PUMPS

Pump is a machine used to add energy to a liquid to transfer the liquid from another
point of higher pressure level.

I. Areas of application

1 Heating and cooling medium circulation

2. Secondary hot water circulators

3. Irrigation water pumps

4. Solar Thermal pumps S. Pumps and systems for house and garden

6. Deep well technology

7. High-pressure centrifugal pumps

8. Pressure boosting systems

9. Rainwater utilization

10. Drainage-Sewage disposal

II. Classification of Pumps

A. Centrifugal Pumps (Roto-dynamic pumps).

Centrifugal or Roto-dynamic pumps produce a head and flow by increasing the velocity
the liquid through the machine with the help of a rotatie vane impeller Centrifugal pumps
include radial, axis and mixed flow units
B. Positive Displacement (PD) Pumps

Positive displacement cement pump operates by an alternate filling of cavity and then
displacing a given volume of liquid. The positive displacement pump delivers a constant
volume flow of liquid for each cycle against varying discharge pressure or head.

III. Centrifugal centrifugal Pumps (Roto-dynamic pumps)

A. Radial Pump - flow enters along the axis and is expelled radially.

B. Axial-flow pump - is like a propellers the direction of the flow is unchanged after
passing through the device.

C. A mixed-flow device is a hybrid device, used for intermediate heads

IV. Different construction of centrifugal pumps

A. End suction pumps. B. In-line pumps

C. Double suction pumps

This type of pump impeller consists of two back-to-

back impellers, from which the water flow into a
volute. One double suction pump works just like
two same diameter end suction pumps work at the
same time, so its flow quantity can be doubled by
using the same outer diameter impeller.

D. Vertical multistage pumps E. Self-priming pumps

F. Horizontal multistage pumps G. Submersible pumps

V. Positive Displacement Pumps

Positive displacement pump can be classified as:

A. Reciprocating pumps- piston, plunger and diaphragm

B. Rotary pumps - operate on the principle that a rotating vane, screw, or gear traps
the liquid in the suction side of the pump casing and forces it to the discharge side of
the casing. These pumps are essentially self-priming due to their capability of removing
ai from suction lines and producing a high suction lift. A sample of rotary pumps include
gear, lobe, screw, vane, regenerative (peripheral) and progressive cavity.
VI. Centrifugal VS Positive Displacement Pumps

A. Head vs. Capacity

The centrifugal has varying flow depending on

pressure or head, whereas the PD pump has more
or less constant flow regardless of pressure.

B. Efficiency vs. viscosity

Viscosity also plays an important role in pump

mechanical efficiency. Because the centrifugal pump
operates at motor speed, efficiency goes Down as
viscosity increases due to increased frictional losses
within the pump. Efficiency often increases in a PD
pump with increasing viscosity.

C. Flow rate Vs. Viscosity

The centrifugal pump loses flow as the

viscosity goes up but the PD pump's flow
increases. This is because the higher viscosity
liquids fill the clearances of the pump causing a
higher volumetric efficiency. Remember, this
chart shows the effect of viscosity on the pump
flow, when there is a viscosity change, there is
also greater line loss in the system.
D. Efficiency Vs. Pressure

VII. ANALYSIS OF PUMPS

1. Volume flow rate, Q

Volume flow rate is the volume of the liquid that passes through a

given surface per unit time. It is the product of the area and velocity of the liquid.

Q= AV

Where:

Q = volume flow rate

v = velocity of flow

A= area of flow

2. Pressure head (hp)

Pressure head is the height of the column of liquid necessary to develop a specific
pressure.

P
Hp=
y

Where:

P = pressure

y = specific weight of liquid (for Water = 9.8066 kN/m3 = 62.4 lb/ft)

 Suction pressure
Suction pressure is the pressure at the pump suction nozzle as measured on a
gauge. The suction pressure is probably the most important pressure inside the
 pump. All the pump's production is based on the suction pressure. If the suction
pressure inadequate, it leads to cavitation and other issues.

 Discharge pressure
This is the pressure at the pump discharge nozzle as measured by a gauge.

3. Velocity (Hv.)
It is the energy of the liquid due to its motion

v2
Hv=
2g

where:

V = velocity

g= acceleration due to gravity

=9.8066 m/s2 or 32.174 ft/s

Recommended Water velocity

SERVICE VELOCITY(FPS)
Pump discharge 4 TO 12
Pump suction 4 TO 7
Drain line 4 TO 7
Header 4 TO 15
Riser 3 TO 10

General services 5 TO 10

City water 3 TO

4. Hydraulic or water power (Pw)

Hydraulic or Water Power is the theoretical power necessary to raise a Riven volume of
liquid from a lower to a higher elevation.

Pw= yQH

Where

Pw= hydraulic or water power

Q = volume of rate
H= total head

5. Frictional head (hf)

 The head required to overcome the resistance (head losses) to flow in the pipe
and Fittings. It is dependent upon size, surface condition, number and type of
pipe fittings, flow rate and nature of the liquid.

 When liquid flows through a pipe, the inner wall of the pipe resists the flow of the
water. This resistance is called pipe friction.
  Friction loss increases when capacity increases or pipe length increases.

 Pipe friction means extra work for the pump or system and presents a total loss.
Therefore, it is desirable to keep friction loss as low as possible.

a. Using Darcy’s Equation

fLv 2
Hf =
2 gD

B. Using Morse Equation

2 fLv 2
Hf =
gd

Where:

Hf = friction head loss

L= total equivalent length (including bends, valves and accessories)
V = velocity
D = inside diameter
g = 9.8066 m/s2
f = coefficient of friction

Note: I should be taken from MORSE table if Morse equation is to be used.

Moody diagram - plots Darcy-Weisbach friction factor (f) against Reynolds number
(Re) for a variety of relative roughness (e), the ratio of the mean height of roughness of
the pipe to the pipe diameter or E / D.
6. Total head or total dynamic head (H)

Total head or Total Dynamic Head is the total energy developed by the expressed in
the height of liquid. It is the algebraic sum of static head, pressure head, friction head
and Velocity head.

Total head = Static head + Pressure Head + Velocity head +Friction head

H=( Z d −z s ) + ( H pd −H ps )+ ( H vd −H vs ) +(H fd + H fs )

Pd −P s v 2d −v 2s
H=( Z d −z s ) + ( y
+ )( 2g
+¿ )
Where:

Z is negative (-) if source is below pump center line

P is negative (-) if it is vacuum

Subscript:

s = means suction

d = means discharge

a. Static Suction Head, Zs

The static suction head is the liquid head between the liquid level relative to the p
suction centreline. If the liquid level is above pump centreline, Z, is positive (+) a is
below pump centreline, it is negative (-).

Suction lift is the vessel is below is the negative suction head. it exits when the
liquid level in the suction the centre-line of the pump.

b. Discharge head, Zd

The discharge head is the vertical distance from the centre-line of the pump (this would
shaft on a horizontal pump) to the free discharge or the surface of the liquid in the
discharge tank.
c. Head versus pressure

Below are the representation of the head, specific gravity (density) and pressure gauge
reading of different liquids.

 At the same gauge pressure readings (using same pump)

The pump will develop different heads for different specific gravities if the gage pressure
is the same.

 At the same static head

7. Pump efficiency (η)

Pump Efficiency is the ratio of the hydraulic power or water power over break power.

Pw
ηp= x 100
Pb
Where

Pw=Hydraulic or water power

Pb= brake power

8. Motor efficiency (ηm)

Motor Efficiency is the ratio of brake to the input power.

Pb
ηm = x 100
Pi

Where

Pb= brake power

Pi=input power

9. Specific Speed, Ns

Specific Speed is an index to predict the performance of centrifugal pumps. It represent

the impeller speed necessary to generate 1 gallon per minute at 1 foot of head equation
for impeller specific speed is as follows:

N √Q
Ns= 3
4
h

Where:

Ns=specific speed, rpm

N=rotational speed, rpm

Q= discharge, gpm

h= head, Ft

Tip: For standard impellers, specific speeds range from 500 to 10,000. Pumps with
specific speed values between 2,000 and 3,000 usually have the highest efficiency

11. Pump affinity laws

Affinity laws are similarity models are used by pump manufacturers to predict the
performance of a different pump size rather than creating a new prototype. It is also
used by designers, operator and maintenance engineers to defines change in pump,
capacity, head, and BHP when a change is made to pump speed, impeller diameter of
both.

Q1 Q2
Q=N D3 p 3=
N 1 D 1 N 2 D 23
 P 1 N 12 P 2 N 22
2 2
H=N D p 5 =
H 12 H 25 /2

P1 P2
P=N 3 D5 p 5=
N 1 D1 N 23 D 25
3

A. Variation in impeller speed

If impeller speed is constant

Q1 N 1 H 1 N 1 2 P 1 N 1 3
= ; = ( )
; =
Q2 N 2 H 2 N 2 P 2 N 2 ( )
B. Variation in impeller diameter

If impeller speed is constant

Q1 D 1 3 H 1 D 1 2 P 1 D 1 5
= ( ); = ( )
;
Q2 D 2 H 2 D 2 P 2 D 2
= ( )

12. Performance of pump curves

Pump curves- represents the relationship of head, efficiency, flow rate, power
consumption, etc.

Below is a typical centrifugal pump characteristics displayed in pump catalogues and

specification
13. Parallel & series operation

A. Pump in series- may be necessary to generate high threads or provide regular

“boosts” along long pipelines without large pressures at any particular point.

Q 1=Q 2=Qt= ( same flow rate )

Ht=H 1+ H 2 ( add the heads )

B. Pumps in parallel
 Qt=Q 1+Q 2 ( add the flow rate )

Ht=H 1=H 2 ( same head )

Hf 1=Hf 2 ( assuming pump ∧friction are the same )

Advantages of pumps in parallel are:

*High capacity: permits a large total discharge

*Flexibility: pumps can be brought in and out of service if the required discharge

*Redundancy: pumping can continue if one is not operating due to failure or pump
maintenance

VIII. Reciprocating pump analysis

1. Piston displacement

Piston displacement- is the volume which a piston in a cylinder it on stroke, equal to the
distance the piston travels the internal cross-section cylinder.

A. Piston displacement if rod is neglected

π D2 ln π D 2 ln
Vd=2 ( 4 ) or Vd=
2

B. Piston neglected if rod is considered

π D2 π π D2 ln π d 2 ln
Vd= ( ) 4
ln+ ( D2−d 2 ) ln
4
Or (
Vd=
2
− ) 4

Where:

d= piston diameter

D= diameter of the piston

L= length of stroke

N= rpm

2. Actual discharge, Q

Q= AV

3. Slip, S

Slip is the difference between the piston displacement and the actual discharge.

S=Vd−Q

4. Percent, %S

Percent slip is the ratio to the piston displacement

S Vd−Q
%S= x 100 % or S= x 100 %
Vd Vd

5. Volumetric efficiency, %v

Volumetric efficiency is the ratio of the actual discharge to the piston displacement.

Q
%v= x 100 %
Vd

Q
%V = x 100 %
Q−QL

Where:

QL= leakages/ losses

Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH)

NPSH or net positive suction head is the total net energy available at the suction pipe
above the vapor pressure of the liquid required to maintaining the total pump head.

NPSH is expressed as Available NPSH or Required NPSH

NPSH =Pa± Zs−Hf + Hv−Pv

Where:
NPSHa- available NPSH

Pa- absolute pressure on the surface of the liquid in the supply reservoir

Zs- The vertical distance between the surface of the liquid in the supply tank and the
centreline of the pump

Hf- friction losses in the suction piping

Hv- velocity head at the pump suction port

Pv- Absolute vapor pressure of the liquid at the pumping temperature

Required NPSH (NPSHr)

NPSHr is the minimum head that is required at the suction to get the liquid into flow of
the impeller without vaporizing

NPSHr is a characteristics of the pump and changes with the pump design pump sizes
and operating conditions, NPSHr data for a pump is provided by the manufacturer of the
pump.

NPSHa < NPSHr in order that cavitation will not take place in the suction line of the
pump the available NPSH is equal or greater than the require NPSH of the pump.

1. Reduced efficiency

2. Cavitation that may lead to damage.

PUMPS PROBLEMS:

1. Specific speed can be defined as speed of the pump

A. which requires unit power per head

B. has size such that it delivers unit discharge at unit head

C. has a size such that it produces unit horsepower with unit heat

D. none of the above

2. A pump delivers 2000 L/min of water at 20◦C against a pressure rise of 270 kPa.
Kinetic and potential-energy changes are negligible. If the driving motor supplies 10 kW,
what is the overall efficiency ?

A. 85.3%

B. 90.0%

C. 83.25%

D. 95.5%

3. Which of the following pump has low specific speed ?

A. axial flow pump

B. centrifugal pump

C. mixed flow pump

D. none of the above

4. The water pump is located 2 meters above the water level, and the suction is located
6 meters below the water level. The flow discharges through a nozzle to the
m3
atmosphere. It draws 300 of water at 20◦C from the reservoir; the total friction head
h
loss is 3 m. The suction pipe diameter is 12 cm, and discharge is 5 cm. Estimate the
kg
pump power in kW delivered to the water. Take density of water at 20◦C equals 998 3
m

A. 15 kW

B. 45 kW

C. 80 kW

D. 87 kW

5. Which of the following pertains to a given centrifugal pump is correct ?

A. discharge varies as the square of speed C. head varies directly as square

speed

B. power varies as the square of speed D. head varies inversely as speed

6. Water entering a pump through an 8-in-diameter pipe at 4 psi has a flow rate of 3.5
cfs. It leaves the pump through a 4-in-diameter pipe at 15 psi. Assuming that the suction
and discharge sides of the pump are at the same elevation. Find the horsepower
delivered to the water by the pump.

A. 19.38 Hp

B. 21.91 Hp

C. 24.42 Hp

D. 25.0 Hp

7. what will happen if a requirement of NPSH (Net Positive Suction Head) for a pump is
not satisfied?

A. the pump get cavitated

B. proper head is not developed

C. pump has low efficiency

D. more power is required

8. A pump with an efficiency of 92 percent circulates water at the rate of 130 L/s in a
closed circuit that holds 45 m 3. The net head developed by the pump is 120 m. what is
the change in water temperature after one hour ? assuming that the bearing friction
negligible and there is no heat loss from the system.

A. 3.18◦C

B. 14.4◦C

C. 21.3◦C

D. 5.12◦C

9. Slip on reciprocating pumps is defines as the

A. difference of theoretical discharge and actual discharge

B. sum of actual discharge and the theoretical discharge

C. arithmetic mean of actual discharge and theoretical discharge

D. product of theoretical and actual discharge

10. A centrifugal pump is required to pump water to an open water link situated 4km
away from the location of the pump through a pipe of diameter 0.2 m having Darcy’s
friction factor of 0.01. The average speed of water in the pipe is 2m/s. If it maintains a
constant head of 5 m in the tank, what is the corresponding total head ?

A.0.449 bar

B. 44.91 bar

C. 5.503 bar

D. 55.203 bar

11. Specific speed of a centrifugal pump is

A. NQH^1/2

B. (NQ^1/2)2

C. (NH^1/2)/2

D. (NQ^1/2)/H^3/4

12. Find the hydraulic horsepower and the mechanical efficiency of a rotary pump
directly connected to a 5 Hp electrical motor operating at full load under the following
conditions

Fluid handled: Oil Volume flow rate: 20 L/s

Temperature: 21◦C Total head: 175 kPa

Specific Gravity: 0.85

A. 4.69 Hp, 94%

B. 3.69 Hp, 85%

C. 5.69 Hp, 74%

D. 4.69 Hp, 78%

13. Which of the following is incorrect concerning the design of centrifugal pump ?

A. the discharge control valve is fitted in the delivery pipe

B. the suction pipe is provided with a foot valve and strainer

C. the suction pipe has larger diameter as compared to the discharge pipe

D. the balancing valve is located at the suction of pipe

14. After entering a pump through an 180-mm-diameter pipe at 35 kN/m^2, oil

(SG=0.82) leaves the pump through a 120-mm-diameter pipe at 120 kN/m^2. The
suction and discharge sides of the pump are at the same elevation. Find the rate at
which energy is delivered to the oil by the pump if the flow rate is 70 L/s.
A. 5.52 kW C. 6.83 kW

B. 8.51 kW D. 9.45 kW

15. For the same speed, volume flow rate and head, the power consumption of pump
compared to a compressor is

A. lower C. higher

B. same D. depends on density

16. The pump is used to pump water 150 ft above its centreline while taking from water
source 50 ft above centreline. The suction and the discharge line is 6 in, and water at
20◦C is pumped at 2000 gal/min from the lower to the upper reservoir, friction losses are
approximated by Hf =27 v 2 ( 2 g ), where v is the average velocity in the pipe. If the pump
is 80 percent efficient, what horsepower is needed to drive it ?

A. 145 Hp

B. 160 Hp

C. 187 Hp

D. 190 Hp

17. The ratio of the hydraulic output of the pump to the power input to the motor is
known as

A. mechanical efficiency

B. overall efficiency

C. manometric efficiency

D. volumetric efficiency

18. Water entering a pump through an 8-in-diameter pipe at 4 psi has a flow rate of 3.5
cfs. It leaves the pump through a 4-in-diameter pipe at 15 psi. Assuming that the suction
and discharge sides of the pump are at the same elevation. Find the horsepower
delivered to the water by the pump.

A. 19.38 Hp C. 24.42 Hp

B. 21.91 Hp D. 25.0 Hp

19. A centrifugal pump discharges 6 lps at a head of 20 meters. What will be the
discharge if the head is increase to 25 meters ?

A. 2.76 lps C. 5.31 lps

B. 3.36 lps D. 6.71 lps

Answer Key:

1. B 11.D

2. B 12.A

3.B 13.C

4.C 14.C

5.C 15.A

6.A 16.V

7.A 17.V

8.A 18.A

9.A 19.D

10.C

Republic of the Philippines

NORTHWEST SAMAR STATE UNIVERSITY
Main Campus
Calbayog City, Samar

Power & Industrial Plant Engineering

(Chapter –IV Pumps)
Submitted by:

Nashef A. Shiek
Vincent A. Cadiong
(BSME-V)

Submitted to:

Engr.Ignacio Tocayon.
Instructor

February 17, 2020