Grammar-Handbook-for-You (Important)

1
Chapter-1
REVI EW OF TH E BASIC
Before you get started, it’s a good idea to review some terms that will be used in grammar lessons.
Remember, it’s not important to memorize on the names of things or rules; you will only need
recognize what is correct and incorrect grammar. But to review, you’ll need to be familiar with the
following areas of grammar.
NOUNS
A noun is a word that names something.
a person Badal, Kamal, Kuber, Gonesh, mother, friend, coworker, student

a place Bangladesh, France, city, state
a thing cat, dog, pencil, lemonade, glass
an idea truth, justice, Bohemianism, Buddhism
In the following examples, all the nouns are in italics:

New York City boasts one of the most extensive subways in the world.
Jennifer was able to ride from one end of Chicago to the other in a subway car.
Most of the system is underground, but sometimes the tracks go above ground.
You may notice that some nouns are capitalized. These are called proper nouns. The nouns that are
not capitalized are called common nouns.
PRONOUNS
A pronoun is a word that takes the place of a noun. It stands for a person, place, thing, or idea in a
sentence. All the pronouns in the following example are in italics:
Paul is an excellent soccer player. He enjoyed the game. It proves to be good exercise and a
lot of fun as well. He feels it is a great sport. Whenever he plays well the victory becomes his.
Subject Reflexive Object Possessive

I myself me mine
you yourself you yours
he himself him his
she herself her hers
it itself it its
who whom whose
what
VERBS
A verb is an action word. Do not let the word action fool you, though.
Verbs can express physical action:
I ran through the house
David kicked the ball.
They can express mental action:
Maria thought she would do well on the exam.
Josh felt the meal was too expensive.
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Or, they can express a state of being
The test is easy.
You are interesting.
Even though there may be more than one verb in a sentence, try to identify the main verb. This is
the one that identifies the main action or actions in a sentence. The main verb must be conjugated.
______
This means that it will not be in the form ―to ,‖ or with an –ing (by itself) at the end. For
example:
To run could not be a main verb
Running could not be a main verb (by itself)
Run or runs could be main verb
DRILL 1
Directions : Circle the main(finite) verb in each sentence:

01. The tiny island is surrounded by a spectacular body of water.
02. My pen is running out of ink.
03. I always wanted to go to that show.
04. Did you enjoy the party the other night?
05. My computer program is faulty.
06. The costumes in the pageant are almost as beautiful as the contestants.
07. The Paseo Del Rio runs along the San Antonio River in the heart of the city.
08. A beautiful photograph is a wonderful souvenir of an event.
09. You don’t need to read all the information to get the question right.
10. My sister was thrilled to be invited.
MODIFIERS
A modifier is a word or group of words that describes another word in the sentence. Adjectives and
adverbs are types of modifiers.
ADJECTIVES
An adjective is a word or group of words that describes a noun or a pronoun. Adjectives can describe
a lot of different things about nouns. They can tell you:
What kind of noun

The book was red. What kind of book was it?
Red.
My father is smart. What kind of father is he?
Smart.
Serious students do well. What kind of students? Serious.
Whose noun?
My mother is going home. Whose mother?
Mine.
She is going with her brother. Whose brother?
Hers.
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Its rules are very strict. Whose rules? Its.
Which noun?
Which movie do you like?
This movie is my favorite. Which movie? This.
ADVERBS
An adverb is a word that describes a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. They answer a different
set of questions in a sentence. Adverbs generally tell you how much or how well, when, where, or
how. For example:
Faruk has learned to speak English perfectly.
How has he learned to speak? Perfectly.
Farid really loves to go to the movies.
How much does he love to go? Really.
The class started very late.
When did the class start? Late.
How late was the class? Very.
Firoj performed well on the stage.
How did Firoj Perform? Well.
DRILL 2
It is very common to use adverbs incorrectly in place of adjectives and vice versa. Just remember, if
you are describing a noun, use an adjective. If you are describing anything else, use an adverb.
Many adverbs end in –ly
Directions : Decide whether to use the adjective or adverb in each of the following:
01. Mainul performed good/well on the exam.
02. The car moves quick/quickly.
03. The ground was soft/softly after the night’s rain.
04. Salam scored the test accurate/accurately.
05. The winner of the contest is certainly beautiful/beautifully.
06. My new car runs so smooth/smoothly.
07. The color of my house is bright/brightly yellow.
08. That old computer runs so slow/slowly.
09. After going to the dance, Shelly was real/really tired.
10. That meal was delicious/deliciously.
SUBJECT
The subject of the sentence is the noun or pronoun that performs the action in the sentence. If you
are not sure of the subject, you can find it easily: simply find the verb and then ask yourself who or
what. The answer will be the subject.
For example:
Jonathan loves to play the piano.
Who loves to play the piano? Jonathan.
Jonathan is the subject.
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The highest scorer on the test was Asif.
Who was the highest scorer? Asif.
Asif is the subject.
Shibly lives in Barishal.

Who lives in Barishal?
Shibly.
Shibly is the subject.
DRILL 3
Directions: Identify and circle the subject in each of the following sentences:
01. Arian, the best friend of Panna, wanted to get a new hat at the store.
02. In addition to being weatherproof, the new camera features a remote control.
03. The largest film festival in the world, the Houston Film Festival, boasts 3,500 entries.
04. The main attraction of the new restaurant is the salad bar.
05. After deciding to go out and play, Fariel located her jacket.
06. The arboretum in our town has some beautiful pine trees.
07. Unlike those in the neighboring school, our teachers are quite flexible.
08. My new English class meets three times a week.
09. The bus was so late that we missed school.
10. The country fair is a lot of fun.
ARTICLES
An article is a word that is placed before a noun to show whether it is a specific noun or no noun in
particular. A, an, and the are articles. For example:
I was speaking to the boy on the right.
The indicates that I was speaking to a particular boy.
I was speaking to a boy in the crowd.

A indicates that it was not a specific boy.
I peeled an orange.
An indicates that it was not a specific orange.
PREPOSITIONS
A preposition shows the relationship between a noun or pronoun and another word in the sentence.
Prepositions generally tell you the position of a noun, that is, the direction, time, or manner in which
the noun or pronoun acted or was acted upon. For example:
I went into the house.

I got directions from the cookbook.
Kiron went to her mother’s house.
She went out without a coat.
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The prepositional phrase is simply the preposition with the noun it is telling you about. For example,
here are the prepositional phrases from the examples listed above:
into the house
from the cookbook
to her mother’s house
without a coat
DRILL 4
Directions : Underline the propositional phrases in the following sentences.
01. My cat is up a tree and I can’t get her down.
02. In the house you will find the couch we bought last week.
03. After school Tagore and I like to go to the movies.
04. I went into the new class and sat at my desk.
05. La Villita, settled by the people of the Canary Islands in the 1700’s, is a haven for artists.
06. On Tuesday my mother returns from her trip to Barishal.
07. Togore enjoys a salad made of mixed greens with his dinner.
08. You don’t need to put a lot of work into this assignment.
09. Tagore planned a visit to the old section of town.
10. When Tagore followed my plans for the project, she finished quickly.
CONJUNCTIONS
A conjunction joins words or groups of words in a sentence. Words such as and, or, and but are
conjunctions.
I like to eat peanut butter and jelly.
She likes music, but not if it is too loud.
I will go to the movies or to the store.
SENTENCES
Now that you’ve reviewed all the names of the parts of speech, you can put them together in a
sentence. What is a sentence? Basically it is a group of words that expresses an idea. To be a
sentence, there must be a conjugated verb (something being done) and subject (who or what is
doing it).
Not a sentence: Going to the store.
A sentence: Jinnah is going to the store.
What’s happening? Someone is going
Who is going? Jinnah.
Is going is the verb. Jinnah is the subject.
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FLEXIBLE VERBS: PARTICIPLE, GERUND, AND INFINITIVE
Before you do the following drill, be aware of verbs that act as other parts of speech. They may look
like verbs, but upon closer inspection they do not act like verbs in the sentence.
PARTICIPLE
This is a form of a verb, ending in –ing or –ed, that acts as an adjective in the sentence.
Examples:
Sponsored by the chamber of commerce, this year’s picnic promises to be the best.
Walking to the store, Malik found a five-taka coin.
GERUND
This is a form of a verb, ending in –ing, that acts as a noun.
Examples:
Cycling is my favorite sport.
Dancing can be great exercise.
INFINITIVE
This is the basic form of a verb – what you would find in the dictionary (minus the word ―to‖) as the
primary entry for the verb. The infinitive form is not the main verb. It can act as a noun, an adverb,
or an adjective.
Examples:
As a noun (here it is the subject)
To swim in the lake is exhilarating.
As an adverb:
She is expected to win the race.
As an adjective:
Kamal doesn’t have a minute to spare.
Watch our for these verb forms. Remember, to function as a verb, a verb must be conjugated. The
primary verb in the sentence will tell what is happening. Always look at the way in which a word or
words function in the sentence to determine what it is.
DRILL 5
Direction: In each of the following sentences try to identify the verb and the subject of the
sentence and the part of speech of each word. Remember, not every part of speech will show up it
every sentence.
01. Ujjal wants a really great book.
Verb: ______________________________________________________________________
Subject: ___________________________________________________________________
Nouns and Pronouns: _________________________________________________________
Adjectives: _________________________________________________________________
Adverbs: ___________________________________________________________________
Prepositions: ________________________________________________________________
Articles:____________________________________________________________________
Conjunctions: _______________________________________________________________
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02. Sumon went to the park with Masum and fed the pigeons stale bread.
Verb: ______________________________________________________________________
Subject: ___________________________________________________________________
Adjectives: _________________________________________________________________
Adverbs: ___________________________________________________________________
Prepositions: ________________________________________________________________
Articles:____________________________________________________________________
Conjunctions: _______________________________________________________________
03. At the local store you can buy a wonderful present for your brother at a good price.
Verb: ______________________________________________________________________
Subject: ___________________________________________________________________
Adjectives: _________________________________________________________________
Adverbs: ___________________________________________________________________
Prepositions: ________________________________________________________________
Articles:____________________________________________________________________
Conjunctions: _______________________________________________________________
04. The people in the house next door are always going on long vacations.
Verb: ______________________________________________________________________
Subject: ___________________________________________________________________
Adjectives: _________________________________________________________________
Adverbs: ___________________________________________________________________
Prepositions: ________________________________________________________________
Articles:____________________________________________________________________
Conjunctions: _______________________________________________________________
05. Shaila got a ride to school with my sister in her new car.
Verb: ______________________________________________________________________
Subject: ___________________________________________________________________
Adjectives: _________________________________________________________________
Adverbs: ___________________________________________________________________
Prepositions: ________________________________________________________________
Articles:____________________________________________________________________
Conjunctions: _______________________________________________________________
06. The new mayor decided to get supplies and a new bookcase for her office.
Verb: ______________________________________________________________________
Subject: ___________________________________________________________________
Adjectives: _________________________________________________________________
Adverbs: ___________________________________________________________________
Prepositions: ________________________________________________________________
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Articles:____________________________________________________________________
Conjunctions: _______________________________________________________________
07. After next week Sahidul will go up to the cabin for the summer, and possibly for part of the fall.
Verb: ______________________________________________________________________
Subject: ___________________________________________________________________
Adjectives: _________________________________________________________________
Adverbs: ___________________________________________________________________
Prepositions: ________________________________________________________________
Articles:____________________________________________________________________
Conjunctions: _______________________________________________________________
08. After returning from the store, Saifur discovered he had forgotten the most important item on
his list.
Verb: ______________________________________________________________________
Subject: ___________________________________________________________________
Adjectives: _________________________________________________________________
Adverbs: ___________________________________________________________________
Prepositions: ________________________________________________________________
Articles:____________________________________________________________________
Conjunctions: _______________________________________________________________
PHRASES
Now that you’ve mastered all the basic parts of speech, let’s look at the way words work together in
a sentence. You’ve heard about phrases already in the discussion of prepositional phrases. So, it
should come as no surprise to learn that a phrase is simply a group of words that works together in
a sentence as a specific part of speech. A phrase does not have a subject and a verb.
You’ve probably identified plenty of phrases already. We’re just giving them a name now.
Adverb phrase:
Mary Anne decided at the last minute.
When did Mary Anne decide? At the last minute.
Adjective phrase:
The house on the corner is for sale.
Which house is for sale? The one on the corner.
Noun phrase:
To go to England is a dream of mine.
What is a dream of mine? To go to England.
Prepositional phrase:
on the corner from the road into the house
to the school under the bed by the author
of the group before noon after lunch
by my side with my sister next to the shelf
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The most common phrase you will see on the sentence correction questions is the prepositional
phrase. Remember: it will act as an adverb or as an adjective.
CLAUSES
A clause is a group of words that has a subject and a verb. There are two types of clauses,
independent and dependent. An independent clause can stand alone; if you stripped away the rest of
the sentence, it would still make sense. A dependent clause cannot stand alone; without the rest of
the sentence it would not make sense.
Example:
I was worried that you might be late.
independent clause dependent clause
Mary is the person to whom you must speak.
independent clause dependent clause
Certain words signal dependent clauses. If a clause begins with one of the words listed below, it will
not be a sentence by itself; it must have an independent clause to go with it.
TIME ADJECTIVE/ADVERB CONTRAST REASON CONDITION

Before Who, Whom Although Because If
After Whose Even though Since Whether
When Which While As When
While That Whereas
Since Where
When
DRILL 6
Directions: Underline the independent clauses and circle the dependent clauses in the following
sentence:
01. Until she went to the circus, Proma had never seen an elephant.
02. If he had wanted to go to the movies, Saifur would have called his best friend, Reza Chow.
03. I was shocked that you wanted to read that book.
04. Manik likes to make his own lunch because he is so finicky.
05. Until Zillur went to Japan, he had never left the Bangladesh.
06. I plan to study every night this week, even though I have a lot of other work.
07. Dr. Lollypop will see you whether or not you are able to pay for his services.
08. When I go to the supermarket, I must be sure to buy carrots.
09. It was a wonderful night to go out, despite the frigid temperatures.
10. I was unhappy when I heard about the results.
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ANSWER KEY TO DRILLS, CHAPTER-1
DRILL 1
01. is surrounded 02. is running 03. wanted 04. Did enjoy 05. is
06. are 07. runs 08. is 09. don’t need 10. was thrilled
DRILL 2
01. well (adverb, describing how she performed)
02. quickly (adverb, describing how the car moved)
03. firm (adjective, describing the ground)
04. accurately (adverb, describing how he scored)
05. beautiful (adjective, describing the winner)
06. smoothly (adverb, describing how the car runs)
07. bright (adjective, describing yellow)
08. slowly (adverb, describing how it runs)
09. really (adverb, describing how tired she was)
10.delicious(adjective, describing ``meal’’)
DRILL 3
01. Arian 02. camera 03. festival 04. attraction 05. Fariel
06. arboretum 07. teachers 08. class 09. bus 10. fair
DRILL 4
01. up a tree
02. In the house
03. After school ..... to the movies
04. into the new class ...... at my desk
05. by the people .... of the Canary Islands ... in the 1700s.... for artists
06. On Tuesday.... from her trip ...to the Orient
07. of mixed greens .... with his dinner
08. of work ... into this assignment
09. to the old section ... of town
10. for the project
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DRILL 5
01. Verb: wants. Subject: Uzzal . Nouns and Pronouns: Uzzal, book. Adjectives: great.
Adverbs: really. Articles: a
02. Verb: went, fed. Subject: Sumon. Nouns and Pronouns: Sumon, park, Masum, pigeons,
bread. Adjectives: stale. Prepositions: to, with. Articles: the, the.
Conjunctions: and.
03. Verb: can buy. Subject: you. Nouns and Pronouns: Store, you, present, brother, price.
Adjectives: local, wonderful, your, good. Prepositions: At, for, at. Articles: the, a, a.
04. Verb: are going. Subject: People Nouns and Pronouns: people, house, door, vacations.
Adjectives: next door, long.
Adverbs: always. Prepositions: in, on. Articles: The, the.
05. Verbs: got. Subject: Shaila.

Nouns and Pronouns: Shaila, ride, school, sister, car. Adjectives: my, her, new.
Prepositions: to, with, in. Articles: a.
06. Verb: decided. Subject: mayor. Nouns and Pronouns: mayor supplies, book case, office.
Adjective: new, her, new. Adverbs: to get. Prepositions: for. Articles: The, a.
Conjunctions: and.
07. Verb: will go. Subject: Sahidul. Nouns and Pronouns: week, Sahidul, cabin, summer, part,
fall. Adjectives: next. Adverbs: up, possibly. Prepositions: After, to, for, for, of. Articles.
the, the, the. Conjunctions: and.
08. Verb: discovered, had forgotten. Subject: Saifur. Nouns and Pronouns: store, Xulekha, he,
item, list. Adjectives: important, his, returning.
Adverbs: most. Prepositions: After, from, to, on. Articles: the, the.
DRILL 6
01. Until she went to the circus, Proma had never seen an elephant.
02. If he had wanted to go to the movies, Saifur would have called his best friend, Reza Chow.
03. I was shocked that you wanted to read that book.
04. Manik likes to make his own lunch because he is so finicky.
05. Until Zillur went to Ireland, he had never left the United States.
06. I plan to study every night this week, even though I have a lot of other work.
07. Dr. Lollypop will see you whether or not you are able to pay for his services.
08. When I go to the supermarket I must be sure to buy carrots.

09. It was a wonderful night to go out, despite the frigid temperatures.
10. I was unhappy when I heard about the results.
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Chapter-2
SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT RULES
01. Subject hw` singularnq, verb-I singular n‡e Ges subject hw` plural nq, verb-I plural n‡Z n‡e| G‡KB e‡j
subject-‡K verb Gi mv‡_ agree Kiv|
 The professor were traveling in Europe when she received notice of her promotion. No
Error A B C D E
02. Subject-†K modify Kivi Rb¨ (A_©vr subject m¤ú‡K© wKQy ejvi Rb¨) †h kã /kãmgwó eëüZ nq, †mB modifier
singular ev plural hvB †nvK bv †Kb †mUv ¸iæZ¡¡c~Y© bq eis Avmj subject-UvB n‡jv ¸iæZ¡¡c~Y©| GB subject-Uv‡KB
verb-Gi mv‡_ agree Kiv‡Z n‡e|
 The professor voted teacher of the year by students were traveling in Europe when she
A B
received notice of her promotion. No Error
C D E
 His knowledge of history and economics aid him in his work. No Error
A B C D E
 Production of different kinds of artificial materials are essential to the conservation of our
A B C
natural resources. No error
D E
03. Along with, together with, with, as well as, in addition to, accompanied by cÖf…wZ n‡jv phrase of
accompaniment| †Kvb subject-Gi mv‡_ †K ev Kviv accompany Ki‡Q (A_©vr m½ w`‡”Q) eySv‡bvi Rb¨ H me
phrase-¸‡jv eëüZ nq e‡j G‡ì‡K "phrase of accompaniment" e‡j|
Ò†Kvb singular subject-‡K along with, together with, with, as well as, in addition to, accompanied
by Ges G ai‡bi Ab¨ †h †Kvb kã ev phrase w`‡q Ab¨ Av‡iKUv noun ev pronoun wKsev GKvwaK nouns ev
pronouns-Gi mv‡_ †hvM Ki‡jI H singular subject-Uv KLbB plural n‡e bv| ïaygvÎ ―and‖ A_ev “both -------
- and‖ eënvi Ki‡jB subject-Uv plural n‡e|
 His dog, along with his cat and goldfish, prevent him from taking long trips. No Error
A B C D E
 Linus, accompanied by Snoopy, were well received at the show. No error

A B C D E
 Both I and my brother are going to participate in the debate. No error.
A B C D E
04. Subject wnmv‡e Either, Ges Nither Gi ci plural noun _vK‡jI, Subject Uv singular n‡e|
 Neither of the women is the one who spoke to me yesterday. No error.

A B C D E
 Either of the candy machines in this floor is out of order. No error.
A B C D E
15
05. When two distinct words or phrases are joined by the correlatives ―either .... or” A_ev “neither
....nor”, ev ―not only ..... but also”, the word or phrase nearer to the verb determines the
number of the verb A_©vr, either . . or, neither . . . nor Ges not only . . . . . but also-Gi †¶‡Î
h_vµ‡gi or-Gi c‡i ev nor-Gi c‡i ev but also-Gi c‡i †h subject _v‡K verb-UvI HiKg n‡e| bx‡Pi D`vniYUv
†`L‡j me clear n‡e|
 Neither the commissioners nor the mayor take the responsibility for the controversial bill.
(A) Neither the commissioners nor the mayor take
(B) Neither the commissioners or the mayor takes
(C) Neither the commissioners take nor the mayor takes
(D) Neither the mayor nor the commissioners takes
(E) Neither the commissioners nor the mayor takes
 Either the governor or one of his close aides prefer not to have the Senator seated at the
A B C
head of the table where he would be conspicuous. No Error
D E
Incorrect : Everyone knows that neither he nor they is allowed to leave the hall.
Incorrect : Not only I but also he am to leave the house.
06. Some/Any/None/All/Most (SANAM) + a Plural Count Noun = A Plural Subject
 All men are created equal.

 Most of the notebooks were completed last week.
 Some of the students have come back.
 Any members of that group are permitted to enter the museum for free.
Some/Any/None/All/Most (SANAM) + a Noncount Noun = A Singular Subject
 All of the cake has been eaten.

 Most car exhaust contains pollutants that threaten all living things.
 Some fat is good for you.
 If any of the sugar is lost, you will be responsible.
07. Inverted sentence-G subject-Gi Av‡M verb e‡m| G¸‡jv‡Z †Lqvj K‡i subject-‡K verb-Gi mv‡_ agree
Kiv‡Z n‡e|
 Just 2 miles from the factories and sky-scrapers stand a medieval castle which looks
A B C
exactly as it did in the 12th century.
D
 Scarcely were they able to hear the music.
 So hungry was he that he ate nonstop for three whole hours.
 Only once have I been to Argentina.
 There have been several objections to the new policy.
16
08. Using Adjective Clauses: Adjective Clause-Gi subject wnmv‡e Relative Pronoun (who, which
that) eëüZ n‡j H clause-Gi verb-relative pronoun-Gi antecedent Abyhvqx singular ev plural n‡e,
†hgb-
The woman who lives there is my mother Avevi, The women who live there are my aunts.
wKQz wKQz †¶‡Î antecedent wbY©q Ki‡Z cvivUv GKUz KwVb| †hgb-
Either of the two boys who sing is now capable of playing guitar| GLv‡b `yRb evjKB Mvb Mvq GRb¨
who sing n‡”Q (not sings) Avevi main clause-Gi subject ‡h‡nZz singular (either) Kv‡RB is now
capable n‡”Q|
Now, try this one :
 The set of propositions which was discussed by the panel have been published in the society
journal.
(A) which was discussed by the panel have (B) which were discussed by the panel have
(C) that was discussed by the panel has (D) which were discussed by the panel has
(E) Which was discussed, by the panel, has
GLv‡b Proposition-¸‡jv Av‡jvwPZ n‡qwQj (one by one) Avi proposition-Gi set-wU cÖKvwkZ n‡qwQj| Kv‡RB
main clause-Gi verb (has been published) singular I subordinate clause-Gi verb (were
discussed) plural n‡e|
09. Expressions of time, distance, and money are often seen as collective items and so take a
singular verb.
 Two miles is too far to walk in this blistering sun.

 Sixty dollars is a fair price for such an old painting.
 Three days is too long for me to wait.
Practice Exercise
Exercise 1: Identifying Prepositional Phrase

Direction: Underline the prepositional phrases in each of the following sentences.
01. He looked across the broad, serene river.
02. The view was to the east and the south.
03. The bird at the top of that tree is chirping.
04. I pressed the button on the right.
05. Which of the buttons starts the engine?
06. After work I returned the shirt to the store.
07. This lawnmower works well for its age.
08. She wore a beautiful diamond ring on her finger.
09. She wore on her finger a beautiful diamond ring.
10. On her finger, she wore a beautiful diamond ring.
17
Exercise 2: Choosing the Right Verb 1
Circle the appropriate verb in the parentheses below.
1. Gloria and Calvin (are, is) no longer friends.
2. The number of times I have told you I do not want to go to the concert with you (amaze, amazes)
me.
3. Samantha, in addition to Carrie, Charlotte, and Miranda, (is, are) going to the beach on Saturday.
4. Neither Mark nor his neighbors (is, are) able to open the doors to the patio.
5. Next month, Jack and Chrissy, along with Janet, (is, are) moving to the larger apartment upstairs.
6. Tom’s family (is, are) considering whether there (are, is) any affordable places to go on vacation
in Europe.
7. Each of the boys (is, are) overwhelmed by the amount of work to be done.
8. Every one of the golf balls (has, have) been hit into the sand trap.
9. This sandwich is the only one of all the sandwiches made at the deli that (is, are) inedible.
10. Skiing is an example of a sport that (is, are) best learned as a child.

Direction: Choose the correct form of the verb in the following sentences.
01: The rhythm of the pounding waves (is/are) calming.
02: All of the dogs in the neighborhood (were/was) barking.
03: A high tax, not to mention unemployment, (influence/influences) votes.
04: The team and the band (was/were) on the field.
05: John or Doris (write/writes) to us regularly.
06: Neither the basket nor the apples (was/were) expensive.
07: Neither the apples nor the basket (was/were) expensive.
08: Hardest hit by the high temperatures and drought (was/were) the farmers.
09: Everybody in the class (has/have) tickets.
10: Every silver knife, fork, and spoon (has/have) to be counted.
11: The committee (is/are) meeting today.
12: Ten million gallons of oil (is/are) a lot of oil.
13: Ten million gallons of oil (was/were) spilled.
14: The number of students (is/are) very small.
15: A number of students (was/were) absent.
18
Answer Key
Answer to Questions from Discussion of Subject-verb Agreement Rules
 The professor were was traveling in Europe when she received notice of her promotion.
 The professor voted teacher of the year by students were was traveling in Europe when she
received notice of her promotion.
 His knowledge of history and economics aid aids him in his work.
 Production of different kinds of artificial materials are is essential to the conservation of our
natural resources.
 His dog, along with his cat and goldfish, prevent prevents him from taking long trips.
 Linus, accompanied by Snoopy, were was well received at the show.
 Both I and my brother are going to participate in the debate. This sentence has No error.
 Neither of the women is the one who spoke to me yesterday. This sentence has No error.
 Either of the candy machines in this floor is out of order. This sentence has No error.
 Neither the commissioners nor the mayor take the responsibility for the controversial bill.
The correct answer is (D) Neither the mayor nor the commissioners takes
 Either the governor or one of his close aides prefer not to have the Senator seated at the
head of the table where he would be conspicuous. This sentence has No error.
 Just 2 miles from the factories and sky-scrapers stand stands a medieval castle which looks
exactly as it did in the 12th century.
 The set of propositions which was discussed by the panel have been published in the society journal.
The correct answer is (D) which were discussed by the panel has
19
Exercise 1: Identifying Prepositional Phrase
01. He looked across the broad, serene river.
02. The view was to the east and the south.
03. The bird at the top of that tree is chirping.
04. I pressed the button on the right.
05. Which of the buttons starts the engine?
06. After work I returned the shirt to the store.
07. This lawnmower works well for its age.
08. She wore a beautiful diamond ring on her finger.
09. She wore on her finger a beautiful diamond ring.
10. On her finger, she wore a beautiful diamond ring.
Exercise 2: Choosing the Right Verb

1. Gloria and Calvin are no longer friends.
2. The number of times I have told you I do not want to go to the concert with you amazes me.
3. Samantha, in addition to Carrie, Charlotte, and Miranda, is going to the beach on Saturday.
4. Neither Mark nor his neighbors are able to open the doors to the patio.
5. Next month, Jack and Chrissy, along with Janet, are moving to the larger apartment upstairs.
6. Tom’s family is considering whether there are any affordable places to go on vacation in Europe.
7. Each of the boys is overwhelmed by the amount of work to be done.
8. Every one of the golf balls has been hit into the sand trap.
9. This sandwich is the only one of all the sandwiches made at the deli that is inedible.
10. Skiing is an example of a sport that is best learned as a child.

01: is 02: were 03: influences
04: were 05: writes 06: were
07: was 08: was 09: has
10: has 11: is 12: is
13: were 14: is 15: were
20
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21
Chapter-3 PRONOUN RUL ES
01. "A pronoun in a sentence must have a clear and proper antecedent."
 Samantha and Jane went shopping, but she couldn't find anything she liked
It is supposed to be absolutely clear who is being referred to by the pronoun. In the example above
the pronoun ―she‖ could refer to either Samantha or Jane. The pronoun is ambiguous and must be
corrected.
You can do this in three different ways.

 Samantha and Jane went shopping, but Samantha couldn't find anything she liked.
 Samantha and Jane went shopping, but Jane couldn't find anything she liked.
 Samantha and Jane went shopping, but they couldn't find anything they liked.
A_©vr original sentence-G †evSv hvw”Qj bv †h, she ej‡Z Kv‡K †evSv‡”Q| c‡ii wZbUv sentence ØvivB †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q
wKfv‡e fzjUv wVK Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
Try to find errors in the following sentences.
 During her rise to fame, Veronica betrayed many of her friends, and because of it, few
A B C
people trust her. No error
D E
 In New York City, they are brusque and even rude but quick to come to one another's
A B C
assistance in a time of crisis. No error
D E
cÖ_gUv‡Z fzj n‡jv, (C)-‡Z †h it Av‡Q Zvi †Kvb antecedent ‡bB| A_©vr, it wK‡mi e`‡j e‡m‡Q, †mUv †evSv hv‡”Q bv|
AZGe, it-Gi e`‡j †jLv hvq her behavior| wØZxq D`vni‡Y (A)-‡Z they ej‡Z Kv‡ì‡K †evSv‡”Q †mUv cwi®‹vi bq|
The people ej‡Z n‡e|
02. A pronoun must agree with its antecedent, both in number & person, A_©vr antecedent hw`
singular nq, pronoun-Uv‡KI singular n‡Z n‡e Ges antecedent hw` plural nq pronoun-Uv‡KI plural n‡Z
n‡e|
 Although a police officer used to be a symbol of authority, today they receive little
A B C
respect from most people. No error
D E
 The Abbot was an effective administrator who attempted to assign each monk a task
A B
particularly suited to their talents and training. No error
C D E
22
cÖ_gUv‡Z they-Gi antecedent n‡jv a police officer| AZGe, he receives n‡e| Answer n‡jv (B)| wØZxqUv‡Z,
antecedent n‡jv each| AZGe, their-Gi e`‡j his n‡e| DËi (D)|
 In this article they imply that everybody who dislike this philosophy must still accept its
principal tenet themselves.
(A) In this article they imply that everybody who dislike this philosophy must still
accept its principal tenet themselves.
(B) The author of this article implies that everybody who dislikes this philosophy must
still accept its principal tenet themselves.
(C) The author of this article implies that everybody who dislikes this philosophy must
still accept its principal tenet himself..
(D) The author in this article implies that everybody who dislike this philosophy must
himself still accept its principal tenet.
(E) The author implies that everybody who dislike this philosophy must themselves still
accept its principal tenet.
GLv‡b they-Gi †Kvb antecedent ‡bB, ZvB GKUv noun (the author) wb‡q Avmv n‡jv| Everybody _vKv‡Z
dislikes n‡e Ges themselves-Gi ¯’v‡b himself n‡e| Answer n‡jv (C)|
Make necessary corrections in the following sentences:

1) Those of us who are over fifty years old should get their blood pressure checked regularly.
2) A mother who works outside has to prepare for emergencies when she cannot be there to
take care of your sick child.
3) Our neighbours know that when they go on vacation we will get his mail for him.
(1)-G their Gi e`‡j our, (2)-‡Z your e`‡j her, (3)-‡Z neighbours antecedent nIqv‡Z his-Gi e`‡j
their n‡e, Ges him-Gi e`‡j them n‡e|
03. ev‡K¨ cÖ_‡g antecedent wn‡m‡e one/anyone/a person cÖf…wZ _vK‡j pronoun-Uv he/ she/one wKsev
possessive form G one's/his/her wKsev objective form-G him/her n‡Z cv‡i, wKš‘ KLbB you n‡e bv|
you hLb antecedent wn‡m‡e _vK‡e, GKgvÎ ZLbB pronoun-Uv you ev your n‡Z cv‡i|
bx‡Pi D`vniY¸‡jv †Lqvj K‡i †`Lyb t
Incorrect : One should take your duties seriously.

Correct : One should take one's/his/her duties seriously.
Or You should take your duties seriously.
 After three years of college education, a person should be allowed to apply to graduate
A
school, because by that time you are ready to choose a profession. No error
B C D E
†k‡li D`vni‡Y nVvr K‡i (C)-‡Z you-‡Z hvIqv hv‡e bv; †Kbbv, antecedent n‡jv a person. AZGe, he/she is n‡e|
23
04. When in doubt about the correctness of WHO/WHOM, try substituting the subject/object of a
simpler pronoun to clarify the meaning.
 I don't know who/whom Sarah loved.
Who/whom ‡ei Kivi Dcvq t who/whom Gi c‡i †h verb _v‡K, †mB verb Gi subject wPwýZ Kiv| GLv‡b, loved-
Gi subject n‡jv Sarah| AZGe, evKx pronoun-Uv wbðq object n‡e| AZGe, whom jvM‡e| hvi †hfv‡e myweav †mfv‡e
†Póv Ki‡eb|
 There was a discussion as to who/whom was better suited.

 The contest judges were told to give the prize to whomever drew the best picture.
(A) to give the prize to whomever drew the best picture
(B) to give the prize to whoever drew the best picture
(C) to give whomever drew the best picture the prize.
(D) to give to whoever drew the best picture the prize.
(E) to give the prize to whomever it was who drew the best picture
05. Except, between, among, with, without, including, but (hLb but Gi A_© n‡jv except = e¨ZxZ) Ges
G¸‡jvmn Ab¨ hZ preposition Av‡Q, me¸‡jvi c‡i objective pronoun n‡e| A‡b‡KB cÖvqB fyj K‡ib e‡j Dc‡ii
preposition-¸‡jv wbw`©ófv‡e e‡jB †`q n‡jv|
 Every conservative candidate except Smith and she was defeated in the election.
(A) except Smith and she (B) Except Smith and her (C) excepting Smith and she
(D) but not she and Smith (E) outside of her and Smith
except _vKv‡Z her n‡e Ges every _vKv‡Z was jvM‡e| him, her cÖf„wZ n‡jv objective case.
Answer (B)
 The judges were unable to decide one single winner, so they divided first prize between
A B C
John and he.
D
GUv‡Z between-Gi c‡i (D)-‡Z him jvM‡e|
 Everybody except the pitcher and me was injured in that game.
(A) except the pitcher and me was (B) except the pitcher and me were
(C) except the pitcher and I was (D) accept the pitcher and me was
(E) accept the pitcher and me was
except _vKv‡Z me n‡e Ges everyone-Gi Rb¨ was n‡e| Answer (A)
24
06. A gerund is that form of the verb which ends in–ing, and has the force of a noun and a verb.
A_©vr, -ing hy³ †h verb KvR K‡i noun wn‡m‡e †mUvB n‡jv gerund.
wbqg n‡jv gerund-Gi Av‡M pronoun _vK‡j, †mUv possessive case n‡e|
 Although Peter had been looking forward to the debate for weeks, a sore throat prevented
A B C
him taking part. No error.
D E
GLv‡b taking n‡jv gerund| AZGe, Gi Av‡M possessive adjective his jvM‡e| Answer (D)
Pronoun Drill-1
Focus : Identifying and correcting pronoun agreement.
Directions : If the underlined form is correct, mark the sentence C. If the underlined form is
incorrect, mark the sentence X, and write a correction for the underlined form in the blank at the
end of the sentence. Then circle the referent (the noun to which the pronoun refers).
01. ___ Unlike other cats, the cheetah cannot fully extract their claws. _____
02. ___ One cannot see through translucent materials, but light can pass through it. __
03. ___ Investment banking is concerned with the sale of government bonds, and they also deals
with corporate stocks and bonds. _______
04. ___ The oldest known forms of fossils are those of microscopic plants similar to algae._______
05. ___ Gene Krupa had one of the few big bands who was centered around a drummer. ______
06. ___ Emeralds get its beautiful green color from titanium and chromium impurities in the stone._
07. ___ The viola is larger and heavier than the violin, and she has a darker, somewhat nasal tone._
08. ___ The Ringling Brothers were five brothers which built a small group of performers into the
world’s largest circus. ______
09. ___ Storms on the planet Saturn may be larger than the planet Earth itself. _____
10. ___ The molecules of a liquid are held together tighter than that of a gas. ______
11. ___ Ducks make nests out of leaves and its own feathers. _______
12. ___ The clipper ship Flying Cloud was one of the faster ships of their kind. ____
13. ___ There are thousands of kinds of bacteria, many of whom are beneficial. ____
25
14. ___ When babies reach the age of 1, her growth begins to slow down. _______
15. ___ The arrangement of keys on the keyboard of a personal computer is almost the same as
those on a standard typewriter. _______
Pronoun Drill-2
Focus : Identifying and correcting errors involving incorrect types and forms of pronouns.
Directions : If the underlined form is correct, mark the sentence C. If the underlined form is
incorrect, mark the sentence X, and write a correction for the underlined form in the blank at the
end of the sentence.
01. ___ Artist Margaret Leng Tan combined dance and piano-playing in her performances. _____
02. ___ Over the years, the intensive breeding of domestic rabbits has given their softer, finer fur
than wild rabbits. ______
03. ___ New England poet Edwin A. Robinson moved to New York City in 1896 and devoted himself
to his writing. _____
04. ___ Yellow journalism was a form of news reporting it emphasized the spectacular aspects of the
news. _____
05. ___ There are between 100 and 400 billion stars in ours galaxy, the Milky Way. ____
06. ___ The atoms of a crystal always arrange them into a specific array, called a lattice. _____
07. ___ Fred Astaire and Gene Kelly were basically tap dancers, but their both added some ballet
movements to their dance steps. _____
08. ___ The Pritzken Prize is given every year to architects their work benefits humanity and the
environment. ______
09. ___ Charleston, South Carolina, has preserved to a remarkable degree it historic houses and
famous gardens. ______
10. ___ Ice fishermen sometimes build small, movable huts to protect them from the cold winds.
_________
Pronoun Drill-3
Focus: Identifying errors involving the incorrect inclusion of pronouns.
26
Directions: If the sentence contains a pronoun that is incorrectly included, mark that sentence X,
and underline the pronoun. If the sentence does not contain a pronoun inclusion, mark that sentence
C. The first one is done as an example.
X 1. The first great public library in the United States it was founded in Boston in the
1830s.
______ 2. Floods which cause billions of dollars worth of property damage in the United States
annually.
______ 3. As a class, percussion instruments such as drums that are the simplest in construction
of any musical instruments.
______ 4. Richard G. Hatcher of Gary, Indiana, he was one of the first black mayors of a sizable
American City.
______ 5. Active stocks are stocks which are frequently bought and sold.
______ 6. There are many species of plants and animals that they are peculiar to Hawaii.
______ 7. Pipettes are glass tubes, open at both ends, which chemists use them to transfer small
volumes of liquid.
______ 8. When molten basalt cools, it forms six-sided columns.
______ 9. Elizabeth Peabody, founder of the first American Kindergarten, she helped gain
acceptance of that institution as a regular part of public education.
______ 10. Today scientists obtain the information which they use to make weather predication
chiefly from satellites.
______ 11. Cells often obtain water through which the process of osmosis.
______ 12. The lighting of large outdoor arenas it first became feasible in the 1930s.
27
Answer Key
Pronoun Drill - 1
1. X its (4) C (7) X it 10. X those (13) X which

2. X them (5) X that (or which) (8) X who 11. X their (14) X their
3. X it (6) X their (9) C 12. X its (15) X that
Pronoun Drill - 2
1. C (4) X that (or which) (7) X they 10. X themselves
2. X them (5) X our (8) X whose
3. C (6) X themselves (9) X its
Pronoun Drill - 3
1. X it (4) X he (7) X them 10. C
2. X which (5) C (8) C 11. X which
3. X that (6) X they (9) X she 12. X it
28
Chapter-4
I mpor tant Ten se Rule s
Mistakes relating tense rules often involve the following types.
01. GKB mg‡qi NUbv eY©Yv Ki‡Z GKB ev‡K¨ GKB ai‡Yi tense eënvi Ki‡Z n‡e| bx‡Pi D`vniYUv †`Lyb :
 The teacher began to discuss the homework assignment when he will be interrupted
A B C
by the sound of the fire alarm.
D
cÖ_‡g wQ‡jv began| A_©vr past tense| AZGe, (C)-‡Z was n‡e|
02. If two events have taken place in the past but one event occurred prior to the other, the later of
the two events must be in the past tense, and the earlier of the two must be in the past perfect
tense- A_©vr `yBwU past tense-Gi g‡a¨ †hUv Av‡M N‡U, †mUv‡K past perfect AvKv‡i wjL‡Z n‡e|
Now, try this one:
 When I saw smoke pouring from the engine, I realized that I forgot to add oil.
(A) I realized that I forgot to add oil.
(B) I had realized that I forgot to add oil.
(C) I had realized that I had forgotten to add oil.
(D) I realized that I would forgot to add oil.
(E) I realized that I had forgotten to add oil.
03. Here is another type of tense error. Try the following question:
 She is not & does not intend to run for political office.
(A) She is not and does not intend to run
(B) She is not running and does not intend to
(C) She is not and will not intend to run
(D) She is not running and does not intend to run
(E) She has not and does not intend to run
This sentence contains example of an ellipsis (Ellipsis A_© evK¨ †_‡K GK/GKvwaK k‡ãi ev` cov) in the
omission of ―running‖ after the first ―not‖. In a construction like this one, the verb may properly be
omitted only if it is in the same form as another appearance of the same verb. Since ―running‖ is the
omitted form and ―run‖ is the form that appears later in the sentence, ―running‖ must appear after
the first ―not‖.
29
Now check whether the following sentences are correct:
a. She had never run and does not intend to run.
b. Baseball has and probably always will be the sport that symbolizes for people in other countries
the American way of life.
 Here we present a chart containing all of the tense structures and their usage:
TENSE USED FOR EXAMPLE

SIMPLE (A) a present state of affairs. (A) My sister lives in Barishal.
PRESENT (B) a general fact (B) The sun rises in the east.
(C) habitual actions (C) I listen to the radio in the
(D) future timetables mornings.
(D) My flight leaves at 10:10.
PRESENT (A) a specific action that is occurring (A) Jahed is watching TV (right now).
CONTINUOUS (B) a general activity that takes place (B) My sister is living in Brasil.
over a period of time Sumi’s condition is improving.
(C) future arrangements These days, I’m taking it easy.
(C) I’m inviting Shoma to the party on
Friday.
SIMPALE (A) an action that began and ended at a (A) The mail came early this morning.
PAST particular time in the past (B) Dad worked in advertising for ten
(B) an action that occurred over a years.
period of time but was completed in (C) We jogged every morning before
the past class.
(C) an activity that took place regularly
in the past
PAST (A) interrupted actions (A) I was sewing when the telephone rang.
CONTINUOUS (B) a continuous state or repeated While I was sewing, the telephone rang.
action in the past (B) She was looking very ill.
(C) events planned in the past I was meeting lots of people at that time.
(C) Moin was leaving for Italy but had
to make a last-minute connection.
FUTURE (A) expressing a future intent based on (A) Rahat is going to bring his sister
(going to) a decision made in the past tonight.
(B) predicting an event that is likely to (B) You’re going to pass the test. Don’t
happen in the future worry.
(C) predicting an event that is likely to (C) I don’t feel well. I’m going to faint.
happen based on the present conditions
FUTURE (A) making a decision at the time of (A) I’ll call you after lunch.
(will) speaking (B) You will pass the test. Don’t worry.
(B) predicting an event that is likely to (C) If I don’t feel better soon, I will go
happen in the future to the doctor.
(C) indicating willingness to do something
FUTURE (A) an action that will be ongoing at a (A) At noon tomorrow, I’ll be taking
CONTINUOUS particular time in the future. the children to their piano lessons
(B) future actions which have already (B) I’ll be wearing my black evening
been decided dress to the dinner.
30
TENSE USED FOR EXAMPLE
PRESENT (A) an action that happened at an (A) She has never climbed a mountain.
PERFECT unspecified time I’m sorry, I have forgotten your name.
(B) an action that has recently (B) He’s just gone to sleep.
occurred (C) Arun has lived in Germany all his life.
(C) an action that began in the past I’ve been here since Monday.
and continues up to the present He’s known her for two weeks.
(often used with ―for‖ or ―since‖ (D) We have flown across the Pacific
(D) an action that happened repeatedly four times.
before now I’ve failed my driver’s test twice.
PRESENT (A) an action that began in the past (A) Have you been raking the lawn?
PERFECT and has just recently ended. There’s grass all over your pant legs.
CONTINUOUS (B) an action that began in the past (B) Arif has been studying for two
and continues in the present hours.
(C) an action repeated over a period of (C) Farid has been smoking since he
time in the past and continuing in was thirteen.
the present (D) I’ve been thinking about going to
(D) a general action recently in college next year.
progress (no particular times is
mentioned)
PAST (A) a past action that occurred before (A) Police had left hours before we got
PERFECT another past action. there.
(B) an action that was expected to (B) I had hoped to know about the job
occur in the past before now.
PAST (A) an action that occurred before (A) They had been playing tennis
PERFECT another past action before the storm broke.
CONTINUOUS (B) an action that was expected to His eyes hurt because he had been
occur in the past reading for eight hours.
(B) I had been expecting his change in
attitude.
FUTURE (A) an action that will be completed (A) By next July, my parents will have
PERFECT before a particular time in the been married for fifty years.
future
FUTURE (A) emphasizing the length of time that (A) By May, my father will have been
PERFECT has occurred before a specific time working at the same job for thirty
CONTINOUS in the future. years.
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Conditional Sentences
All conditional sentences contain a dependent clause and an independent clause. The dependent
clause usually begins with if; it expresses a condition. The independent clause expresses a result of
the condition. The if-clause is usually first, but the order of the clauses is usually not important.
Thus, these two sentences have basically the same meaning:
If she goes to the store, she will buy ice cream.

She will buy ice cream if she goes to the store.
Conditional sentences can be classified in the way shown below.
Real Conditionals
Real Present
If it rains, we carry our umbrellas
If it is raining, we may carry our umbrellas
Real Future
If it rains tomorrow, we will carry our umbrellas
It the sun is shining tomorrow, he will have already gone to the beach by the time we get to his
house.
Unreal Conditionals
Unreal Past
If there had been more time, we would have finished the project.
If she hadn’t been dancing, she would never have broken her leg.
Unreal Present/Future
If I called the president, he probably wouldn’t speak to me.
If you studied harder, I’m sure you would do better in school.
If they were playing instead of sleeping, their mother might be very angry.
32
Here’s another, rather easier, way to classify conditional sentences based on their structures.
If Clause Result Clause

Present Present/Future
If you really want to learn Italian, you need to spend some time in Italy.
If I go to Berlin, I’ll travel by tram.
Past would/ could/ + Base Verb
If I went to Berlin, I would travel by train.
If you were driving from Dhaka to Kushtia, which way would you go?
Past Perfect(had + past participle) would/ could/ + have + past participle
If you had started out earlier, you wouldn’t have been so late.
If she hadn’t been ill, she would have gone to the concert.
Omitting the word if in Conditionals:

When using the conditional with the verbs “be”, “have”, and “should”, the word “if may be omitted.
Examples:
If he had called me, I would not have been so angry.
Had he called me, I would not have been so angry.
If it were sunny today, I would gladly volunteer to go.

Were it sunny today, I would gladly volunteer to go
If she hadn’t called me, I would never have heard the news.
Had she not called me, I would never have heard the news.
If you shouldn’t manage to find her, please let me know.

Should you not manage to find her, please let me know.
 Moods
Yes, even verbs can have moods-three of them, in fact. Only the subjunctive causes any problems.
Indicative mood: for statement of fact or asking a question.

He’s back.
His teeth are green.
Are you eating cheese?
Imperative mood: for commands or directions.
Do it now.
33
Call me.
Follow the road to the foundry.
Subjunctive mood: for statements that are contrary to fact, or that clauses of order, demand,
recommendation.
1. Contrary to fact simply means not true. For example:

The girl said that if she were a boy, She would want to play for the Knicks.
A girls is speaking, so the clause if she were a boy is a statement contrary to fact,
which means we use the subjunctive.
2. That clauses of order, demand, recommendation. For example:

The girl demanded that she be allowed to try out for the Knicks.
Here’s what is funky about the subjunctive mood: she is usually conjugated with was. She was, not
she were. And in the second example, the regular conjugation would be she is allowed, not she be
allowed.
The subjunctive for the verb to be is be for present tense (she be allowed) and were for past tense.
The subjunctive for all other verbs is third person plural – the verb that goes with they.
The best way to understand the subjunctive is to look at some examples:
If it were August, I would go to the beach.

She ordered that the door be closed.
He recommends that she write her paper tonight. (not writes)
If I were you, I would go back to bed.
I recommend that he take the bus. (not takes)
It was imperative that john call at just that moment. (not called)
Other Words and expression that can introduce this form of the subjunctive are:
Verbs adjectives Nouns

suggest important a requirement
demand vital a necessity
insist essential a law
advise crucial a regulation
request necessary a stipulation
stipulate
Note that some of these expressions will be found from time to time without the simple form in the
noun clause.
Now, look at this example:

The police suggested that Chengi Babu was hiding in the abandoned building on Free School street.
The reason for not using the simple form in the above sentence is that the subject of the main
clause (police) is not exercising force onto the subject of the noun clause (Chengi Babu). Instead,
the police here are simply making a guess about the location on of the criminal. All of the cases in
34
which the simple form is used in nouns clauses after such expressions must include the idea of force
or obligation.
Practice Exercise
Exercise: Verb Tense 1
Choose the correct verb tense in the parentheses for each sentence below.
1. Yesterday afternoon, clouds rolled in, the sky grew ominous, and thunder (was, is) heard in the
distance.
2. Before the union leadership even began salary negotiations, it (had made, made) up its mind to
stand firm in its position.
3. The Boy Scouts (love, loved) their new clubhouse, which they built last summer.
4. My new co-workers (had been, were) very friendly to me until they learned my salary was
considerably higher than theirs.
5. Roberts already (finished, had finished) the experiments by the time Fuller made the discovery in
his own laboratory.
6. Since 1980, several economies in developed nations (are experiencing, have experienced)
declines and recoveries.
7. The belief in vampires (was first recorded, had first been recorded) in the early fifteenth century.
8. By the time Spanish explorers first encountered them, the Aztecs (have developed, had
developed) the calendar.
9. Unlike the brown sparrow, the passenger pigeon (was slaughtered indiscriminately, had been
slaughtered indiscriminately) and became extinct in 1914.

Direction: Chose the correct form of the verb from the options in the parenthesis.
01. The earliest automobiles were started with a crank that the driver (has /had) to turn manually
before getting into the driver’s seat.
02. Yesterday Sam (has seen / was seen) on a bicycle.
03. Today neurochips (are designing /are being designed) for processing many tracks at once.
04. In 1990, a play by Beckett (had selected / had been selected) selected at the international
theater festival in Paris.
35
05. The workers viewed the work-sharing plan with hostility out of fear that it (will /would)l
undermine the seniority system and negatively affect retirement benefits.
06. Women (voted / have voted) in presidential elections since 1921.
07. By the time the troops (arrived / had arrived), the war had ended.
08. By the time the troops arrive, the combat group (will spend / will have spent) several weeks
waiting.
09. Judy (has / had) saved thirty dollars by the end of last month.
10. Judy (will / will have) saved thirty dollars by the end of this month.
Exercise: Conditional Sentences

Direction: Chose the correct form of verb written within the parenthesis.
01. If it rains, we (carry/carried) our umbrellas.

02. If it (rains/will rain) tomorrow, we will carry our umbrellas.
03. If there had been more time, we (would finish/would have finished) the project.
04. If she (hadn’t been/wasn’t) dancing, she would never have broken her leg.
05. If I (called/had called) the president, he probably wouldn’t speak to me.
06. If you (studied/had studied) harder, I’m sure you would do better in school.
Answer Key to Practice Exercise
Exercise: Verb Tense

The correct verb is underlined.
1. Yesterday afternoon clouds rolled in, the sky grew ominous, and thunder was heard in the
distance.
[There is no reason to switch verb tense, and all the other verbs (rolled, grew) are in the past
tense.]
2. Before the union leadership even began salary negotiations, it had made up its mind to stand firm
in its position.
[Past perfect is the correct tense here because, while both actions occurred in the past, one
action (had made) occurred before the other.]
3. The Boy Scouts love their new clubhouse, which they built themselves last summer.
[Presumably they still love their clubhouse, so it’s okay to switch from the past tense to the
present tense.]
4. My new co-workers had been friendly to me until they learned my salary was considerably higher
than theirs.
[Past perfect is the best tense here because both events happened in the past, but one
happened before the other.]
36
5. Roberts already had finished the experiments by the time Fuller made the discovery in his own
laboratory.
6. Since 1980, several economies in developed nations have experienced declines and recoveries.
[Present perfect is the best tense because the declines began in the past and continue into the
present.]
7. The belief in vampires was first recorded in the early fifteenth century.
[The simple past is best here because the sentence describes an action in the past that has been
completed.]
8. By the time Spanish explorers first encountered them, the Aztecs had developed the calendar.
9. Unlike the brown sparrow, the passenger pigeon was slaughtered indiscriminately and became
extinct in 1914.
[The simple past is best here because the sentence describes an action in the past that has been
completed.]

1. had 2. was seen 3. are being designed 4. had been selected 5. would
6. have voted 7. arrived 8. will have spent 9. had 10. will have
Exercise: Conditional Sentences

1. carry 2. rains 3. would have finished
4. hadn’t been 5. called 6. studied
37
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38
Chapter-5
COM PARISON & QUANTI T Y WO RDS
ADJECTIVES AND THEIR USAGE
Adjectives are descriptive words. Gorgeous, hideous, smelly, baggy, pathetic are all adjectives. They
describe, or modify nouns.
Less obviously descriptive are adjectives that show which one or how many: that man, his dessert,
enough meatloaf, every dog. Notice how the adjectives clarify which noun (or how many of each
noun) is being talked about? In English adjectives almost always come before noun: a happy fellow,
green mangoes.
 An adjective like ugly can be relative; in other words, you aren’t necessarily either ugly or not
ugly – you can be ugly in degrees. To show this kind of comparison, there are three forms of
adjective:
Positive comparative superlative
ugly uglier ugliest
mean meaner meanest
If you are comparing only one thing to another, form the comparative by adding -er to the adjective:
My dog is uglier than your dog.
If you are comparing more than two things, form the superlative by adding -est to the adjective:
My dog is the ugliest dog on earth.
 Some adjectives do not lend themselves to adding -er or -est to the stem. In these cases, use
more as the comparative and most as the superlative. Your ear should be able to decide which
form is appropriate.
Your dog is more beautiful than my dog. That is the most unbelievable thing I have ever heard.
 Some adjectives are absolute—you either have the quality or you don't. So there is no
comparative or superlative for adjectives such as perfect, dead, square, essential.
You can't be deader than someone else who is only dead. And you know from geometry that
squares must have four equal sides and four right angles— so a shape either conforms to that
definition, or it doesn't. Essential means necessary, indispensable; the quality isn't relative.
When advertisers scream "Makes your whites whiter!" they may sell more detergent, but they
are guilty of misusing adjectives.
39
Absolute adjectives:
absolute basic square certain unique meaningless

complete empty full entire immortal obvious
devoid excellent essential fatal pure superior
final dead harmless perfect universal ultimate
You get the idea. If you're wondering about a word that's not on the list, think about its meaning.
Does it seem to express an absolute quality?
 Adjectives that describe how much or how many are often misused. If you are talking about
something that you can count individually, use fewer, number of, many. If you are talking about
something that can't be counted individually—something that's more like a glob, or a quantity—
use less, amount of, much.
I ate fewer french fries than you did.

You ate less mashed potatoes than I did.
RULES OF COMPARISON
Rule 01: Say what you mean.
Take a look at this example:

Pinky loves me more than Bodi.
Could mean:
Pinky loves me more than Bodi does.
Or: Pinky loves me more than she loves Bodi.
A faulty comparison is not just a grammatical error it could lead to romantic disaster. So:
Rule 02: When comparing actions, make sure to include both verbs, or the correct subject pronoun.
Boni hit more sixes than Robi did.
Or: Boni hit more sixes than did Robi.

Not: Boni hit more sixes than Robi.
Kuddus works harder than I do.
Or: Kuddus works harder than I. (the do is understood)

Not: Kuddus works harder than me.
40
Faulty comparisons also occur when comparing nouns;
Mamun’s socks are uglier than Motaleb.

Could mean:
Mamun’s socks are uglier than Motaleb is.
Or: Mamun’s socks are uglier than Motaleb’s socks.
Another quick path to confusion:

Unlike his earlier work, which was characterized by thorough analysis and research, Rob Mia
seems to have gotten too bored with his subject to do an acceptable job.
This sentence fails to compare equal parts. Unlike her earlier work promises a comparison to some
other work, but, instead we get Rob Mia. Fix it like this:
Unlike his earlier work, which was characterized by thorough analysis and research, Rob Mia’s
latest report shows that he may have gotten too bored with his subject to do an acceptable job.
Rule 03: When comparing nouns, make sure both nouns are actually in the sentence, and that the
nouns are comparable.
Pinky’s allowance is more generous than Sogra’s.
Or: Pinky's allowance is more generous than Sogra’s allowance.

Or: Pinky's allowance is more generous than that of Sogra.
Not: Pinky's allowance is more generous than Sogra.
Her stocks and bonds were more valuable than Boni’s.

Or: Her stocks and bonds were more valuable than those of Boni.
Or: Her stocks and bonds were more valuable than Boni’s stocks and bonds.
Not: Her stocks and bonds were more valuable than Boni.
Comparisons are almost always made with the words than, as, like, unlike. If you find yourself
making faulty comparisons, look for these signal words in your sentences and make sure your
comparisons read the way you mean them to.
DRILL: Fixing Faulty Comparisons
Correct the following sentences if necessary.
01. Unlike mushrooms and other fungi, we cultivate tomatoes in as much sun as possible.
02. At the state fair Pinky’s tomatoes won more prizes than Bob.
03. Like asparagus, strawberries do not produce fruit in their first year.
04. Pinky had done more research on organic gardening than Bob.
05.Unlike her office job, Pinky discovered that she could garden endlessly, without getting tired or
bored.
41
Memory Test: Comparison and Quantity Words
01. The seeds of some peppers are hotter (than/ than those of) others.
02. The bedrooms in this house are smaller than (the first house/ those of the first house) we saw.
03. The salary of a teacher is (lower than/ lower than that of) a lawyer.
04. In my opinion, biology is more interesting than (any subject/ any other subject).
05. Kabir got better grades than (anyone/ anyone else) is his class.
06. The larger a drop of water, the higher (than its/ its) freezing temperature.
07. The social system of bumblebees is not so complex (as/ than) that of honeybees.
08. Last night I ate (fewer/ less) apples than Tinni did.
09. Tinni considers the apples to be (a perfect/ the most perfect) food.
10. Although she ate many apples, she took (little/ few) milk.
Key to Memory Test: Comparison and Quantity Words

01. than those of 02. those of the first house 03. lower than that of
04. any other subject 05. anyone else 06. its
07. as 08. fewer 09. a perfect
10. little
42
Chapter-6 Parallelism
Many sentences present information in a list or series. The list or series may consist of two or more
parts that have the same grammatical function. This listing is known as parallel structure.
HOW PARALLEL STRUCTURES ARE FORMED:

Using Coordinate Conjunctions (and, but, or and yet)
The coordinate conjunctions that involve parallel structure are: and, but and or. These conjunctions
can link any part of speech as well as phrases and even entire clauses. See the examples below.
Verbs linked: I would like to visit but not live in Sylhet City.
Notice that the word to precedes both visit and live in, so they are parallel structures. The following
sentence is also correct:
I would like to visit but not to live in Sylhet City.
Adverbs linked: You can travel comfortably, quickly, or safely, but never all three at
the same time.
Prepositional
phrases linked : You can get there by driving around the tunnel or over the mountain.
Noun clause
linked : I know that she loves him but he doesn’t love her.
Using Correlative Conjunctions
English also has a set of paired conjunctions that are called correlative conjunctions. They are either
.... or, neither .... nor, not only ..... but also, and both .... and. Correlative conjunctions add
emphasis when they are used.
Like coordinate conjunctions, structures linked by correlative conjunctions must be in parallel

structure.
Nouns linked: Both mother and daughter have beautiful black hair.
Verbs linked: One can either see or hear if there is a problem with the car.
Adjectives linked: The speech is neither too long nor too boring.
In the last example above, the word too comes before both adjectives. If only one too were used,
the structures would no longer be parallel, therefore, the sentence would be incorrect.
Using Than and Not

Note also that than and sometimes not also follow the rule of parallel structure:
Verbs linked: I would rather die than hurt a single hair on her head.
Nouns Linked: It was the roller coaster, not the popcorn, that made me sick!
43
DRILL – 1
Focus: Identifying and correcting errors with parallel structures. (Note: One or two items in this
exercise do not focus on errors involving parallel structures).
Directions: Decide which of the four underlined words or phrases – (A), (B), (C), or (D) – would
not be considered correct, and write the letter of that expression in the blank. Then,
on the line at the end of the sentence, write a correction for the underlined phrase.
01. The bellflower is a wildflower that grows in shady fields, in marshes, and mountain slopes. __
A B C D
02. Eggs may be boiled in the shell, scrambled, fried, and cooked in countless another ways. ___
A B C D
03. Modern motorcycles are lighter, faster, and specialized than motorcycles of twenty-five years
A B C D
ago. _____
04. Mathematics can be considered a language, an art, a science, a tool, or playing a game.
A B C D
________
05. Paper may contain vegetable, minerals, or man-made fibers. ________
A B C D
06. According to Susan Sontag, our concepts of art, beauty, and nature has been changed
A B C D
by photography. _______
07. The economist Kenneth Boulding proposed a single social science that would unify
A B
economic, sociology, and political science. _______
C D
08. The teeth front are used to bite food, the canines to tear it, and the molars to grind it. ______
A B C D
09. An ant’s antennae provide it with the senses of hear, smell, touch, and taste. _____
A B C D
DRILL - 2
Focus : Completing structure problems involving parallelism. (Note: One or two items in the
exercise do NOT focus on items involving parallel structures).
Directions: Choose the one options – (A), (B), (C), or (D) – that correctly completes the sentence,
then mark the appropriate blank.
01. Insects provide many beneficial services, such as ________, breaking down deadwood, and
44
pollinating plants.
_____ (A) they condition soils _____ (B) to condition soil
_____ (C) conditioning the soil _____ (D) Soil conditioned
02. The Sioux language is spoken not only _____ Sioux but also by the Crow and Osage tribes.
_____ (A) by the _____ (B) the
_____ (C) do the _____ (D) and the
03. In 1990 electrically powered cars were more popular than gasoline powered cars because they
were quiet, operated smoothly, and _________ .
_____ (A) handled easily _____ (B) ease of handling
_____ (C) handling easily _____ (D) ease to handle
04. Paint can be applied to surface with rollers, _______, or spray guns.
_____ (A) brushes _____ (B) brushes can be used
_____ (C) with brushes _____ (D) by brush
05. The use of labor-saving devices in homes, _________ and in factories added to the amount of
leisure time people had.
_____ (A) at office _____ (B) used in offices
_____ (C) offices _____ (D) in offices
ANSWERS : DRILL - 1
01. D 04. D 07. C

02. D 05. C 08. A
03. C 06. D 09. C
ANSWERS : DRILL - 2
01. C 04. A
02. A 05. D
03. A
45
Chapter-7
Misplaced and Dangling Modifiers
Before going to our main lesson, let’s remember how we use the word ―only‖. In most cases, we
place the adverb only before the word or group of words it modifies. The meaning of a sentence
becomes unclear if only is positioned incorrectly, right? Let’s see:
Unclear : Only Nickie wears glove in the dead of winter. (Nickie is the only person who wears
gloves.)
Unclear : Nickie wears only gloves in the dead of winter. (Nickie is probably rather chilly because
she isn’t wearing anything but gloves.)
Clear : Nickie wears gloves only in the dead of winter. (Nickie doesn’t wear gloves in warm
weather.)
See, how the misplaced ―only‖ may cause embarrassment. So, while using modifiers we have to be
very cautious.
Modifiers should be placed as close as possible to the words they modify.
Misplaced Modifiers are modifiers (words, phrases, or clauses) that cause confusion because they
modify the wrong word or seem to modify more than one word in a sentence. To make the meaning
of the sentence clear, move the modifier as close as possible to the word it modifies.
Misplaced : Interested in a compromise, the mediator’s suggestions appealed to both parties.
Clear : The mediator’s suggestions appealed to both parties interested in a compromise.
Dangling modifiers are modifiers that do not logically modify any word in the sentence. A sentence
with a dangling modifier often can be rewritten correctly by supplying the words that are implied.
Dangling: After trying for many years to locate my birth mother, she lives in Barishal.
Clear : After trying for many years to locate my birth mother, I found her living in Barishal.
46
STRUCTURE OF MODIFIERS AND THEIR USAGE
Structure Example Correction

Present Walking along the beach, the ship Walking along the beach, the man
Participle was spotted by the man. spotted the ship.
Past Participle Based on this study, the scientist Based on this study, several
could make several conclusions. conclusions could be made by the
scientist.
Appositive A resort city in Arkansas, the A resort city in Arkansas, Hot
population of Hot Springs is about Springs has a population of about
35,000. 35,000.
Reduced While peeling onions, his eyes While he was peeling onions, his
Adverb Clause began to water. eyes began to water.
Adjective Warm and mild, everyone enjoys Everyone enjoys the warm, mild
Phrases the climate of the Virgin Islands. climate of the Virgin Islands.
Expressions Like most cities, parking is a Like most cities, San Francisco has
with Like or problem in a parking problem.
Unlike San Francisco.
QUICK DRILL 1
Direction : Draw a line under the dangling or misplaced modifier in each sentence.
Example : Taking my time, we arrived late to the party.
01. Before leaving for school, breakfast is a good thing.

02. After it scored the winning touchdown, the crowd cheered the home team.
03. Watching from the river bank, the rafters floated through the white water and past us.
04. Swimming in our very best form, the trophy was richly deserved.
05. Roasting meat and baking bread, the smells coming from the kitchen were most enticing.
06. Dark and threatening, the artist studied the stormy sky.
07. Singing all morning, the muscles of my mouth were rather sore.
08. Film critics did not seem to enjoy the movie unlike the general public.
09. The darkest night can be made as bright as the day with electricity.
10. Relaxing with nothing to do, the sunny afternoon make me sleepy.
47
QUICK DRILL 2
Direction: From the following pairs of sentences, select the one which is correct.
01. (A) Piled up next to the washer, I began doing the laundry.
(B) I began doing the laundry piled up next to the washer.
02. (A) While John was talking on the phone, the doorbell rang.
(B) While talking on the phone, the doorbell rang.
03. (A) Standing on the balcony, the ocean view was magnificent.
(B) Standing on the balcony, we had a magnificent ocean view.
04. (A) As I was running across the floor, the rug slipped and I lost my balance,
(B) Running across the floor, the rug slipped and I lost my balance.
05. (A) While taking out the trash, the sack broke.
(B) While Jamie was taking out the trash, the sack broke.
06. (A) I almost listened to the whole album.
(B) I listened to almost the whole album.
07. (A) He was staring at the girl wearing dark glasses by the vending machine.
(B) He was staring at the girl by the vending machine wearing dark glasses.
08. (A) We read that Jinat was married in her last letter.
(B) In her last letter, we read that Jinat was married.
09. (A) The faulty alarm nearly sounded five times yesterday.
(B) The faulty alarm system sounded nearly five times yesterday.
10. (A) On the evening news, I heard that there was a revolution.
(B) I heard that there was a revolution on the evening news.
PRACTICE EXERCISE
Focus : Completing structure problems involving misplaced modifiers (Note : All the items in this
exercise focus on misplaced modifiers.)
Directions : Choose the question – (A), (B), (C), or (D) – that correctly completes the sentences
then mark the appropriate blank.
01. Fearing economic hardship, ______ .

_____ (A) many New Englanders emigrated to the Midwest in the 1820s.
_____ (B) emigration from New England to the Midwest took place in the 1820
_____ (C) it was in the 1820s that many New Englanders emigrated to the Midwest.
_____ (D) there was in the 1820s those many New Englanders emigrated in the Midwest.
02. Rich and distinctive in flavor, _______ .

_____ (A) there is in the United States a very important nut crop, the pecan
_____ (B) the most important nut crop in the United States, the pecan
_____ (C) farmers in the United States raise pecans, a very important nut crop
_____ (D) pecans are the most important nut crop in the United States
48
03. Orbiting from 2.7 to 3.6 billion miles from the sun, _________ .
_____ (A) the astronomer Clyde Tombaugh discovered Pluto in 1930
_____ (B) Pluto was discovered by the astronomer Clyde Tombaugh in 1930
_____ (C) it was in 1930 that the astronomer Clyde Tombaugh discovered Pluto
_____ (D) the discovery of Pluto was made by Clyde Tombaugh in 1930
04. A popular instrument, ______ .

_____ (A) only a limited role has been available to the accordion in classical music
_____ (B) there is only a limited role for the accordion in popular music
_____ (C) classical music provides only a limited role for the accordion
_____ (D) the accordion has played only a limited role in classical music
05. Unlike most birds, ________ .

_____ (A) the heads and necks of vultures lack feathers
_____ (B) feathers are not found on the heads and necks of vultures
_____ (C) vultures do not have feathers on their heads and necks
_____ (D) there are no feathers on vultures’ heads and necks
06. Widely reproduced in magazines and books, _______ .

_____ (A) Ansel Adams depicted the Western wilderness in his photographs
_____ (B) the Western wilderness was depicted in the photographs of Ansel Adams
_____ (C) Ansel Adams’ photographs depicted the Western Wilderness
_____ (D) it was through his photographs that Ansel Adams depicted the Western wilderness
07. Smaller and flatter than an orange, _____ .

_____ (A) a tangerine is easy to peel and its sections separate readily
_____ (B) the peel of a tangerine is easily removed and its sections are readily separated
_____ (C) it’s easy to peel a tangerine and to separate its sections
_____ (D) to peel a tangerine is easy, and its sections can be readily separated
08. Like the federal government, ______ .

_____ (A) taxation provides most of the funds for state and local governments as well
_____ (B) state and local governments obtain most of their funds through taxation.
_____ (C) through taxation is how state and local governments obtain most of their funds
_____ (D) funds are provided from taxation for state and local governments
09. Originally settled by Polynesians around 700 AD, ______ .

_____ (A) Hawaii received its first European visitor in 1778, when Captain James Cook landed
there
_____ (B) Hawaii’s first European visitor, Captain James Cook, landed there in 1778
_____ (C) in 1778 the first European, Captian James Cook, visited Hawaii
_____ (D) the first European to visit Hawaii was Captain James Cook, landing there in 1778
10. Unlike most modernist poets, _____ based on ordinary speech.

_____ (A) Robert Frost’s poems were
_____ (B) the works of Robert Frost were
_____ (C) Robert Frost wrote poems that were
_____ (D) the poetry written by Robert Frost was
49
11. Named for its founder, ______ in Ithaca, New York.
_____ (A) in 1865 Ezra Cornell established Cornell University
_____ (B) Cornell University was established in 1865 by Ezra Cornell
_____ (C) it was in 1865 that Cornell University was established by Ezra Cornell
_____ (D) Ezra Cornell established Cornell University in 1865
12. While living in New Orleans, ______ the Creole people of Louisiana.
_____ (A) a book of folklore, Bayou Folk, was written by Kate Chapin about
_____ (B) Bayou Folk, a book of folklore, was written by Kate Chapin about
_____ (C) the subject of Kate Chapin’s book Bayou Folk was the folklore of
_____ (D) Kate Chapin wrote Bayou Folk, a book about the folklore of
Answer: Quick Drill 2

1. B 4. A 7. A 10. A
2. A 5. B 8. B
3. B 6. B 9. B
ANSWER: PRACTICE EXERCISE

01. A 04. D 07. A 10. C
02. D 05. C 08. B 11. B
03. B 06. C 09. A 12. D
50
Chapter-8 Prepositions
DRILL - 1
Focus: identifying correct and incorrect preposition choice.
Directions: Underline the prepositions that correctly complete the sentences below.
01. Wage rates depend (in/on) part (from/on) the general prosperity (of/for) the economy.
02. (For/To) an injection to be effective (on/against) tetanus, it must be administered (by/within)
72 hours (of/for) the injury.
03. The invention (of/for) the hand-cranked freezer opened the door (for/to) commercial ice-cream
production, and (for/since) then, the ice-cream industry has grown (in/into) a four-billion-dollar-
a-year industry.
04. (At/On) the time (of/in) the Revolutionary War, the North American colonies were merely a long
string (with/of) settlements (along/among) the Atlantic Coast (between/from) Maine and
Georgia.
05. The probability (of/for) two people (in/on) a group (of/for) ten people having birthdays (in/on)
the same day is about one (in/of) twenty.
06. Showboats were floating theaters that tied up (at/to) towns (in/on) the Ohio and Mississippi
Rivers to bring entertainment and culture (to/at) the people (on/in) the frontier.
07. Scrimshaw, the practice (of/for) carving ornate designs (in/on) ivory, was first practiced (by/of)
sailors working (by/with) sail needles while (in/on) long sea voyages.
08. Assateague Island, (off/of) the coast (off/of) Virginia, is famous (for/to) its herds (of/with) wild
ponies.
09. (In/On) order (for/to) an object to be visible, light must travel (from/for) that object (at/to) a
person’s eyes.
10. (In/On) the 1930s and 1940s, when train travel was (on/at) its peak, passengers could look
forward (for/to) wonderful meals (on/at) trains.
11. (In/Since) the 1960s, op art, which was based (in/on) scientific theories (of/for) optics,
employed patterns (of/in) lines and colors that seemed to change shape as the viewer looked
(on/at) them.
12. The first national convention devoted (for/to) the issue (of/with) women’s rights, organized
partly (of/by) Elizabeth Cady Stanton, was held (in/on) her hometown (in/of) Seneca Falls, New
York, (in/on) 1848.
13. (In/Since) 1716, a party (of/for) explorers led (by/with) Lieutenant Governor Spotswood (of/in)
Virginia tried (in/on) vain to find a route (through/of) the Appalachian Mountains.
51
14. Dolphins rely (in/on) echolocation, a form (of/for) navigation similar (with/to) the sonar systems
used (on/at) submarines.
15. Analytical geometry, (in/on) which algebraic ideas are used (for/to) the description (of/for)
geometric objects, has been (in/on) use (for/since) the seventeenth century.
DRILL - 2
Focus : Identifying and correcting errors involving the inclusion or omission of prepositions.
Directions : If there is a preposition unnecessarily included in a sentence, mark that sentence X,
and underline the preposition. If there is a preposition incorrectly omitted from a sentence, mark
that sentence X, underline the words before and after the missing preposition, and write the correct
preposition on the line at the end of the sentence. If the sentence is correctly written, mark that
sentence C. The first is done as an example.
X 1. According polls taken throughout the twentieth century, Lincoln and Washington are
the preeminent American Presidents. to
____ 2. Today, many varieties of fruit are available all year thanks improved storage and
shipping techniques. ______
____ 3. The origin of the Moon remains a mystery. _______
____ 4. Traffic jams can cause of pollution, delays, and short tempers. ______
____ 5. The Sun’s rays heat the Earth’s surface, on which then radiates the heat into the air.
____
____ 6. A warm-blooded animal is one that keeps the same body temperature regardless the
air temperature. ______
____ 7. Charlie Parker, considered by many the greatest improviser in the history of Jazz,
influenced many other jazz musicians. _____
____ 8. Most the people are aware of the need to visit dentist regularly. ______
____ 9. Muscle fibers are attached bones by tendons. ______
____ 10. In his essay ―Self Reliance,‖ Ralph W, Emerson told to his readers why they should not
depend on the ideas of others. _______
____ 11. The crayfish is a freshwater crustacean related the lobster. ______
____ 12. Charles Goren was an expert the game of bridge. _____
____ 13. Stomata are the tiny openings in the leaves of plants through which oxygen and
carbon dioxide pass. ______
____ 14. Ducks have small oil glands by which keep their feathers oily and repel water. _____
____ 15. The tail of a comet always points away the Sun. ______
____ 16. Lichens grow in extreme environments in where no other plant can exist. ______
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____ 17. Not all of waterfalls are formed in the same way. _____
____ 18. The pulmonary artery carries blood from the right side the heart to the lungs. ____
____ 19. In addition to the twelve constellations of the zodiac, thirty other constellations were
familiar people of ancient times. _____
____ 20. Rainbows always appear in that part of the sky opposite the sun. _____
PRACTICE EXERCISE
Focus : Identifying and correcting preposition errors. (Note: One or two items in this exercise do not
focus on preposition errors.)
Directions : Decide which of the four underlined words or phrases – (A), (B), (C), or (D) – would
not be considered correct, and write the letter of that expression in the blank at the beginning of the
sentence. Then, in the blank at the end of the sentence, write a correction for the underlined phrase.
_____ 1. Water polo is a game in which is played in the water by two teams, each with seven
A B C D
players. ______
_____ 2. Dynamics is a branch of physics that deals for the relationship between motion
A B C
and force. ___
D
_____ 3. Many of radio stations began broadcasting baseball games during the 1920s. ______
A B C D
_____ 4. The economy of Maine is based to a great extent in its forests, which cover 80
A B C
percent of its surface area. _____
D
_____ 5. The removal of waste materials is essential to all forms of live. ______
A B C D
_____ 6. John Diefenbaker, Prime Minister of Canada during 1957 to 1963, is given much of the
A B C
credit for the adoption of the Canadian Bill of Rights. _____
D
_____ 7. The first stage on the manufacturing of all types of clothing is the cutting of the
material.___ A B C D
_____ 8. All of the wheat grown throughout the world belongs one of fourteen species. _______
A B C D
_____ 9. There are approximately 600 different species of trees native of the continental United
A B C D
States. _______
_____ 10. Waterwheels, which appeared on the fourth century B.C., were probably the first
machines
53
A B C
not powered by humans or animals. _____
D
_____ 11. Since centuries, Southwestern Indian tribes have valued turquoise and have used it
A B C
in jewelry. _____
D
_____ 12. Loggerhead turtles lay thousands eggs at a single time, but only a few survive
A B C
to adulthood. _____
D
_____ 13. In nowadays, commercial bakeries use complex, automated machines, but the basic
A
principle of baking have changed little for thousands of years. _____
B C D
_____ 14. It takes over four years for light from the nearest star reaching the earth. ______
A B C D
_____ 15. In the mid-1900s, an increasing number of jobs in the United States have involved the
A B C
handling of information. ________
D
Answer Key
DRILL-1
1. in on of 2. For against within of 3. of for since into
4. At of of along between 5. of in of on in 6. at on to on
7. of in by with on 8. off of for of 9. In for from to
10. In at to on 11. In on of of at 12. to of by in of in
13. In of by of in through 14. on of to on 15. in for of in since
DRILL-2
1. X According pools to 2. X thanks improved to 3. C
4. X of 5. X on 6. X regardless the of
7. C 8. X of 9. X attached bones to
10. X to 11. X related the to 12. X expert the on
13. C 14. X by 15. X points away
16. X in from 17. X of 18. X side the of
19. X familiar people with 20. C
54
PRACTICE EXERCISE
1. A which 2. B deals with 3. A Many
4. C on the 5. D life 6. A from
7. A in 8. C belong to 9. D native to
10. B in 11. A for 12. A thousands of eggs
13. A Nowadays 14. D* reach 15. A Since
.
List of Important Words Followed by Appropriate Prepositions
Certain Nouns, Adjectives and Verbs are followed by particular Prepositions. The following is a list of
some important words followed by appropriate Prepositions.
1. Nouns followed by Prepositions

► Acquaintance with : I have no acquaintance with Maria.
► Affection for : Raman has a strong affection for that poor girl.
► Apology for : She offered him an apology for her conduct.
► Aptitude for : The Jews have great aptitude for business.
► Assurance of : Mr. Dulal gave us no assurance of his support.
► Blame for : Adam accepted blame for the accident.
► Candidate for : Raman is a candidate for the post.
► Capacity for : Aftab has no capacity for mastering facts.
► Care of : Take care of your health.
► Cause for : There is no cause for anxiety.
► Cause of : She is the cause of the whole trouble.
► Charge of : A charge of murder was laid at his door.
► Claim on : I have every claim on you.
► Claim to : He set up a claim to the throne.
► Complaint against : Why don't you lodge a complaint against your noisy neighbours?
► Confidence in : I hope she will justify my confidence in her.
► Control over : Miss Helen has no control over her class.
► Disgrace to : She is a disgrace to her family.
► Duty to : We owe a duty to our country.
► Excuse for : He has no excuse for remaining absent.
► Fondness for : His fondness for her is natural.
► Freedom from : Health means freedom from care.
► Grief at : He felt grief at the death of his son.
► Hatred for : Her hatred for him was very great.
► Heir to : The prince is heir to the throne.
► Influence with : I have no influence with the Magistrate.
► Interest in : I have no interest in music.
► Invitation to : She has sent us an invitation to dinner.
► Leniency to : You have shown undue leniency to her.
55
► Leisure for : I have no leisure for amusement.
► Limit to : There is no limit to his ambition.
► Longing for : Her longing for her son is great.
► Match for : Peter is no match for Abraham.
► Need of : Raman is always in need of money.
► Neglect of : He is blamed for neglect of duty.
► Obedience to : I praise her obedience to her husband.
► Objection to : I have no objection to your going there.
► Peace with : I am always at peace with my neighbours.
► Pity for : The king felt pity for the poor.
► Prejudice against : He has a prejudice against Hakims.
► Pride in : Her great pride in her wealth is foolish.
► Progress in : Jack had made no progress in her studies.
► Quarrel with : I know nothing of his quarrel with her.
► Regard for : I have a great regard for him.
► Remedy for : Quinine is a remedy for malaria.
► Reputation for : George has a reputation for honesty.
► Respect for : The young have no respect for old age.
► Slave to : A drunkard is a slave to drink.
► Slave of : You mustn’t make a slave of your servant girl.
► Subscription to : What is your subscription to the Famine Relief Fund?
► Sympathy for : All the people felt great sympathy for her in her troubles.
► Sympathy with : I have no sympathy with her foolish views.
► Taste for : Kamala has no taste for music.
► Traitor to : He is a traitor to his country.
► (The) Victim of : She is the victim of her own foolishness.
2. Adjectives and Participles Followed by Prepositions

► Accused of : Gulam was accused of theft.
► Acquainted with : Are you acquainted with her?
► Acquitted of : The thief was acquitted of her charge.
► Addicted of : Tom is addicted to gambling.
► Adjacent to : The hotel is adjacent to the Post Office.
► Afflicted with : The old man is afflicted with gout.
► Afraid of : Don't be afraid of telling the truth.
► Amazed at : I was amazed at her impudence.
► Angry with : The teacher was very angry with us.
► Annoyed at : Raman was annoyed at her behaviour.
► Anxious for, about : He is anxious for(about) her safety.
She is very anxious about her son's health.
► Appropriate to : The Prime Minister made a stirring speech appropriate to the occasion.
► Ashamed of : Mary is ashamed of her conduct.
► Astonished at : All were astonished at her disobedience.
► Averse to : Pratap is averse to regular work.
► Backward in : John is backward in his studies.
► Beneficial to : Fresh air and good food are beneficial to the health.
► Bent on : Joseph is bent on mischief.
► Blessed with : May you always be blessed with good health.
56
► Blind in : The carpenter is blind in the right eye.
► Blind to : Rashida is blind to her own faults.
► Born of : Gandhiji was born of rich parents.
► Bound for : The ship is bound for England.
► Busy with : Jack is busy with his lessons.
► capable of : She is capable of improvement.
► Careful about : She is very careful about her dress.
► Charged with : The beggar was charged with theft.
► Confident of : Peter is confident of success.
► Conscious of : Shakuntala is conscious of her faults.
► Contented with : She is contented with her lot.
► Contrary to : The boys acted contrary to my instructions.
► Convenient for : Will the 4.50 train be convenient for you?
► Courteous to : She is courteous to all.
► Deaf to : He was deaf to all her entreaties.
► Deficient in : She is deficient in common sense.
► Dependent on : She is dependent on her parents.
► Desirous of : Raman is desirous of going abroad.
► Different from : His religious views are different from hers.
► Disgusted with : I am disgusted with her conduct.
► Due to : The accident was due to careless driving.
► Eligible for : He is not eligible for promotion.
► Engaged to : Shiela is engaged to Harry.
► Equal to : Sikander was equal to the occasion.
► Essential to : Health is essential to happiness.
► Faithful to : The dog is very faithful to his master.
► False to : Abraham proved false to his friends.
► Familiar to : Her name seems quite familiar to me.
► Familiar with : I am not familiar with her tricks.
► Famous for : He is famous for his learning.
► Fit for : Saqlan is fit for the job.
► Fond of : Girls are fond of dolls.
► Free from : No one is free from faults.
► Full of : This book is full of mistakes.
► Glad of : I am glad of your success.
► Good at : She is good at Mathematics.
► Good for : This medicine is good for headache.
► Greedy for : Arsalan is greedy of gain/honours.
► Guilty of : The beggar was found guilty of theft.
► Honest in : Sami is not honest in his dealings.
► Hopeful of : Is she hopeful of success?
► Ignorant of : The Headmaster is ignorant of facts.
► Ill with : Manorama is ill with fever.
► Indifferent to : They are indifferent to their own business.
► Infested with : This house is infested with rats.
► Injurious to : Alcohol is injurious to health.
► Intent to : He was intent on winning a scholarship.
► Interested in : Why are you interested in Maria?
57
► Introduced to : I was introduced to the Collector.
► Jealous of : He is jealous of his friend's success.
► Lame in : The beggar was lame in the left leg.
► Lost to : Tom is lost to all sense of shame.
► Loyal to : The princes were loyal to the Government.
► Married to : Sheila was married to Raman.
► Negligent in : He was negligent in his work.
► Negligent of : He was negligent of his duties.
► Obedient to : Aftab is obedient to his parents.
► Obliged to : I am obliged to her for kindness.
► Occupied by : This house is occupied by his fiancé.
► Occupied with : He is just now occupied with the translation of a French novel.
► Occupied in : He is occupied in translating a French novel.
► Offended with, at : She was offended with her husband at his remarks.
► Open to : She is not open to conviction.
► Overwhelmed with : She was overwhelmed with grief.
► Owing to : Owing to his careless driving, we had a bad accident.
► Partial to : We are all partial to our friends.
► Peculiar to : This is a custom peculiar to the Japanese.
► Popular with : Mr. George is popular with his neighbours.
► Preferable to : Health is preferable to wealth.
► Proficient in : John is proficient in Mathematics.
► Proud of : He is proud of his wealth.
► Quick at : This boy is quick at inventing excuses.
► Reconciled with : Ultimately she became reconciled with her husband.
► Reduced to : The prince was reduced to poverty.
► Related to : Is she related to you?
► Repentant of : Mary is repentant of her folly.
► Respectful to : Good boys are respectful to all.
► Satisfied with : I am satisfied with her conduct.
► Sensitive to : She is sensitive to praise and blame.
► Serviceable to : This umbrella will be serviceable to you in the rainy season.
► Shocked at : All of us were shocked at the news of his death.
► Short of : Jack is always short of money.
► Sick of : I am sick of being blamed for everything that goes wrong.
► Similar to : Their customs are similar to ours.
► Slow of : Slow of hearing ,slow to make up one's mind, slow at accounts,
Slow to anger.
► Sorry for : The Headmaster was sorry for his mistake.
► Steeped in : Mahmud is steeped in vice and poverty.
► Suited to : His speech was suited to the occasion.
► Sure of : Are you sure of your facts?
Can we be sure of his honesty?
► Suspicious of : The policeman became increasingly suspicious of his movements.
► Sympathetic to : She is sympathetic to(towards) suffers.
► Thankful for : We ought to be thankful to God for His small mercies.
► Tired of : Everyone is tired of doing nothing.
► True to : Abraham is true to his friends.
58
► Useful for : Salt is useful for many purposes.
► Vain of : She is vain of her beauty.
► Versed in : He is well versed in Mathematics.
► Vexed at : He was vexed at his failure.
► Weak in : My daughter is weak in Mathematics.
► Worthy of : He is worthy of our reverence and esteem.
3. Verbs Followed by Preposition

► Abide by : You must abide by your promise.
► Abound with : The hut abounded with vermin.
► Abound in : Vermin abounded in the hut.
► Abstain from : Abstain from evil and do good.
► Accede to : The Principal acceded to my request.
► Acquit of : The judge acquitted him of theft.
► Act from : She acted from fear.
► Admit of : You conduct admits of no excuse.
► Agree with (a persom) : Sami does not agree with me.
I did not agree with her on this point.
► Agree to ( a proposal) : I agree to your offer of marriage.
► Aim at : All of us aim at excellence.
► Apologize to (a person) : I apologize to her for my mistake.
► Appeal to(a person) : We appealed to her for help.
► Appoint to(a person) : Jack was appointed to the vacant post.
► Arrive at(a place) : We arrived at the station at ten.
► Attend to : Attend to your lessons, please.
► Attend upon : Sheila has many servants attending upon her.
► Avail of : You should avail yourself of every opportunity to practise speaking
English.
► Avenge on : He avenged himself on his enemies.
► Averse to, from : He is averse to hard work.
We are averse from taking action.
► Bear with : You must bear with my weakness.
► Beat against : The waves beat against the rocks.
► Beg of : We all begged pardon of her.
► Believe in : I do not believe in her honesty.
► Bestow on : The Queen bestowed high honour on her.
► Beware of : Beware of false friends.
► Blame for : He blamed his teacher for his failure.
► Boast of : She boasts of being the best actress in the town.
► Borrow from : Rahman borrowed $ 500 from me.
► Break into : The thieves broke into his house at night.
► Brood over : Do not brood over past grievances.
► Buy for, at : He bought them for/at Rs.10 each.
► Buy from : He bought this watch from Grandleys.
► Call on : We called on Miss Hill yesterday.
► Call to : Jill called to her father for help.
► Call for : Your conduct calls for punishment.
► Care for : I do not care for her opinion.
59
► Charge with : We charged her with theft.
► Come across : I came across this in a curio shop.
► Compare with : (to show difference) .Compare the character of Mohan with that of Ali.
► Compare to : (to show resemblance).Anger may be compared to fire.
► Compete with : I compete with Harry for the first prize.
► Complain of : She complained to me of his rudeness.
We have nothing to complain of (about).
He never complains of not having enough money.
► Comply with : We always complied with his request.
► Confer on : She conferred a favour on us.
► Confide in : The king confided in his ministers.
► Confide to : Confide your secrets to none.
► Congratulate on : I congratulated her on her success.
► Consist of, in : The committee consists of ten members.
The happiness of a country consists in the freedom of its citizens.
► Convict of : The judge convicted him of theft.
► Cure of : The medicine cured him of his disease.
► Deal in : He deals in Japanese goods.
► Deal with : Deal fairly with everyone.
► Defend from, against : I defended her from all blame.
They bravely defended their country against enemies.
► Deposit in, with : He deposited all his money in State bank of India.
He deposited all the documents with his lawyer.
► Deprive of : Slaves are deprived of their freedom.
► Derive from : Can pleasure be derived from bad actions?
► Despair of : Taqi never despaired of success.
► Die of : Seema died of typhoid.
► Die by : He died by his own hand.
► Differ with : I differ with you on this subject.
► Differ from : This cloth differ from that.
► Disagree with : I disagree with you on this point.
► Dispose of : She has disposed of all her property.
► Dissuade from : Afzal dissuade her from going there.
► Distinguish from : Distinguish truth from falsehood.
► Dream of : She dreamt of becoming a queen one day.
► End in : The scheme ended in failure.
► Enter into, upon : He entered into negotiations with a business firm.
Sami has entered upon a new career.
► Exchange for : He exchanged the cow for the horse.
► Explain to : Explain this question to me.
► Export from : Cotton goods are exported from India .
► Fall under : He fell under the displeasure of the king.
► Fall upon : The robbers fell upon the merchant.
► Feed on : The cow feeds on grass.
► Feel for : We all felt for her in her troubles.
► Fight with or against : Great Britain fought against(or with) Germany in two wars.
► Fight for : They were fighting for their independence.
► Fly at : The dog flew at the beggar.
60
► Fly into : Seeing me, she flew into a rage.
► Furnish with : They furnished the library with books [or]
They furnished books to her.
► Get at : get at (find out) the facts.
► Get on : He is sure to get on (make a progress) in life.
► Get over : He got over(recovered from ) his illness .
► Get out of : I have not yet been able to get out of debt.
► Get to : In the evening they got to their journey's end.
► Grieve at : They grieved at the news of my failure.
► Grieve about : Don't grieve much about your misfortunes
► Grieve for, over : Don't grieve much for the dead.
She grieved over her husband’s death.
► Grumble at : He is always grumbling at his low pay.
► Guard against : We must guard against vices.
► Hear about, of, from : Have you heard about his dismissal?
I've never heard of her.
How often do you hear from your sister?
► Hide from : I will not hide the truth from my parents.
► Hinder from : What hindered you from coming here?
► Hope for : We always hope for better times.
► Import from, into : Wool is imported from Australia into India.
► Impress on : I impressed on her the value of cleanliness.
► Impute to : Do not impute motives to her action.
► Infer from : Am I to infer from your remarks that you think I am a liar?
► Infest with : Warehouses were infested with rats.
► Inform of, against : Have you informed her of your intended departure?
She has informed the police against the neighbor who is a smuggler.
► Inquire into : The police are inquiring into the matter.
► Inquire of : I inquired of her why she had insulted her husband.
► Insist on : He insisted on my leaving the place at once.
► Interfere in, with : Please don't interfere in my business.
: He interfered with her in her private affairs.
► Introduce to : Mary introduced me to Sheila.
► Invite to : I have invited Rashida also to dinner.
► Jeer at : Never jeer at a defeated enemy.
► Jest about : Don't jest about serious things.
► Join in, to : Join the point C to the point D.
Why doesn't he join in the conversation?
May I join in the game?
► Jump at : Parveen jumped at the office at once.
► Jump to : The Superintendent jumped to the conclusion that the prisoner had
escaped from the jail.
► Keep from : Keep away from wine.
► Keep to : Keep to the point, please.
► Kick against : Do not kick against authority.
► Kick at : Atif kicked at my offer.
► Knock at : He knocked at every door for money.
Somebody is knocking at the door (on the window).
61
► Labor for : All his life he labored for the public good.
► Lack in : He is lacking in experience.
► Lament for : Do not lament for the dead.
► Land at : We landed at Bombay.
► Laugh at : We all laughed at her bad manners.
► Lay before : Peter laid all the facts before her.
► Lay to : We laid this sin to her charge.
► Lay under : I have laid her under deep obligation by helping her in distress.
► Lead to : This road leads to Poona.
► Lean to : This judge seems to lean to his side.
► Leap at : He leapt at the opportunity.
► Learn of : I am sorry to learn of her illness.
► Level with : The enemy leveled the city with the ground.
► Listen to : Don't listen to that foolish fellow.
► Live within : Live within your means.
► Live by : Live by honest labor.
► Look at : A cat may look at a king.
► Look after : The shepherd looked after his sheep.
► Meddle in, with : Don't meddle in my affairs.
Don't meddle in politics.
Who has been meddling with my papers?
► Meet with : I met with many obstacles ,but pressed on.
► Mix with : Oil will not mix with water.
Mix up the salt with the pepper.
► Mourn for, over : Do not mourn for the dead.
They mourned over the child's death.
► Murmur against : We must not murmur against new taxes.
► Murmur at : We all murmur at injustice.
► Object to : She objects to my going there.
► Occur to : It did not occur to me to search his pockets.
► Originate in : The fight originated in a foolish quarrel.
► Part with : He parted with all his wealth.
He parted with(or from) his old parents with tears.
► Partake of : We partook of the feast spread before us.
► Pass for : Robert passed for a learned man.
► Perish with : They perished with cold and hunger.
► Persevere in : Mary persevered in her studies.
► Persist in : Raman persists in annoying his sister.
► Pine for : She pined for the lost child.
► Play at : The children were playing at keeping shop.
► Play with : Don't play with fireworks.
► Play on : Smile played on her lips.
► Prefer to : I prefer milk to tea.
► Present at : We presented the cheque at the bank.
► Present to : We presented a watch to her.
► Present with : We presented her with a watch.
► Preserve from : May God preserve you from all harm.
► Preside at, over : The prime Minister presides at meetings of the Cabinet.
62
The Mayor presides over the City Council.
► Press upon : Don't press your opinions upon her.
► Prevail upon : We prevailed upon her to come to the meeting.
► Prevail over : We prevailed over(=gained victory over) our enemies.
► Prevent from : She prevented me from coming here.
► Profit by : A wise man profits by the mistakes of others.
► Prohibit from : You are prohibited from entering the class.
► Protect from : God will protect you from all harm.
► Protect against : Protect these tender plants against the weather.
► Protest against : You must protest against injustice.
► Provide for : He died without providing for his widow.
► Provide with : You must provide your children with food and clothes.
► Provide against : A wise man provides against a rainy day.
► Quarrel with : Do not quarrel with your friends over a trifle.
► Reconcile to : You must reconcile yourself to a life of hardship and poverty.
► Recover from : He has just recovered from illness.
► Refrain from : She refrained from shedding tears.
► Rejoice at, over : We all rejoiced at her success.
We all rejoiced over the victory.
► Relieve of : The medicine relieved me of my pain.
He was relieved of his post.
► Rely on : Do not rely on her support.
► Remind of : He reminded me of my promise.
► Repent of : He repents of the mistake he has made.
Have you nothing to repent of?
► Resolve on : She resolves on going there.
► Rest with : It rests with her to take action against him.
► Revenge on : He revenged himself on his enemy for the murder of his brother.
► Reward with : I rewarded her with a watch for saving my child from drowning.
► Rule over : The king ruled over a vast empire.
► Save from : He saved her from drowning.
► Search for : We searched for the lost watch everywhere.
► Seek for : All of us seek for happiness.
► Send for : They sent for the doctor.
► Show over : Mohan showed her over his new house.
► Shudder at : I shudder at her act of cruelty.
► Side with : Aftab sided with us in the dispute.
► Smile at : I smiled at her foolish threat.
► Smile upon : Fortune seemed to smile upon him.
► Stick to : Stick to your point.
► Struggle against : She struggled against many difficulties.
► Submit to : We must all submit to God's will.
► Subscribe to : He subscribed Rs.1000 to the Flood Relief Fund.
► Succeed to : He succeeded to the throne at the age of ten.
► Supply to : He supplied food to the poor.
► Supply with : He supplied the poor with food.
► Sympathize with : we sympathize with her in her troubles.
► Talk of or about : All are talking about the strange event.
63
What are they talking about?
Talking of travel, have you been to Goa yet?
► Talk to : He was talking to his friend.
► Throw at : don't throw stones at birds.
► Treat of : This book treats of every important subject.
► Treat with : If we are to treat with you, it must be on equal terms.
► Triumph over : Virtue always triumphs over vice.
► Trust in : Trust in God and do the right.
► Wait on : All her maids waited on her.
► Wait for : We waited impatiently for the train.
► Warn against, of : We warned her of the danger, against pickpockets.
► Wonder at, about : I wonder at your stupidity.
I was wondering about that.
► Wrestle with : Wrestle bravely with difficulties.
► Yield to : Never yield to temptation.
Certain words require a Preposition followed by a Gerund or a Verbal Noun. In such cases,
do not use the Infinitive.
01. Sami persisted in going there. [Not: to go]
02. I insisted on her leaving this place at once.
03. We should refrain from doing well.
04. The prince aims at helping poor.
05. The poor beggar is addicted to smoking.
06. I prohibited her from smoking in the kitchen.
07. We prevented her from selling her ornaments.
08. Abstain from speaking ill of others.
09. Dr. Katju excels in writing good English.
10. He is intent on winning.
11. He is confident of winning.
12. Bimala had no excuse for remaining absent.
13. Young boys and girls are fond of reading novels.
14. The prince was desirous of visiting India.
15. He is disqualified from holding any responsible post.
16. We hindered her from going there.
17. He succeeded in achieving his aim.
Phrase Prepositions.
Study the following Phrase Prepositions which are often used as single Prepositions :--
► according to ► in addition to ► in place of ► along with
► on behalf of ► in regard to ► away from ► in case of
► in spite of ► because of ► in comparison with ► instead of
► by dint of ► in compliance with ► in the event of ► by means of
► in consequence of ► in view of ► by reason of ► in course of
► on account of ► by virtue of ► in favor of ► owing to
► by way of ► in front of ► with a view to ► for the sake of
► in lieu of ► with an eye to ► in accordance with ► in order to
► with regard to
► He will be punished according to the seriousness of his crime.

► He came along with his sister to meet us.
► Keep the baby away from the fire.
64
► He failed in the examination because of his laziness.
► He won the first prize by dint of hard work.
► He escaped by means of a rope.
► He was excused by reason of his old age.
► He claimed a pension by virtue of his long military service.
► By way of introduction, he told a funny tale on the students.
► We must be patient for the sake of peace.
► We have acted in accordance with your wishes.
► He gets an honorarium of Rs. 1,000 per month in addition to pension.
► He thanked the speaker on behalf of the staff.
► In case of need, send for the doctor.
► The tallest buildings in India are small in comparison with the skyscrapers of New York.
► We have compromised in compliance with your wishes.
► In consequence of his illness he could not attend the meeting.
► In course of time, he saw his mistake.
► He retired in favor of his son.
► He fell on his face in front of a car.
► He accepted a gratuity of Tk.2,00,000 in lieu of pension.
► In order to avoid litigation, he accepted Tk.4,00,000 in full and final settlement of his claim to
property.
► Shall we have fish in place of meat today?
► What have you to say in regard to his misbehavior?
► He persevered in spite of difficulties.
► I will go instead of her.
► In the event of your death, the whole amount of insurance will be paid to your wife.
► On account of his negligence, his business failed.
► Owing to his ill health, he retired from service.
► He produces a document with a view to proving his innocence.
► In view of the facts, it seemed useless to continue.
► With an eye to business, he put up a sign above his stop.
► With reference to your letter, we send you our latest catalogue.
► With regard to his conduct, I have nothing to say.
THE IDIOMS MOST COMMONLY TESTED ON THE TESTS

There are thousands of idiomatic expressions but a handful seem to come up all the time.
not only . . . . but also . . . different from because of

not so much . . . as . . . . a consequence of choose from
defined as so . . . as to be . . . conclude that
regard as so (adjective) that contribute to
neither . . . nor . . . depicted as depend on
modeled after as great as different from
based on as good as, or better than due to
a result of attribute to in order to
to result in credited with instead of
a debate over according to rather than
65
a responsibility to agree with subject to
responsible for appear to
REDUNDANCY
Redundancy is repeatedly saying the same thing twice, over, again, more than once. A redundancy
mistake causes the problem we’ve mentioned before – it makes a sentence seem overblown and not
thought out, leaving the reader to wonder whether one was asleep at the wheel while writing it.
Below, some common redundancies:
small in size pair of twins (unless you mean four people)

circulate around Cooperate together, collaborate together
true fact close proximity
joint partnership contemporary writers of today
close to the point of if and when
reason . . . . is because mingle together
reason why . . . is because new innovation
in this day and time joint cooperation
consensus of opinion 3:00 A.M. in the morning / 6:00 P.M. at night.
If you find any of the above expression in a grammar question consider it incorrect.
Most Commonly Tested Idioms on the Tests
 Credited with:
Example: Pablo Picasso, the late Spanish painter, credited African art with having had a strong
influence on his work.
Wrong: Credited as, credited for
 Refuse A for B:
Example: People can refuse social security payments in favor of private sources of income.
Wrong: Refuse in favor of
 Regarded as:
Example: Brady is regarded as one of the greatest 19th century photographers.
Wrong: Regarded to be.
 Prefer A to B:
Example: I prefer Korean food to Japanese.
Wrong: Prefer A over B.
 Afflicted with:
Example: He is afflicted with common cold.
Wrong: Afflicted from.
66
 Warned of
Example: Patients should be warned of the potential risk of medicine.
Wrong: Warned about.
 Believe X to be Y
Example: After seeing the flying saucer, I believe UFOs to be a real phenomenon.
Wrong: believe X as Y.
 Contrast A with B:
Example: If you contrast my proposal with yours then you will find that there is not much similarity.
 Compare A to B (to stress similarities):

Example: Military juntas are often compared to beasts.
 Compare A with B(to stress differences):

Example: Compared with you, I cannot sing well at all.
 Decide to + verb:
Example: We decided to continue.
 Decide on + noun:
Example: We decided on the new format.
 Different from:
Example: New paper format is different from old one.
Wrong: Different than.
 Debate over:
Example: A debate over adequacy of current law is in the offing.
Wrong: Debate About
 Between A and B
Example: There is no relation between working very hard and winning a lottery.
 Ignorant of (Not ignorant to)
Example: He is ignorant of the fact.
 Although/ Even though/ Despite/ In spite of
(i) Although: A negative aspect, positive reality
(ii) Even though: extreme form of although.
(iii) Despite: A positive aspect, negative reality.
(iv) In spite of : similar to despite.
Examples:
Reality Consequence/ Aspect
Despite everything that went wrong, he worked hard and succeed in the end.
Although his problems were taken care of, he could not succeed.
Even though his problems were simple, he ended up in a debacle.
 so/ such
so+ adjective + that
such+ noun/ noun phrase+ that
Example:
Several years ago the diet industry introduced a variety of appetite suppressants, but some of
these drugs caused stomach disorders severe enough to have them banned by the Food and
Drug Administration.
(A) stomach disorders severe enough to have them
67
(B) stomach disorders that were severe enough so they were
(C) stomach disorders of such severity so as to be
(D) such severe stomach disorders that they were
(E) such severe stomach disorders as to be
D is correct answer.
 so+ adjective+ as to
Wrong: such+ adjective+ as to
Example:
In the Renaissance, painters were so impressed with Da Vinci that they ignored their own
training and designate as a masterpiece anything he painted.
(A) were so impressed with Da Vinci that they ignored
(B) were impressed with Da Vinci to such an extent that they were to ignore
(C) were so impressed with Da Vinci as to ignore
(D) were so impressed with Da Vinci that they had to ignore
(E) were as impressed with Da Vinci as to ignore
C is correct answer.
 Concur in a decision
Wrong: Concur with
 Responsible for:
Wrong: Responsible to
Example: Which of the following is correct-
(A) Each individual is responsible to choose one course of action over another one.
(B) Each individual is responsible for choosing one course of action over another.
(C) Each individual is responsible, choosing one course of action over another.
(D) Each individual is responsible to choose one course of action over the other.
(E) Each individual is responsible for choosing one course of action over another ones.
B is correct answer.
 Worried about:
Wrong: worried over
Example: Which of the following is correct-
(A) Administration is worried over the impact of new policy on the workforce.
(B) Administration is worried over what the impact of new policy on the workforce will be.
(C) Administration is worried about the impact of new policy on the workforce.
(D) Administration are worried on the impact of new policy on the workforce.
(E) Administration is worried by the impact of new policy on the workforce was.
C is correct answer.
 centers on + person/thing
Example: The story centers on the struggle for meaning in a chaotic universe.
 Consider
Destruction of rain forests is considered a major threat to environment.
Wrong: considered as, considered to be.
If the Object complement is far away from object, use *consider to be*
 Depict something as something

Example: the author of this novel has depicted poverty as a ferocious monster.
68
 Prohibiting A from doing B
Wrong: Prohibiting A to do B
Example: Government authority has begun to enforce a countrywide ban prohibiting smokers from
smoking in public places.
 Phenomenon/ Situation/ Condition in which …

Wrong: Phenomenon/ Situation/ Condition where…
Idioglossia is a phenomenon, incompletely understood at best, where two persons develop a unique
and private language with highly original vocabulary and syntax.
(A) where two persons develop a unique and private language with
(B) when two persons develop a unique and private language having
(C) in which two persons have unique and private language development with
(D) having two persons who develop a unique and private language that has
(E) in which two persons develop a unique and private language with
E is correct answer.
 Concerned for/Concerned with

Concerned for = worried or anxious.
Concerned with = related to.
Examples:
He is concerned for investor relations
This is concerned with investor relations is probably the right usage.
 x forbids y to do z
Example: Every mother forbids her sons to smoke cigarette.
 Distinguish between X and Y for two very dissimilar items

Distinguish X from Y for similar items
Examples:
It is easy to distinguish between the first boy and the last boy of a class.
It is hard to distinguish the first boy from the second boy of a class.
 Blame A on B
Example: Analysts blamed May’s sluggish retail sales on unexciting merchandise as well as the
weather.
 in danger of + gerund
Wrong: in danger to + infinitive
Example: The robber was in danger of being captured.
69
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1

a person Badal, Kamal, Kuber, Gonesh, mother, friend, coworker, student

In the following examples, all the nouns are in italics:

Subject Reflexive Object Possessive

2 Prep Master- study smarter, not harder

Directions : Circle the main(finite) verb in each sentence:

What kind of noun

Shibly lives in Barishal.

I was speaking to a boy in the crowd.

I went into the house.

TIME ADJECTIVE/ADVERB CONTRAST REASON CONDITION

01. well (adverb, describing how she performed)

02. quickly (adverb, describing how the car moved)

03. firm (adjective, describing the ground)

04. accurately (adverb, describing how he scored)

05. beautiful (adjective, describing the winner)

06. smoothly (adverb, describing how the car runs)

07. bright (adjective, describing yellow)

08. slowly (adverb, describing how it runs)

09. really (adverb, describing how tired she was)

10.delicious(adjective, describing ``meal’’)

02. In the house

03. After school ..... to the movies

04. into the new class ...... at my desk

06. On Tuesday.... from her trip ...to the Orient

07. of mixed greens .... with his dinner

08. of work ... into this assignment

09. to the old section ... of town

10. for the project

05. Verbs: got. Subject: Shaila.

04. Manik likes to make his own lunch because he is so finicky.

08. When I go to the supermarket I must be sure to buy carrots.

10. I was unhappy when I heard about the results.

� Prep Master’এয IELTS কিা঳িটিগ্রি ঳ফ করগ্রবগ্ররয student-কেযগ্রি গণ঴াগ্রয এি ক্লা঳রুগ্রভ ফম঳গ্রয়

�Course Details (2 Months Regular Course):

1-Month Crash Course

 Linus, accompanied by Snoopy, were well received at the show. No error

 Neither of the women is the one who spoke to me yesterday. No error.

Incorrect : Not only I but also he am to leave the house.

06. Some/Any/None/All/Most (SANAM) + a Plural Count Noun = A Plural Subject

 All men are created equal.

Some/Any/None/All/Most (SANAM) + a Noncount Noun = A Singular Subject

 All of the cake has been eaten.

 Two miles is too far to walk in this blistering sun.

Exercise 1: Identifying Prepositional Phrase

Exercise 3: Choosing the Right Verb 2

 Linus, accompanied by Snoopy, were was well received at the show.

Exercise 2: Choosing the Right Verb

Exercise 3: Choosing the Right Verb 2

You can do this in three different ways.

Try to find errors in the following sentences.

Make necessary corrections in the following sentences:

bx‡Pi D`vniY¸‡jv †Lqvj K‡i †`Lyb t

Incorrect : One should take your duties seriously.

 I don't know who/whom Sarah loved.

 There was a discussion as to who/whom was better suited.

______ 8. When molten basalt cools, it forms six-sided columns.

1. X its (4) C (7) X it 10. X those (13) X which

3. X it (6) X their (9) C 12. X its (15) X that

1. C (4) X that (or which) (7) X they 10. X themselves

2. X them (5) X our (8) X whose

3. C (6) X themselves (9) X its

1. X it (4) X he (7) X them 10. C

3. The origin of the Moon remains a mystery. ___

9. Muscle fibers are attached bones by tendons. __