EEL 4410 FIELDS AND WAVES

Ch6 Maxwell’s Equations In Time-varying Fields

ONLINE Nezih Pala, Florida International University
 Ch6 Maxwell’s Equations In Time-
2
Varying Fields
PART 3

© Nezih Pala npala@fiu.edu EEL4410 Fields and Waves

 EM Motor/ Generator Reciprocity
3

The electromagnetic generator is the converse of the

electromagnetic motor.

Motor: Electrical to mechanical energy conversion

Generator: Mechanical to electrical energy conversion

© Nezih Pala npala@fiu.edu EEL4410 Fields and Waves

 EM Generator EMF
4

The magnetic field is B = zBo and the axis of rotation

of the conducting loop is along the x-axis. As the loop
rotates with an angular velocity ω about its own axis,
segment 1–2 moves with velocity u given by

Also:

Segment 3-4 moves with velocity –u. Hence:

 EM Generator EMF
5

This same result can also be obtained by applying the

general form of Faraday's Law given by Eq. (6.6). The
flux linking the surface loop is

�𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Φ = � 𝐁𝐁 � 𝑑𝑑𝐬𝐬 = � 𝐳𝐳�𝐵𝐵0 � 𝐧𝐧
𝑆𝑆 𝑆𝑆
= 𝐵𝐵0 𝐴𝐴 cos 𝛼𝛼
= 𝐵𝐵0 𝐴𝐴 cos(𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 + 𝐶𝐶0 )

𝑑𝑑Φ 𝑑𝑑
𝑉𝑉𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 =− =− 𝐵𝐵 𝐴𝐴 cos(𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 + 𝐶𝐶0 )
𝑑𝑑𝑡𝑡 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 0

The voltage induced by the rotating loop is sinusoidal in time with an angular frequency
ω equal to that of the rotating loop, and its amplitude is equal to the product of the
surface area of the loop, the magnitude of the magnetic field generated by the
magnet, the angular frequency ω.EEL4410 Fields and Waves
and npala@fiu.edu
© Nezih Pala
 Moving Conductor in a Time-Varying Magnetic
Field
6

For the general case of a single-turn conducting loop moving in a time-varying magnetic field,
the induced emf is the sum of a transformer component and a motional component. Thus,

𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑚𝑚
𝑉𝑉𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 = 𝑉𝑉𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 + 𝑉𝑉𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 = � 𝐄𝐄 � 𝑑𝑑𝐥𝐥
𝐶𝐶

𝜕𝜕𝐁𝐁
= −� � 𝑑𝑑𝐬𝐬 + � (𝐮𝐮 × 𝐁𝐁) � 𝑑𝑑𝐥𝐥
𝑆𝑆 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝐶𝐶

Vemf is also given by the general expression of Faraday's law:

𝑑𝑑Φ 𝑑𝑑
𝑉𝑉𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 = − = − � 𝐁𝐁 � 𝑑𝑑𝐬𝐬
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑆𝑆

In fact, it can be shown mathematically that the right-hand sides of the last two equations are
equivalent. For a particular problem, the choice between using either of them is usually
made on the basis of which is the easier to apply. In either case, for an N -turn loop, the
right-hand sides should be multiplied by N.
© Nezih Pala npala@fiu.edu EEL4410 Fields and Waves
 Example 6-6: Electromagnetic Generator
7

Find the induced voltage when the rotating loop of

the electromagnetic generator of the figure is in a
magnetic field B = zBo cos ωt. Assume that α= 0
at t = 0.

© Nezih Pala npala@fiu.edu EEL4410 Fields and Waves

 CD Module 6.2 Rotating Wire Loop in Constant
8
Magnetic Field
The principle of the electromagnetic generator is demonstrated by a rectangular loop
rotating in the presence of a magnetic field.
http://em.eecs.umich.edu/ch6/mod2/mod2.html