, it is expected that people have

better comprehension and understanding towards HIV and AIDS. This research ought to

benefit the following:

Individuals with HIV or AIDS - Through this study, individuals with HIV/AIDS

would slowly but surely benefit as the community begins to understand further the

situation and life of the individuals with the illness.

People who think they have HIV or AIDS - This study would relieve

individuals who are afraid to learn if they have HIV or AIDS as for they earn knowledge

regarding the topic and break the misconceptions surrounding it.

Department of Health - The results of the study would serve as a background to

the department and henceforth be a springboard for further discussions and programs.

The knowledge provided by the study could be used to further formulate better ways on

spreading further information about the illness.

POZ (HIV/AIDS Community) - As how it benefits individuals, the community

would no longer be hidden in the dark as the study shines light towards the illness. The

community no longer needs to hide themselves and be afraid of how people may perceive

them as the study destroys the wrong ideas of the others.

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Community - The study would spark up conversation in the community as the

knowledge garnered by the participants are shared throughout, thus eventually creating an

environment friendly towards individuals with HIV and AIDS.

Researchers - The researchers would greatly benefit from the study as well as it

develops better understanding on the illness and enhances their skills in critical thinking

and research.

Future Researchers - This study could ignite the interests of future researchers

and henceforth study further about HIV and AIDS which could later on lead to the

discovery of treatments or formulate systematics/programs in dispersing information

about the illness.

Scope and Delimitation

The study aims to determine the level of HIV/AIDS awareness of District V High

School students in Lapu-Lapu City from January to March 2020. It delimits the randomly

sampled students to be high school students may they be senior high or junior high, and is

enrolled to one of the two schools comprising District V of Lapu-Lapu City – Science

and Technology Education Center (STEC) and Marigondon National High School

(MNHS). In addition, the level of awareness, gathered through survey and statistically

treated, is quantified in terms of knowledge (general knowledge, transmission,

prevention, and treatment), perception, and attitude.

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CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

This chapter of the paper presents the review of related literature, the conceptual

framework, the research hypotheses, and the definition of terms.

AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome). AIDS is a disease that can

develop in people with HIV. It’s the most advanced stage of HIV. But just because a

person has HIV doesn’t mean they’ll develop AIDS. HIV kills CD4 cells. Healthy adults

generally have a CD4 count of 500 to 1,500 per cubic millimeter. A person with HIV

whose CD4 count falls below 200 per cubic millimeter will be diagnosed with AIDS.

(Murrell, 2018)

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). As Arbeitskreis (2016) explained,

human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is grouped into the Lentivirus gene in the

Retroviridae family of the Orthoretrovirinae subfamily. On the basis of genetic

characteristics and differences in viral antigens, HIV is classified as type 1 and type 2

(HIV-1,HIV-2). HIV can enter the body through intact mucous membranes, eczematous

or wounded skin or mucosa, and through parenteral inoculation. When transmitted by

sexual contact, HIV first binds to dendritic cells (e.g. Langerhans cells) or macrophages /

monocytes; HIV using CCR-5 (R5 viruses) as a co-receptor is then preferably replicated.

HIV is taken by macrophages and replicated as shown for M cells in the mucosa.

HIV and AIDS Awareness of Students. According to a study conducted by Nubed and

Akoachere (2016), senior secondary school students in Fako Division, South West Region,

Cameroon were well-aware and had satisfying level of knowledge on HIV and AIDS. Majority
 9

of the information they possess were from their school’s sex education. They were able to

determine that students who had a fair level of knowledge displayed positive attitude towards

people with HIV and AIDS, but the knowledge nonetheless did not stop the emergence of

misconceptions and continuous practice of unsafe sex.

Similarly, research by Thanavanh et al. presented that despite adequate understanding of

HIV / AIDS among the school students, misconceptions regarding transmission routes have been

established, negative attitude towards HIV / AIDS, and unsafe behaviors were still present.

HIV and AIDS Stigma, Prevention and Treatment Knowledge. Stigma is one of the

main obstacles in the prevention and control of the epidemic, as reported in the National HIV /

AIDS strategy. People living with HIV / AIDS face prejudice and are still ignored by aggressive

attitudes. More significantly, shame leads to secrecy and denial, which prevents people from

obtaining advice and HIV testing, critical first steps in the fight against the epidemic (Prime

Minister's Office, 2001).

Haroun (2016) presented similar findings. Awareness of the clinical symptoms, diagnosis

and treatment of HIV / AIDS was poor and should be discussed in order to boost the negative

picture of the disease. HIV / AIDS is synonymous with tabuses in a patriarchal culture and the

belief that HIV can only be transmitted by prohibited sexual activities that further lead to the

stigmatization of people living with the disease. While the overall stigma score was small, the

stigmatizing attitudes of respondents, particularly Emirati students, are also challenging as almost

half of the respondents agreed to stigmatizing and discriminating behavior. Communication

approaches towards stigma require particular emphasis and should be targeted towards

eliminating negative attitudes towards people living with HIV. Stigma can be a major barrier to

the response to HIV / AIDS and make young people less likely to get HIV details, get tested or

get HIV treatment. The respondents ' responses represented a strong social stigma; 36 percent of
 10

respondents agreed that HIV-infected individuals only needed to blame themselves, and for fear

of being stigmatized, more than half (57 percent) would not discuss their test results with others,

and 29 percent agreed that HIV-infected students would be excluded. Interestingly, young people

reported revealing their HIV status to family members rather than peers, suggesting the need to

send HIV / AIDS-related messages to the families of the students. Despite only one quarter of our

sample recognizing that there is HIV care, awareness of the medication has been shown to

significantly reduce stigma and prejudice against people living despite HIV / AIDS because it has

eliminated death and mortal disease connotations

According to Goncalves (2013) the youth seemed to know the modes of infection

quite well, e.g. the number of incorrect responses in the survey was low (less than 5%).

However, the interviews revealed a certain degree of ambivalence. The youth mentioned

during the interviews that other youth had incorrect information—not themselves. Thus

they assumed, contrary to the outcome of the survey, that adolescents generally had

incorrect information about becoming infected with HIV and that this had come up in

earlier discussions among the youth. The interviewees also expressed assumptions in

connection with correct information, `You can't be infected by shaking hands, can you?',

as if to solicit support for their information from the group.

Knowledge Level on HIV and AIDS Transmission. In a study operated by Gupta et al

(2013), Almost all of the respondents knew HIV could be acquired through unprotected sex.

Majority also believed that sharing injections, blood transfusion, and sex with multiple partners

would increase the risk to the virus. In addition, three-fourths of the students believe that HIV

could be transmitted through pregnancy, and more than half would agree to the idea of infants

attaining HIV through breastfeeding.

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On another perspective, the findings of the present study by Ouzouni and Nakakis (2020)

showed a relatively clear knowledge of HIV and AIDS among the participants. Nonetheless,

taking into account that nursing students were the target demographic of this report, their

knowledge of HIV / AIDS was inadequate and incomplete for potential health care practitioners.

Surprisingly, almost half of the respondents claimed that it was possible to contract HIV through

mosquitoes, one third through toilet seats and a small proportion through swimming pools.

However, after being vaccinated for it more than half of the nursing students claimed they could

protect themselves from AIDS. Results were similar to Haroun (2016) stating that students have

shown some information about the correct forms of HIV / AIDS transmission, but myths remain,

such as having HIV from public toilets, bites of mosquitoes, or touching a person infected with

HIV.

A research from the Oxford University Press (2014) have shown that prevalence

of wrong answers to the examined questions were 17.2% for heterosexual

transmission, 44.1% for homosexual intercourse, 34.9% for needle sharing, 25.6%

for kiss on the mouth and 16.2% for hugging someone with AIDS. In adjusted

analysis, lower knowledge levels were more prevalent among boys, adolescents

with lower socioeconomic status and with less maternal education level, among

those who had not talked about sex with mother and without sexual education

lessons at school. Knowledge was not associated with school type (public or

private), skin color or talk about sex with father. Providing information to

adolescents is essential to improve knowledge about HIV and other sexually

transmitted infections, especially among young males, with lower socioeconomic

status and with lower maternal education level. Public policies aimed to reducing
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HIV infection should consider maternal and school relevance to improve knowledge

on adolescents.

Knowledge Level on HIV and AIDS Prevention. Nubed et al. (2013) stated that

students had a satisfactory level of knowledge on HIV/AIDS prevention. Those with

adequate knowledge were more likely to display positive attitudes towards PLHIV.

Having adequate knowledge did not imply engaging in safe practices. According to his

study none-the-less highlighted some misconceptions about HIV transmission, intolerant

and discriminatory attitudes towards PLHIV, and risky sexual practices among study

participants which can be corrected by reinforcing sex education curriculum as sex

education in school was their main source of information on HIV/AIDS.

Perception on HIV and AIDS. Ebot (2009) presented that students were well aware of

the fact that there is a greater risk of unhealthy sexual activities and the presence of multiple

sexual partners in particular. This partially informs our understanding of the increased awareness

of HIV / AIDS related problems, but, on the other hand, it does not mean that a high level of

education or good knowledge is a hindrance to unsafe sex or fewer sexual partners or behaviors.

There is also a perception among people that HIV is a disease that affects immoral

people and is a punishment from God. People form positive perception based on their

knowledge, education and upbringing and form negative perception due to lack of

knowledge, awareness and cultural belief system (Muoghalu, Jegede, 2013). There was a

significant negative correlation between citizens' awareness about HIV/AIDS, HIV-

related attitudes, negative perception toward people with HIV/AIDS symptoms and their

discriminatory attitudes toward PLWHA (p < .01). The hierarchical multiple regression

analysis showed that components of public perception about HIV/AIDS explained for
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23.7% of the variance of discriminatory attitudes toward PLWHA. Negative public

perceptions about HIV/AIDS in Iran associated with discriminatory attitudes toward

PLWHA and cultural beliefs in Iran tend to stigmatize and discriminate against the

LWHA (Sahara, 2019).

Attitudes relating to HIV/AIDS. Based from the findings of dhsprogram.com, adults

from Tanzania generally have an open or accept people positive with HIV or AIDS. In

comparison to men, women tend to be less accepting to people living with HIV or AIDS.

Comprehensive knowledge and positive attitudes are cornerstones for the

prevention, control and treatment of HIV/AIDS. However, there are various

misconceptions associated with HIV/AIDS transmission, which lead to negative attitudes

towards people living with AIDS (Iqbal et al., 2017). 

Prevalence of HIV in the Philippines. The World Health Organization has warned the

Philippines since 2015, that the country has the world's fastest growing HIV epidemic. "RINJ

reports that there are 1000 new cases of HIV per month among reported cases, but we fear that it

is difficult to ascertain the exact number because people are not being checked," Santiago adds.

In the first eight months of 2017, according to PH DOH 7,363 HIV cases were reported

including 891 AIDS cases and 334 deaths. There are currently 46,985 cases of HIV registered

nationally since 1984. The statistic includes 4,556 cases of AIDS, and 2,303 deaths. Those are the

small percentile of cases reported.

Sources of HIV or AIDS Information. The outcome of the study conducted by Gupta et

al. (2013) discovered that majority of their information in regards to HIV or AIDS came from the

television, proceeded by the newspaper and friends or relatives.

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Likewise, Ouzuni and Nakakis (2020) revealed that majority of the respondents’

main source of information about HIV and AIDS was television. Newspapers and

magazines were the next leading outlet of information followed by the internet. Other

sources of information include schools, nursing books, lectures, health professionals,

friend, and radio.

Related Literature

Local

Education on HIV and AIDS is necessary in order to provide the local church

with an efficient and sufficient pastoral response to the silent epidemic. Every day,

nine new HIV cases are reported, 52 percent of which are in the National Capital

Region. While the global trend is decreasing, the number of HIV cases in the

Philippines is rising, while the time it takes to double cases continues to shorten, he

wrote. Of the 9,669 cases reported between 1984 and May 2012, there were 5,245

cases (or 54% of the total cases) between 2010 and 2012. What is troubling is that the

20-29 age groups had the largest number of cases (Cardinal Tagle, 2018).

The archdiocese of Manila announced this month two workshops to be held by

Msgr. Robert Vitillo, Caritas Internationalis Special Advisor on HIV and AIDS and

Member of the United Nations International Delegation in Geneva. The workshops were

organized by Caritas Internationalis and the Catholic Medical Mission Board at the

request of the Catholic Bishops ' Conference of the Philippines: the first for priests and

religious, 22-23 August at the San Carlos Seminary Auditorium, San Carlos Formation

Complex, EDSA, Makati City; the second for seminarians and lay people, 24 August at

the Lay force Chapel in the same compound.

 15

Between 2003 and 2008, there was a three-fold increase in the rate of diagnosis of

HIV in the Philippines, which has continued over the past year. HIV diagnosis rates

among men have increased significantly, especially among bisexual and homosexual men

(114% and 214% increase over 2003-2008 respectively). The average patient age has also

decreased significantly, from around 36 to 29 years.

Particularly vulnerable to HIV infection are young adults, men who have sex

with men, commercial sex workers, injecting drug users, overseas Filipino workers

and people's sexual partners in these groups. Nonetheless, as the components for such

an epidemic are already present in the Philippines, a growing HIV epidemic is likely to

be just a matter of time. Due to the increasing number of HIV-positive cases in the

Philippines, based on the results of the Philippines AIDS Registry (passive

surveillance) has been noted in particular in the last three (3) years.

The Department of Education initiates public awareness campaigns for HIV /

AIDS disease prevention, to encourage deeper knowledge of AIDS and to provide

reliable and comprehensive information Br. of Education, former secretary Armin A.

Luistro FSC stated that the order is conducting an orientation workshop on HIV and

AIDS education in accordance with the 1988 Republic Act (R.A.) 8504 or the 1988

Philippine AIDS Prevention and Control Act and the Guidelines for the Implementation

of Workplace Policy and Education Program on HIV and AIDS.

According to Luistro (2013), create awareness then communication reliability

effective and comprehensive information, and then we take steps to prevent its spread by

converting such knowledge into meaningful change in behaviour. This can be achieved
 16

through a cultural and gender-sensitive ongoing education and information program for

our workers and teachers. DepEd is responsible for promoting the implementation of its

HIV and AIDS education program as a member of the PNAC in accordance with its

duties and responsibilities.

Tobin (2013) the Philippine country manager of UNICEF stated that people can

no longer be complacent because the incidence of HIV infections is growing at an

alarming rate in the Philippines. One-third of new HIV infections occur among young

people between the ages of 15 and 24. There is no doubt that HIV + AIDS has an

adolescent face in the Philippines. Adolescence is a critically important age, she explains.

It is during this second decade in a person's life that one is more likely to experience

neglect, violence, early pregnancy, and childbirth— a leading cause of death for teenage

girls, particularly among girls in poor families. This is why UNICEF is investing 1.2

billion adolescents worldwide in education and training.

International

In the case of AIDS, primary prevention – the avoidance of infection or disease

in an apparently healthy population – is aimed at preventing the disease among those

infected with the virus in the sexual partners. In these prevention measures, public

education must be a major focus. it is necessary to make these recommendations to all

people, including those at high risk, those engaging in high-risk sexual practices

(especially in epidemic areas), and those at apparently low risk, sexually and

demographically (Trivedi et al., 2016).

The general public needs this information and wants it. In a National AIDS
 17

Hotline survey, 89% of their callers asked for AIDS information, with the highest

demand (33%) for transmission information. High-risk groups of people living with

AIDS include homosexuals and bisexuals and intravenous drug users in large cities;

hemophiliacs; female prostitutes; heterosexuals. There is evidence that HIV can also

affect more and more young people, particularly runaways. A mother may transfer

AIDS to her child before or during birth in −passive transmission.

More than 92 percent of students were aware of HIV-AIDS disease, 83

percent were aware of sexual path, and 56 percent were aware of major

transmission routes, and 26 percent were aware of major preventive measures, but

some misconceptions regarding transmission routes, prevention, actions and

treatment were present.

According to a study of Hiorte et al. (2010) it suggests a good awareness of

HIV-AIDS as a disease and sexual transmission route, but there is still a lack of

awareness of all major routes and preventive measures. There are some

misunderstandings about transmission routes, prevention, behavior and treatment.

In order to measure and track risk behaviors, the National HIV Behavioral

Surveillance System (NHBS) of the CDC collects data from metropolitan statistical

areas (MSAs) using an anonymous cross-sectional survey of people at places where

MSM meets, such as bars, clubs and social organizations. This report summarizes

NHBS data from 2008, indicating that out of 8,153 MSM interviewed and tested in

the 21 MSAs participating in NHBS that year, HIV prevalence was 19 percent, with

non-Hispanic blacks having the highest prevalence (28 percent), followed by

 18

Hispanics (18 percent), non-Hispanic whites (16 percent) and multiracial or other

persons (17 percent). Of those infected, 44% were unaware among their infection.

Men who are aware of their current status as diagnosed with HIV may be related to

adequate health care and prevention services.

When connected to programs of prevention, people will learn ways to avoid the

virus being spread to others. Young MSM (age 18--29) (63%) and minority MSM

(other than non-Hispanic white) (54%) were more likely to be unaware of their

infection with HIV. Efforts should be improved to ensure at least regular MSM HIV

testing, and services for HIV testing and prevention will expand their efforts to reach

MSM youth and minority.

Related Studies

Local Studies

Raising HIV and AIDS Awareness: A Health Promotion Program for

Accountancy and Business Management Students of Congressional National High

School. In spreading this deadly disease the Philippines is never an exception. Since its

first case was identified in 1984, HIV has been a major public health problem. In

addition, the Department of Health has initiated many initiatives and approaches to

counteract this purposely inflaming social concern; however, it has not been entirely

eradicated. In the province, the major mode of transmission of the said infection is unsafe

sexual contact largely involving homosexuals. Homosexuality is the quality or the state

of being attracted erotically to another of the same sex.

Trends and emerging directions in HIV risk and prevention research in the

Philippines: A systematic review of the literature. The Philippines is experiencing one

 19

of the fastest growing epidemics globally. Evidence-based public health policies are

needed. To describe the public health literature on HIV risk groups and prevention

approaches in the Philippines, we reviewed published empirical studies with HIV-related

outcomes.It was identified 755 records, screened 699 unique titles and abstracts, and

conducted full text review of 122 full reports of which 51 articles met inclusion criteria.

The majority were cross-sectional studies describing HIV and STI prevalence and risk

factors in samples recruited from the Philippines. Four HIV prevention programs

conducted in the Philippines were identified, all of which reported improvements on HIV

knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors. Overall, female sex workers (FSWs) constituted the

primary study population, and few studies reported data from men who have sex with

men (MSM), people who inject drugs (PWIDs), and youth. No studies reported on

transgender populations. Most studies were focused on examining condom use-related

outcomes and STI history, few had biomarkers for HIV, and none addressed biomedical

HIV prevention strategies.This review identifies an agenda for future HIV research that is

needed to address the growing and shifting nature of the HIV epidemic in the Philippines.

Bisexual and homosexual behavior and HIV risk among Chinese‐, Filipino‐,

and Korean‐American men. Seventy bisexually or homosexually active men primarily

of Chinese‐, Filipino‐, and Korean‐American backgrounds participated in extensive

interviews focusing on acculturation and sexuality. Impressionistic data showed higher

involvement in gay culture than Asian culture, a shift away from the complexity of

bisexual lifestyles, and two patterns of exogenous selection of male partners. The

findings suggest that Asian‐American men who had sex with men were more likely than

comparison groups to comply with safer sex; acculturation to Asian society enhanced this
 20

compliance, but identification with Western Protestantism, or traditional Latin

homosexual roles, was related to higher risk behavior. The reported behavior of the men

who had sex with both men and women did not substantiate fears that bisexuals were a

conduit for transmitting the virus from the gay to the heterosexual community.

Impressionistic data suggested that a combination of inaccurate information about HIV

transmission, unfounded trust of partners, poor assertiveness skills, and guilt may result

in sexual risk taking. Suggestions for prevention included providing explicit information

in ethnic and mainstream media, emphasizing risks of heterosexual transmission,

providing electronic interactive learning situations that allow privacy rather than face‐to‐

face interaction, and organizing support groups that affirm the men's dual identity as

Asian‐American and gay or bisexual.

HIV/AIDS in the Philippines. HIV/AIDS has not yet caused a widespread

epidemic in the Philippines. Rates in all the usual risk groups (sex workers, men who

have sex with men, STD clients, returning overseas workers, etc.) have remained below

1%, except in a few areas, where they are still only 1-2% in some risk groups. The low

level of HIV may be due in part to the low number of sex worker clients per night, the

relatively low number of full-time sex workers, the low proportion of injectors among

drug users, the early multisectoral response to the epidemic, and the presence of social

hygiene clinics for sex workers. The incidence of STDs, multiple partners, and injection

drug use with needle sharing, however, is increasing, suggesting that an explosive

epidemic could occur if the virus is introduced into the appropriate risk groups. The

Philippine government has confronted the problem of HIV/AIDS aggressively with an

action plan that includes an emphasis on the response of the local government agencies,
 21

involvement and support of nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), incorporation of

HIV/AIDS education into the school curriculum, and laws forbidding discrimination

against persons with HIV/AIDS or belonging to risk groups. Local and international

NGOs have been actively involved in prevention of HIV/AIDS and support of affected

individuals. Although the Philippines is currently experiencing low rates of HIV/AIDS,

the country needs to be prepared for the possibility of an explosive increase in the spread

of HIV/AIDS. Vietnam and Indonesia provide examples of delayed epidemics of

HIV/AIDS that could also occur in the Philippines.

Effect of a powerpoint lecture vs. video presentation on the knowledge and

attitude on HIV among grade 9 public school students. This study found that most

students received media (television and newspaper) knowledge about HIV / AIDS,

comparable to the analysis conducted in Kosovo. This is also consistent with results from

the 2013 YAFS (Young Adult Fertility and Orientation Survey), in which social media

played a major role in understanding of HIV. While a study by Tan et al found that the

mass media appeared to have negative impacts on HIV education because of the

dissemination of misinformation on the disease, media remains a significant source of

HIV awareness. To ensure that HIV education services resolve major evolving myths

about the disease, it is also important to track how HIV is represented in such outlets.A

research by Gao et al. (2017 )in the Philippines found that a minority received knowledge

about HIV / AIDS from education, both from friends and family, as parents are thought

to have trouble communicating publicly about the disease. In comparison, as a source of

knowledge on HIV / AIDS, many students focused on the health department by doctors.

Those were also observed for the family (14 percent) in this report, and school as the
 22

least provider of HIV / AIDS information (1.4 percent). Just before the intervention,

students were aware of HIV / AIDS origins, diagnosis and prevention but some

misunderstandings were noted. Many recognized that HIV / AIDS can be shared through

an infected person through unprotected intercourse, blood transfusion / sharing needles,

and having more than one sexual partner.

HIV/AIDS Education in Health Professionals Training in the Philippines.

Public as well as public organizations accept that sufficient healthcare plays an

significant role in preventing the transmission of HIV. While the question of sex

education between elementary and secondary schools remains a controversial issue for a

primarily Catholic nation such as the Philippines, teaching HIV / AIDS to health

professionals is a critical part of the field of infectious diseases. For present, the existing

training of health practitioners has to be assessed in terms of the adequacy of the HIV /

AIDS instruction. This research was conducted to examine the existing status of HIV /

AIDS education in the curriculum of student health professionals, and to determine local

tertiary private hospitals ' exposure to the growing challenge of HIV / AIDS. This

analyzes the present status of HIV / AIDS seminars and conversations by health workers

in the Philippines in public tertiary education college curricula. This defines the views of

the multiple actors on the adequacy of the present standard of HIV / AIDS seminars and

discussions. This details the reaction of the private hospital sector to the HIV / AIDS

crisis. This analysis was broken down into two pieces. The first section discussed the first

and second priorities, concentrating on the recruitment of HIV / AIDS health workers.

The second section deals with the third target, exploring the private sector reaction to the

HIV / AIDS problem.

 23

International Studies

The awareness about HIV/ AIDS among secondary school children of Delhi.

School children of today are exposed to the risk of being victims of HIV/AIDS - which

was quite unknown to their predecessors a few decades ago. The epidemic of HIV/AIDS

is now progressing at a rapid pace among young people. According to a study conducted

by Anjum et al. (2013), that was undertaken by the Department of Community Medicine,

Maulana Azad Medical College and Harbans Kaur Memorial Trust (HKMC), a non-

governmental organization (NGO) and a partner of programme implementation by Delhi

State AIDS Control Society (DSACS). Out of 1689 senior secondary schools in South

Delhi area, 60 schools (3.5%) had been allotted to HKMC Trust by DSACS for carrying

out school AIDS education programmes, in which there were 48 government schools (23

boys school, 23 girls and 2 co-educational) and 12 private co-educational schools. A total

of 2592 students belonging to Classes IX to XI in these schools participated in the study.

The response rate of students was 100%. The study was conducted over a period of 3

months from 1st August 2005 to 31st October 2005. The students were administered a pre-

designed proforma, which included multiple choice questions. Written consent was

obtained from the school principals after explaining the purpose of the study to them.

Data were entered and analyzed using SPSS version 13.0 by means of simple comparison

of proportions.

Knowledge about HIV/AIDS among secondary school students. HIV/AIDS

has emerged as the single most formidable challenge to public health. School children of
 24

today are exposed to the risk of HIV/AIDS. According to the study of Nath et al. (2008),

standards in the intermediate schools of Lucknow, India, for majority of the students

(85%), the source of information about HIV/AIDS was the television. Regarding

knowledge about modes of transmission of HIV/AIDS among girl students, 95.1% of

them told that it is through unprotected sex. A total of 75.8% students said that it was

transmitted from mother to child. It was observed that the knowledge of the school

students was quite satisfactory for most of the variables like modes of transmission,

including mother-to-child transmission of the disease. However, schools should come

forward to design awareness campaigns for the benefit of the students.

Knowledge, attitude, belief and practice (K.A.B.P) study on AIDS among

senior secondary students. According to the study of Sharma (2017), which was was

done among students of four senior secondary schools including two boys and two girls

schools of rural Delhi to know the knowledge, attitude, belief and practices regarding

AIDS. A large majority (83.0%) of students though had heard about AIDS, yet majority

of them did not know the possible methods for prevention of AIDS. There were only

27.1% girls who knew about regular condom usage. Half of them had permissible attitude

for pre-maritial sex, while sexual activity was observed in one-fourth students. Students

were less reluctant to discuss about AIDS than sex, and teachers were preferred as

compared to parents in this regard. School is an ideal setting to educate adolescents

regarding HIV/AIDS transmission and safer sex behaviour.

A study of awareness regarding HIV/AIDS among secondary school students.

HIV/AIDS has rapidly established throughout the world over the past three decades and

has emerged as the important public health problem. Adolescents are at greater risk of
 25

acquiring infection because of changing behavior pattern. More than one third of reported

cases of HIV/AIDS in India are among youth. According to the study of Shinde et al.

(2017), which was randomly selected government coeducational higher secondary

schools of Bhopal city of Madhya Pradesh awareness regarding mode of transmission of

HIV/AIDS was found expressed as unprotected sex by 85.94% students. Awareness

regarding prevention of HIV/ AIDS, 70.70% students believes condoms as a best means

of protection against HIV followed by safe blood (43.75%), disposable syringes

(40.23%). The basic knowledge of HIV/AIDS over various issues is deficient among

many students. Information, Education and Communication is the effective means to be

disseminated as campaign at school level for preventing and protecting adolescents from

the HIV/AIDS and spread awareness to induced behavioral change among the

adolescents.

A study of HIV/AIDS related knowledge, attitude and behaviors among

female sex workers in Shanghai China. China is currently facing a rapid and

widespread increase in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)/Acquired

Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). The activities of Female Sex Workers (FSWs)

have contributed to the mounting epidemic of HIV/AIDS and other Sexually Transmitted

Diseases (STDs). A total of 324 FSWs from 109 Xitou Fang, massage parlors and hair

salons who explicitly provided sexual services were enrolled in the study. Each

participant completed a questionnaire survey and interview aimed to collect information

on the individual's knowledge, attitude, and behaviors associated with risk for HIV/AIDs.

According to the study of Shang (2010), The overall correct answer rate of HIV/AIDS-

related knowledge was 60.8%, and the knowledge of FSWs from downtown areas was
 26

significantly higher than those from suburban areas (P < 0.05). The percentage of FSWs

who reported having experiences in commercial sexual services without the use of

condoms was 33.6%. Condom slippage or breakage was reported as having occurred at

least once by 51.2% of the FSWs. FSWs from suburban areas were found to more often

engage in high-risk behaviors, including oral and anal sex, than those from downtown

areas (P < 0.001). Many of the FSWs (65.7%) reported having non-client sexual partners

(most were identified as boyfriends or husbands); however, condom usage with these

partners were lower (34.3%).

HIV/AIDS awareness among VCT Clients: A Cross-Sectional Study from

Delhi, India. According to a study of Mehra (2016), the contribution of India to the

global burden of HIV/AIDS is significant. A major barrier that the country has faced in

its battle against this disease is the inadequate and inaccurate information about it among

the population. The present analysis explores the knowledge about HIV/AIDS among

clients attending a voluntary counselling and testing (VCT) facility in India. Two

hundred clients attending the VCT facility were assessed in this regard using a structured

predesigned questionnaire. Sixty-three (31.5%) of the respondents had never heard of

HIV/AIDS. In comparison to males, a significantly higher number of females had not

heard about the disease (). Lower levels of education of participants were found to be

significantly associated with the response of not having heard of HIV/AIDS () as was an

occupation status of being an unemployed man/housewife (). For the 137 (68.5%)

respondents who had heard about HIV/AIDS, television was the source of information in

130 (94.9%) followed by posters in 93 (67.9%) and newspapers in 88 (64.2%). While the

knowledge about HIV transmission and prevention was good, the extent of
 27

misconceptions was high (61.8%). This study highlights the strong need to raise the

levels of HIV awareness among Indian population.

 28

Knowledge and awareness of HIV/AIDS among high school girls in

Ghana. HIV/AIDS is recognized as a national priority health issue in Ghana.

Consequently, the Ghana AIDS Commission and the National AIDS Control

Programme were established, among other things, to enhance the knowledge and

awareness on the nature, causes, effects and means of managing the spread of

HIV/AIDS among populations at risk in Ghana. Through the efforts of these bodies

and other stakeholders in health, several awareness creation and sensitization

efforts have been targeted at teenage girls, a high risk group in Ghana. According to

the study of Suapim et al. (2013), it therefore assesses the knowledge and

awareness of HIV/AIDS among senior high school girls in their teens in Ghana using

a sample of 260 female students of West African Senior High School. The data

collected were analyzed and discussed under relevant themes and within the

context of the literature. The study revealed that generally, senior high school girls

were knowledgeable on the nature, modes of transmission, and prevention of

HIV/AIDS. There were however some students who exhibited limited knowledge on

some issues including the spiritual causes and treatment of HIV/AIDS, contacts and

associations with infected persons, as well as determination of HIV infection from

appearances rather than testing. The study also raised important concerns about the

reluctance of senior high school girls to use condoms as a preventive measure and

the need to reorient HIV/AIDS awareness interventions in Ghana.

Knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding HIV/AIDS among senior

secondary school students in Fako Division, South West Region, Cameroon.

Knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAPs) regarding HIV/AIDS is one of the

 29

corner stones in the fight against the disease. Youths are most vulnerable to

infection because they engage in risky practices due to a lack of adequate

information. Thus, evaluating their KAPs will help in designing appropriate

prevention strategies. According to the study of Nubed (2016), all respondents

were aware of HIV/AIDS. Sources of information varied, the most common being

sex education in school. The majority of participants demonstrated an adequate

understanding of HIV transmission and prevention. However, misconceptions

about routes of transmission were observed in 3.4 to 23.3 % of respondents.

Risky behaviors were found among participants as about 60 % practice safe sex

and 40 % reported not to. Up to 196 (42.2 %) respondents had a history of sexual

intercourse of which 108 (56.25 %) had used a condom during their last three

sexual encounters. About half of the respondents had negative views about HIV

infected people. Students with medium (34.3 %) and high (62.1 %) levels of

knowledge were more likely to display positive attitudes Although statistically not

significant, we found that as knowledge increased the ability of respondents to

report safer sex decreased (95 % CI, P = 0.922). Students had a satisfactory level

of knowledge on HIV/AIDS prevention. Those with adequate knowledge were

more likely to display positive attitudes towards PLHIV. Having adequate

knowledge did not imply engaging in safe practices. This study none-the-less

highlighted some misconceptions about HIV transmission, intolerant and

discriminatory attitudes towards PLHIV, and risky sexual practices among study

participants which can be corrected by reinforcing sex education curriculum as

sex education in school was their main source of information on HIV/AIDS.

 30

Knowledge and Awareness about HIV and AIDS among Iraqi College

Students. According to the study Chandler (2017), that comprised 506 students from the

two universities, 341 were females with a mean age of 22.38±4.99 years and 165 were

males with a mean age of 22.38±4.99 years. Data revealed that participants, regardless of

their gender, on specific questions had different levels (high, moderate and low) of

knowledge and awareness about HIV and AIDS. A high level was seen with the causative

agent of AIDS and its transmission through blood transfusion, unprotected sexual

contact, and sharing needle injection. However, a moderate level was observed regarding

antenatal vertical transmission of HIV, shared use of a toothbrush or a razor. While there

was inadequate or low knowledge and awareness about HIV spread through breast

feeding, during birth, needle sharing and the availability of vaccines. The levels of

knowledge and awareness among female students were significantly higher than males in

most studied parameters (P=0.03-0.006). The general knowledge and awareness among

Diyala’s students declined during the second survey scheduled in 2017 compared with

that done in 2010 (P=0.004) for undefined reasons. The general knowledge and

awareness about HIV and AIDS was fair among Iraqi students. With the increasing

number of HIV cases in Iraq, the inadequacy in knowledge and awareness about spread

and prevention of HIV must be considered in the public health strategy and education

programs that should comply with Islamic rules and values.

Iranian school students’ awareness of and attitude towards HIV/AIDS: a

systematic review. According to the study of Dadipoor (2020), the highest level of

awareness belonged to sharing clothes (93.15) and blood transfusion, respectively

(86.31), while the lowest level of awareness was related to transmitting HIV from mother
 31

to child (42.05). The study identified a substantial gap in the knowledge, negative attitude

towards HIV/AIDS and its transmission among Iranian school students. Accordingly,

schools should be regarded as one of the main focuses of activities in the strategies of

AIDS risk reduction, and education of school students about all aspects of HIV/AIDS has

to be considered seriously by the education policymakers.

Assessing HIV/AIDS Knowledge, Awareness, and Attitudes among Senior

High School Students in Kuwait. According to the study of Alhasawi (2019), conducted

in a convenience sample of 346 students in 8 randomly selected high schools in 3

governorates of Kuwait, using a questionnaire designed to measure the student’s

knowledge and attitude towards HIV/AIDS. The survey questionnaire was administered

to the students in their classrooms. This study revealed that the students were

knowledgeable with regard to the nature and mode of transmission of HIV/AIDS, but

they needed a more detailed understanding of the disease to prevent stigmatization and

discrimination of an infected person. This study provides a benchmark for further

elaborate studies in the community to develop appropriate health education and

awareness programs.

Awareness and Vulnerability to HIV/AIDS among Young Girls. According to

the study of Saada (2018), findings show that all the respondents have heard about

HIV/AIDS. However, their knowledge and understanding on how it is transmitted is

vague as less than one fifth know that HIV/AIDS can be transmitted through breast

feeding and only 54% know than it can be transmitted through blood, drug injection and

bodily fluid. Furthermore, 80% of respondents believe to be engaged in a relationship in

 32

the near future. This may possibly place them in the high risk group who are vulnerable

to the HIV/AIDS infection.

Exploration of HIV/AIDS Related Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of

University Community: The Case of Ethiopian Civil Service College. Even though

HIV/AIDS is the worst health crisis in recorded history in the world, it has clearly moved

beyond being primarily a health issue, to developmental crisis. According to the study of

Gile (2018), more than 83% of all new infections in many African countries are among

young and productive people in which females are outnumbering males. Higher learning

institutions such as the Ethiopian Civil Service College (ECSC), as knowledge generation

sources, and with perceived skills contributing to the generation of business leaders, need

to seriously address HIV/AIDS as a cross-cutting issue in their mandate. There is lack of

adequate documentation on HIV/AIDS related knowledge and behaviors among the

university community. The study sought to assess HIV/AIDS related knowledge, attitude

and behaviors of ECSC community, and contribute to the literature in the field.

An examination of knowledge, attitudes and practices related to HIV/AIDS

prevention in Zimbabwean university students: Comparing intervention program

participants and non-participants. According to the study of Braza (2013), results

show participants are statistically more likely to report being sexually abstinent, and

understand the prevention benefits of condom use. SHAPE members had fewer sexual

partners in the previous year than non-SHAPE members (1.4 vs. 2.2). SHAPE members

were significantly more likely (67%) than non-SHAPE respondents (48%) to indicate that

they knew their HIV sero-status and to state that they knew their status because they had

been tested (85% vs. 71%).Though differences between the groups suggesting that
 33

program participation increases awareness concerning gender equity, there continue to be

many intractable cultural attitudes in this age group. Findings suggest that the attitudes

and practices of young men and women are changing, but that progress in some areas

does not assure progress in all areas.

Assessment of HIV knowledge among university students using the HIV-KQ-

18 scale: A cross-sectional study. Globally, the spread of HIV/AIDS has become a

major health concern due to its pandemic proportions. Although people of any age are

vulnerable to HIV, the younger populace are more at risk of becoming infected due to

their lifestyle choices. The aim of the study was to assess the level of HIV-related

knowledge among undergraduate university students using the HIV-KQ-18 scale, and

thereby determine a relationship between the selected demographic variables and HIV

knowledge. According to the study of Talwar (2019), was conducted among 405 students

enrolled in a Malaysian University, using a self-administered questionnaire. The HIV-

KQ-18 scale was used to measure participants’ basic knowledge about HIV, modes of its

transmission and prevention. The study indicated that majority of the students (64%) had

adequate HIV-related knowledge. Accounting for socio-demographics, it was noted that

lower age group, male and Faculty of Science students were the variables associated with

higher HIV knowledge scores. Multiple regression analysis predicted three variables

namely gender, faculty and relationship status as being significantly associated with

knowledge. Essentially, findings from the study indicate significant differences in the

gendered knowledge of HIV, demonstrating a need to conduct more gender-based studies

in different settings. Furthermore, it is recommended that age and gender specific

 34

educational interventions strategies could be implemented to address misconceptions

about HIV, modes of its transmission and effective prevention.

Knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding HIV/AIDS among senior high

school students in Sekondi-Takoradi metropolis, Ghana. In Ghana, youths aged 15-24

years constitute the group most vulnerable to HIV infection. Inadequate knowledge,

negative attitudes and risky practices are major hindrances to preventing the spread of

HIV. According to the study of Prosper (2019), among the participants, 61.6% had good

knowledge about HIV/AIDS, 172 (58.5%) showed positive attitudes towards people

living with HIV (PLHIV) and 79.1% reported HIV-related risky practices. We found a

significant association between age and attitudes (p < 0.05). Poor knowledge was

associated with being Muslim (aOR = 1.51 and 1.93; CI 1.19-1.91; p = 0.00) and being a

student from school 'F' senior high school (F SHS) (aOR = 1.93; CI 1.71-2.18; p = 0.00).

Bad attitude towards PLHIV and HIV was associated with ages 15-19 years (aOR =

3.20[2.58-3.96]; p = 0.03) p confirmed; and single marital status (aOR = 1.79[1.44-

2.23]; p = 0.00). Bad practices were associated with ages 15-19 years (aOR = 1.72[1.41-

2.11]; p = 0.08), belonging to the Akans ethnic group (aOR = 1.57[1.26-1.97]; p = 0.00)

or being single (aOR = 1.79[1.44-2.23]; p = 0.00). Associations between misconceptions

and HIV transmission were found: HIV can be transmitted by a handshake (aOR =

3.45[2.34-5.68]; p = 0.000), HIV can be cured (aOR = 2.01[2.12-5.04]; p = 0.004) and

HIV/AIDS can be transmitted by witchcraft (aOR = 3.12[3.21-7.26]; p = 0.001.

Participants generally had inadequate knowledge regarding HIV/AIDS, manifested

negative attitudes towards PLHIV and also engaged in risky practices that might

predispose them to HIV transmission. Our findings underscore the need for culturally
 35

adapted and age-oriented basic HIV information for youths in the metropolis on

misconceptions about HIV transmission, negative attitudes of students towards PLHIV as

well as the risky practices of students regarding HIV.

 36

Conceptual Framework

This section aims to present a diagram representing the process of the study.

Research Hypothesis

Null Hypothesis: The District V High School Students of Lapu-Lapu City has no

HIV/AIDS awareness.

Alternative Hypothesis: The District V High School Students of Lapu-Lapu City has

low to high HIV/AIDS awareness.

 37

Definition of Terms

This section aims to define the following words operationally:

Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) - This is the final and most serious stage

of HIV disease that causes significant immune system damage.

Attitude – Is regarded as a variable measured to determine the awareness of a student that

signifies the feelings or emotions one feels towards an HIV or AIDS positive person.

Awareness – Pertains to the level of knowledge, perception, and attitude a student has

towards the subject of interest, HIV and AIDS.

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) - It is a virus that attacks cells that help the body

fight infection, making the individual more vulnerable to other infections and diseases.

Knowledge - One of the three aspects being tested to measure a student’s HIV and AIDS

awareness and is determined through four key points – general knowledge, transmission,

prevention, and treatment.

Perception – A third of the three aspects in quantifying the level of HIV and AIDS

awareness a student possesses that refers to the impression or insights one has towards HIV

or AIDS positive person.

Prevention – One of the four classifications in establishing the level of knowledge an

individual has about HIV and AIDS that tests the individual’s comprehension on ways to

avert the virus.

Transmission – A division under the knowledge category that assesses the respondent’s

level of knowledge in regards to the spreading/ carrying/ circulation of the virus.

Treatment – A sub-category under the knowledge variable that measures the degree of

knowledge one has concerning remedies and medicaments on HIV and AIDS.
 38

Chapter 3

METHODOLOGY

Research Design

This study used a descriptive research design employing the quantitative

approach. This quantitative study informed and investigated the views, meanings, and
 39

perspectives of students. It also included the knowledge, the risks, and the awareness of

the students about HIV/AIDS

This study used a naturalistic approach to generate an understanding of students

who are aware of HIV/ AIDS from STEC and Marigondon National High School.

Sample

The researcher utilized the non-probability sampling, specifically the convenience

sampling technique in selecting the students of STEC and Marigondon National High

School. The researcher selected the 600 subjects using the following criteria: 1) Can be

male or female 2) Must be a High School student of Marigondon and STEC.

Environment

This study is focused in Science and Technology Education Center (STEC) and

Marigondon National High School, District 5 in Lapu–Lapu City, Cebu with a population

of 600 students, respectively as of school year 2019 – 2020.

 40

Figure 2.1: Satellite imagery of Science and Technology Education Center (STEC)

Figure 2.2: Satellite imagery of Marigondon National High Schhol

 41

Instruments

The study used the survey sheets as a guide which has 2 sub-topics namely: 1.)

The general knowledge and the perception of the students about HIV/AIDS 2.) The

attitude between the students and sex.

The researchers also utilized survey sheets for the participant observation data

gathering process.

The researchers used survey sheets. The transmittal letters, parental consent for

the researcher/s, informed consent and transcript of field notes was attached and can be

seen on the appendices.

Data Collection Procedure

1. Approval of the proposed research title “HIV and AIDS Awareness of District V High
School Students in Lapu-Lapu City” (November 26, 2019);

2. Formulation of the Statement of the Problem, Sub-Problems, Assumptions, and

Significance of the Study (December 3, 2019);

3. Submission of the Review of Related Literature (January 6, 2020);

4. Submission of the Research Methodology, Rationale and Definition of Terms (January

6, 2020);

5. Submission of the Final Research Proposal Manuscript (January 24, 2020);

6. Research Proposal – Oral Defense (January 27, 2020);

 42

7. Data gathering procedure. (February 10-19, 2020)

8. Tallying of results and treatment of data. (February 20-29, 2020)

9. Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation of Data (March 1-5, 2020)

10. Crafting of the Conclusion, Recommendations, and Proposed Improvements (March

6, 2020)

11. Editing, Proofreading (March 9-12, 2020)

12. Submission of Final Output to Sir Allan Adem (March 13, 2020)

13. Final Oral Defense. (March 17, 2020)

14. Submission and Sharing of Findings to STEC Senior High School Students and

Faculty (March 17, 2020)

Data Analysis

The data gathered was submitted to the following statistical treatments:

Mean would determine the entire response distribution of the respondents.

Simple percentage would determine the frequency of the response.

Normality test used to determine if a data set is well-modeled by a normal

distribution and to compute how likely it is for a random variable underlying the data set

to be normally distributed.
 43

CHAPTER 4

PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA

This section discusses the summaries of the data, its analysis and interpretation.

Tables, figures and detailed explanations about the statistical results will be presented.

Educational Profile of the Students

Table 1. Educational Profile of the Students

Year Level MNHS STEC  Total Percentage (%)
Grade 7 145 5 150 25%
Grade 8 120 10 130 21.67%
Grade 9 105 5 110 18.33%
Grade 10 75 5 80 13.33%
Grade 11 40 25 65 10.83%
Grade 12 40 25 65 10.83%
TOTAL 525 (87.5%) 75 (12.5%) 600 100%

The educational profile of the students’ year level and school are presented in

Table 1. The year level of the study showed that the majority of the students are from

grade 7 with a total of 150 students (25%).

The results show that there are a total of 525 students (87.5%) in Marigondon

National High School. Meanwhile there are only 75 Students in Science and Technology

Education Center (12.5%). This means that Marigondon National High School has a huge

part of the sample of students.

The results were discussed by the study of Rosenberg et. al. (2000), which

showed that majority of the students from ordinary public school are more populated than

the science curriculum school. It could mean that science curriculum school tend to be
 44

more organized and teachers are more hands on their students in approaching and

teaching because there are only small number of groups.

Level of HIV/AIDS Awareness

Table 2. Level of HIV/AIDS Awareness

Indicator (n=600) Total Percentage (%) Interpretation Mean
Knowledge 7 697 62.14% High 51.01
Perception 1 585 48.70% Average 164.43
Attitude 1 489 59.83% High 48.28
10 771/19 200 56.89% High 69.46

Legend:
Percentage Interpretation
0-20% Very Low
20.1-40% Low
40.1%-60% Average
60.1%-80% High
80.1%-81% Very High

The Level of HIV/AIDS Awareness of the Junior and Senior High School Students

were presented in Table 2. The level of awareness of the students were measured

according to the knowledge that garnered a total of 7 697 (62.14%), the perception with

a total of 1 585 (48.70%), and the attitude for a total of 1 489 (59.83%) showed that the

Junior High and Senior High School students had a high level of awareness in terms of

knowledge, perception and attitude. The results also showed that the Junior High and

Senior High School students had an high level awareness in terms of knowledge, average

level of awareness in terms of perception and high level awareness in terms of attitude.

The overall results showed that the Junior High and Senior High School students in

District V have an high average level of awareness on HIV/AIDS.

The results were similar that was discussed by the study of Nubed & Akoachere

(2016), which shows risky behaviours were found among participants as about 60 %
 45

practice safe sex and 40 % reported not to-knowledge. About half of the respondents had

negative views about HIV infected people-perception. Students with medium (34.3 %)

and high (62.1 %) levels of knowledge were more likely to display positive attitudes-

attitude.

Knowledge on HIV/AIDS

Table 2.1. Knowledge on HIV/AIDS

Indicator n=600 Total Percentage (%) Interpretation Mean
General High
Knowledge 2 105 77.18% 61.50
Transmission 2 790 63.98% High 51.31
Prevention 1 241 54.86% Average 46.79
Treatment 1 561 52.54% Average 44.44
7 697/13 200 62.14% High 51.05

Legend:
Percentage Interpretation
0-20% Very Low
20.1-40% Low
40.1%-60% Average
60.1%-80% High
80.1%-81% Very High

The Knowledge on HIV/AIDS of the Junior and Senior High School Students are

presented in Table 2.1. The knowledge on HIV/AIDS was clustered general knowledge

which garnered the highest percentage of 77.18%, transmission with 63.98%, prevention

with 54.86% while the treatment with 52.03% has the lowest percentage. The results

showed that the Junior High and Senior High School students had high level of awareness

in terms of the general knowledge and transmission. On the other hand, students had an

average level of awareness in terms of its prevention and treatment. The overall result of

the study showed that the knowledge of the High School students in the District V of

Lapu-Lapu City had a high level of awareness on the Knowledge of HIV/AIDS.

 46

A total of 75.8% students (73.5% girls and 77.9% boys) said that it was transmitted

from mother to child. About treatment of HIV/AIDS, 36.3% girls and 43.4% boys said

that it was a curable disease and 42.2% girls and 36.3% boys said that it was not curable.

The results were closely similar to what was discussed by the study of Gupta (2013),

which shows that a total of 75.8% students (73.5% girls and 77.9% boys) said that it was

transmitted from mother to child. About treatment of HIV/AIDS, 36.3% girls and 43.4%

boys said that it was a curable disease and 42.2% girls and 36.3% boys said that it was

not curable.

General Knowledge on HIV/AIDS

Table 2.1.1. General Knowledge on HIV/AIDS

Indicator (n=600) Total Percentage (%) Interpretation Mean
HIV means Human Immunodeficiency Very High
Virus. 538 93.61%
There is a difference between HIV and Very High
AIDS. 497 91.11%
A person infected with the HIV virus is Very High
HIV positive. 530 83.86%
One can style the hair of an HIV-positive Average
person without being afraid of being
infected. 274 60.63%
A person infected by the AIDS virus who Average
is receiving treatment can live normally
and work. 266 56.70%
2 105 77.18% High Average 61.5

Legend:
Percentage Interpretation
0-20% Very Low
20.1-40% Low
40.1%-60% Average
60.1%-80% High
80.1%-81% Very High

The Awareness of the Junior and Senior High School Students on the General

Knowledge of HIV/AIDS were presented in Table 2.1.1. The statement no. 1 garnered

93.61%, no. 2 with 91.11%, and no. 3 with 83.86% shows that the Junior High and
 47

Senior High School students had a very high knowledge about HIV means Human

Immunodeficiency Virus, there was a difference between HIV and AIDS and a person

infected with the HIV virus is HIV positive. The results showed that the Junior High and

Senior High School students had an average awareness of one can style the hair of an HI-

positive person without being afraid of being infected with a percentage of 60.63% and a

person infected by the AIDS virus who is receiving treatment can live normally and work

with 56.70%. The overall results showed that the Junior High and Senior High School

students had a high awareness on the general knowledge of HIV/AIDS.

The results were similar by the study of Appiah-Agyekum & Suapim (2013), which

showed that the key to HIV/AIDS awareness therefore hinges on knowledge of what HIV

and AIDS were, and what exposures and risky behaviors could potentially lead to

contracting the virus. Accordingly, substantial effort has been put in over the years to

provide students in SHS with the basic information on the nature of HIV/AIDS. Against

this background, and in spite of the numerous educational campaigns and advertisements

on HIV/AIDS in the mass media, it was therefore surprising that only 73.3% of

respondents could correctly mention the meaning of the acronym HIV. However, a

relatively higher percentage of respondents (96.7%) were able to identify the meaning of

the acronym AIDS. These results confirmed earlier studies by Bauni and Jarabi13 that

explained that AIDS is more often used to represent HIV/AIDS in most African societies

where no clear distinction was made among the general population between HIV and

AIDS.

Almost all respondents (96.7%) agreed that HIV is a virus that replicates in the body

and can develop into AIDS. However, this percentage dropped significantly by 20% to
 48

76.7% on the issue that the virus can potentially live in the human body for years

(sometimes 10 to 15 years) before it is noticed or develops into AIDS. Aside the 10% of

respondents who disagreed, a further 13.3% were not sure whether the virus could live in

the human body for a long time before detection. The fact that as much as 23.3% of

respondents were not aware that HIV could live in the human body for years asks serious

questions on HIV/AIDS prevention and control in Ghana.

Knowledge on the Transmission of HIV/AIDS

Table 2.1.2. Knowledge on the Transmission of HIV/AIDS

Interpretatio
Indicator (n=600) Total Percentage (%) n Mean
There is only one way of transmitting
HIV. 315 65.03% High
You can be infected by the AIDS virus
through unprotected sexual
intercourse. 514 87.81% Very High
You can be infected by the AIDS virus
by kissing an HIV-positive person. 216 46.86% Average
Only people who share needles to
inject drugs; sex trade workers and
men who have sex with men get HIV. 136 27.69% Low
You can be infected by the AIDS virus
by a mosquito bite. 360 58.28% Average
You can be infected by the AIDS virus
by re-using sharp objects (needles,
razor blades, and so on) with blood on
them. 411 77.52% High
You can be infected by the AIDS virus
by working with or touching an HIV-
positive person. 411 76.65% High
The AIDS virus can be transmitted
from a mother to her child during
pregnancy, childbirth or breastfeeding. 427 71.99% High
2 790 63.98% High 51.31

Legend:
Percentage Interpretation
0-20% Very Low
20.1-40% Low
40.1%-60% Average
60.1%-80% High
80.1%-81% Very High
 49

The Knowledge of the Junior and Senior High School Students on the

Transmission of HIV/AIDS were presented in Table 2.1.2. The statement no. 1 garnered

65.03%, no. 6 with 77.52%, no. 7 with 76.65% and no. 8 with 71.99% showed that the

Junior High and Senior High School students were well-aware or had a high knowledge

that HIV/AIDS can be transmitted with one way only, through unprotected sexual

intercourse, by re-using sharp objects (needles, razor blades, and so on) with blood on

them, by working with or touching an HIV-positive person and transmittable from a

mother to her child during pregnancy, childbirth or breastfeeding. The results showed

that the Junior High and Senior High School students had an average knowledge of

HIV/AIDS being transmitted through kissing with a percentage of 46.86% and can be

infected by the AIDS virus by a mosquito bite with 58.28%. The results also showed that

the Junior High and Senior High School students had a very low knowledge on

HIV/AIDS being transmitted only with people who share needles to inject drugs; sex

trade workers and men who have sex with men get HIV.

The results were similar to Gupta, Pratibha et al. (2013) on their study of

Knowledge About HIV/AIDS Among Secondary School Students. As regards

knowledge about the modes of transmission of HIV/AIDS among girl students, 95.1% of

the girls said that it was through unprotected sex followed by sharing injections (88.2%),

blood transfusion (84.3%), and sex with multiple partners (69.6%). Similar findings were

observed among boy students; about 92.0% felt that it was transmitted through sharing

injections followed by unprotected sex (89.4%) and blood transfusions (86.7%). There

were no significant differences in the knowledge between boys and girls about modes of

transmission of HIV/AIDS except for transmission through a mosquito bite. A total of

 50

75.8% students (73.5% girls and 77.9% boys) said that it was transmitted from mother to

child. Most of the girls (62.7%) and boys (71.7%) said that it was transmitted during

pregnancy followed by during breast feeding (27.4% girls and 20.3% boys). Only 9.8%

girls and 7.9% boys told that was transmitted during delivery. There was no significant

difference between girls and boys about mother-to-child transmission of HIV/AIDS 

Knowledge on the Prevention of HIV/AIDS

Table 2.1.3. Knowledge on the Prevention of HIV/AIDS

Indicator (n=600) Total Percentage (%) Interpretation Mean
The use of condoms during intercourse High
is protection against the risk of 406 73.04%
infection by the AIDS virus.
Female condoms do not exist. 214 51.34% Average
One can reduce the risk of HIV Average
transmission from a mother to her child
during childbirth with a specific
282 40.42%
treatment.
One can sterilize an object that has been Average
dirtied by blood (scissors, for example) 339 54.66%
by washing it with soap and hot water.
1 241 54.86% Average 46.79

Legend:
Percentage Interpretation
0-20% Very Low
20.1-40% Low
40.1%-60% Average
60.1%-80% High
80.1%-81% Very High

The Knowledge of the Junior and Senior High School Students on the Prevention

of HIV/AIDS was presented in Table 2.1.3. The results showed that Junior and Senior

High School students had a high knowledge with 73.04%, on condoms being used during

intercourse is protection against the risk of infection by the AIDS virus. The rest of the

results showed that Junior and Senior High School Students had an average knowledge

that female condoms do not exist (51.34%), One can reduce the risk of HIV transmission
 51

from a mother to her child during childbirth with a specific treatment (40.42%), One can

sterilize an object that has been dirtied by blood (scissors, for example) by washing it

with soap and hot water (54.66%).

The same results were found in Alhasawi, AlMunther et al. (2019) study on

Assessing HIV/AIDS Knowledge, Awareness, and Attitudes among Senior High School

Students in Kuwait. They stated that the majority (74.6%) stated that they would not buy

vegetables from an infected vegetable vendor. About 59.5% refused to share the class

with an infected person, and 52.6% felt that a person infected with HIV does not require

isolation in a hospital and can stay outside of a hospital. Male and female students

showed no difference in their attitude towards persons affected with HIV (p = 0.019), but

a significant positive attitude was shown towards such people by students in the science

stream.

Knowledge on the Treatment of HIV/AIDS

Table 2.1.4. Knowledge on the Treatment of HIV/AIDS

Indicator (n=600) Total Percentage (%) Interpretation Mean
Testing is the only way to know for
sure if you are infected with the AIDS
virus. 418 75.11% High
A blood sample is all that is needed for
an HIV test. 424 49.55% Average
Persons infected with HIV can be
cured with currently available
treatments. 218 47.82% Average
Persons with HIV or AIDS should stay
on the margins of society. 203 35.07% Low
An HIV-positive person who is
undergoing treatment cannot transmit
the virus to another person. 298 55.18% Average
1 561 52.54% Average 44.43

Legend:
 52

Percentage Interpretation
0-20% Very Low
20.1-40% Low
40.1%-60% Average
60.1%-80% High
80.1%-81% Very High

The Knowledge on the Treatment of HIV/AIDS of the Junior and Senior high

school students are presented in table 2.1.4. Statement no. 1 got 75.11%, no. 2 got

49.55%, no. 3 got 47.82%, no.4 got 35.07% and no. 5 got 55.18%. The table showed that

students had a high level of knowledge in statement no.1 with a total of 418 (75.11%)

which stated that testing is the only way to know for sure if you are infected with the

AIDS virus. In statement no. 4 students’ had a low level of awareness with a percentage

of 35.07% or only 203 out of 600 students answered correctly in the statement that people

with HIV or AIDS should stay on the margins of society. The results showed that

students had an average level of awareness in terms on the knowledge on the treatments

of HIV/AIDS with a total percentage of 52.54%.

Similar results were discussed by Gupta et. Al. (2013), about treatment of

HIV/AIDS, 36.3% girls and 43.4% boys said that it was a curable disease and 42.2% girls

and 36.3% boys said that it was not curable. Similar percentage of girls and boys were

not sure whether it was curable. As this study was conducted for a short duration of four

months, the researchers included two schools only. This was the limitation of the study.

Sample size was too short to find any significant difference in knowledge between girls

and boys. In spite of these limitations, we succeeded in determining the level of

knowledge about transmission and treatment of HIV/AIDS and about high-risk groups.
 53

Perception on HIV/AIDS

Table 2.2. Perception on HIV/AIDS

Indicator (n=600) Total Percentage (%) Interpretation Mean
I’m afraid to kiss an HIV-positive
person. 143 25.66% Low
I’m willing to share a meal or drink with
an HIV-positive person. 372 52.01% Average
I’m willing to share my personal hygiene
items such as comb and nail cutter with
an HIV-positive person. 405 66.83% High
I’m going with the same toilet an HIV-
positive person went to. 387 58.72% Average
I’m still willing to have a casual contact
(e.g. hugging or touching) with an HIV-
positive person. 278 40.29% Average
1 585 48.70% Average 41.30

Legend:
Percentage Interpretation
0-20% Very Low
20.1-40% Low
40.1%-60% Average
60.1%-80% High
80.1%-81% Very High

The Perception on HIV/AIDS of Junior and Senior High School students were

presented in table 2.2. The table showed that students had a low level of awareness in

statement no. 1 with a percentage of 25.66% which got 143 out of 600 students who are

not afraid of kissing an HIV-positive person. 372 students with 52.01% does not want to

share a meal or drink with an HIV-positive person. Statement no. 3 got 405 (66.83%) of

students who does not want to share their personal hygiene items. 387 (58.72%) of

students does not want to go with the same toilet an HIV-positive person went to, and

278 (40.29%) of students are not willing to have casual eye contact with an HIV-positive

person. The table showed that in statement no. 3, students has a high level of awareness

which got the most percentage of 66.83% who does not want to share their personal

hygiene to an HIV-positive person but 25.66% which got the lowest percentage are
 54

students who are not afraid to kiss an HIV-positive person. The perception of students on

HIV/AIDS got an average result with 48.70%.

Similar results were discussed by Turhan et. al. (2006), showed that nearly half of

the students expressed discomfort at the prospect of contact with people with HIV/AIDS.

Of the students, 52.7% stated that they should be publicly announced or somehow

marked as HIV+. The desire for social distance towards people with HIV/AIDS was

increasing with age, grade and population size of childhood habitat. Increasing of the

social distance with age and grades is a notable finding, and it is consistent with a

previous study. Controlling for gender, the students of the health high schools have

highest social distance score. It seems that knowledge is not always enough to change

attitudes by alone.

Attitude on HIV/AIDS

Table 2.3. Attitude on HIV/AIDS

Indicator (n=600) Total Percentage (%) Interpretation Mean
I’m comfortable to talk with an HIV/AIDS Average
patient. 295 58.62%
I’m comfortable to study with an High Average
HIV/AIDS patient. 309 61.57%
I’m willing to live with an HIV/AIDS Average
patient. 172 43.16%
I’m empathetic towards HIV/AIDS High Average
patients. 252 61.73%
I believe that HIV/AIDS patients deserve a High Average
free treatment. 459 73.85%
1 487 59.83% Average 48.29

Legend:
Percentage Interpretation
0-20% Very Low
20.1-40% Low
40.1%-60% Average
60.1%-80% High
80.1%-81% Very High
 55

The Awareness of the Junior and Senior High School Students in terms of Attitude of

HIV/AIDS are presented in Table 2.3. The statement no. 2 garnered 61.57%, no. 4 with

61.73%, and no. 5 with 73.85% showed that the Junior High and Senior High School

students had a high awareness about I’m comfortable to study with an HIV/AIDS patient,

I’m empathetic towards HIV/AIDS patients and I believe that HIV/AIDS patients deserve

a free treatment. The results showed that the Junior High and Senior High School

students had an average awareness of I’m comfortable to talk with an HIV/AIDS patient

with a percentage of 58.62% and I’m willing to live with an HIV/AIDS patient with

43.16%. The overall result showed that the Junior High and Senior High School students

had an average awareness on the attitude of HIV/AIDS.

The results were similar that was discussed by the study of Nubed & Akoachere

(2016), which shows two hundred and forty four (52.6%) respondents indicated a

willingness to take care of a sick HIV- positive relative or continue friendship with an

HIV-positive friend while only 56.9% could buy food and other goods from an HIV-

positive person. The majority of the participants accepted that an HIV-positive student

should be allowed to continue her/his studies (71.6%). Only 52.5% of the students had

positive attitudes towards HIV/AIDS.

Test of Normality

Table 3. Test of Normality

Sample
Sample
Average Standard p-value w-value Decision
Size Deviation
HIV/ AIDS 4.020274
Awareness 600 17.948333 0.000126295 0.988584 Reject Ho
 56

This table presents whether the sample data gathered from the population is

normally distributed. With a critical value of 0.05, the computed test statistic of

0.000126295 is located inside the critical level boundaries. Thus, the decision is to reject

the null hypothesis and conclude that the difference between the sample data and the

normal distribution is big enough to be statistically significant and the data is not

normally distributed. Furthermore, the w-value of 0.988584 is outside the critical region

of 0.9950 to 1.0000, strengthening the decision to reject the null hypothesis. Since the

sample is not normally distributed, the statistical tool to be used to test the significant

difference would be under the nonparametric statistics.

Test for Significant Difference between Junior High School and Senior High

School’s Level of HIV/AIDS Awareness

Table 3.1. Test for Significant Difference between Junior High School and Senior High School’s Level
of HIV/AIDS Awareness
Sample
Sample
Average Standard p-value u-value Decision
Size Deviation
Junior High 3.765015
School 470 17.640426 0.000442703 24422.00
Senior High
Reject Ho
130 19.061538 4.681737
School

Table 3.1 shows the significant difference between the junior high school and

senior high school students’ level of HIV/AIDS Awareness. Based from the averages, it

could be seen that the senior high school students’ have a higher level of awareness

although the gap is not that huge. Judging by the u-value, the computed test statistics

24422.00 is not within the acceptance region of 27,13.5800 to 0.0022042 or 95% with a

0.044% chance of Type 1 error. Therefore, there is enough evidence to determine that
 57

there is a significant difference between the junior high school and senior high school

students’ level of awareness.

The values presented means that the senior high school students’ have much

wider understanding towards HIV/AIDS or has better knowledge in regards to the topic

in comparison to the junior high school students. This also implies that senior high school

students have greater perception towards HIV/AIDS, more positive attitude, and

generally has higher awareness contrasting to that of the junior high school students.

Test for Significant Difference between Science and Technology Education

Center (STEC) and Marigondon National High School’s (MNHS) Level of

Awareness

Table 3.2. Test for Significant Difference between Junior High School and Senior High School’s Level
of HIV/AIDS Awareness
Sample
Sample
Average Standard p-value u-value Decision
Size Deviation
STEC 75 21.400000 3.609297 .6645415 30794.50 Reject Ho
MNHS 525 17.455238 3.832415

Table 3.2 is demonstrating the significant difference between Science and

Technology Education Center (STEC) and Marigondon National High School’s (MNHS)

level of awareness. The u-value of 30794.50 is beyond the acceptance region of

16943.3000 to 0.01280 with 2.7e-13% chance to commit a Type 1 error, supporting the

alternative hypothesis. Hence, there is enough information to say that the difference

between the randomly selected value of STEC and MNHS populations is big enough to

be statistically significant.
 58

By this data, it could be said that STEC has a better comprehension of the topic,

has a wider perception and more open attitude towards HIV/AIDS positive people. In

general, the level of awareness STEC students possess is much higher than the MNHS

students.

Intervention Plan on HIV/AIDS

Rationale

The proposed intervention plan is to keep track with the trends in HIV/AIDS

awareness around the access community. HIV/AIDS awareness is important in the

acquisition of knowledge and information. It should not be taken for granted but given

emphasis as to its importance.

On the basis of the findings, it was found out that in terms of HIV/AIDS

awareness the high school students of District V are high averagely aware about

HIV/AIDS. There is a need to maintain and uplift to the knowledge of not just the

students but everyone. The intervention plan is aimed or geared towards enhancement of

the awareness on HIV/AIDS based on knowledge, perception and attitude.

In many ways, HIV/AIDS education plays a vital role in each one of us. One of

the most important things it does is make people realise that everyone should know their

status. Education is therefore a key component of our core service offering and is

strongly recommended as a minimum HIV/AIDS intervention.

This aims to empower and increase the awareness on HIV/AIDS, its impact.

The intervention was based upon the following objectives. After a one-day seminar-

workshop, the staff nurses will be able to:

 59

1) Sustain their awareness about HIV/AIDS on their responsibilities;

2) Enhance awareness on independent nursing practice; and

3) In this plan, we would be able to enhance and provide much knowledge and awareness

on HIV/AIDS.
 60

Chapter 5

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter contains the conclusions drawn from the analysis and interpretation

of the data discussed in the preceding chapter and the recommendations of the

researchers based on the conclusions.

Conclusion

In conclusion, this study reveals that majority of the respondents have a high level

of knowledge, average level of perception, high level attitude and an overall high level of

awareness on HIV/AIDS. It was also discovered that there is a significant difference

between the level of awareness junior high school and senior high school students has

and a significant difference between the level of awareness on HIV/AIDS between the

two schools composing District V – Science and Technology Education Center and

Marigondon National High School.

Recommendations

Based on the conclusions, the following recommendations are proposed:

1. The proposed intervention plan be reviewed and implemented.

2. The researchers suggest for future researchers to conduct a pre and post test to

measure the level of HIV/AIDS awareness. It is to accurately measure and see the

difference towards awareness.

3. Future related researches may include a symposium to provide wide arrays of

knowledge and more variables to correlate.

4. Future researchers may consider a wider range of participants to broaden the aim

of the study and apply a qualitative approach.

 61

5. Experimental researches can be considered that seek to evaluate interventions that

may help improve a person’s perception and attitude on the quality of knowledge

and awareness on HIV/AIDS.

 62

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Shinde, M., Trivedi, A., Shinde, A., & Mishra, S. (2017). A study of awareness regarding
HIV/AIDS among secondary school students. International Journal Of
Community Medicine And Public Health, 3(6), 1461-1465.
doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20161611

Cai, Y., Shi, R., Shen, T., Pei, B., Jiang, X., Ye, X., Xu, G., Li, S., Huang, H., & Shang,
M. (2010). A study of HIV/AIDS related knowledge, attitude and behaviors
among female sex workers in Shanghai China. BMC public health, 10, 377.
https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-10-377

Appiah-Agyekum NN, Suapim RH. Knowledge and awareness of HIV/AIDS among high
school girls in Ghana. HIV AIDS (Auckl). 2013;5:137-144
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Nubed, C., Akoachere, J.T.K. Knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding HIV/AIDS
among senior secondary school students in Fako Division, South West Region,
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Sakineh Dadipoor, Saeideh Shahsavari, Mohtasham Ghaffari, Sakineh Rakhshanderou &

Ali Safari-Moradabadi (2020) Iranian school students’ awareness of and attitude
towards HIV/AIDS: a systematic review, International Journal of Adolescence
and Youth, 25:1, 240-250, DOI: 10.1080/02673843.2019.1614078
Alhasawi A, Grover S, B, Sadek A, Ashoor I, Alkhabbaz I, Almasri S: Assessing
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Studies University of Westminster, London, UK, 6-8 September 2013 "From
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epidemic: planning for success." Bulletin of the World Health Organization 79
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D., (2000). AIDS. In and out of Africa. Nature, 408, 901-2
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& Ramos, F. (2010). Lifestyle, health status and behavior of young workers in
call centers and other industries: Metro Manila and Metro Cebu. Retrieved
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h2010_POPCOM_UPPI.pdf
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adolescent school boys and girls of Bhavnagar City",
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men who have sex with men--21 cities, United States, 2008", (September 24,
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IGO.”
 68

APPENDIX A

STEC High School Students’ Level of Awareness

Table 1. STEC High School Students’ Level of Awareness (n=75)

Total Percentage (%) Mean
KNOWLEDGE
General Knowledge
HIV means Human
Immunodeficiency Virus. 72 96%
There is a difference between HIV
and AIDS. 75 100%
A person infected with the HIV
virus is HIV positive. 59 78.67%
One can style the hair of an HIV-
positive person without being
afraid of being infected. 58 77.33%
A person infected by the AIDS
virus who is receiving treatment
can live normally and work. 53 70.67%
317/375 84.53% 63.4

Transmission
There is only one way of
transmitting HIV. 59 78.67%
You can be infected by the AIDS
virus through unprotected sexual
intercourse. 68 90.67%
You can be infected by the AIDS
virus by kissing an HIV-positive
person. 46 61.33%
Only people who share needles to
inject drugs; sex trade workers
and men who have sex with men
get HIV. 24 32%
You can be infected by the AIDS
virus by a mosquito bite. 44 58.67%
You can be infected by the AIDS
virus by re-using sharp objects
(needles, razor blades, and so on)
with blood on them. 66 88%
You can be infected by the AIDS
virus by working with or touching
an HIV-positive person. 64 85.34%
The AIDS virus can be
transmitted from a mother to her
child during pregnancy, childbirth
or breastfeeding. 56 74.67%
427/600 71.17% 53.38

Prevention
The use of condoms during
intercourse is protection against the
risk of infection by the AIDS virus. 61 81.33%
Female condoms do not exist. 52 69.33%
One can reduce the risk of HIV 25 33.33%
 69

transmission from a mother to her

child during childbirth with a
specific treatment.
One can sterilize an object that has
been dirtied by blood (scissors, for
example) by washing it with soap
and hot water. 41 54.67%
179/300 59.67% 44.75

Treatment
Testing is the only way to know for
sure if you are infected with the AIDS
virus. 61 81.33%
A blood sample is all that is needed
for an HIV test. 42 56%
Persons infected with HIV can be
cured with currently available
treatments. 46 61.33%
Persons with HIV or AIDS should
stay on the margins of society. 26 34.67%
An HIV-positive person who is
undergoing treatment cannot transmit
the virus to another person. 46 61.33%
221/375 58.93% 44.2

PERCEPTION
I’m afraid to kiss an HIV-positive
person. 21 28%
I’m willing to share a meal or drink
with an HIV-positive person. 35 46.67%
I’m willing to share my personal
hygiene items such as comb and nail
cutter with an HIV-positive person. 54 72%
I’m going with the same toilet an
HIV-positive person went to. 43 57.33%
I’m still willing to have a casual
contact (e.g. hugging or touching)
with an HIV-positive person. 26 34.67%
179/375 44.73% 35.8

ATTITUDE
I’m comfortable to talk with an
HIV/AIDS patient. 55 73.33%
I’m comfortable to study with an
HIV/AIDS patient. 58 77.33%
I’m willing to live with an HIV/AIDS
patient. 45 60%
I’m empathetic towards HIV/AIDS
patients. 65 86.67%
I believe that HIV/AIDS patients
deserve a free treatment. 59 78,67%
282/375 75.20% 56.4
 70

APPENDIX B

Marigondon National High School Students’ Level of Awareness

Table 2. Marigondon National High School Students’ Level of Awareness (n=525)

Total Percentage (%) Mean
KNOWLEDGE
General Knowledge
HIV means Human
Immunodeficiency Virus. 466 91.22%
There is a difference between HIV
and AIDS. 422 82.21%
A person infected with the HIV
virus is HIV positive. 471 89.04%
One can style the hair of an HIV-
positive person without being
afraid of being infected. 216 43.92%
A person infected by the AIDS
virus who is receiving treatment
can live normally and work. 213 42.72%
1 788/2 625 69.82% 59.6
Transmission
There is only one way of
transmitting HIV. 256 51.39%
You can be infected by the AIDS
virus through unprotected sexual
intercourse. 446 84.94%
You can be infected by the AIDS
virus by kissing an HIV-positive
person. 170 32.39%
Only people who share needles to
inject drugs; sex trade workers
and men who have sex with men
get HIV. 112 23.37%
You can be infected by the AIDS
virus by a mosquito bite. 316 57.89%
You can be infected by the AIDS
virus by re-using sharp objects
(needles, razor blades, and so on)
with blood on them. 345 67.03%
You can be infected by the AIDS
virus by working with or touching
an HIV-positive person. 347 67.95%
The AIDS virus can be
transmitted from a mother to her
child during pregnancy, childbirth
or breastfeeding. 371 69.30%
2 363/4 200 56.78% 49.23

Prevention
The use of condoms during
intercourse is protection against the
risk of infection by the AIDS virus. 345 64.75%
Female condoms do not exist. 162 33.34%
One can reduce the risk of HIV 257 47.51%
transmission from a mother to her
 71

child during childbirth with a

specific treatment.
One can sterilize an object that has
been dirtied by blood (scissors, for
example) by washing it with soap
and hot water. 298 54.64%
1 062/2 100 50.06% 48.83333

Treatment
Testing is the only way to know for
sure if you are infected with the
AIDS virus. 357 68.88%
A blood sample is all that is needed
for an HIV test. 382 43.09%
Persons infected with HIV can be
cured with currently available
treatments. 172 34.31%
Persons with HIV or AIDS should
stay on the margins of society. 177 35.46%
An HIV-positive person who is
undergoing treatment cannot
transmit the virus to another person. 252 49.03%
1 340/2 625 52.15% 44.65

PERCEPTION
I’m afraid to kiss an HIV-positive
person. 122 23.32%
I’m willing to share a meal or drink
with an HIV-positive person. 337 57.34%
I’m willing to share my personal
hygiene items such as comb and nail
cutter with an HIV-positive person. 351 61.65%
I’m going with the same toilet an
HIV-positive person went to. 344 60.11%
I’m still willing to have a casual
contact (e.g. hugging or touching)
with an HIV-positive person. 252 45.90%
1 406/2 625 49.66% 46.79

ATTITUDE
I’m comfortable to talk with an
HIV/AIDS patient. 240 43.90%
I’m comfortable to study with an
HIV/AIDS patient. 251 45.80%
I’m willing to live with an
HIV/AIDS patient. 127 26.31%
I’m empathetic towards HIV/AIDS
patients. 187 36.78%
I believe that HIV/AIDS patients
deserve a free treatment. 400 73.85%
1 205/2 625 45.33% 40.17

APPENDIX C
 72

Intervention Plan
 73

APPENDIX D
Research Time Table

November

December

February
January

March
Activities

Planning of research topic and title

Approval of the proposed research title
Formulation of the Statement of the
Problem, Sub-Problems, Assumptions,
and Significance of the Study
Submission of the Review of Related
Literature
Submission of the Research
Methodology, Rationale and
Definition of Terms
Submission of the Final Research
Proposal Manuscript
Research Proposal – Oral Defense
Data gathering procedure.
Tallying of results and treatment of
data.
Presentation, Analysis and
Interpretation of Data.
Crafting of the Conclusion,
Recommendations, and Proposed
Improvements.
Editing, Proofreading.
Submission of Final Output to Sir
Allan Adem.
Final Oral Defense.
Submission and Sharing of Findings to
STEC Senior High School Students
and Faculty.
 74

APPENDIX E
Research Budget

Activities Resources/Materials Cost

January 27, 2020
-Submission of Letters to
9 Documents x 2 php per page P 18.00
Adviser and STEC
Principals
February 4, 2020
25 respondents x 2 pages survey
-STEC Initial Data P 100.00
sheet (2 php per page)
Gathering for JHS
February 6, 2020
50 respondents x 2 pages survey
-STEC Data Gathering for P 200.00
sheet (2 php per page)
SHS
February 10, 2020
-Submission of Approval 4 Documents x 2 php per page P 8.00
Letter to MNHS Principals
February 17, 2020 180 respondents x 2 pages survey
P 720.00
-MNHS first batch Data sheet (2 php per page)
Gathering Fair 7 researchers x 15 php each P 105.00
February 18, 2020 200 respondents x 2 pages survey
P 800.00
-MNHS second batch Data sheet (2 php per page)
Gathering Fair 7 researchers x 15 php each P 105.00
February 19, 2020 145 respondents x 2 pages survey
P 580.00
-MNHS third batch Data sheet (2 php per page)
Gathering Fair 7 researchers x 15 php each P 105.00
TOTAL P 2741.00
 75

APPENDIX F
Research Tool
76
77
78
79
80
 81

APPENDIX H
Parents’ Consent
82
83
84
85
86
87
 88

CURRICULUM VITAE
 89

Name : Dahl A. Paalisbo

Address : Seabreeze, Mactan, Lapu- Lapu City

Phone : 09474613903

Email : dahlpaalisbo@gmail.com

PERSONAL PROFILE:

Age : 17 years old

Sex : Female

Date of Birth : November 24, 2002

Place of Birth : Lapu-Lapu City

Civil Status : Single

Nationality : Filipino

Religion : Roman Catholic

Father’s Name : James O. Paalisbo

Mother’s Name : Charmen A. Paalisbo

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND:

LEVEL SCHOOL/SCHOOL YEAR

High School

Junior High School : St. Joseph’s School of Mactan

: 2015-2019

: With High Honors

Senior High School : Science and Technology Education Center

: 2019-Present
 90

Name : Belle Therese Pauline B. Heruela

Address : Mantawe Rd. Poblacion Lapu- Lapu City

Phone : 09151734797

Email : belleheruela@gmail.com

PERSONAL PROFILE:

Age : 17 years old

Sex : Female

Date of Birth : October 20, 2002

Place of Birth : Cebu City

Civil Status : Single

Nationality : Filipino

Religion : Roman Catholic

Father’s Name : Bob R. Heruela

Mother’s Name : Paulette B. Heruela

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND:

LEVEL SCHOOL/SCHOOL YEAR

High School

Junior High School : St. Alphonsus Catholic School

: 2015-2019

: With Honors

Senior High School : Science and Technology Education Center

: 2019-Present
 91

Name : Stan Kiefer E. Gallego

Address : Abuno-Pajac Lapu-Lapu City

Phone : 09663987870

Email : kfrgallego@gmail.com

PERSONAL PROFILE:

Age : 16 years old

Sex : Male

Date of Birth : May 27, 2003

Place of Birth : Lapu-Lapu City

Civil Status : Single

Nationality : Filipino

Religion : Roman Catholic

Father’s Name : Creseldo F. Gallego

Mother’s Name : Mary Jean E. Gallego

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND:

LEVEL SCHOOL/SCHOOL YEAR

High School

Junior High School : Einstein School Cebu

: 2015-2019

Senior High School : Science and Technology Education Center

: 2019-Present

Name : Marielle Denise G. Jayme

 92

Address : Blk. 24 Lt. 16 Deca Homes Mactan, Bankal, Lapu - Lapu City

Phone : 09287256115

Email : jmarielledenise@gmail.com

PERSONAL PROFILE:

Age : 17 years old

Sex : Female

Date of Birth : June 12, 2002

Place of Birth : Cebu City

Civil Status : Single

Nationality : Filipino

Religion : Roman Catholic

Father’s Name : Michael V. Jayme

Mother’s Name : Marivic G. Jayme

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND:

LEVEL SCHOOL/SCHOOL YEAR

High School

Junior High School : St. Joseph’s School of Mactan

: 2015-2019

: With Honors

Senior High School : Science and Technology Education Center

: 2019- Present
 93

Name : Michael John Q. Cawagas

Address : Agus, Lapu-Lapu City

Phone : 09294777549

Email : mahmehmihmohmuh7@gmail.com

PERSONAL PROFILE:

Age : 17 years old

Sex : Male

Date of Birth : August 7, 2002

Place of Birth : Opon Maternity Hospital, Lapu- Lapu City

Civil Status : Single

Nationality : Filipino

Religion : Roman Catholic

Father’s Name : Roy S. Cawagas

Mother’s Name : Cindy Q. Cawagas

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND:

LEVEL SCHOOL/SCHOOL YEAR

High School
Junior High School : Science and Technology Education Center
: 2015-2019
: With Honors
Senior High School : Science and Technology Education Center
: 2019-Present
Seminars : Research Colloquium 2017
Name : Olivia Doreen T. Reyes
 94

Address : 4314 Osmeña St. Gun-ob Lapu- Lapu City

Phone : 09163242356

Email : reyes.doreen30@gmail.com

PERSONAL PROFILE:

Age : 17 years old

Sex : Female

Date of Birth : October 14, 2002

Place of Birth : Lapu- Lapu City

Civil Status : Single

Nationality : Filipino

Religion : Roman Catholic

Father’s Name : Erwin Y. Reyes

Mother’s Name : Helen T. Reyes

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND:

LEVEL SCHOOL/SCHOOL YEAR

High School

Junior High School : Babag National High School

: 2015-2019

: With High Honors

Senior High School : Science and Technology Education Center

: 2019-Present

Name : Aubriana Gaille Tugano

 95

Address : La Aldea Buena Mactan, Timpolok, Lapu- Lapu City

Phone : 09479539470

Email : aubrianagaillejkufc@gmail.com

PERSONAL PROFILE:

Age : 18 years old

Sex : Female

Date of Birth : January 31, 2002

Place of Birth : Cebu City

Civil Status : Single

Nationality : Filipino

Religion : Roman Catholic

Father’s Name : Edwin Tugano

Mother’s Name : Barbara Tugano

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND:

LEVEL SCHOOL/SCHOOL YEAR

High School

Junior High School : St. Alphonsus Catholic School

: 2015-2019

: With Honors

Senior High School : Science and Technology Education Center

: 2019-Present