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Routing Protocols
• Troubleshooting Methodology
• OSPF Overview
• Troubleshooting OSPF
• EIGRP Overview
• Troubleshooting EIGRP
Troubleshooting Methodology
Troubleshooting Methodology
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OSPF Overview
OSPF Areas
• Link State protocol
Area 3
• Uses a 2 level hierarchical model
• Areas defined with 32 bit number
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OSPF LSAs – OSPFv2
• Router and Network LSA’s within an
Area 3
area (Type 1 and Type 2)
• Summary LSA Type 3 outside the
area. Generated by ABR.
• Summary LSA Type 4 generated by Area 0
ABR to describe route to ASBR Area 2
• Type 5 for redistributed routes Area 1
generated by ASBR
• Partial SPF for summary and
External LSA’s
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Area 3
• Link LSA Type 8 have link local scope. Used to notify neighbour
about the attached addresses on that link.
• Intra-area Prefix LSA Type 9. Advertises router itself, attached stub
networks and transit network segments.
• Inter-area prefix LSA Type 3 outside the area. Generated by ABR.
• Inter-area router LSA Type 4. Generated by ABR to describe route to
ASBR.
• AS-External LSA Type 5 for redistributed routes generated by ASBR.
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OSPF Neighbour Adjacency Process
10.1.1.1 10.2.2.2
R1 R2
{
Hello
RID =10.1.1.1 Init on R2
• Init
Hello
RID =10.2.2.2 Init on R1
Hello
{ 2-Way on R2
RID =10.1.1.1
N =10.2.2.2
• 2-Way
Hello
RID =10.2.2.2
2-Way on R1
N =10.1.1.1
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OSPF Neighbour Adjacency Process
10.1.1.1 10.2.2.2
R1 R2
DBD
• EXSTART
MTU = 1500
Flag = 0x7
Seq = 0x2499
DBD
• EXCHANGE MTU = 1500
Flag = 0x3
Seq = 0x837
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OSPF Neighbour Adjacency Process
10.1.1.1 10.2.2.2
R1 R2
LS Request
LS Type
• LOADING Link State ID
Advertising Router
LS Update
# LSA’s
• FULL LSA’s
LSA ..
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Troubleshooting
OSPF/OSPFv3
Lifecycle View of the OSPF Routing Process
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Adjacency Is Not Coming Up
OSPF not enabled on the interface
R1#show ip/ipv6 ospf neighbor In 12.0:
R1#
R1#show ip/ipv6 ospf interface eth0/0
R1#show ip/ipv6 ospf interface eth 0/0 R1#
Ethernet0/0 is up, line protocol is up
OSPF not enabled on this interface
Check for wrong network statement / For OSPFv3, check interface configuration for missing “ipv6 ospf area”
command
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Adjacency Is Not Coming Up
• Mismatched subnet mask (OSPFv2 only) / Hello - Dead Interval
10.1.1.1 10.2.2.2
10.0.0.2/26
10.0.0.1/24
Area 2 Area 2
R1 R2
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Adjacency Is Not Coming Up
• Mismatched area ID
10.1.1.1 10.2.2.2
10.0.0.2
10.0.0.1
Area 2
Area 0
R1 R2
OSPF: Rcv pkt from 10.0.0.2, Et0/0, area 0.0.0.0 mismatch area 0.0.0.2 in the header
On R2:
%OSPF-4-ERRRCV: Received invalid packet: mismatch area ID, from backbone area
must be virtual-link but not found from 10.0.0.1, Ethernet0/0
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Adjacency Is Not Coming Up
• Mismatched transit/stub/NSSA option
10.1.1.1 10.2.2.2
10.0.0.2
10.0.0.1
Area 2 NSSA
Area 2
R1 R2
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Adjacency Is Not Coming Up – OSPFv3 Only
• Mismatched instance-ID
10.1.1.1 10.2.2.2
Area 1 Area 1
R1 R2
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Adjacency Is Not Coming Up – OSPFv3 Only
• No IPv6 address on the interface
10.1.1.1 10.2.2.2
Area 1 Area 1
R1 R2
OSPFv3 runs over link local address. Link local or unicast global address
is required to be configured on interface.
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Adjacency Is Not Coming Up
Stuck in INIT
Stuck in 2-WAY
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Adjacency stuck in Exchange/Exstart
• MTU mismatch— Stuck in EXCHANGE/EXSTART 10.1.1.1 10.2.2.2
R1 R2
• Neighbour RID is same as ours— Stuck in
EXSTART DBD
MTU = 1500
Flag = 0x7
• Unicast is broken—Stuck in EXCHANGE/EXSTART Seq = 0x2499
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Router LSA Router IDs
R1: 10.1.1.1
10.1.24.0/24 10.1.45.0/24 R2: 10.2.2.2
2001:1:24::/64 2001:45::/64
10.1.123.0/24 10.20.1.0/24
10.10.10.10/32 R1 R2 R3: 10.3.3.3
2001:1:123::/64 R4 R5 2001:20:1::/64
2001:10:10::10/128 Area 2 R4: 10.4.4.4
Area 0
Area 1 10.1.5.0/24 / 2001:1:5::/64 R5: 10.5.5.5
R3
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Network LSA Router IDs
R1: 10.1.1.1
10.1.24.0/24 10.1.45.0/24 R2: 10.2.2.2
2001:1:24::/64 2001:45::/64
10.1.123.0/24 10.20.1.0/24
10.10.10.10/32 R1 R2 R3: 10.3.3.3
2001:1:123::/64 R4 R5 2001:20:1::/64
2001:10:10::10/128 Area 2 R4: 10.4.4.4
Area 0
Area 1 10.1.5.0/24 / 2001:1:5::/64 R5: 10.5.5.5
R3
Routing Bit Set on this LSA in topology Base with MTID 0 LS age: 1656
LS age: 1548 Options: (V6-Bit, E-Bit, R-bit, DC-Bit)
Options: (No TOS-capability, DC) LS Type: Network Links
LS Type: Network Links Link State ID: 2 (Interface ID of Designated Router)
Link State ID: 10.1.123.2 (address of Designated Router) Advertising Router: 10.2.2.2
Advertising Router: 10.2.2.2 LS Seq Number: 80000002
LS Seq Number: 80000002 Checksum: 0xA021
Checksum: 0x72F9 Length: 36
Length: 36 Attached Router: 10.2.2.2
Network Mask: /24 Attached Router: 10.1.1.1
Attached Router: 10.2.2.2 Attached Router: 10.3.3.3
Attached Router: 10.1.1.1
Attached Router: 10.3.3.3
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Summary LSA / Inter-area Prefix LSA Router IDs
R1: 10.1.1.1
10.1.24.0/24 10.1.45.0/24 R2: 10.2.2.2
2001:1:24::/64 2001:45::/64
10.1.123.0/24 10.20.1.0/24
10.10.10.10/32 R1 R2 R3: 10.3.3.3
2001:1:123::/64 R4 R5 2001:20:1::/64
2001:10:10::10/128 Area 2 R4: 10.4.4.4
Area 0
Area 1 10.1.5.0/24 / 2001:1:5::/64 R5: 10.5.5.5
R3
Summary Net Link States (Area 1) Routing Bit Set on this LSA
LS age: 1655
Routing Bit Set on this LSA in topology Base with MTID 0 LS Type: Inter Area Prefix Links
LS age: 1445 Link State ID: 3
Options: (No TOS-capability, DC, Upward) Advertising Router: 10.2.2.2
LS Type: Summary Links(Network) LS Seq Number: 80000001
Link State ID: 10.1.5.0 (summary Network Number) Checksum: 0x9CCB
Advertising Router: 10.2.2.2 Length: 36
LS Seq Number: 80000001 Metric: 84
Checksum: 0x8A3E Prefix Address: 2001:1:5::
Length: 28 Prefix Length: 64, Options: None
Network Mask: /24
MTID: 0 Metric: 84
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Summary ASBR LSA / Inter-area Router LSA Router IDs
R1: 10.1.1.1
10.1.24.0/24 10.1.45.0/24 R2: 10.2.2.2
2001:1:24::/64 2001:45::/64
10.1.123.0/24 10.20.1.0/24
10.10.10.10/32 R1 R2 R3: 10.3.3.3
2001:1:123::/64 R4 R5 2001:20:1::/64
2001:10:10::10/128 Area 2 R4: 10.4.4.4
Area 0
Area 1 10.1.5.0/24 / 2001:1:5::/64 R5: 10.5.5.5
R3
Summary ASB Link States (Area 1) Inter Area Router Link States (Area 1)
Routing Bit Set on this LSA in topology Base with MTID 0 Routing Bit Set on this LSA
LS age: 316 LS age: 355
Options: (No TOS-capability, DC, Upward) Options: (V6-Bit, E-Bit, R-bit, DC-Bit)
LS Type: Summary Links(AS Boundary Router) LS Type: Inter Area Router Links
Link State ID: 10.5.5.5 (AS Boundary Router address) Link State ID: 168101125
Advertising Router: 10.2.2.2 Advertising Router: 10.2.2.2
LS Seq Number: 80000002 LS Seq Number: 80000002
Checksum: 0xB314 Checksum: 0x3F3A
Length: 28 Length: 32
Network Mask: /0 Metric: 74
MTID: 0 Metric: 74 Destination Router ID: 10.5.5.5
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AS External LSA Router IDs
R1: 10.1.1.1
10.1.24.0/24 10.1.45.0/24 R2: 10.2.2.2
2001:1:24::/64 2001:45::/64
10.1.123.0/24 10.20.1.0/24
10.10.10.10/32 R1 R2 R3: 10.3.3.3
2001:1:123::/64 R4 R5 2001:20:1::/64
2001:10:10::10/128 Area 2 R4: 10.4.4.4
Area 0
Area 1 10.1.5.0/24 / 2001:1:5::/64 R5: 10.5.5.5
R3
Routing Bit Set on this LSA in topology Base with MTID 0 Type-5 AS External Link States
LS age: 586
Options: (No TOS-capability, DC, Upward) Routing Bit Set on this LSA
LS Type: AS External Link LS age: 761
Link State ID: 10.20.1.0 (External Network Number ) LS Type: AS External Link
Advertising Router: 10.5.5.5 Link State ID: 0
LS Seq Number: 80000002 Advertising Router: 10.5.5.5
Checksum: 0xA3C3 LS Seq Number: 80000002
Length: 36 Checksum: 0x79E6
Network Mask: /24 Length: 36
Metric Type: 2 (Larger than any link state path) Prefix Address: 2001:20:1::
MTID: 0 Prefix Length: 64, Options: None
Metric: 20 Metric Type: 2 (Larger than any link state path)
Forward Address: 0.0.0.0 Metric: 20
External Route Tag: 0
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OSPFv3 Only - Link States – Type 8 Router IDs
R1: 10.1.1.1
10.1.24.0/24 10.1.45.0/24 R2: 10.2.2.2
2001:1:24::/64 2001:45::/64
10.1.123.0/24 10.20.1.0/24
10.10.10.10/32 R1 R2 R3: 10.3.3.3
2001:1:123::/64 R4 R5 2001:20:1::/64
2001:10:10::10/128 Area 2 R4: 10.4.4.4
Area 0
Area 1 10.1.5.0/24 / 2001:1:5::/64 R5: 10.5.5.5
R3
R1#show ipv6 ospf database R1#show ipv6 ospf database link adv-router 10.2.2.2
OSPFv3 Router with ID (10.1.1.1) (Process ID 1) OSPFv3 Router with ID (10.1.1.1) (Process ID 1)
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OSPFv3 Only - Intra Area Prefix LSA – Type 9 Router IDs
R1: 10.1.1.1
10.1.24.0/24 10.1.45.0/24 R2: 10.2.2.2
2001:1:24::/64 2001:45::/64
10.1.123.0/24 10.20.1.0/24
10.10.10.10/32 R1 R2 R3: 10.3.3.3
2001:1:123::/64 R4 R5 2001:20:1::/64
2001:10:10::10/128 Area 2 R4: 10.4.4.4
Area 0
Area 1 10.1.5.0/24 / 2001:1:5::/64 R5: 10.5.5.5
R3
R1#show ipv6 ospf database R1#show ipv6 ospf database prefix adv-router 10.1.1.1
OSPFv3 Router with ID (10.1.1.1) (Process ID 1) OSPFv3 Router with ID (10.1.1.1) (Process ID 1)
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SPF Running Constantly
Reasons
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SPF Running Constantly
R1#show ip/ipv6 ospf statistic
Area 0: SPF algorithm executed 42 times
Area 1: SPF algorithm executed 38 times
SPF calculation time
Delta T Intra D-Intra Summ D-Summ Ext D-Ext Total Reason
00:22:00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 R, N, SN,
00:21:44 0 0 4 0 0 0 4 R, SN, X
00:21:34 0 0 4 0 0 0 4 R, SN, X
00:21:24 0 0 0 4 0 0 4 R, SN, X
00:21:14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 R,
00:21:04 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 R, N, SN,
00:20:54 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X
00:20:44 0 0 4 0 0 0 4 R, SN, X
00:20:34 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X
00:00:17 4 0 0 0 0 0 4 R, N, SN, SA, X
...
R=Router LSA; N=NetworkLSA; SN=Summary Network LSA; SA=Summary ASBR LSA;
X=External LSA
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SPF Running Constantly
R1#show ip/ipv6 ospf statistic detail
OSPF process ID 100
------------------------------------------
Area 0: SPF algorithm executed 1 times
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SPF Running Constantly
R2#debug ip/ipv6 ospf monitor
OSPF: Schedule SPF in area 1
Change in LS ID 10.1.1.1, LSA type R,
OSPF: schedule SPF: spf_time 0ms wait_interval 861421816s
OSPF: Begin SPF at 0x33585480ms, process time 752ms spf_time 0ms, wait_interval 861421816s
OSPF: End SPF at 0x33585488ms, Total elapsed time 8ms
Intra: 4ms, Inter: 0ms, External: 0ms
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SPF Running Constantly
R1#show ip/ipv6 ospf database
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Summary traffic statistics for process ID 1:
TX Failed 0 0
TX Hello 10 792
TX DB des 6 624
TX LS req 2 112
TX LS upd 8 708
TX LS ack 5 460
TX Total 31 2696
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OSPF Routing Table
Prefix in Database but not in the Routing Table
R1 R2
10.0.0.1/30 10.0.0.2/30
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OSPF Routing Table
R1#sh ip ospf data router 10.2.2.2 R2#sh ip ospf data router 10.1.1.1
OSPF Router with ID (10.1.1.1) (Process ID 1) OSPF Router with ID (10.2.2.2) (Process ID 1)
Adv Router is not-reachable Adv Router is not-reachable
LS age: 1254 LS age: 1670
Options: (No TOS-capability, DC) Options: (No TOS-capability, DC)
LS Type: Router Links LS Type: Router Links
Link State ID: 10.2.2.2 Link State ID: 10.1.1.1
Advertising Router: 10.2.2.2 Advertising Router: 10.1.1.1
Link connected to: a Transit Network Link connected to: a Stub Network
(Link ID) Designated Router address: 10.0.0.2 (Link ID) Network/subnet number: 10.0.0.0
(Link Data) Router Interface address: 10.0.0.2 (Link Data) Network Mask: 255.255.255.252
Number of TOS metrics: 0 Number of TOS metrics: 0
TOS 0 Metrics: 10 TOS 0 Metrics: 10
R1 R2
10.0.0.1/30 10.0.0.2/30
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EIGRP Overview
EIGRP Basics
• Advanced distance vector, TLV based
protocol
• Uses DUAL algorithm
• Runs directly on top of IP/IPv6 protocol
88
• Uses multicast capabilities(Neighbour
EIGRP AS 1
relationship &Updates)
• Supports unequal cost path load
balancing
• Metric is based on the bandwidth and
delay
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EIGRP Neighbour Process
• Hello process used for neighbour discovery and maintenance
Hello Types
K-value A
should match
AS number
IP subnet (only IPv4)
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EIGRP Reliable Communication
Reliable Transport Protocol (RTP)
• Purpose of RTP
– To transmit and receive EIGRP packets
• Characteristics of RTP
– Reliable & unreliable delivery:
§ Reliable delivery requires acknowledgment from destination
§ Unreliable delivery does not require an acknowledgement from destination
– Packets can be
§ Unicast
§ Multicast
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EIGRP DUAL Routing Algorithm Concepts
• A neighbour meets the feasibility condition (FC) if the RD is smaller than the
FD of this router.
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EIGRP DUAL Routing Algorithm
• Finite-State-Machine
Track all routes
Select a Successor
Remember Feasible Successors
If Successor lost
Use Feasible Successor
If no Feasible Successor exists
Query Neighbours and Recompute new Successor
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Troubleshooting EIGRP
Lifecycle View of the EIGRP Routing Process
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EIGRPNeighbour
EIGRP Neighbours
Process
R1#show ip/ipv6 eigrp neighbors
IP-EIGRP neighbors for process 1
H Address Interface Hold Uptime SRTT RTO Q Seq
(sec) (ms) Cnt Num
2 10.0.0.2 Et0 12 6d16h 20 200 0 233
1 10.8.0.5 Et1 13 2w2d 87 522 0 452
0 10.9.0.7 Et1 10 2w2d 85 510 0 3
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EIGRP Neighbour Problems
• The hold time expires when an EIGRP
packet is not received during hold time A
B
• Other checks:
• Access-lists
• Debug EIGRP packet hello
• Ping neighbour with small & large packets
Neighbour 10.1.1.1 (Ethernet0) is
• Interface errors down: holding time expired
• Sniffer Captures – external or internal
• Configure neighbour statements (IPv4 only)
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EIGRP Neighbour Problems
• Manual configuration changes can also reset EIGRP neighbours:
• Summary changes (manual and auto)
• Route filter changes
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EIGRP Different Log Messages
eigrp log-neighbor-changes must be enabled under EIGRP process
Example logs
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R1
EIGRP Topology Exchange
Packet
• Reliable packets: re-sent after Retransmit Time Out Ack
R2
(Typically RTO = 6 X SRTT)
• Minimum 200 ms and maximum 5000 ms
Neighbour 10.0.0.1 (Ethernet0) is
• After 16 retransmissions: re-initialise the neighbour down: retry limit exceeded
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EIGRP Topology Exchange
• Ping the neighbour’s unicast address
- Vary the packet size
- Try large numbers of packets
R1
R2
• Common causes
- Mismatched MTU R2# ping
- Unidirectional link Protocol[ip]:
- Dirty link Target IP address: 10.0.0.1
- Bad Hardware
Repeat count [5]: 100
Datagram Size: 1500
Timeout in seconds[2]:
Extended commands[n]: y
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EIGRP Topology Exchange
R1#show ip eigrp events Lo0: 10.1.1.1
Event information for AS 1:
R1
...
10 13:20:43.289 Rcv update met/succmet: 409600 128256 .1
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EIGRP Event Log
• Always running
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EIGRP Topology Exchange
Lo0: 10.1.1.1
R1#debug ip/ipv6 eigrp
IP-EIGRP Route Events debugging is on R1
.1
R2#debug ip/ipv6 eigrp 10 10.2.2.0 255.255.255.0
IP-EIGRP AS Target Events debugging is on 10.0.0.0/24
Lo0: 10.2.2.2
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DUAL FD, RD, FS and Successor
A-B-E = 20+30 = 50
B
A-C-E = 20+40 = 60
A-D-E = 20+70 = 90
10.200.1.0
20 Se1/1 RD=40 20 RD=20
FD = 50 A C E
Computed Reported
Distance Distance
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Show IP EIGRP Topology All-Links
Show ip eigrp topology all-links displays a B
list of All neighbours
10.200.1.0
.1 .2 .1 .2
56k 128k
A C E
Reported
Distance
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Show IP EIGRP Topology Summary
Total number of routes in the local topology table
Number of queries this router is waiting on replies for
Internal data structures
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EIGRP DUAL Routing Algorithm
• Normal state of a route is passive
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EIGRP DUAL Routing Algorithm
%DUAL-3-SIA: Route 10.64.5.0 255.255.255.192
stuck-in-active state in IP-EIGRP 1. Cleaning up
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Troubleshoot Stuck in Active
Show ip/ipv6 eigrp topology active (useful only during problem)
R1#show ip eigrp topology active
IP-EIGRP Topology Table for AS(1)/ID(10.1.1.1)
A 10.200.1.0/24, 1 successors, FD is Inaccessible
1 replies, active 00:01:17, query-origin: Local origin
via Connected (Infinity/Infinity), Ethernet1/0
Remaining replies:
via 10.0.0.2, r, Ethernet0/0
R1 is waiting on reply from 10.0.0.2
1. Primary path goes down / No Feasible Successor
5. SIA-Query sent to R2
after 1.5 mins
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EIGRP Likely Causes for Stuck-in-Active
• Bad or congested links
• Query range is too long - Reduce Scope (stub routers) or Summarise
• Excessive redundancy
• Overloaded router (high CPU)
• Router memory shortage
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Problem with External Routes
• EIGRP not installing external routes
10.1.1.0/24
via RIP
C
B#show ip route 10.1.1.0
B#
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Problem with External Routes
• We’ve resolved the metric issue, and B 10.1.1.0/24
via RIP
picked the route up, but C didn’t—why?
A
router eigrp 100
redistribute rip metric 1000 1 255 1 1500
....
C
B#show ip route 10.1.1.0 C#show ip route 10.1.1.0
.... C#
10.1.1.0/24 via [A]
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Problem with External Routes 10.1.1.0/24
via RIP
A
• We’ve resolved the metric issue, and B
picked the route up, but C didn’t—why?
• B’s topology table show originating
router ID field in the external route is B
set to 192.168.1.1
192.168.1.1
• But, that’s Router C’s loopback C
B#show ip eigrp topology 10.1.1.0
address! 10.10.1.0/24
....
External data:
Originating router is 192.168.1.1
Problem indicated in event log:
1 02:30:18.591 Ignored route, metric: 192.168.1.0 2297856
2 02:30:18.591 Ignored route, neighbor info: 10.1.1.0/24 Serial0/3
3 02:30:18.591 Ignored route, dup router: 192.168.1.1
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IPv6 Unique Issues
• IPv6 Router-ID: Uses the same router-id selection process as IPv4. If IPv4
address is not available manually set the router-ID.
• EIGRP does not use a network statement to specify its IPv6 interfaces
Two different methods exist:
• Classic mode uses the “ipv6 eigrp <AS>” command on each interface
• Named mode defaults to having all interfaces enabled
• Need to “shutdown” under af-interface <interface>
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Classic and Named Mode
Classic Mode Named mode
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Q&A
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