ENGR. MA. KATHLEEN L.

DURAN, CIE, AAE, CLSSGB September 30, 2019

Colegio de San Juan de Letran Calamba

City of Calamba, Laguna, Philippines 4027 www.letran-calamba.edu.ph +63(049) 545-5453loc2030

School of Engineering and Architecture

Production Systems
Project Management

What is a project?
– Any unique endeavour with specific objectives

– With multiple activities

– With defined precedent relationships

– With a specific time period for completion

• Example

– Major event like a wedding, concert etc.

– Any construction project

– Designing a political campaign

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ENGR. MA. KATHLEEN L. DURAN, CIE, AAE, CLSSGB September 30, 2019

Project Life Cycle

• Conception: identify the need

• Feasibility analysis or study: costs benefits, and risks

• Planning: who, how long, what to do?

• Execution: doing the project

• Termination: ending the project

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Network Planning Techniques

• Network representation is useful for project analysis.

• Networks show how project activities are organized and are used
to determine time duration of projects.

• Network techniques used are:

– CPM (Critical Path Method)

– PERT (Project Evaluation and Review Technique)

• Developed independently during late 1950’s.

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ENGR. MA. KATHLEEN L. DURAN, CIE, AAE, CLSSGB September 30, 2019

Project Planning
• All activities (steps) of the project should be identified.

• The sequential relationships of the activities (which activity

comes first, which follows, etc.) is identified by precedence
relationships.

• Steps of project planning:

– Make time estimates for activities, determine project completion time.

– Compare project schedule objectives, determine resource requirements.

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Elements of Project Management Project Scheduling

■ Project Schedule : Timely completion of project.

■ Schedule development steps:

1. Define activities,

2. Sequence activities,

3. Estimate activity times,

4. Construct schedule.

■ Gantt chart and CPM/PERT techniques can be useful.

■ Computer software packages available, e.g. Microsoft Project.

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ENGR. MA. KATHLEEN L. DURAN, CIE, AAE, CLSSGB September 30, 2019

Elements of Project Management Gantt Chart (1 of 2)

■ Popular, traditional technique, also known as a bar chart -

developed by Henry Gantt (1914).

■ Used in CPM/PERT for monitoring work progress.

■ A visual display of project schedule showing activity start and

finish times and where extra time is available.

■ Gantt Chart is suitable for projects with few activities and

precedence relationships.

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Elements of Project Management Gantt Chart (2 of 2)

Figure 8.4 A Gantt chart

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ENGR. MA. KATHLEEN L. DURAN, CIE, AAE, CLSSGB September 30, 2019

The Project Network: CPM/PERT

• Activity-on-Arc (AOA) Network
– A branch reflects an activity of a project.

– A node represents the beginning and end of activities, referred to as events.

– Branches in the network indicate precedence relationships.

– When an activity is completed at a node, it has been realized.

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The Project Network: Concurrent Activities

■ Time duration of activities shown on branches.

■ Activities can occur at the same time (concurrently).

■ A dummy activity shows a precedence relationship but reflects no

passage of time.

■ Two or more activities cannot share the same start and end
nodes.

Figure 8. 7 A Dummy Activity

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ENGR. MA. KATHLEEN L. DURAN, CIE, AAE, CLSSGB September 30, 2019

The Project Network:

AOA Network for House Building Project

Figure 8.6
Expanded Network for Building a House
Showing Concurrent Activities

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The Project Network:

AON Network for House Building Project
• Activity-on-Node (AON) Network
– A node represents an activity, with its label and time shown on the node

– The branches show the precedence relationships

– Convention used in Microsoft Project software

Label

Duration
Figure 8.8

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ENGR. MA. KATHLEEN L. DURAN, CIE, AAE, CLSSGB September 30, 2019

The Project Network: Paths Through a Network

Path Events
A 1247
B 12567
C 1347
D 13567

Table 8.1
Paths Through the House-Building Network

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The Project Network: The Critical Path

The critical path is the longest path through the network; the minimum
time the network can be completed. From Figure 8.8:

Path A: 1  2  4  7 3 + 2 + 3 + 1 = 9 months

Path B: 1  2  5  6  7 3 + 2 + 1 + 1 + 1= 8 months

Path C: 1  3  4  7 3 + 1 + 3 + 1 = 8 months

Path D: 1  3  5  6  7 3 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 = 7 months

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ENGR. MA. KATHLEEN L. DURAN, CIE, AAE, CLSSGB September 30, 2019

The Project Network

Detailed Analysis of Critical Path (1  2  4  7)

Figure 8.9 Activity start time

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The Project Network: Activity-on-Node Configuration

Figure 8.10 Activity-on-Node Configuration

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ENGR. MA. KATHLEEN L. DURAN, CIE, AAE, CLSSGB September 30, 2019

The Project Network

Activity Scheduling : Earliest Times

■ ES is the earliest time an activity can start: ES = Maximum (EF)

■ EF is the earliest start time plus the activity time: EF = ES + t

Figure 8.11 Earliest activity start and finish times

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The Project Network

Activity Scheduling : Latest Times

■ LS is the latest time an activity can start without delaying critical path time:
LS = LF - t
■ LF is the latest finish time. LF = Minimum (LS)

Figure 8.12 Latest activity start and finish times

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ENGR. MA. KATHLEEN L. DURAN, CIE, AAE, CLSSGB September 30, 2019

The Project Network: Activity Slack Time (1 of 2)

 Slack is the amount of time an activity can be delayed without

delaying the project: S = LS – ES = LF - EF
 Slack Time exists for those activities not on the critical path
for which the earliest and latest start times are not equal.

Activity LS ES LF EF Slack, S
*1 0 0 3 3 0* Table 8.2
*2 3 3 5 5 0*
3 4 3 5 4 1
*4 5 5 8 8 0*
5 6 5 7 6 1
6 7 6 8 7 1
*7 8 8 9 9 0* *Critical path

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The Project Network: Activity Slack Time (2 of 2)

Figure 8.13 Activity slack

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