Chapter 2 : Components of meaning,

Chapter 3 : The related meanings of different lexical units

BY
Group 1
Annisa A. Pido

ENGLISH EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM

FACULTY OF LETTERS AND CULTURE

STATE UNIVERSITY OF GORONTALO

2020
Chapter 2

Components of Meaning

A. Types of components

I agree with the statement which states that there will be no meaning if there are no
differences between one another, we will not recognize colors if all colors look the
same. It is same for words. Each word has a different meaning such as the word father
which is different from the word mother where both are equally parents, but the father
is male and the mother is female. Fathers themselves have similarities with son and
grandfathers but are in different generations. As for fathers, it has almost the same
meaning as uncle where they are male, in a generation, however uncle is one lateral
step removed.

B. Ordered relations between components

I agree if it says there is an ordered relationship between components, for example

doing one thing can mean doing other things that are also interconnected for example,
when we repent, then it means we do three things such as realizing the mistakes we
have done, regretting our actions, changing our attitude towards something after that
repentance.

C. Supplementary components
I agree supplementary components are basically of two types such as those which
derive from the nature of the referent and those derive from the nature of the lexical
unit employed to designate the referent. In the case of the first type supplementary
components, certain concepts become associated with particular referents which give
rise to linguistics usage reflecting such cultural ”impressions”, e.g. .sly as a fox,
clumsy as an ox, a memory like an elephant.

In the case of the second type of supplementary components, certain concepts become
associated with the linguistics symbols themselves. Lexical units, for example, are
often classified as formal, technical, obsolescent, regional, etc. these classificatory
 concepts relate not to the referents, but to the symbol, but they constitute part of the
supplementary cognitive components.

D. Identifying components of non-linguistics domains

I agree if to study semantic components, it is best to start with object analysis that is
not linguistics. In this way some basic procedures become clearer. One can start by
comparing images of circles, squares and triangles. These three figures are said to be
domains, in the sense that they are geometric shapes consisting of two dimensions,
height and width. Squares and triangles as consisting of curved lines and squares and
triangles as consisting of straight lines. Squares and triangles can then be
distinguished as four-sided vs. three-sided objects. There are other ways to describe
the difference. For example, a circle can be drawn as a line where all points are the
same distance from a certain point.

E. Procedural steps in the analysis of diagnostic components

I agree about six points about procedural steps in the analysis of diagnostic

components such as:

1. In procedural for any such analysis involves a tentative selection of meanings

which appear to be closely related, in the sense that they constitute a relatively

well-defined semantic domain by virtue of sharing a number of common

components.

2. To list allthe specific kinds of referents for each of the meanings belonging to the

domain in question.

3. Consists in determining those components which may be true of the meanings of

one or more terms, but not of all the terms in question.

4. Consists in determining the diagnostic components applicable to each meaning, so

that the meaning of father may be indicated as possessing the components: male
 sex, one ascending generation, and direct descent: brother as male sex, some

generations as ego, and first degree of laterality (or stated more naturally, as

having the same parents), etc.

5. Consists of cross-checking with the data obtained by the first procedure.

6. Consists in a systematic description of the diagnostic features.

F. Linguistics basis for componential analysis

I agree that there are four types of actual linguistic procedures used in component
analysis, namely:
1. Naming
in certain cases the naming process is similar to reference, although the perspective is
somewhat different.
2. Paraphrasing
paraphrasing is processing language into its own interpretation, that is processing the
language into language that is easier to understand in a more analytical way.
3. Definition
the form of definition is the same as paraphrasing, but it is rarely used in the actual
language.
4. Classification
This process involves three procedures, namely uniting units that have certain
features in common, separating units that are different from each other, and
determining the basis for the grouping.

Chapter 3

The Related Meanings Of Different Lexical Units

A. Contiguous sets of meanings

I agree that establishing the basis of contrast is important. To do this effectively, the
units most closely related to the semantics must be identified, that is, the units that
have the highest number of components and differ from each other in the smallest
 number of diagnostic components. Such meanings must be at the same hierarchical
level, because on this basis they tend to share the greatest number of common
components, while differing most clearly with respect to crucial contrasts.

B. Included sets of meaning 

I agree that contiguous sets of implications are recognizable from one another, since

they have at slightest one authoritative contrasts, whereas included sets
of implications are particular from one another by ideals of the reality that the
included implications have at slightest one more demonstrative component than
the implications in which they are included. Within the arrangement, creature, well
evolved creature, cat, and tiger, each meaning in arrange incorporates the taking
after (or hierarchically lower) implications. That's to say, creature incorporates warm
blooded animal, cat, and tiger; warm blooded animal incorporates cat and tiger; and
cat incorporates tiger. (note, in any case, that in this arrangement cat is on
a very diverse progressive level and contains a meaning diverse from its meaning as
a assignment for household cat pet). On the other hand, of course, one may say that all
tigers are cats, all cats are well evolved creatures, and all well evolved creatures are
animals.

C. Overlapping sets of meanings

I agree that overlapping sets of meaning are usually often equated with synonyms,
which in this case means that two words can mean the same thing, but not as a whole
but have some similarities as in the words calm and peace which have at least one
thing in common that they can bring both physical and mental calmness .
D. Complementary sets of meanings

I agree that Complementary sets of meaning, as noted on page 17, are of three

principle types:

1. Opposite,

For a number of lexical units there may be more than one set of opposites

meanings. For example, good contrasts with bad and also with poor. Thus one

must reckon with at least two different meanings of good, one denoting moral

qualities and another denoting proficiency or acceptable performances.

2. Reversives,

There are only a small number of reversives for example, tie / untie, twist /

untwist, wind / unwind, and alienate / reconcile. Reversives often show two

different sequences.

3. Conversives,

Conversives are almost the same as reversvers, but conversvers have complex sets
of complementary components, for example, buy / sell, lend / borrow.