Name: Hamza Mahmoud Salah

ID: 20162750
Supervisor: Dr.Nazieh Hasan \Eng. Ahmad AL-dalo
Class: Workshop 2
SHAPER, PLANER AND SLOTTER:
SHAPER:
 Machine tool used for shaping operation is called shaper.
 Designed for machining flat surfaces on small sized jobs. If the size of the job is
large, then planning is used.
 In a shaper, the work piece is held stationary during cutting, while the tool
reciprocates horizontally. The feed and depth of cut are normally provided by
moving the work. Such shaper is called a horizontal shaper.

Shaper is a machine tool used primarily for:

1. Producing a flat or plane surface which may be in a horizontal, a vertical or an angular
plane.

2. Making slots, grooves and keyways.

3. Producing contour of concave/convex or a combination of these.

Working Principle:

 Job is rigidly fixed on the machine table.

 Single point cutting tool held properly in the tool post is mounted on a reciprocating
ram.
 Reciprocating motion of the ram is obtained by a quick return motion mechanism.
 As the ram reciprocates, the tool cuts the material during its forward stroke.
 During return, there is no cutting action and this stroke is called the idle stroke.
 Forward and return strokes constitute one operating cycle of the shaper.
Construction:
The main parts of the Shaper machine is

 Base
 Body (Pillar, Frame, Column)
 Cross rail, Ram
 tool head (Tool Post, Tool Slide, Clamper Box Block)

Base:
 Base is a heavy cast iron casting which is fixed to the shop floor.
 It supports the body frame and the entire load of the machine.
 Base absorbs and withstands vibrations and other forces which are likely to be induced
during the shaping operations.

Body (Pillar, Frame, Column):

 It is mounted on the base and houses the drive mechanism compressing the main
drives, the gear box and the quick return mechanism for the ram movement.
 The top of the body provides guide ways for the ram and its front provides the guide
ways for the cross rail.

Cross rail:
 Mounted on the front of the body frame and can be moved up and down.
 The vertical movement of the cross rail permits jobs of different heights to be
accommodated below the tool.
 Sliding along the cross rail is a saddle which carries the work table.

Ram and tool head:

 Ram is driven back and forth in its slides by the slotted link mechanism.
 The back and forth movement of ram is called stroke and it can be adjusted according to
the length of the workpiece to be-machined.

Types of Shaping Machines:

 Shaping machines are the reciprocating type of machine tools in which the work piece is
held stationary and the tool reciprocates.
 Most shapers have reciprocating motion in horizontal position (horizontal shapers) but
shapers are also designed with reciprocating motion in vertical position (vertical
shapers) or slotting machines orslotters.
PLANER:

 Planer or planning machine is a machine tool, which like the shaper produces flat
surfaces in horizontal, vertical or inclined plane.
 Fundamental difference is that the planer operates with an action opposite to that of the
shapers, i.e., the work piece reciprocates past one or mare stationary single point cutting tools.
 Planners are meant for machining large sized work pieces, which cannot be machined by the
shaping machines.

Types of Planning Machines:

 Double housing planer
 Open side planer
 Pit planer
 Edge planer
 Divided head planer
 PLANER vs SHAPER:
No. Shaper
1 In a planar machine, the tool is stationary
In a shaper machine work is held stationary
and the cutting tool on the ram is moved
back and forth across the work.
2 A planer is meant for larger jobs than can
Shaper can be used for shaping much
smaller jobs.
3 A shaper is a light machine.
4 Shaper can employ light cuts and finer feed.
5 Shaper uses one cutting tool at a time.
6 The shaper is driven using quick return
mechanism.
7 It is less rigid and less robust.
Planer
and work piece travels back and forth under
the tool.
be undertaken on a shaper. Jobs as large
as 6 meter wide and twice as long can be
machined on a planer.
A planer is a heavy duty machine
Planer can employ heavier cuts and coarse
feed.
Planer uses several tools to cut
simultaneously.
The drive on the planer table is either
by gears or by hydraulic means.
Due to better rigidity of planer machine,
compared to that of a shaper, planer can
give more accuracy on machined surfaces
LATHE MACHINE:
*INTRODUNCTION:
Lathe is one of the most important machine tools in the metal working industry. A
lathe operates on the principle of a rotating work piece and a fixed cutting tool.
The cutting tool is feed into the work piece, which rotates about its own axis,
causing the work piece to be formed to the desired shape. Lathe machine is also
known as “the mother/father of the entire tool family”.

http://studymafia.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/mech-lathe-machine-report.pdf

*Types of lathes:
1. Bench Lathe:
It is a very small lathe and is mounted on a separately prepared bench or cabinet. It is used for
small and precision work since it is very accurate.

2. Speed Lathes:
These lathes may be of bench type or they may have the supporting legs cast and fitted to the
bed. These lathes have most of the attachments which the other types of lathe carry but have
no provision for power feed. Such lathes are usually employed for wood turning, polishing,
centering and metal spinning, etc. Thus, they can be considered as merely of a theoretical value
so far as the modern machine shops are concerned. They are named so because of the very
high speed at which the spindle rotates.

3. Engine Lathe:
It is probably the most widely used type of lathe. Although it practically resembles a speed lathe
in most of its features, but its construction is relatively more robust. Its headstock is bigger in
size and more robust, incorporating suitable mechanism for providing multiple speeds to the
lathe spindle.

4. Tool Room Lathe:

It is nothing but the same engine lathe but equipped with some extra attachments to make it
suitable for a relatively more accurate angle of speeds and feeds. The usual attachments
provided on a tool room lathe are taper turning attachment, follower rest, collets, chucks, etc.
This lathe is made to have a comparatively smaller bed length than the usual engine lathe. The
most commonly used lengths are 135 to 180 cm.

5. Capstan and Turret Lathe:

These lathes form as very important and useful group and are vastly used in mass production.
These machines are actually of semi-automatic type and a very wide range of operations can be
performed on them. In operating these machines, a very wide range of operations can be
performed on them.

6. Automatic Lathe:
These lathes help a long way in enhancing the quality as well as the quantity of production.
They are so designed that all the working and job handling movements of the complete
manufacturing process for a job are done automatically. No participation of the operator is
required during the operation.. Automatic lathes are available having single or multi spindles.
They fall in the category of heavy duty, high speed lathes mainly employed in mass production.
http://engineering.myindialist.com/2014/types-of-lathes/#.Xq8RFagza00

GAS WELDING:

INTRODUCTION:

WELDING DEFINITION:
Welding is a process for joining similar metals. Welding joins metals by melting and fusing 1, the
base metals being joined and 2, the filler metal applied. Welding employs pinpointed, localized
heat input. Most welding involves ferrous- based metals such as steel and stainless steel.
Welding covers a temperature range of 1500º F - 3000º F (800ºC - 1635ºC). Weld joints are
usually stronger or as strong as the base metals being joined.Oxy-fuel is one of the oldest
welding processes. Still used in industry, in recent decades it has been less widely utilized in
industrial applications as other specifically devised technologies have been adopted. It is still
widely used for welding pipes and tubes, as well as repair work. It is also frequently well-suited,
and favored, for fabricating some types of metal-based artwork.