LECTURE AND WORKSHOP ON - What was the psychological state of the author

HISTORICAL METHODOLOGY of the source?

SOURCE OF CRITICISM: - To what extent was the author’s report

selective?
 EXTERNAL CRITICISM
- Authenticity of the source - What prejudices would have informed the
 INTERNAL CRITICISM account?
- Credibility and reliability of the
- Under what outside influences was the source
source
created?

 EXTERNAL CRITICISM - Could the observer have understood what

1. Is the document comprehensible?
2. Who composed the historical material?
3. Is the document located in place and time?
4. Is the source authentic?
 INTERNAL CRITICISM
1. Genealogy of the Document
- Is the source an original, a copy of the original
or a copy of a copy?
2. Genesis of a Document
- What kind of institution or individual produced
a source, with what authority, under what
circumstances?
3. The Originality of the Document
- How is the document rooted from other
sources?
4. Interpretation of the Document
- How did the author frame the intent and
meaning of a composed material?
5. Authorial Authority
- With what authority does the author of a
source speak?
6. Competence of the Observer
he/she saw?
- Was the observer technically or socially
qualified to understand what he saw?
7. The Trustworthiness of the Observer
- How does the author conceal or suppress
knowledge to advance one’s agenda?
TECHNICAL TOOLS IN EXAMINING
SOURCES
1. Paleography
- study of handwriting
2. Diplomatics
- used primarily for textual analysis; writing
styles maybe determined by its specific
time/period wherein there is a set of writing
conventions and formulas
3. Archaeology
- the study of human history and prehistory
through the excavation of sites and the analysis
of artifacts and other physical remains.
4. Statistics
representing quantifiable models and summaries
for a given set of empirical data or real-world 
5. Linguistics
-  is the scientific study of language.
6. Genealogy
- study of family relationships
7. Prosopography
- use of biographical material to construct group
narratives
8. Sigillography
- science and art of identifying and decoding
seals
9. Heraldry
- study of coats of arms
10. Numismatics
- study of coins
PARALLEL WORKSHOP ON TEXTUAL
EVALUATION (DOCUMENTARY AND
ARCHIVAL)
Revolutionary period
FLAGS used to represent the Philippines were
created by the:
Katipuneros (members of the Katipunan, an
anti-Spanish Filipino group formed to seek
independence from Spain).
1. The flag had two versions –
 one which had the letters ‘K.K.K.’
arranged in a row
 one featured the same letters but
arranged in a way that it formed an
equilateral triangle
2. Another version featured the letter of an
ancient Tagalog ‘K’ placed within the figure of a
sun with eight rays. The ‘K’ represented
the Katipunan.
All these flags were rectangular in shape and the
cloth used was RED in colour – to symbolise
the Katipuneros’ revolutionary character.
3. Latest Philippine Flag
President General Emilio Aguinaldo
- thought of having a new flag
- It was him and other revolutionary
leaders who designed the current Philippine flag
Marcela Mariño Agoncillo
– wife of the first diplomat Felipe
Agoncillo.
- she and her group hand-sewn the Phil.
May 28, 1898
- Philippine flag was first displayed
during a battle in (hence, the date of the
Philippine Flag Day).
In June 12, 1898
- flag was unveiled at the Aguinaldos’
mansion in Kawit, Cavite in proclamation of
the Philippine Independence.
Flag SYMBOLIZES
The flag was made of silk
 The SUN represents the gigantic strides
that have been made by the sons of this
land on the road of progress and
civilization
 SUN`S EIGHT RAYS represent the
first eight provinces that revolted against
Spain. Manila, Cavite, Nueve Ecija,
Pampanga, Bataan, Bulacan,
Batangas, Laguna
  3 STARS represent the three principal
Islands of this Archipelago Luzon,
Panay, and Mindanao.
Panay, which recent interpretations call
as "as representative of the entire
Visayas region"
 Flag Colors(Red, Blue, White)
commemorate the flag of the United
States as a manifestation of gratitude for
American aid against the Spanish during
the Philippine Revolution.
 WHITE TRIANGLE represents the
distinctive emblem of the famous
Katipunan Society, which by means of
its compact of blood urged on the
masses of the people to insurrection
HISTORICAL NARRATIVE
- The past is the time before now and history is
the
narrative
historians
create about
it.
Historical Methodology
- aims to examine the authenticity and
reliability of sources, primarily documents,
utilized in the crafting of a historical material.
Sources
- objects that have been left in the past and that
exist either as relic or as testimonies of
witnesses to the past.
- are materials from which historians construct
meanings about the past.
Types of Sources
RELICS
Types of Relics
1. articles from daily life
2. artistic creations fortifications
TESTIMONIES
1. Oral
- Oral traditions, songs, artistic
performances, interviews
2. Written
- legal documents, diaries, memoirs
newspapers , novels
Examples of Written Testimonies
1. Laguna Copperplate Inscription (900)
- the country’s oldest existing calendared doc.
1935 CONSTITUTION
Examples of Written Testimonies
SECTION 1. The Philippines comprises all the 1. Laguna Copperplate Inscription (900)
territory ceded to the United States by the
Treaty of Paris concluded between the United - the country’s oldest existing calendared doc.
States and Spain on the tenth day of
December, eighteen hundred and ninety-eight 2. Murillo-Velarde Map (1734)

1973 CONSTITUTION 3. Katipunan Oath of Membership (1894)

SECTION 1. The national territory comprises 4. Autobiography: “Mga Tala ng Aking

the Philippine archipelago, with all the islands Buhay” ni Gregoria de Jesus
and waters embraced therein, and all the other
territories belonging to the Philippines by 5. Legal Document
historic or legal title, including the territorial
Proclamation No. 1081 (1972)-
sea, the air space, the subsoil, the sea-bed, the
PROCLAIMING A STATE OF MARTIAL
insular shelves, and the submarine areas over
LAW IN THE PHILIPPINES
which the Philippines has sovereignty or
jurisdiction The 1935 Philippine Constitution limits the term
of any President to
1987 CONSTITUTION
eight (8) consecutive years. In 1972, Marcos
The national territory comprises the Philippine
was nearing the end of his second term. He
archipelago, with all the islands and waters
cannot be reelected to a third term unless
embraced therein, and all other territories over
the Constitution was changed or his term is
which the Philippines has sovereignty or
extended by Martial Law.
jurisdiction, consisting of its terrestrial, fluvial
and aerial domains, including its territorial Autobiography of Primitivo Mijares
sea, the seabed, the subsoil, the insular shelves,
and other submarine areas. Dec 30, 1965
- Marcos positioned himself for a long rule
Treaty of Paris beyond the constitutionality allowable two-term
tenure which should have ended on
- 1st international treaty that defined the
Dec 30, 1973
territorial limits of the Philippines
- His master plan called for winning reelection
- ended the Spanish-American War that
in 1969 “at all cost,” declaration of martial “at
relinquished almost all of the remaining
least one year” before the expiration of his
territories of the Spanish Empire, namely Cuba,
second and last term on Dec. 30, 1973
Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines to the
United States Autobiography of Juan Ponce Enrile
- cession of the aforementioned territories
involved a payment of $20 million from the Before I left for Hong Kong (New Year of
United States to Spain 1972), I visited President Marcos in
Malacanang, I delivered to him a large brown
envelope. The brown envelope contained
sixteen 16 documents:
 (1) the draft of a proclamation to declare martial
law;

(2) the draft of seven general orders;

(3) the drafts of several letters of instruction”;

(4) the draft of my appointment as deputy

commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces of the
Philippines. President Marcos asked me to keep
them after I prepared them in late 1970. I kept
them in my steel safe at home . . .

Except for President Marcos, no one knew that

the documents existed .

Interrogating Proclamation No.1081

What are the essential truths on the Marcos’s

declaration of Martial Law?

1. He wanted to stay in power beyond two

terms by declaring Martial Law and
changing the Constitution.

2. The war waged by CPP-NPA was not an

imminent threat to the stability of the
Republic.

3. There was no imminent danger of a

viable secessionist rebellion in
Mindanao.