CIVL311: STRUCTURAL DESIGN 1

CIVL911: STRUCTURAL DESIGN BASED ON

Important Notes
AUSTRALIAN STANDARDS
These lecture notes do not substitute recommended
AUTUMN 2020 (WEEK 4): ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF BEAMS FOR SHEAR
textbooks.

These lecture notes are not peer-reviewed. They may

A/Prof. Neaz Sheikh contain errors.
Room 4.127
The lecturer is not responsible for the learning of
Email: msheikh@uow.edu.au students who rely exclusively on the lecture notes

It is highly recommended that students review the

Consultation time:
Tuesday 11:30 – 13:30
lecture materials using the recommended textbooks.
Friday 11:30 – 13:30 (Moodle Discussion Forum)
Lecture notes are based on Foster et al. (2010)
1 2

Agenda for today Week 4 Essential Reading

References Foster, Kilpatrick and Warner (2010)
Chapter 3: Beams
Feedback/Recap on week 3
Topics for Today: Loo and Chowdhury (2018)
Part 1 (Chapter 6): Ultimate strength design for shear
Shear in RC beams
Crack pattern in a beam
AS 3600
Shear Capacity of RC Beams
Section 8: Design of Beams for Strength and Serviceability
Design of shear reinforcement
Detailing

3 4
 RECAP ON WEEK 3 Assignment Feedback: Week 3
Figure below shows the elevation of a reinforced concrete cantilever beam and
Moment Capacity of a singly reinforced beam the cross-section showing the steel reinforcement at its support. The beam is
loaded with uniformly distributed permanent load (including self weight), FG, and
- Equivalent stress block live load, FQ. If the permanent load, FG, is 20 kN/m, calculate the uniformly
-Approximate formula distributed live load, FQ, which the beam can carry safely. Consider that the
concrete cover at the top and the bottom is 30 mm.
Moment capacity of a doubly reinforced beam
[Hints: (i) Calculate the design moment capacity (Mu) of the cantilever beam
-role of compression reinforcement (ii) Calculate applied bending moment (M*) due to factored loads (iii) compare
-balanced failure and neutral axis depth limit Mu with M* to calculate safe uniformly distributed live load, FQ]
400 mm
5-N24
Moment Capacity of flanged beam Data: Compressive strength of concrete, f’c = 40 MPa 150 mm
Yield strength of steel reinforcement, fsy = 500 MPa N12 Stirrup
-Effective flange width Modulus of elasticity of steel reinforcement Es= 200 GPA 450 mm

-Two cases: neutral axis in flange and neutral axis in web A

Proportioning of reinforced concrete beam 2-N24

Q.4b. cross-section with reinforcement

A
details at support (section A-A)
5 6
Q.4a. Elevation of the beam

Assignment Feedback: Week 3 Csc

Mu=Cc(d-dc) +Csc(d-dsc)
=dc
Cc

Not just look at the equation

but also look at the
development of the equation.
dc=dn/2
Mu is the moment taken at the
line of steel reinforcement

Foster et al. (2010)

 Foster et al. (2010)

Motivation for Week 4 Lecture

 Why should we design a beam for shear?
Beam Reinforcement

 Is shear failure more critical than flexural failure?

 How do I know whether a crack is a flexural crack, or

a flexural-shear crack, or a web shear crack?

 How can I design a beam for shear?

How can I detail a beam?

Concrete Institute of Australia. Reinforcement Detailing Handbook (2010) 9

SHEAR IN RC BEAMS

In a beam subjected to transverse loading, the stress

resultants at a typical cross-section consist of a
shear force V and a bending moment M

w (kN/m)
SHEAR IN RC BEAMS ss beam
L wL x2
wL/2
x
wL/2
M ( x)  xw
Mmax 2 2
BMD
wL
Vmax shear V ( x)   wx
SFD Vmax
2

dM
These are related by the statical requirement: V
11
dx
12
 If V becomes large in any region
it can result in the formation of inclined tensile cracks, N.A
followed by premature ‘shear’ failure of the beam. Simply supported beam Flexural Stress
=My/I
Small quantities of shear reinforcement (stirrups)
Bending stress distribution
significantly improve the overload behaviour
and load-carrying capacity of a beam subject to inclined
cracking. Internal forces on section A-A

Shear stress

VQ
 N.A
An essential step in the design of any structural concrete beam Ib
is therefore to check the strength in shear and,
where necessary, to boost this strength to an acceptable value Shear stress distribution
Internal forces on portion between sections A-A and B-B
by including stirrup reinforcement in appropriate quantities.

13 14

Check your mechanics

Plane Stress of material knowledge. Plane Stress
Please look at
ENGG251 if you don’t
remember this!
For RC beam
section Determine the principal stresses
usually y=0

 x  y  x  y
 x1   1   cos 2   xy sin 2  x  y
2 2  x1 y1   sin 2   xy cos 2
2

 x  y  x  y
 x2   2   cos 2   xy sin 2
2 xy
2 2 tan 2 p 
 x  y

15 16
 Element 1 Element 2
4
Plane Stress 3
2 Neutral Axis
1

Beam and element location in a beam

Solve the Element 3 Element 4

same
Determine the principal stresses problem
considering
y=0, which Shear stress
Bending stress
is usual for distribution
distribution
Stresses in elements
the RC beam Element 2 Element 3
section Element 1 Element 4

2 xy
tan 2 p 
 x  y

2 p ,1  330.6 0

 p ,1  165.30
Neutral Axis

 p , 2  75.30
17
18
Principle stresses and crack Loo and Chowduhury (2013)

CRACK PATTERNS AND FAILURE MODES

Trajectories of principle stresses in a homogeneous isotropic beam Two-span continuous beam

Relative magnitudes of
Solid lines: tensile trajectories; dashed lines: compressive trajectories M and V have an effect
on the manner in which
inclined cracks form
and also on the post-
Bending Moment Diagram
cracking behaviour of
The location and extent of any of these cracking region depend on the beam
the actions resulting from loads, the support type and on the
cross-section dimension

19 Shear Force Diagram 20

Warner (1998) Warner (1998)
 Shear Failure in Beam Without Shear Reinforcement

Region 1: Flexural cracks [M/(Vd) is high]

Region 2: Flexure-shear cracks [M/(Vd) is moderate] Region close to support: An inclined crack may develop and extend
Region 3: Web-shear cracks [M/(Vd) is low] gradually with increasing load

Region remote to the support point: Crack development is

The location and extent of any of these cracking region depend on
unrestricted. A crack may extend suddenly, almost
the actions resulting from loads, the support type and on the
instantaneously, throughout the beam and can cause sudden and
cross-section dimension
explosive shear failure.
21 22
Warner (1998) Foster et al. (2010)

SHEAR CAPACITY OF RC BEAMS

AS 3600 APPROACH

Empirical Approach to calculate the

contribution of shear by concrete:

SHEAR CAPACITY OF RC Uncracked concrete

BEAMS Dowel action of reinforcement

Aggregate interlock component

and
Truss model for shear component
carried by steel reinforcement
crossing shear cracks
23 24
Foster et al. (2010)
 SHEAR STRENGTH OF BEAMS WITHOUT SHEAR
REINFORCEMENT

Concrete Contribution to Shear Strength, Vuc (AS 3600 Clause 8.2.4.1 ) Concrete Contribution to Shear Strength, Vuc (AS 3600 Clause 8.2.4.1 )

𝑢𝑐 = 𝑣 𝑣 𝑣 𝑐 𝑢𝑐 = 𝑣 𝑣 𝑣 𝑐

bv is the effective web width (AS 3600 Clause 8.2.1.5 ) 𝒇𝒄́ shall not exceed 8.0 MPa

kv and v shall be determined in accordance with general method

dv is the effective shear depth (AS 3600 Clause 8.2.1.9 ) (AS 3600 Clause 8.2.4.2)

The effective depth (dv) shall be taken as the greater of 0.72D or
0.9d, where d is the distance from the extreme compression fibre to the
centroid of the longitudinal tension reinforcement in the half depth of the
section containing the flexural tension zone
25
The design concrete strength does not exceed 65 MPa and the size of
the maximum aggregate particle is not less than 10 mm, the value of kv
and angle of the strut v may be determined by the simplified method
(AS 3600 Clause 8.2.4.3)
26

General method of determining kv and v

AS 3600 Clause 8.2.4.2

27 28
 REQUIREMENTS FOR TRANSVERSE SHEAR REINFORCEMENT
Simplified method of determining kv and v

 for shear =0.75

(if minimum transverse reinforcement is provided;
Otherwise, for shear = 0.7)
AS 3600 Table 2.2.2
 for flexure=0.85
29 30

Truss Analogy
Contribution of shear reinforcement Top cord formed by concrete element is in
compression
AS 3600 adopts TRUSS ANALOGY model to calculate section dimension Bottom cord formed by flexural steel is in
and reinforcement quantity to resist applied shear tension
Vertical ties formed by web reinforcement
act as vertical tension bar
Concrete within the web of the member
act as compression diagonal

Force in each stirrup =Fv

Total stirrup force across the cutting plan V= Fa=n.Fv= Fv . zcotv/s
z is the distance between cord of the truss
When the stirrup is at yield Fv =Asvfsy.f
truss analogy
z cot  v Asv is the cross-sectional area of one
Vus  ASV f sy. f stirrup
31 s 32
Foster et al. (2010) Foster et al. (2010)
 Truss Analogy

z cot  v
Vus  ASV f sy . f
s Minimum transverse shear reinforcement

AS 3600
z≈dv

33 34
Foster et al. (2010)

SHEAR STRENGTH OF BEAM WITH SHEAR REINFORCEMENT

Maximum transverse shear reinforcement

Vu=Vuc+Vus

VuV*
Vuc+ Vus)V*
 for shear =0.75
(if minimum transverse reinforcement is provided;
Otherwise, for shear = 0.7) AS 3600 Table 2.2.2

35 36
Foster et al. (2010)
 DESIGN FOR SHEAR
Design requirement for shear

VuV*
Vuc+ Vus)V*
V* is the factored design shear force

To ensure that diagonal crushing does not precede the yielding of the
stirrup, AS 3600 place a limit on the total shear carried by the section,
Vumax

Vu=Vuc+Vus

37 38

VuV*Maximum Transverse Shear Near a Support Procedure to determine stirrup requirement at any section:

1. Find V*

2. If V* > Vu.max :Increase bv or do or both

AS 3600 Clause 8.2.3.2 do

3. Calculate Vuc
a) The face of the support Loo and Chowduhury (2013) If V* ≤ Vuc and D≤ 750mm: No action required
b) At a distance do from the face of the support, provided:
(i) the member is directly supported and diagonal cracking cannot take 4. If V* > Vuc or D > 750mm: Provide shear reinforcement
place at the support or extend into it; and
(ii) the transverse shear reinforcement required at do from the support
is continued unchanged to the face of the support.
5. Find a value for Asv/s such that

Members where the distance from the point of zero shear to the face of the support is
less than 2do, or members in which a concentrated load is closer than 2do from the face of Vus = V* -  Vuc
the support and contributes more than 50% of the design shear at a support, may be
considered to be deep components for which the provisions of AS3600 Section 12 apply.
6. Provide required shear reinforcement
39 40
 Different types of Stirrups

Tutorial Question 1: Design of

Shear Reinforcement

Detailing of reinforcement in concrete

structures by R.I Gilbert, 2012.

41 42

Tutorial Question 1: Design of Shear a) Determine Applied Shear force:

Reinforcement Determine V* V*=1400 KN (given)
Design the stirrups required for the section shown in Figure if the section
carries a design shear force of V*= 1400 kN. Consider concrete cover= 40 mm

b) Check: maximum shear capacity of the section

Data: Calculate Vu.max

f’ c= 32 MPa
𝑉𝑢.𝑚𝑎𝑥 0.55 𝑓 𝑐𝑏𝑣𝑑𝑣 AS 3600 Clause 8.2.3.3
fsy=fsy.f= 500 MPa
Ast= 8160 mm2 v= angle of inclination of the compression strut (see AS3600 Clause 8.2.4.2)
Based on the simplified method in AS3600 Clause 8.2.4.3 v=36o

v= angle between inclined shear reinforcement and the longitudinal tensile
d= (850+250)mm- 40 mm (clear cover)- 12 mm reinforcement. For perpendicular shear reinforcement v=90o
(stirrup)- 36/2 mm (1/2 longitudinal bar= 1030 mm
Example 3.13
43 44
Foster et al. (2010)
b) Check: maximum shear capacity of the section c) Check: Concrete contribution to shear strength (Vuc)

Calculate Vu.max Calculate Vuc

𝑉𝑢.𝑚𝑎𝑥 0.55 𝑓 𝑐𝑏𝑣𝑑𝑣 𝑢𝑐 𝑐

bv=250+250= 500 mm
v=36o
v=90o dv= 927 mm
kv=0.15
Cot(v)=cot(360)= 1.376
𝑉𝑢𝑐 0.15 500 927 32 AS 3600 Clause 8.2.4.3
Cot(v)=cot(900)= 0
=393.29x103 N= 393.29 kN
bv=250+250= 500 mm

dv=Max (0.72D or 0.9d) AS 3600 Clause 8.2.1.9 Vuc= 0.75 x 393.29= 295 kN
=Max (0.72x1100 or 0.9x1030)
=927 mm
V* >> Vuc
𝑽𝒖.𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝟎. 𝟓𝟓 𝟑𝟐 𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝟗𝟐𝟕
𝟏.𝟑𝟕𝟔 𝟎
= 3880x103 N= 3880 kN
𝟏 𝟏.𝟑𝟕𝟔 𝟐 Shear reinforcement required
Vumax= 0.75x3880= 2910 kN 45 46
Vumax> V* ---- web crushing not critical

d) Check: Minimum transverse shear reinforcement e) Design for shear reinforcement

Calculate Asv/s
AS 3600 Clause 8.2.1.7

s= centre-to-centre spacing of shear reinforcement, measured parallel to the longitudinal

axis of the member
Cot(v)=cot(360)= 1.376

AS 3600 Clause 8.2.5.2 fsy.f=500 MPa

bv=250+250= 500 mm
VuV* dv=Max (0.7D or 0.9d)= 927 mm
fsy.f=500 MPa (characteristic yield strength of reinforcement used as fitment)
Vuc+ Vus)V* Vus=(1400/0.75)-393.29 1473 kN
𝐴𝑠𝑣.𝑚𝑖𝑛 0.08 32 500
=0.4525 mm2/mm
Vus(V*/-Vuc
𝑠 500 1473x103=(Asv/s)x 500x927x1.376

Asv/s=2.310 mm2/mm

47 Check: (Asv/s)> (Asv.min/s)22

 Further Points about shear design

V* depends on the Ultimate Shear Force diagram

Use 4 leg N12 stirrup Asv= 4*110=440 mm2

S≤ 440/2.31 = 190.5 mm
V* is highest near supports and point loads
Use 4 leg N12 stirrup @ 190 mm c/c

In the span V* can get close to zero

Often you need only minimum reinforcement

Asvmin and appropriate spacing, s

If V* >  Vumax you must make the beam bigger

49 50
Foster et al. (2010)

DETAILING
Tension reinforcement can be
curtailed when it is no longer needed
to carry bending

DETAILING Rules for curtailment

Ensure adequate anchorage
Ensure adequate overlap with
Browse the link for detailed information: other bars
(https://www.engineersaustralia.org.au/resource- Ensure continuity of load path in
centre/resource/detailing-reinforcement-concrete-structures ) reinforcement

(copy and paste in your browser) Control cracks and provide

protection

51 52
 Detailing for flexural reinforcement
Deemed to comply arrangement of flexural reinforcement
[AS 3600 Clause 8.3.1.5]
a) Of the negative moment tensile reinforcement provided
at the support-
i) not less than one-quarter shall extend over the whole
span;
ii) not less than one-half shall extend 0.3Ln or more
beyond the face of the support; and
iii) the remainder, if any, shall extend 0.2Ln or more
beyond the face of the support
Simplified Curtail Requirements for Beams
Where adjacent spans are unequal, the extension of To comply with shear requirements, not more than a quarter of the maximum
negative reinforcement beyond each face of the column tensile reinforcement shall be terminated within any distance 2D
support shall be based on the longer span 53 54
Foster et al. (2010)

Radius ≥ 4 times diameter

Extend into support by 12 db
Deemed to comply arrangement of flexural reinforcement

b) Of the positive moment tensile reinforcement provided at

mid-span-
i) not less than one-half shall extend into a simple support
for a length of 12db with a cog
ii) not less than one-quarter shall extend into a support
where the beam is continuous or flexurally restrained;
and
iii) the remainder, if any, shall extend within 0.1 Ln from
the face of the support Simplified Curtail Requirements for Beams

C) To comply with shear requirements, not more than a To comply with shear requirements, not more than a quarter of the maximum
quarter of the maximum tensile reinforcement shall be tensile reinforcement shall be terminated within any distance 2D
55 56
terminated within any distance 2D Foster et al. (2010)
 Detailing for Shear reinforcement
Detailing for Shear reinforcement
AS 3600 Clause 8.3.2
General
a) Fitments (stirrups or ties) making an angle v of between 45o and 90o
with the longitudinal bars; and Maximum spacing: lesser
of 300 mm and 0.5 D
b) Welded wire mesh
c) In circular or oval-sectioned members, by helices

Spacing

a) In members not greater than 1.2 m depth, the maximum longitudinal

spacing shall not exceed lesser of 300 mm or 0.5D. Otherwise, the
longitudinal spacing shall not exceed 600 mm.
b) The maximum transverse spacing across the width of the member
shall not exceed the lesser of 600 mm and D 57 58
Concrete Institute of Australia (2007)

Detailing for Shear reinforcement Detailing for Shear reinforcement

Extent
The shear reinforcement required at the critical cross-section shall be
carried to the face of the support.
Shear reinforcement of an area not less than that calculated as being
necessary at any cross-section, shall be provided for a distance D from
the cross-section in the direction of decreasing shear. The first fitment
at each end of a span shall be positioned not more than 50 mm from the
face of the support
Anchorage
The anchorage of shear reinforcement transverse to the longitudinal flexural
reinforcement shall be achieved by a hook or cog complying with Clause 13.1.2.7 or
by welding of the fitment to a longitudinal bar or by a welded splice, or by lapped
splices. Where lapped splices are used, the lap length shall be as calculated in
Clause 13.1.2, except that for fitments adjacent to the cover concrete, the lap
length calculated in Clause 13.1.2 shall be multiplied by 1.3.
Shear reinforcement shall be deemed to be anchored provided the following
criteria are met:

Maximum spacing: lesser (a) Bends in bars used as fitments shall enclose a longitudinal bar with a
of 300 mm and 0.5 D diameter not less than the diameter of the fitment bar. The enclosed bar
shall be in contact with the fitment bend.

(b) The fitment spacing shall comply with Clause 8.3.2.2. Provided the hook
comply with Clause 13.1.2.7, anchorage shall be deemed to be satisfied.

(b) Fitment cogs shall not be used when the anchorage of the fitment is solely
in the outer layer of reinforcement. In this case fitment hooks shall be
59 60
used.
 Crack control: Reinforcement spacing
Crack control: need for sufficient cover No minimum spacing is specified by the standard, it only states that “the minimum
clear distance between parallel bars including bundled bars shall be such that the
concrete can be properly placed and compacted. For crack control, recommended that
the centre-to-centre spacing of bars shall not be greater than 300 mm near tension
face of the beam. For general guidance on reinforcement spacing.
Bars between Direction in Minimum clear spacing ( or pitch) shall be greater value
which clear which spacing is of-
spacing is measured
measured
Horizontal bars Horizontally 25 mm 1db 1.5 a
in beams Vertically 25 mm 1db -
Horizontal bars Horizontally 50 mm 3db 1.5 a
in slabs, walls and Vertically 25mm 1db -
footings
Vertical bars Horizontally 40 mm 1.5 db 1.5 a

Bars in ribs of Horizontally 15 mm 1db 1.5a

hollow block or
concrete-joist
Horizontal splitting crack can occur at the level of steel reinforcement slab construction
if the bars are too closely spaced Helical Pitch or helix 40 mm 3db (pitch) 1.5 a (pitch)
reinforcement
Local splitting can occur around and individual bar if there is a = the maximum aggregate size db= diameter of the largest bar; twice the diameter of the
insufficient cover 61
larger bar in the bundle; diameter of the bar forming the helix
Foster et al. (2010) Loo and Chowdhury (2010)

Crack Control: AS 3600 Clause 8.6.4 Crack Control: AS 3600 Clause 8.6
Cracking in concrete structures shall be controlled so that structural performance,
durability, and appearance of the structure are not compromised [AS 3600 Clause 2.3.3.1]

Crack control of beams by calculation of crack width

# Crack control of beams without direct calculation of crack width

63 64
AS3600 AS 3600
 Detailing for Crack Control
AS 3600 Section 8.6
Crack width

For the crack control in the side face of beams where overall Permissible crack width (ACI Committee 224, 1972)
depth exceeds 750 mm, longitudinal reinforcement consisting
of 12 mm bars at 200 mm c/c, or 16 mm bars at 300 mm c/c, Exposure condition Maximum allowable crack
shall be placed in each side face width (mm)
Dry air or protective 0.40
membrane
Humid air, soil 0.30
De-icing chemicals 0.20
Sea-water and sea-water 0.15
Spacing ≤ 300 mm spray, wetting and drying
Water retaining structures 0.10
65 66
Concrete Institute of Australia (2007) Foster et al. (2010)

SUMMARY

Shear in RC beams
Crack pattern in a RC beam PRELIMINARY CALCULATIONS
FOR THE DESIGN OF RC BEAMS
Shear Capacity of RC Beams
Design of shear reinforcement
Detailing

67 68
 bef
Q1. For the beam cross-sections shown in Fig. Q(1), calculate b,
bw, d, do, and dsc.
D
d do From the reinforcement arrangement, it is
quite clear that the beam cross-section is
under negative bending moment. The part
above the neutral axis is under tension and
bw
bw below the neutral axis is under compression.
clear cover
Concrete Institute of Australia (2010) b= 500 mm
D= Overall depth of a member
d= The effective depth (from extreme fibre in compression to the resultant tensile bw= 500 mm
force Ts, of a cross-section in bending)
d= 600 mm- 40 mm (concrete cover)- 12 mm
dsc= The depth from the extreme fibre in compression to the compression steel
reinforcement (stirrup)-28/2 mm (half of the diameter of
do= The depth from the extreme fibre in compression to the centroid of the outermost the tension reinforcement)= 534 mm
layer of longitudinal tensile reinforcement but not less than 0.8D concrete cover= 40 mm
b= The width of a rectangular cross-section do= 534 mm (the cross-section has only one
bef= The effective width of the flange of a T- or L- section layer of tension reinforcement)
bw= The web width of a T- or L- section
dsc= 40 (concrete cover) +12 (diameter of the
AS3600 Definition of cover: Distance between the outside of the reinforcing steel or tendons
and the nearest permanent surface of the member, excluding any surface finish stirrup) +24/2 (half the diameter of
compression reinforcement)= 64 mm
69 70

Q2. For the beam cross-sections shown in Fig. Q(2), calculate bw, Q2. For the beam cross-sections shown in Fig. Q(2), calculate bw,
d, do, and dsc. Consider that the concrete cover is 20 mm d, do, and dsc. Consider that the concrete cover is 20 mm

From the reinforcement arrangement, it

is quite clear that the beam cross-
section is under negative bending
moment. The part above the neutral
axis is under tension and below the do= 550 mm- 20 mm (concrete cover)- 12
neutral axis is under compression. mm (stirrup)- 24/2 mm (half the diameter
Fig. Q(2) of outermost layer of tension Fig. Q(2)
bw= 400 mm reinforcement)= 506 mm
d= 550 mm (=400+150)- 20 mm (concrete
check with 0.8D= 0.8x550= 440 mm
cover)- 12 mm (stirrup)- 24 mm
(diameter of outermost layer of tension dsc= 20 (concrete cover) +12 (diameter of
reinforcement)-24/2 mm (half of the the stirrup) +20/2 (half of the diameter
diameter of the spacer bar)= 482 mm of compressive reinforcement)= 42 mm

71 72
 Tutorial Question 2: Design of Shear Reinforcement

A T-beam with a simply supported span of 6m is subjected to a

concentrated live load as shown in Figure; the cross-sectional details are
given in Figure. Design the beam for shear assuming f’c=40 MPa, fsy.f= 500
MPa
1000

DESIGN WORKSHOP
ASSIGNMENTS
do

Consider unit weight of concrete= 25 kN/m3

Design Workshop Assessment Task

73 74
Loo and Chowduhury (2013)

Design Workshop Assignment Feedback Note: Except the tutorial

assessment question, no other
Brief Solution of the Design Workshop
tutorial question solution is available
Assignment will be uploaded on MOODLE
as feedback
with the lecturer or the tutor.
Students are encouraged to solve
The Design Workshop assignment will be the tutorial questions and discuss in
assessed mostly based on the effort to
solve the assignment together with the
groups or post the solutions to the
accuracy of calculations MOODLE discussion space.

75 76
Additional Practice Question 1: Figure APQ1 Shows a simple beam with
overhang with its configuration and cross-section details. The concrete
strength is f’c= 25 MPa.
Design and detail the transverse shear reinforcement as necessary for the
critical shear section of the beam. Use R10 ties. The maximum shear
reinforcement requirement may be adopted throughout the beam.
Additional Practice Question 2: A simple beam with a cantilever overhang and
its loading configuration and cross-sectional details are shown in Figure
APQ2. The concrete strength f’c= 25 MPa. Note the load combination formula
1.2wG + 1.5w applies in which wG and wQ are dead and live loads, respectively.
Design and detail the transverse shear reinforcement as necessary for the
critical shear section of the beam which may occur at the left or right of the
support at B. Use R10 ties and the maximum shear reinforcement
requirement may be adopted throughout the beam.

Loo and Chowduhury (2013)

Loo and Chowduhury (2013)

Figure APQ1: Details of a simple beam with overhang: (a) loading configuration and (b) cross- Figure APQ2: Details of a simple beam with overhang: (a) loading
sectional details. Note: all dimensions are in mm configuration and (b) cross-sectional details. Note: all dimensions are in mm

Practice Questions based on Practice Questions based on

‘Reinforced Concrete Analysis and 77 ‘Reinforced Concrete Analysis and 78
Design’ by Loo and Chowdhury (2013) Design’ by Loo and Chowdhury (2013)

Additional Practice Question 3: For the beam shown in Figure
APQ3, design the transverse loading shear reinforcement. Take
f’c= 25 Mpa and use N16 bars for closed ties. Assume the
construction is monolithic.
Additional Practice Question 4: For the cantilever beam shown in
Figure APQ4, if q= 150 kN, design and detail as necessary, the
transverse reinforcement. Use N12 closed ties only.
In addition to self weight, beam carries a uniformly distributed
load of 10 kN/m
Assume f’c= 32 MPa

Loo and Chowduhury (2013)

Figure APQ3: Details of a simple beam: (a) loading configuration and (b) cross-sectional details.

Loo and Chowduhury (2013)

Figure APQ4: Details of a cantilever beam

Practice Questions based on Practice Questions based on

‘Reinforced Concrete Analysis and 79 ‘Reinforced Concrete Analysis and 80
Design’ by Loo and Chowdhury (2013) Design’ by Loo and Chowdhury (2013)
 Additional Practice Question 6: A simply supported beam is shown in
Additional Practice Question 5: Details of a simply-supported beam are Figure APQ 6 with details of longitudinal reinforcement . Taking f’c= 30
given in Figures AQP5. Note that the dead load, g includes the self Mpa, design the shear reinforcement (using N10 stirrups only). Sketch
weight. the final design.
Design the transverse shear reinforcement in terms of N10 ties @ s, the
required spacing at the critical section which in this case may be taken at
the appropriate support (not do from it). Use the same spacing
throughout. Take f’c= 32 MPa and you may assume θv = 45°

Loo and Chowduhury (2013)

Loo and Chowduhury (2013)
Figure APQ6: Details of a simple beam under two concentrated loadings. Note: all dimensions are in mm

Figure APQ5: Details of a simply supported beam: (a) loading configuration and (b) cross-sectional
details. Note: all dimensions are in mm.

Practice Questions based on

‘Reinforced Concrete Analysis and
Design’ by Loo and Chowdhury (2013)
Practice Questions based on
‘Reinforced Concrete Analysis and 81 82
Design’ by Loo and Chowdhury (2013)

Additional Practice Question 7: A cantilever beam and its loading condition
are detailed in Figure APQ7. Considering transverse shear only, design and
detail the shear reinforcement as necessary. Use N10 ties and adopt the
maximum shear reinforcement requirement throughout the span.
Additional Practice Question 8: The beam ABC shown in Figure carries a service live
load of 400 kN at B. Calculate the amount of shear reinforcement required at
sections D and E located 2 m from each end of the beam. Assume f’c= 32 Mpa and
fsy=fsy.f= 500 MPa. The longitudinal reinforcement shown in Figure extends the full
depth of the beam.
[At section D : Shear force V*= 273 kN and axial force N*= 5 kN (tension); At
section E: V*= 273 kN and N*= 320 kN (tension)]

Loo and Chowduhury (2013)

Figure APQ7: Details of a cantilever beam. Note: all cross-sectional dimensions are in mm

Practice Questions based on

‘Reinforced Concrete Analysis and 83 84
Design’ by Loo and Chowdhury (2013)
Based on Warner (1998)
 Properties of standard grade concrete Properties of reinforcement

Standard Mean in Mean Flexural Uniaxial Modular Details of normal ductility reinforcement
strength situe insitue tensile tensile ratio (n=
grade f’c com. elastic strength strength Es/Ec) Designation and Nominal area Calculated Calculated
(MPa) Strength modulus f’ct.f f’ct (MPa) diameter (mm) (mm2) area (mm2) mass
fcmi (MPa) Ec (MPa) (MPa)
(kg/m)
20 22 24000 2.7 1.6 8.3 N10 80 79 0.617
25 28 26700 3.0 1.8 7.5
N12 110 113 0.888
32 35 30100 3.4 2.0 6.6
N16 200 201 1.58
40 43 32800 3.8 2.3 6.1
N20 310 314 2.47
50 53 34800 4.2 2.5 5.7
N24 450 452 3.55
65 68 37400 4.8 2.9 5.3
80 82 39600 5.3 3.2 5.0 N28 620 616 4.83
100 99 42200 6.0 3.6 4.7 N32 800 804 6.31
Es= 200 GPa N36 1020 1018 7.99
Poisson’s ratio  = 0.2 (AS 3600 Section 3.1.5)
N40 1260 1257 9.86
Coefficient of thermal expansion 10x10-6/°C ± 20% (AS 3600 Section 3.1.6)
85 86

Values of  for strength design using elastic analysis

Properties of reinforcement
AS3600: 2018
Design areas of various numbers of reinforcing bars
For pure bending (for ductile
No of Area (mm2) members with Class N
bars
N10 N12 N16 N20 N24 N28 N32 N36 reinforcement only

1 80 110 200 310 450 620 800 1020

= 0.85
2 160 220 400 620 900 1240 1600 2040 For shear = 0.75
3 240 330 600 930 1350 1860 2400 3060 (at least minimum
reinforcement is provided;
4 320 440 800 1240 1800 2480 3200 4080
Otherwise =0.7)
5 400 550 1000 1550 2250 3100 4000 5100

6 480 660 1200 1860 2700 3720 4800 6120 For pure axial compression
7 560 770 1400 2170 3150 4340 5600 7140 = 0.65
8 640 880 1600 2480 3600 4960 6400 8160

9 720 990 1800 2790 4050 5580 7200 9180

10 800 1100 2000 3100 4500 6200 8000 10200

87 88