GR 8 TLE Mechanical Drafting-Quarter4

EXPLORATORY COURSE MECHANICAL
DRAFTING
ADM MODULE IN
TECHNOLOGY AND
LIVELIHOOD EDUCATION
EXPLORATORY COURSE
MECHANICAL DRAFTING
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DRAFTING
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction………………………………………………………….….….3
Parts of the Module………………………………………………………...4
How Do You Use this Module?……………………………………………6
Lesson 1 …………………………………………………………………….7
Lesson 2 ……………………………………………………………………30
Lesson 3 ……………………………………………………………………42
Lesson 4…………………………………………………………………….60
Key to Correction __……………………………………………………….84
List of Materials/Tools/Equipment/Consumable for this Module………90
References…………………………………………………………………...91
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DRAFTING
Hello there I am Teacher Phoebe. Do you

like sketching? Of course, learners like
you enjoy sketching as past time
especially when you are bored. But before
you can sketch or draw, you should learn
the procedures of sketching in mechanical
drafting.
Today, you will learn the basic procedures

of sketching, right Sir Dex?
Yes, Teacher Phoebe. This learning

module will introduce you to the basic
procedures of sketching in mechanical
drafting.
Today, you will become familiar with the

different tools, equipment, and
paraphernalia in mechanical drafting. So,
what are you waiting for? Flip the page
now and start your journey to the world of
Mechanical Drafting!
Parts of the Module

Before you start working on this module, you
must have an idea about the its parts, . I made
the list as simple as possible for you to
understand them easily and these are:
Pre-test: This part helps to determine your prior

knowledge about the lesson. It is composed of 5-10
items and please don’t forget to answer this part as
honestly as you can.
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DRAFTING
Lesson Proper. It is the part that discusses the

lesson and gives adequate information and
knowledge on what you have to learn. It also
contains suitable activities to reinforce your learning.
Post – test. This part measures your comprehension

on the topics discussed and activities. This will also
be your teacher’s reference in evaluating your
performance.
Reference. All relevant sources used in this

module are cited in this section for further studies.
Key to Correction. It is the part that

provides the answers to both the
pre-test and post-test.
Welcome to the world of MECHANICAL DRAFTING!

HOW DO YOU USE THIS MODULE?
This Module is an exploratory course which leads you to Mechanical

Drafting National Certificate Level II (NC II). It covers 4 common competencies
that a Grade 7/8 Technology and Livelihood Education (TLE) learner like you must
possess namely:
1. Prepare Freehand Drawing

2. Prepare Applied Working Drawing
3. Construct Orthographic Projections
4. Construct Pictorial Drawing
These 4 common competencies are covered separately in 4 Lessons. As

shown below, each Lesson is directed to the attainment of two or more learning
outcomes, LO
Lesson 1 – Prepare Freehand Drawing

LO 1. Identify drafting materials and tools/drawing instruments applicable to
a specific job
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DRAFTING
LO 2. Enumerate and explain the strokes of alphabet lines

LO 3. Cite the different types of line sketching
LO 4. Discuss the common shading application techniques
Lesson 2 – Prepare Applied Working Drawing

LO 1. Identify drafting materials and tools/drawing instruments applicable to
a
specific job.
LO 2. Construct Geometrical figures
Lesson 3 – Construct Orthographic Projections

LO 1 – Discuss Orthographic Projection
LO 2 – Construct Orthographic Projection
LO 3 – Explain Dimensioning
Lesson 4 – Construct Pictorial Drawing

LO 1 – Discuss the three divisions of axonometric
LO 2 – Construct Oblique drawing
LO 3 – Construct Perspective Drawing
Your success in this exploratory course on Mechanical Drafting is shown in your

ability to perform the performance standards found in each part of the lesson.
NATIONAL CERTIFICATE (NC) is a certification issued to individuals who

achieved all the required units of competency for a national qualification as
defined under the Training Regulations. NCs are aligned to specific levels within
the PTQF. (TESDA Board Resolution No. 2004-13, Training Regulations
Framework)
NATIONAL CERTIFICATE LEVEL refers to the four (4) qualification levels

defined in the Philippine TVET Qualifications Framework (PTQF) where the
worker with:
a. NC I performs routine and predictable tasks; has little judgment; and, works
under supervision.
b. NC II performs prescribed range of functions involving known routines and

procedures; has limited choice and complexity of functions and has little
accountability.
How Do You Use this Module?

To get the most from this Module, you need to do the following:
1. Begin by reading and understanding the Learning Outcome/s and Performance

Standards. These tell you what you should know and be able to do at the end of
this Module.
2. Find out what you already know by taking the Pre-test then check your answer
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DRAFTING
against the Answer Key. If you get 99 to 100% of the items correctly, you may
proceed to the next Lesson. This means that you need not go through the
Lesson
because you already know what it is about. If you failed to get 99 to 100%
correctly, go through the Lesson again and review especially those items which
you failed to get.
3. Do the required Learning Activities. They begin with one or more Information
Sheets. An Information Sheet contains important notes or basic information that
you need to know. After reading the Information Sheet, test yourself on how
much
you learned by means of the Self-check. Refer to the Answer Key for correction.
Do not hesitate to go back to the Information Sheet when you do not get all test
items correctly. This will ensure your mastery of basic information.
4. Demonstrate what you learned by doing what the Activity / Operation /Job
Sheet
directs you to do.
5. You must be able to apply what you have learned in another activity or in real
life
situation.
6. Accomplish the Scoring Rubrics for you to know how well you performed. Each
Lesson also provides you with references and definition of key terms for
your guide. They can be of great help. Use them fully.
?
Pre- Test LO1.1 If you have question, ask your teacher for
Let us determine how much you already
assistance.
know about drafting materials and
tools/drawing instruments. Take this test.
Multiple Choice
Directions: Select the drafting material and tool/drawing applicable to
a specific job. Write only the letter of your answer in your
quiz notebook.
1. Karen notice that her pencil shows a sign of dullness. What do you think will
she use in order to sharpen her pencil?
a. Eraser c. Drawing Pencil
b. Pencil Sharpener d. Hard Pencil
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DRAFTING
2. Coco is planning to sketch her drawing layout, he only prepares a drawing

paper. What do you think did Coco forgot to prepare which is it considered
as the most important tool in drawing?
a. Masking Tape c. Pencil
b. Eraser d. Erasing Shield
3. What tool are you going to use in order to fasten your drawing paper on the
drawing paper or board?
a. Scotch Tape c. Electrical Tape
b. Glue d. Masking Tape
4. Julia accidentally draw a wrong line in her drawing, with the help of erasing
shield what else do you think will she need in order to remove and clean it?
a. Eraser c. Masking Tape
b. Paste d. Pencil
5. Its main function is to reproduce the measurements of an object in full size

and enlarged size.
a. Triangular Scale c. Ruler
b. T-Square d. Measuring Tape
Matching Type
Directions: Match Column A with Column B. Write the letter of the correct answer
in your quiz notebook.
Column A Column B
1. It is a useful tool to protect A. Protractor
the rest of the drawing when
clearing up smudges,
unnecessary pencil lines and B. Compass
other erasures.
2. It is a three-sided ruler, which
typically has two equal sides
meeting at a 90 degrees C. Erasing Shield
angle and to a third side at 45, 30,
including 60 degrees angles.
3. It is a semi-circular instrument D. Divider
divided into 180 equal parts,
each of which is called a degree.
4. This drawing instrument is E. Triangle
used when drawing arcs and circles.
5. This is a drawing instrument used F. T- Square
when transferring measurements, dividing
lines and arcs into the desired number of
equal parts.
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DRAFTING
LESSON 1
FREE HAND DRAWING
LEARNING OUTCOME 1.1
Identify drafting materials and tools/drawing instruments

applicable to a specific job.
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DRAFTING
PERFORMANCE STANDARDS
1. Drafting materials and tools/drawing instruments are identified

per job requirements.
2. Materials and tools/drawing instruments are classified
according to their uses to a specific drafting project.
LO1.1 DRAFTING MATERIALS AND

TOOLS, ITS USES/FUNCTIONS
There is vast number of drafting materials and tools used in mechanical

drawing. The drafting materials and tools discussed in this Module include most of
the basic ones but enough for your initial understanding about mechanical
drawing.
TOOLS PICTURE/ILLUSTRATION FUNCTION/S
DRAWING  Various types of drawing

PAPER papers are available but
hard and soft surface
drawing papers are highly
recommended to be the
best.
 This type does not groove
easily when pressure is
applied to the pencil.
 Oslo paper is commonly
used but bond paper is
also recommended.
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DRAFTING
MASKING TAPE  This is used for fastening

the drawing paper on the
drawing table or drawing
board because it does not
damage the board and it
will not damage the paper
if it is removed by pulling it
off.
PENCIL  Pencils should be

SHARPENER sharpened whenever they
show sign of dullness.
 Various types and designs
are available in the store
for use.
Eraser  This is used to clean the

dirt off the drawing.
 A soft eraser is
advantageous in removing
smudges and pencil
marks, whereas, a harder
eraser is useful for making
changes and correcting
errors in the drawing.
 This is one of the most
Drawing Pencil important tools in drawing.
 It comes in various
grades.
 The grade of pencil to be
used depends on the
quality of paper to be
used.
 You must take into
consideration also the
type of line work required.
 Are used where extreme
accuracy is required
especially working on
HARD PENCILS graphs, diagrams, and
charts.
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DRAFTING
MEDIUM  Are used for general

PENCILS purpose work in drawing.
SOFT PENCILS  Are too soft to be used in

mechanical drafting.
 They are very useful for
artwork of various kinds.
TRIANGULAR  This is a tool generally

SCALE used when reproducing a
drawing in an enlarged or
reduced form to some
regular proportion.
 The architect’s scale is the
most used for general
drawing.
 Its main function is to
reproduce the
measurements of an
object in full size, reduced
size, and enlarged size.
ERASING  This tool is made up of
SHIELD metal with irregular holes.
 It is a useful tool to
protect the rest of the
drawing when clearing up
smudges, unnecessary
pencil lines and other
erasures.
DRAWING
INSTRUMENTS
Drawing instruments are used for drawing and designing purposes. Their
quality is very essential if you want to have good result. Cheaper drawing tools
and instruments do not only provide poor quality results but also do not last long.
You must observe proper handling and care if you want them.
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DRAFTING
MATERIALS PICTURE/ILLUSTRATION FUNCTION/S
 It is a drawing instrument
used when making
horizontal lines.
 It is also used for guiding
T- SQUARE triangles when drawing
vertical lines.
 It is made of wood,
plastic, or the combination
of both.
 There are three (3) types
of T- square, namely:
 The head is fastened to
the blade. It is used for
ordinary work.
FIXED HEAD
 It has one fixed and one
MOVABLE adjustable head and used
HEAD OR only for occasional
ADJUSTABLE drawing.
HEAD
 It is designed for comfort

when carrying the T-
DETACHABLE square.
HEAD OR
REMOVABLE
HEAD
 It is a three-sided ruler,
which typically has two
equal sides meeting at a
90 degrees angle and to a
third side at 45, 30,
including 60 degrees
angles. It is usually made
of plastic and comes in
TRIANGLE different sizes. If in use,
the base of the triangle
must rest on the blade of
the T-square.
 Drawing a line always
starts from the point near
the base going upward.
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DRAFTING
 Commonly used triangles

are:
30 degrees X 60 degrees
45 degrees X 45 degrees
 This drawing instrument is
used when drawing arcs
and circles. It is used in a
similar way to a divider.
 It is composed of one with
the pen leg and the needle
COMPASS
point leg being held
together with a handle.
This drawing instrument
can be used for both
penciling and inking.
 This is a drawing
instrument used when
transferring
measurements, dividing
lines and arcs into the
desired number of equal
DIVIDER
parts. It can easily transfer
accurate measurements
by adjusting the divider
points.
 Constant correct practice
is necessary before doing
an actual work for a quick
and easy control when
use.
 It is a semi-circular
instrument divided into 180
equal parts, each of which
is called a degree.
 It is used to determine
gradations of the degrees
PROTRACTOR
when measuring arcs,
angles, and circles. High
quality protractor is usually
made of plastic.
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DRAFTING
REVIEW OF THE LESSON LO1.1
Direction: Name the following tools and materials used in drafting.

Write your answer on your quiz notebook.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
I learned today that

_______________________________________________________________
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_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
DRAFTING
Pre- Test LO1.2 Let us determine how much you already

know about strokes of alphabet lines.
Take this test.
Identification
Directions: Match the description in column A to its alphabet of lines
in column B. Write the letter of the correct answer on a
separate sheet.
COLUMN A COLUMN B
1. Thin and dark lines use to show the size (span) a. Visible line
of an object with a numeric value. b. Leader line
2. Thick dark line use to show outline of object. c. Hidden line
3. Very light and thin line use to construct layout work. d. Construction line
4. Short dash lines use to show non-visible surfaces. e. Dimension line
5. Medium line with arrowhead to show notes or label f. Section line
for size or special information about a feature g. Extension line
6. Medium lines drawn at 45 degrees use to show interior
view of solid areas of cutting plane line. h. Phantom line
7. Long line followed by two short dashes use to show i. Short and Long
break alternate position of a moving part. j. Cutting line
8. Extra thick line use to show cutaway views k. Alphabet lines
9. Thin and dark line use to show the starting and ending of dimension.
10. Short and long medium line use to show cutaway view of a long section.
Define alphabet of lines;

Enumerate and explain the strokes of alphabet lines
Sketch the alphabet of lines
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DRAFTING
LO1.2 ALPHABET OF LINES
Line symbols used in technical drawing are often referred to as

ALPHABET OF LINES. The use of line symbols enables engineers/designers to
express features of designed products clearly and accurately. Line features vary
not only by width but also by how they are graphically represented in a drawing.
The Alphabet of Lines is a list of line symbols that engineers use in

technical drawings to communicate specific shapes, sizes, or surfaces. The lines
and symbols used in the Alphabet of Lines are universal, which means engineers
around the world use and understand them.
ALPHABET OF LINES
1. OBJECT OR VISIBLE LINES – Thick dark line use to show outline of object,
visible edges and surfaces.
2. CONSTRUCTION LINE – Very light and thin line use to construct layout work.
3. DIMENSION LINE – Thin and dark lines use to show the size (span) of an
object with a numeric value. Usually terminates with arrowheads or tick
markings.
4. HIDDEN LINE – Short dash lines use to show non-visible surfaces. Usually
shows as medium thickness.
5. CENTRE LINE – Long and short dash lines. Usually indicates center of holes,
circles and arcs. Line is thin and dark.
6. EXTENSION LINE – Thin and dark line use to show the starting and ending of
dimension.
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DRAFTING
7. CUTTING PLANE LINE – Extra thick line use to show cutaway views or plane
of projection where a section view is taken. Arrow indicates direction of view.
8. SHORT AND LONG BREAK LINES –Short and long medium line use to show
cutaway view of a long section.
9. LEADER LINE – Medium line with arrowhead to show notes or label for size or
special information about a feature.
10. PHANTOM LINE – Long line followed by two short dashes use to show
alternate position of a moving part.
11. SECTION LINE – Medium lines drawn at 45 degrees use to show interior view
of solid areas of cutting plane line.
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DRAFTING
Some additional info graphs as shown below
Directions: Sketch the line being referred to in the table below. Place your
answer on a separate sheet of paper.
Kind of Lines Sketch of Lines

1. SECTION LINE
2. SHORT AND LONG BREAK LINES
3. VISIBLE LINES
4. LEADER LINE
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DRAFTING
5. EXTENSION LINE
6. CUTTING PLANE LINE
7. DIMENSION LINE
8. HIDDEN LINE
9. DIMENSION LINE
10. CONSTRUCTION LINE
Analytic Scoring Rubrics

Criteria 5 pts. 3 pts. 1 pt.
Accuracy All lines are drawn There are 1 to 3 lines Majority of the lines
appropriately inappropriately are inappropriately
according to its drawn according to drawn
characteristics its characteristics
Neatness Finished output Pleasing but Finished output
was neatly done, erasures and have so many
pleasing, and no smudges are erasures and
erasures/smudges observable on the smudges
finished output
Time Finished the task 5 Finished the task on Unable to finished
Management minutes before the time the given task
given time
Rating Scale:
Points Earned Numerical Descriptive

12-15 91 – 100 Excellent
8 - 11 86 – 90 Satisfactory
4- 7 81 – 85 Fair
1-3 75 - 80 Needs Improvement
Pre- Test LO1.3
Let us determine
I learned how much you already know
today that
about line sketching. Take this test.
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
Test I. Multiple Choice
______________________________________________________
Directions: Write only the letter of your answer on a separate sheet
______________________________________________________
of paper.
______________________________________________________
1. Which line controls the height of the viewer's eye?
A. Horizontal Line C. Vertical line
B. Curved line D. Inclined line
2. These are also generally sketched from left to right.
3. Which line is sketched from the top downward?
4. Which strokes are drawn downward for either right-handed or left – handed.
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DRAFTING

5. Which is used to describe the strength of a line, or how light or dark it appears
on paper.
A. Line Segment C. Line of Symmetry
B. End point D. Line weight
Test II. Identify the different types of line. Write your answer on a separate sheet
of paper.
1. 4.
2.
5.
3.

Define the following terms:
Line
Line weight
Cite the different types of line sketching
Sketch the line sketching
LO1.3 LINE SKETCHING
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DRAFTING
Artists use the word 'line' all the time and it is used in many different
contexts.
Line is the most basic design 'tool' on which almost every piece of art relies. A line
has length, width, tone, and texture. It may divide space, define a form, describe
contour, or suggest direction. Yet, each builds off the basic definition of line.
Line weight - used to describe the strength of a line, or how light or dark it
appears on paper.
Horizon/Horizontal line - Controls the height of the viewer's eye. This is most
apparent in landscapes but can be applied to other subjects as well.
For right – handed
Strokes are drawn from left to right for

right-handed
For left - handed

From right to left – handed individuals.
Vertical line - sketched from the top downward.
Inclined line – these are also generally sketched from left to right.
Inclined to the right.
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DRAFTING
Inclined to the left.
Curved line - Curved strokes are drawn downward for either right-handed or left
handed.
.
Directions: Sketch the line being referred to in the table

below. Place your answer on a separate sheet of paper. Lines must
be drawn freehand.
Vertical line Horizontal line for left-handed
Inclined line to the left Curved line
Horizontal line for right-handed Inclined to the right
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DRAFTING


finished output
Management minutes before the Time the given task
given time
Rating Scale:
12-15 91 – 100 Excellent
8 - 11 86 – 90 Satisfactory
4- 7 81 – 85 Fair
1-3 75 - 80 Needs Improvement
Define shading
Enumerate and discuss the common shading techniques;
Value the importance of pencil shading
Sketch the shading application

know about shading application. Take this
test.
Test I. Multiple Choice

Directions: Write only the letter of your answer on a separate sheet of
paper.
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DRAFTING
1. It is the process of adding value to create the illusion of form, space, and light in
drawing.
A. Shading C. Circulism
B. Hatching D. Cross Hatching
2. Which lines overlap at various angles, to shade light areas, lighten your lines,
and space
3. Which is the most shading technique, consist of series of lines that go in one
general direction.
4. It consists of many overlapping circles.
5. Which is similar to hatching and cross hatching and lines can be drawn
horizontally, vertically and even diagonally?
A. Contour Shading C. Shading Application
B. Line Shading D. Contour Shading
LO1.4 SHADING APPLICATION
Shading is the process of adding value to create the illusion of form, space,
and most importantly - light in a drawing. When executed correctly, shading can
make a drawing appear three dimensional and create a convincing image. When
rendering a drawing that communicates volume, shading is critical.
Here are some few common shading techniques.
1. Hatching – it is the most shading technique, consist of series of lines that go in

one general direction. When hatching, angle your pencil down closer to the
paper so your strokes are nice and thick. This allows you to minimize gaps,
making it much easier to blend.
2. Cross Hatching – overlap lines at various angles, to shade light areas, lighten
your lines, and space them further apart while in shadowed areas darken them
and bring them closer together.
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DRAFTING
3. Circulism – it consists of many overlapping circles, the more circles you draw,
the smoother the texture becomes. Though it is time consuming, but the results
are amazing. Apply this method using a sharp pencil for textured skin with
wrinkles or use a blunt pencil for smooth skin, as will be easier to blend.
4. Contour Shading – it is similar to hatching and cross hatching. The difference

is that the lines are curved to follow the contours of the subject. Lines can be
drawn horizontally, vertically and even diagonally.
Combined Shading Techniques
1. Circulism – used to shade a base layer on the hand to give it a

consistent base texture.
2. Contour Shading – used to shade stretched skin.
3. Hatching – used to shade nails and stretched skin.
4. Cross Hatching – used to create patterns in skin and to emphasize
deep valleys/ crevices.
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DRAFTING
The figure below is the combination of the above shading techniques

helped to achieve various textures commonly seen in wrinkled skin.
Combined Shading Techniques
Importance of Pencil Shading.
Pencil Shading plays a major role in realistic art. It can be defined as an art
used to show the depth of the subject or the drawing. Smooth shading involves
usage of soft strokes which helps in defining effective and most realistic shapes
and picture.
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DRAFTING
Directions: Sketch the shading application being referred to in the table below.
Place your answer on a separate sheet of paper. Shading application
must be drawn freehand.
Hatching Cross Hatching
Circulism Contour Shading


finished output
Management minutes before the Time the given task
given time
Rating Scale:

12-15 91 – 100 Excellent
8 – 11 86 – 90 Satisfactory
4- 7 81 – 85 Fair
1–3 75 - 80 Needs Improvement

_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
LESSON 2
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_______________________________________________________________
PREPARE APPLIED WORKING
_______________________________________________________________
DRAWING
_______________________________________________________________
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DRAFTING
Identify drafting materials and tools/drawing instruments

applicable to a specific job.
1. Drafting materials and tools/drawing instruments are identified

per job requirements.
2. Materials and tools/drawing instruments are classified
according to their uses to a specific drafting project.
Pre- Test LO 2.1

Let us determine how much you already
Directions: Answer the following question in your test notebook. Write

the letter of the correct answer.
1. How many sides are there in hexagon? ____________

a. Six sides c. eight sides
b. Five sides d. Seven sides
2. Which of the following solid figure the base is either square, triangular or
polygonal in shape?
a. Prism c. cone
b. Pyramid d. Cylinder
3. It means to cut into two equal parts.
a. Geometrical construction c. Intersect
b. Bisect d. Shading
4. It means to cross or meet.

5. Which of the solid figures bounded by a uniformly curve line,

a. Circle c. ellipse
b. Cone d. pyramid
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DRAFTING
LO 2.1 CONSTRUCT GEOMETRICAL

FIGURES
“Construction” in Geometry means to draw lines, shapes, and lines

accurately. The tools needed in construction are compass, ruler and pencil.
A geometrical figure are points, lines, angles, polygons and solids. A point
is a pointed mark made by a pencil. A line is an extension of a pencil point.
Angles- a space
between
two
intersecting line where they meet
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DRAFTING
Quadrilaterals is a plane figure with four sides.
Parallelogram is a quadrilateral with two opposite sides parallel and equal.

Examples are square rhombus, and rectangle.
Rectangle has four angles and two of its opposite sides are equal and parallel.
Oval is egg shape.
Trapezuim has no equal sides.
Isosceles trapezoid the two sides are equal and other two side are not equal.
Triangles have four kinds: right triangle – one of an angle is 90 degree and L
shape, equilateral triangle -all equal sides and angles, isosceles triangle – two
sides are equal and scalene triangle.- all sides and angles are not equal.
Equilateral Isosceles scalene right
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DRAFTING
Circle is a plane figure bounded by a uniformely curve line. Concentric circles are
two or more circles with common center. Eccentric circles those without a common
center.
A cone is a geometrical solid with a circular base and with sides tapering to a
point, called vertex.
A pyramid is a solid figure where the base is either square, triangular, rectangular
or polygonal in shape.
Prism is also a solid figure with a base either square, rectangular and polygonal
is shape as well as its top.Cylinder has a circular base and its side are either
vertical or incllined.
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DRAFTING
Bisecting Lines
Bisect means to cut into two equal parts.
Bisecting a line segment
Step 1
In bisecting line AB, place the compass on one endpoint of the line segment (point
A). Draw an arc above and below the line. (Notice that all the points on the arc
above and below the line are the same distance from point A.)
Step 2
Same as the compass width, place the compass on point B. Draw an arc above
and below the line so that the arcs cross the first two. (The two points where the
arcs cross is the same distance away from point A and from point B.)
Step 3
By using ruler, join the points where the arcs intersect. This line segment (CD) is
the bisector of AB.
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DRAFTING
Bisecting an arc
To bisect an arc, you should follow the same steps in bisecting a line. Use ends
of an arc as center of the arcs that intersects
Intersect means to cross or meet.
A perpendicular is a line that meets another line at an angle of 90°.
Bisecting angles
Step 1
Place the compass on the vertex of the angle (point B). Draw an arc across each
arm of the angle.
Step 2
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DRAFTING
Place the compass on the point where one arc crosses an arm and draw an arc
inside the angle. Without changing the compass width, repeat for the other arm so
that the two arcs cross.
Step 3
Use a ruler to join the vertex to the point where the arcs intersect (D).
DB is the bisector of ABC^ABC^.
You could measure each of the angles with a protractor to check if you have
bisected the given angle correctly.
HOW TO DRAW A REGULAR POLYGON
A regular polygon is a plane figure with five or more sides. All sides and angles
are equal. The regular polygons are pentagon with five equal sides and angles,
hexagon with six equal sides and angles, and octagon with eight equal sides and
angle.
STEPS IN SKETCHING REGULAR POLYGON
A. PENTAGON
1. Draw the horizontal and vertical line that intersect with each other.
2. Using a bisect line as a center, draw a circle.
3. Without adjusting the compass, place the point of the compass on the
circle where it crosses the horizontal line. Now draw arcs on the
previous circle above and below and connect those points.
4. Now center the compass on the crosshair made from the bisector and
draw an arc from the top of the circle down to the horizontal line.
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DRAFTING
5. At the end of this step, do not close the compass. You will need that
distance to make four more arcs. Putting the point of the compass at
the top of the circle draw an arc from where the last arc intersected the
horizontal line out to the circle.
6. Now move around the circle using each arc as the center of the next
arc.
7. And finally, draw lines from each intersection to form a pentagon.
Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4 Step 5 Step 6
Step 7
B. HEXAGON
1. Draw a horizontal and vertical line intersect in each other. Using the
bisect line as a center draw a circle.Widen a compass to an appropriate
with for the radius of your circle.
2. Move the compass point to the edge of the circle start at the top of it. Do
not change the wide of a compass.
3. Make a small mark on the edge of the circle with the pencil point of your
compass.
4. Move the compass point to the mark you made.
5. Make another mark on the edge of the circle with a pencil point.
6. Make the last four mark using the same method.
7. Connect all the marks using your ruler.
Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4 Step 5 Step 6
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DRAFTING
Step 7
C. OCTAGON
1. Draw the square.
2. Inside the square draw two straight diagonal line that intersect in each
other.
3. In each corner of the square draw an arc passing through the center,
make sure they will not intersect in each other.
4. Then connect the tips of the spokes with straight lines.
Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4
HOW TO DRAW GEOMETRICAL SOLID
a. Pyramid
1. Draw rhombus.
2. Then, at the center of the rhombus draw a vertical line.
3. From the tip of the vertical, connect a line in each corner.
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DRAFTING
Step 1 Step 2 Step 3
Square Pyramid
b. Prism
1. Draw a square
2. Add table legs
3. Connect the back corners.
Step 1 Step 2 Step 3
Square Prism
REVIEW OF THE LESSON LO 2.1
Directions: Answer the following question in your test

notebook. Write the letter of the correct answer.
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DRAFTING
1. How many sides are there in hexagon? ____________

a. Six sides c. eight sides
b. Five sides d. Seven sides
2. Which of the solid figures bounded by a uniformly curve line,
a. Circle c. ellipse
b. Cone d. pyramid
3. It means to cross or meet.
A. Geometrical construction c. Intersect
B. Bisect d. Shading
4. Which of the following solid figure the base is either square, triangular or
polygonal in shape?
a. Prism c. cone
b. Pyramid d. Cylinder
5. It means to cut into two equal parts.
ACTIVITY
Sketch the regular polygon (pentagon, hexagon and octagon) and prism in
a bond paper/oslo paper by following the steps of each figures.
Tools and materials needed:

Compass
Ruler
Pencil
Bond paper/oslo paper
Criteria for Assessment
CRITERIA 5 Points 3 Points 1 Point
Accuracy The drawing is correct The drawing is The drawing

in all details somehow was not showed
correct in all correct details
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DRAFTING
details
Neatness The quality of your The quality of The finished
drawing is very neat the drawing is output is not
neat clean
Speed The drawing was The drawing The drawing is
finished five minutes was finished on not finished on
before the given time time time
The perfect score is 15 point
LESSON 3
CONSTRUCT ORTHOGRAPHIC
PROJECTIONS
INTRODUCTION
Orthographic Projection is the graphical representation of the different

views of an object to show the necessary information. Through this module, a
student can construct two forms of orthographic projection such as orthographic
views and pictorial views. Orthographic views represent front view, top view, right
side view, bottom view, rear view and left side view while pictorial view represents
a complete shape of an object.
Also, through this module, a student can apply general and specific
dimension: the height, width, and depth of an object.
TECHNICAL TERMS
Orthographic - is a method of representing three dimensions.
Projection- is an object on a plane having only length and breadth
Right Angle – is an angle with a measure of 90 degrees.
Dimension – is a radial or linear length (width, height, depth) label on a

technical drawing.
Measurement – is the process or result of measuring anything.
Metric system of measurement – is an international system of measurement

39
English system of measurement- is an American standard system of
measurement
Metric – pertains to the metric system of measurement.

DRAFTING
Principles of orthographic projection are clearly explained and discussed.

2. Projection of principal views is clearly demonstrated.
3. Principal views are accurately constructed based on a given
pictorial.
Supplying missing lines is accurately solved and illustrated.
Proper manipulation of drafting tools and equipment is performed.
Safety work habits are highly practiced.
Construct Orthographic Views
Apply general and specific dimensions

Direction: Write the words that make the sentence complete and
correct on the blank provided.
1. Dimension line must be terminated by a ____________________.

2.The length of arrowhead must be ____________________
3. ____________________ it is a thin and dark solid line that extends from a point
on the drawing to which the dimension.
4. ____________________ it is a gap, and a distance of the extension line to the
object.
5. ____________________ it is the exact width of the arrowhead.
6. ____________________ it is the distance from front to rear.
7. ____________________ it is the opposite view of the top view.
8. ____________________ it is the first step in constructing orthographic drawing.
9. ____________________ it is the opposite view of the front view.
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DRAFTING
10.____________________it is the distance between object outline and

dimension line
LO3.1 CONSTRUCT ORTHOGRAPHIC

DRAWINGS
Orthographic projection is a method of representing the exact shape of the

object by dropping two or more perpendicular to a plane generally at right angle.
As basic requirement in performing drawing activities, the students must

have the basic knowledge on alphabet of lines.
The following are the basic alphabet of lines that are used in orthographic
drawing.
1. Visible lines – Used to show visible edges or contours of an object (NOTE:

Visible lines are sometimes called object lines.)
MEDIUM
MEDIUM
2. Hidden lines – Represented by a series of medium weight dashes used to

show the hidden or invisible edges of an object.
3. Center lines – Used to show the centers of holes of circular object or

shape.
THIN
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DRAFTING
4. Section lines – Used to show a surface that has been cut in a section
view. The surface indicated with section line is presumed to be solid
portion.
MEDIUM
5. Extension lines – Indicates the limit of a dimension line.
THIN
6. Dimension lines – Used to show the size (dimensions) of an object; spans

from one extension line to the next, has arrowhead at both ends, and is
broken in the middle from the measurement number (dimension).
7. Leader lines – Used to direct descriptive major information, notes, or

special dimensions to features on the drawing and done mechanically.
LEADER LINE
THIN
Both are
THICK
cutting plane lines
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DRAFTING
8.Cutting-plane lines – Used to show where a section has been taken; arrows
on the end show the direction in which the section was taken.
9. Break lines – Used to show that part of the object has been removed or
broken away.
a. Short break lines are for freehand, jagged lines and applicable for
small objects only.
b. Long break lines

MEDIUM are solid with a Z symbol inserted in several places
and done mechanically and applicable for big objects only.
10.Reference line – an irregular fine curve line with an arrowhead at one end
used for indicating the measurement and name of a part.
MEDIUM
THIN
Two Methods of Shape Representation
A. Orthographic Views
B. Pictorial Views (Refer to Operation Sheet #1.2)
Orthographic view-is a representation of two or more separate views. This can

be represented into six principal views and regular views
1. The Three Regular Views

Orthographic views can be represented by two or more separate views;
however, it is advisable to illustrate three views to show clear and detail
presentation of at least three principal views of the object. The following are:
1. Top View
2. Front View
3. Side View
TOP VIEW
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DRAFTING
FRONT VIEW SIDE VIEW

Fig. 1. Three Regular Views
The Six Principal Views (see Fig. 2)
1. Top View. It is drawn above the front.

2. Front View. It is drawn vertically aligned and below the top view
3. Right Side View. This located at the right side and aligned with the
front view.
4. Left Side View. The opposite of the right side view. It is located at
the left side and aligned with the front view.
5. Rear View. The opposite view of the front view. It is located aligned
after either at the right-side view or left side view.
6. Bottom View. The opposite view of the top view. This must be
drawn vertically aligned and below the front view.
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DRAFTING
TOP VIEW
LEFT SIDE VIEW FRONT VIEW RIGHT SIDE VIEW REAR VIEW
Plan View or Top View
This can be little more difficult to visualize because you have to imagine
yourself moving over the top of the object and looking vertically downward. The left-
hand and right-hand illustration on the next page show how the plan is placed above
the front. Again, sketch the light vertical construction lines to locate the plan in its
proper position. Draw these upward BOTTOM
from each
VIEW corner of the front view and line-in the
plan of the right.
Fig. 2 shows the six principal views. Further, it shows the
proper location of the top view, front view, right side view,
left side view, rear view, and bottom view
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DRAFTING
TOP VIEW
FRONT VIEW
Front View
Concentrate on the front view. If you look at it correctly the effect will be
seen below at the left, while the below right illustration shows what you will see.
Notice that in the left-hand drawing, you can only see the dark-inked front “face” of
the object. Notice also that you cannot see any of the other sides of the object.
This is because all those sides are “going away” from you in your line of sight and
are simply not visible from your viewpoint. They are still there, of course, but are
hidden behind the outer edges of the first face.
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DRAFTING
FRONT VIEW
CORRECT VIEWING OF THE THE FRONT VIEW AS SEEN

FRONT FACE
Right-Side View
Right-side view should be drawn at the right side of front view. Imagine
moving around the object to look directly at its right side. How you see it is
shown below-left and what you see is shown below-right. Again the faces you
actually see are heavily outlined.
FRONT VIEW RIGHT- SIDE VIEW
The right-side view drawn at the right of the front view
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DRAFTING
CORRECT VIEWING OF THE RIGHT- SIDE VIEW AS SEEN

RIGHT-SIDE FACE
Pictorial View is a representation of a complete shape of the object.
Pictorial View of a Step Block

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DRAFTING
HEIGHT
Identifying the vertical and horizontal view
The Space Dimension
This refers to the three-dimension standards of the pictorial view such as:
height, width, and depth.
Height is the distance elevation from top to bottom.

WIDTH DEPTH
Width is the distance from left side to the right side.
Depth is the distance from front to rear.
Fig. 3 shows the illustration of pictorial view
The ten principles to be considered in constructing orthographic

drawing/projection are:
1. Top view is directly above the front view.
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DRAFTING
2. Side views are horizontally aligned with the front view and rear view.
3. The width of the top view is equal to the width of the side view.
4. When a line or edge is viewed perpendicularly to a plane or surface,
projection will appear as a point.
5. A line or edge parallel to a plane of projection will also appear as a line
or edge in its exact shape or true length.
6. A line or edge inclined to the plane of projection will appear shorter or
foreshortened.
7. A surface perpendicular to the plane will appear as a line or edge equal
in length to the nearest edge of the surface which in this case is either
its length or its width depending on its position.
8. A surface parallel to the plane of projection will be shown in its exact or
true shape and size.
9. A surface inclined to the plane of projection will also appear as a
surface but smaller in size and shape.
10. No line or edge of the object can be projected longer than its true
length.
I. Direction: Identify what is being described. Write your answer on a separate

sheet of paper.
____________________ 1. It is a form of linear distances, angles, or notes

irrespective of the dimensioning units being used.
____________________ 2. It is the length of the arrowheads.
_____________________3. It is a thin and solid line that extend from a point on
the drawing to which the dimension refers.
____________________ 4. It is a gap distance between extension line and object
line.
_____________________5. It is the exact width of the arrowhead.
II. Enumeration
1. Two systems of measurement.
a.
b.
2. Essential elements to be considered in dimensioning.
a.
b.
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DRAFTING
c.
d.
III. Problem Solving. See your solution.
Convert 32 inches to centimeter.

Convert 6 inches to centimeter.
IVA. Direction: Supply the missing visible and hidden lines in the Orthographic
views below.
A B
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DRAFTING
IV B. Supply the missing visible and hidden lines in the pictorial drawings
below.
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DRAFTING
LO3.2 DIMENSIONING
Dimensions are given in the form of linear distances, angles or notes

irrespective of the dimensioning units being used.
The following are the essential elements to be considered in dimensioning

technique:
1. character of lines
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DRAFTING
2. spacing of the dimensions

3. the arrow heads
4. the use of extension lines.
The arrow heads indicate the direction and extent of a dimension. It should be
uniformed in size as 3mm. length width.
Spacing of the dimension lines
The dimension nearest to the object being outlined should be spaced at

least 10 mm. away. All other dimension lines should be at least 6 mm. apart.
However, if more space is available, the spacing of dimensions line should be
uniformed throughout the drawing.
Extension line
A thin and dark solid line that extends from a point on the drawing to which
a dimension refers. The dimension line meets the extension lines at right except in
special cases. A gap distance of at least 2 mm. from the object outline should
extend about 3 mm. (1/8) beyond the outermost arrowhead.
System of Measurements
There are two systems of measurement applied in drawing such as English
and metric.
1. English System
As used in drawing, specifically refers to inches and feet unit of
measurement
2. Metric System
It is an International System (IS) of measurement as applied in
drawing. This is based upon the meter or millimeter as a linear unit of
measurement
Metric Equivalent (Commonly used in drawing)
1 inch = 2.54 centimeters = 254 millimeters

1 foot = 30.5 centimeters = 305 millimeters
1 foot = .305 meter
How to Convert English System to Metric System?

Example 1:
To convert 18 inches to centimeters
18 in X 30.5 cm
12 in
= 18 X 30.5 cm
12
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DRAFTING
= 18 X 2.54 cm
= 45.7 cm
Example 2:
To convert 84 centimeters to inches
84 cm X 12 in
30.5 cm
= 84 X 12 in
30.5
= 31.6 inches
A. Direction: Given the three orthographic views, supply the missing

general dimensions of the top view, front view, and side view.
TOP VIEW
55
60 50
DRAFTING
15 ? 15 40 ?
20
?
20
FRONT VIEW RIGHT SIDE VIEW
LESSON 4
CONSTRUCT PICTORIAL
DRAWINGS

The three divisions of axonometric are identified and discussed.
All principles of isometric drawing are properly discussed.
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DRAFTING
Procedure in constructing isometric drawing is followed according
to standard specifications.
Ellipse figure is accurately drawn in the form of isometric view.
Pre- Test LO 4.1 Let us determine how much you

already know about axonometric and
isometric drawings. Take this test.
Direction: Supply the needed information to complete the sentence.
1. Trimetric drawing is where the two axes are _____ in the plane of projection.
a. Two equal axes in the angle c. three unequal axes in angle
b. Three equal axes in the angle d. two unequal axes in the angle
2. An axonometric drawing which has two axes divided by equal angle is:
a. Dimetric b. isometric c. oblique d. trimetric
3. An isometric drawing show _____ of object.

a. two-dimension c. two station point
b. three dimensions
4. Choose the letter that correspond the orthographic view of an object
a. b. c.
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DRAFTING
LO4.1 PICTORIAL DRAWINGS
Pictorial Drawing is used to communicate ideas which cannot be

described easily in words. It is used by engineers, architects and all types of
designers and drafters to illustrate the size and shape of an object.
This module is intended to show the student that pictorial drawing is easier
to understand and interpret because it shows height, weight, length in one drawing
than orthographic multi view drawing which shows only one face of an object of
each view.
The different types of pictorial drawing discussed here are isometric,

oblique, and perspective.
PICTORIAL DRAWING
The pictorial drawing is a view of an object (actual or imagined) as it would be

seen by an observer who looks at the object shown in one view.
TYPES OF PICTORIAL DRAWING
A. Axonometric pictorial drawing
1. Isometric drawing - a pictorial representation of an object in which all

three dimensions are drawn in full scale. There are three dimensions
represented as three axes: one vertical axes and two horizontal
Step in sketching isometric drawing.

1. Draw a border.
2. Draw title block.
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DRAFTING
3. Draw the horizontal baseline which measure 30˚.

4. Draw a construction box.
5. By using a construction box draw the detail of the object.
2. Dimetric drawing- is an axonometric pictorial drawing where two of an

object axes make equal angles with the plane of projection. It is used
less often than isometric drawing.
3. Trimetric drawing- an axonometric pictorial drawing where no two axes

form equal angles with the plane of projection.

Directions: Supply the needed information to complete the sentence.

a. two-dimension b. three-dimension c. two
station point
a. dimetric c. oblique
b. isometric d. trimetric
a. two equal axes in the angle c. three unequal axes in angle
b. three equal axes in the angle d. two unequal axes in the angle
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DRAFTING
b. b. c.
ACTIVITY
Directions: Sketch the isometric view of the given orthographic view.
Tools and materials needed:
Drawing paper Pencil Erase 30 x 60 degrees triangle
Equipment
Drawing table or drawing board
Procedure
1. Study the orthographic view carefully. Measure the width, the length, and
the height of the given drawing.
2. Sketch the isometric axes and transfer the measurement to the axes.
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DRAFTING
3. Draw the box or construction lines.

4. Draw the details of the drawing.
5. Trace the visible edges.
6. Draw the hidden line.
Criteria for Assessment
CRITERIA 5 Points 3 Points 1 Point
Accuracy The drawing is The drawing is The drawing

correct in all somehow was not showed
details correct in all correct details
details
Neatness The quality of The quality of The finished
your drawing is the drawing is output is not
very neat neat clean
Speed The drawing The drawing The drawing is
was finished five was finished on not finished on
minutes before time time
the given time
The perfect score is 15 points.
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DRAFTING
LO 4.2 OBLIQUE DRAWINGS

Principle of oblique drawing is thoroughly discussed.
Two types of oblique drawing are correctly identified.
Steps in constructing oblique drawing are demonstrated according
to standard specifications.
Each type of oblique drawing is constructed.
Pre- Test LO 4.2 Let us determine how much you

already know about axonometric and
isometric drawings. Take this test.
I. Identify the best answer that corresponds to the questions. Write your
answer on a separate sheet.
1. This type of oblique drawing is drawn in its real measurement or in full scale or
size.
A. Cabinet oblique C. Oblique drawing
B. Cavalier oblique D. General oblique
2. This is a type of oblique drawing wherein the width of objects is reduced by half
of its size.
3. It is a pictorial drawing in which the front plane is parallel to the plane of

projection.
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DRAFTING
4. It is the depth of axis lines vary from one-half (½) to full size or as a whole.
II. Arrange the procedures in constructing oblique drawing. Write numbers

1- 6on a separate sheet.
_____ Determine the side or surface to be made parallel to the picture

plane.
_____ Draw the horizontal and vertical axes.
_____ Draw the cross-axis using 45o cross-axis for cavalier oblique
and 30o cross- axis for cabinet oblique.
_____ Layout the measurements along the cross-axis.
_____ Draw this surface in an orthographic form using the horizontal and
vertical axes as base lines.
_____ Draw the construction box.
The term oblique drawing is a kind of pictorial drawing of an object one

surface of which is shown parallel to the frontal plane and the other is inclined to it.
However, it is used for producing two-dimensional images of three- dimensional
objects. See the example of Oblique projection by 30º, 45º and 60º as shown
below in Figure 1
Figure 1 Oblique Drawing Angle
Oblique pictorial drawing has three types:
1. Cavalier drawing - this type of oblique drawing is drawn in its real

measurement or in full scale or size.
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DRAFTING
2. Cabinet drawing – it pertains to the depth axis lines that are drawn one-
half scale.
3. General oblique – it pertains to the depth axis lines vary from one-half
size.
Follow the procedures in constructing the oblique drawing.
1. Draw the horizontal and vertical axes.
2. Determine the side or surface to be made parallel to the picture plane.
3. Draw this surface in an orthographic form using the horizontal and vertical axes
as base lines.
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DRAFTING
4. Draw the cross-axis using 45º cross-axis for cavalier oblique and 30º cross-
axis
for cabinet oblique.
CAVALIER
OBLIQUE
CABINET
OBLIQUE
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DRAFTING
5. Draw the construction box.
CAVALIER
CABINET
6. Layout the measurements along the cross-axis.
CAVALIER
CABINET
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DRAFTING
Each type of Oblique pictorial has different example as shown below.
Figure 2 Cavalier Drawing
Figure 3 Cabinet Drawing
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DRAFTING
Figure 4 General oblique
Application
In what way did you perform?
PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT
Criteria 5 points 3 points 2 points

Accuracy All objects are Most objects are Vanishing points
taken to the taken to the are used well.
proper vanishing proper vanishing There are some
point. point. mistakes in the
output.
Neatness Evidence is clear Good attempt at The work is not
of a solid making your clean and
attempted to output neat, clean, finished.
ensure your work and complete.
is neat, clean, and
complete.
Completion You have taken You have a You have decided
your time and minimal area that to leave a majority
therefore you are not adequate of your art
work shows your or unfinished. unfinished.
hard work.
Construct the Oblique drawing by 30º, 45º and 60º. Do this on a separate sheet.
See the Analytic Scoring Rubrics above. Rate each learner honestly and
sincerely.
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
68
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
DRAFTING
LO 4.3 PERSPECTIVE DRAWING
LEARNING OUTCOME
4.3
Principles of perspective drawing are discussed.
Three types of perspective drawing are identified and differentiated.
Each type of perspective drawing is constructed
according to specifications.
TECHNICAL TERMS:
 Picture Plane (PP). This is an imaginary vertical plane where the picture is
registered.
 Ground Line (GL). This is where the actual figure is laid.
 Station Point (SP). This is the fixed position where the object is viewed.
 Visual Rays. These are imaginary lines projecting from the observe to the figure
passing through the picture plane. They are sometimes called receding lines.
 Horizon (H). This is the point where the figure appears horizontally at eye level.
 Vanishing Point (VP) This is the point where all receding lines meet in a perspective
figure.
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DRAFTING
Perspective Drawing is a pictorial drawing which contains receding lines that

converge at vanishing points on the horizon. This drawing is also called as
“foreshortened drawing”.
Principles of Perspective Drawing:

1. All receding lines converge on a vanishing point.
2. The farther the color, the lighter it appears.
3. The farther the object, lines, edges, the smaller it appears.
4. The object can be viewed in terms of bird’s eye view, eye level, and
ants view. (see figure 1, 2, 3).
5. The vanishing point can be located anywhere if the object will not be
distorted. For the two-point perspective, the two vanishing points
must be aligned to each other.
6.
All types of perspective can be based on the observer’s eye. We have:
1. Bird’s eye view – a view from a high angle as if seen by a bird in
flight.
2. Man’s eye view – A view of the landscape as seen by a person,
especially from a specified position.
3. Worm or ant’s eye view - a view as if by a worm from below or the
underside
bird’s eye man’s eye

worm’s eye
Types of Perspective Drawing
1. One-point or parallel perspective – is a receding line that

converges on a single vanishing point. One-point perspective has
one vanishing point on the horizon. The vanishing point does not
necessarily need to be in the center.
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DRAFTING
71
DRAFTING
PROCEDURE IN DRAWING ONE POINT

PERSPECTIVE
Draw a horizontal line across your paper.
Make a pencil mark on the horizon where you want the vanishing point.
Tip: The vanishing point does not have to be in the center of the
horizon. You can place it anywhere off to either side if you like.
Draw the lines that extend from your vanishing point.
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DRAFTING
Sketch a geometric object or house to practice perspective.
Practice drawing landscapes or streets using One-Point Perspective.
You’ve finish One – Point Perspective!
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DRAFTING
2. Two-point or angular perspective – is a receding line that

converges on two vanishing points. Two-point perspective uses the
same method described above. The main difference is that the
viewer is looking from one corner rather than head-on. For this
reason, you cannot begin the drawing with the building's facade. You
must first draw the line that forms the corner of the building, then use
one of the vanishing points to complete /the facade.
3. Three-point perspective – is a receding line that converges on

three vanishing points. Three-point perspective is often used for
buildings seen from above (or below). In addition to the two
vanishing points from before, one for each wall, there is now one for
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DRAFTING
how the vertical lines of the walls recede. For an object seen from
above, this third vanishing point is below the ground. For an object
seen from below, as when the viewer looks up at a tall building, the
third vanishing point is high in space.
75
DRAFTING
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DRAFTING
ACTIVITY
Direction: Follow the given procedure in drawing One Point

Perspective. Go to a place where you can see structures
disappearing into the horizon and practice drawing them.
Drawing Tools and Materials needed:
Pencil Drawing Paper
Ruler Eraser
Equipment you need:
Drawing Table Drawing stool
Performance Assessment
Scoring Rubrics
ACCURACY SPEED NEATNESS LETTERING/LABELING

50% 10% 25% 15%
45% 6% 20% 12%
40% 8% 15% 10%
8%
TOTAL
Performance Criteria:
Accuracy
50 pts - The output is accurately done.
45 pts - Two to five errors are observed on the output.
40 pts. - Six to ten errors are observed on the output.
Speed
10 pts - The output is done 5 minutes before the time.
8 pts - The output is done on time.
6 pts. - The output is done after the allotted time.
Neatness
25 pts. - has no error
20 pts - has two to three erasures
15 pts - has four or more erasures
Lettering/Labeling
15 pts. - All pieces of information are completely indicated and legibly printed.
12 pts. - All pieces of information are legibly printed but some are missing.
10 pts. - All pieces of information are legibly printed but some are missing and
misspelled.
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DRAFTING
8 pts. - Pieces of information are not legibly printed and words are
misspelled.
I. Identification
Direction: Write the correct answer on the blank.
________________1. A perspective drawing with three vanishing points.

________________2. A pictorial drawing which contains receding lines that
converge at a vanishing point on the horizon.
________________3. A perspective drawing with two vanishing points.
________________4. Other name for One-point perspective.
________________5. A view of a landscape made by man.
II. Enumeration.
Direction: Enumerate at least three principles in Perspective Drawing.
1. ___________________________
2. ___________________________
3. ___________________________
78
DRAFTING
KEY TO CORRECTION
PRE-TEST
LO1
Multiple Choice Matching Type
1. B 1. C
2. C 2. E
3. D 3. A
4. A 4. B
5. A 5. D
Review of the Lesson LO1
1. MOVABLE HEAD
2. T- SQUARE
3. PENCIL SHARPENER
4. DRAWING PAPER
5. TRIANGULAR SCALE
Pre- Test LO2
1. C
2. B
3. B
4. A
Self- Check LO2
1. B
2. A
3. C
4. A
Pre- Test LO3
I. II.
1. B 5. (2) 9. (3)
2. A 6. (1) 10. (5)
3. C 7. (4)
4. D 8. (6)
Self-Check LO4
79
DRAFTING
IDENTIFICATION:
1. Three Point Perspective
2. Perspective Drawing
3. Two Point Perspective
4. Parallel Perspective
5. Man’s eye view
Principle of Perspective Drawing
o All receding lines converge on vanishing points.
o The farther the object, the smaller it appears.
o The farther the object, the lighter it appears.
KEY TO CORRECTION
POST - TEST
Test I. IDENTIFICATION
1. DRAWING PENCIL
2. HARD PENCIL
3. T- SQUARE
4. FIXED HEAD
5. MEDIUM PENCIL
6. SOFT PENCILS
7. DETACHABLE HEAD
8. DRAWING PAPER
9. PROTRACTOR
10. MASKING TAPE
Test II. MATCHING TYPE

1. C
2. E
3. B
4. A
5. D
80
DRAFTING
Test III. FILL IN THE BLANKS

1. B
2. A
3. C
4. A
Test IV MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. B
2. A
3. C
4. D
Test V SEQUENCING
5. (2)
6. (1)
7. (4)
8. (6)
9. (3)
10. (5)
Test VI IDENTIFICATION
1. Three Point Perspective

2. Perspective Drawing
3. Two Point Perspective
4. Parallel Perspective
5. Man’s eye view
Test VII ENUMERATION

Principle of Perspective Drawing
* All receding lines converge on vanishing
points.
* The farther the object, the smaller it appears.
* The farther the object, the lighter it appears.
81
DRAFTING
POST - TEST
Test I. Identification
Directions: Identify the word /term being describes in the statement. Choose your
answer from the given choices inside the box. Write the answer in
your quiz notebook.
Hard Pencils Detachable Head Drawing Paper
Soft Pencils Protractor T- Square
Medium Pencils Drawing Pencil Triangular Scale
Fixed Head Masking Tape
1. It is one the most important tools in drawing.

2. These are used where extreme accuracy is required especially working on
graphs, diagrams and charts.
3. It is also used for guiding triangles when drawing vertical lines.
4. Its head is fastened to the blade. It is used for ordinary work.
5. These are used for general purpose work in drawing.
6. They are very useful for artwork of various kinds.
7. It is designed for comfort when carrying the T-square.
8. Oslo paper is commonly used but bond paper is also recommended.
9. It is used to determine gradations of the degrees when measuring arcs, angles,
and circles.
10. It is used for fastening the drawing paper on the drawing table or drawing
board because it does not damage the board and it will not damage the
paper if it is removed by pulling it off.
Test II. Matching Type

Directions: Match Column A with Column B. Write the letter of the correct answer
in your quiz notebook.
82
DRAFTING
Column A Column B
1. It is a useful tool to protect A.
the rest of the drawing when
clearing up smudges,
unnecessary pencil lines and
other erasures.
2. It is a three-sided ruler, B.
which typically has two equal
sides meeting at a 90 degree
angle and to a third side at 45, 30,
including 60-degree angles.
3. It is a semi-circular instrument
divided into 180 equal parts, C.
each of which is called a degree.
4. This drawing instrument is

used when drawing arcs and circles.
5. This is a drawing instrument used D.

when transferring measurements,
dividing lines and arcs into the
desired number of equal parts.
E.
TEST III. Fill in the blanks.
Directions: Supply the needed information to complete the sentence.

a. Two-dimension b. three-dimension c. two station point
83
DRAFTING
a. Dimetric b. isometric c. oblique d. trimetric
a. Two equal axes in the angle c. three unequal axes in angle
b. Three equal axes in the angle d. two unequal axes in the angle
c. b. c.
TEST IV. Multiple Choice
Directions: Choose the best answer that corresponds to the questions. Write
your answer on a separate sheet.
1. This type of oblique drawing is drawn in its real measurement or in full

scale or size.
2. This is a type of oblique drawing wherein the width of objects is reduced

by half of its size.
3. It is a pictorial drawing in which the front plane is parallel to the plane of

projection.
4. It is the depth of axis lines vary from one-half (½) to full size or as a
whole.

84
DRAFTING
TEST V. Sequencing
Directions: Arrange the procedures in constructing oblique drawing.

Write numbers 1- 6 on a separate sheet of paper.
_____ Determine the side or surface to be made parallel to the picture

plane.
_____ Draw the horizontal and vertical axes.
_____ Draw the cross-axis using 45o cross-axis for cavalier oblique
and 30o cross- axis for cabinet oblique.
_____ Layout the measurements along the cross-axis.
_____ Draw this surface in an orthographic form using the horizontal and
vertical axes as base lines.
_____ Draw the construction box.
TEST VI. Identification
Directions: Identify what is being described. Write your answer on a

separate sheet of paper.
________________1. A perspective drawing with three vanishing points.

________________2. A pictorial drawing which contains receding lines that
converge at a vanishing point on the horizon.
________________3. A perspective drawing with two vanishing points.
________________4. Other name for One-point perspective.
________________5. A view of a landscape made by man.
TEST VII. Enumeration.
Directions: Enumerate at least three principles in Perspective Drawing.
LIST OF MATERIALS / TOOLS/ EQUIPMENT/ CONSUMABLES FOR THIS

MODULE
Drafting Materials
 Drawing Paper
 Drawing or Pen Ink
 Masking Tape
 Pencil-Ink Eraser
 Pencil Sharpener
 Pentel Pen
 Poster Color / Watercolor / Coloring Pen or Pencils
85
DRAFTING
 Tracing Paper
Drafting Tools and Instruments

 Drawing Pencil (Hard, Medium, Soft)
 Erasing Shield
 Triangular Scales
 Compass
 Divider
 Drawing Templates
 Protractor
 Ruler
 Scales
 Tape or Tape Ruler
 Technical pens / Drawing Pen /Sign Pen
 T- Square
 Triangles
Equipment
 Computer Hardware
 Drawing Table /Drawing Board
 White Board
 Printer
 LCD Projector Learning Materials
 Multimedia Materials (print, video, audio)
REFERENCES
http://www.depedbataan.com/resources/9/k_to_12_mechanical_drafting_learning_
module.pdf
https://www.google.com/search?
q=drawing+paper+for+drafting&tbm=isch&hl=en&chips=q:drawing+paper+for+draf
ting,g_1:high+quality:8mbAaNlpkpE
%3D&hl=en&ved=2ahUKEwjm7NWR7LoAhXUdt4KHRv8AOcQ4lYoAXoECAEQF
w&biw=1349&bih=625#imgrc=nKnJNB_34RmqcM
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86
DRAFTING
RdBPYQ2cCegQIABAA&oq=masking+tape+for+dra&gs_l=img.1.0.0l2j0i24l3.6810
818.6814367..6815391...0.0..0.339.3843.0j12j6j1......0....1..gws-wiz-
img.......0i67j35i39.44DfViOK-Z0&ei=KOt5XpDEOtOe-
Aa0upGwDw&bih=625&biw=1349&hl=en
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KHeZDEUQ2cCegQIABAA&oq=pencil+sha+for+drafting&gs_l=img.1.0.0i7i30.132
290.134380..152465...0.0..0.11826.38164.4-4j3j9-3......0....1..gws-wiz-
img.myKU8UgnTRE&ei=ygV6XseMGI2MAbm_bGoBA&bih=625&biw=1349&hl=en
#imgrc=AEu1ETqCd7v5YM&imgdii=PLaE3LLQ0hPZqM
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sEQ2-
cCegQIABAA&oq=+eraser+for+drafting&gs_l=img.3..0l2.39173.39173..39375...0.
0..0.92.92.1......0....1..gws-wiz-img.FHultZv6RCc&ei=Fwd6XpbtGdqIhwPl-
amIDA&bih=625&biw=1349&hl=en#imgrc=kjzQWXcfg4u38M
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UKEwi7_PLEmrPoAhWTEogKHffQAK0Q2-
cCegQIABAA&oq=hard+pencil+medium+pencil+and+soft+pencil+for+drafting&gs
_l=img.3...46870.53062..54207...0.0..0.243.4387.4j23j3......0....1..gws-wiz-
img.......35i39.9CfS1PJKugY&ei=1gl6Xru5HJOloAT3oYPoCg&bih=625&biw=1349
&hl=en#imgrc=C64D8EeMf-IxMM
q=triangular+scale+for+drafting&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwiO1YXgmrPoAhWB4G
EKHYXQBa4Q2-
cCegQIABAA&oq=triangular+scale+for+drafting&gs_l=img.3..0.585666.590454..5
92301...0.0..0.816.9888.4-1j14j1......0....1..gws-wiz-
img.......0i7i30j0i7i5i30j0i8i7i30.8O_Wk6BbOxE&ei=Dwp6Xs6RGIHBhwOFoZfwCg
&bih=625&biw=1349&hl=en#imgrc=qIT12p1Xy8YKzM
q=erasing+shield+for+drafting&sxsrf=ALeKk02GR9clgxC24703eKGpxtqRGEmJm
w:1585056989667&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjpksW2nbPoAh
UOHXAKHRiVBewQ_AUoAXoECA0QAw&biw=1366&bih=576#imgrc=-
4dMWHijCz_FQM
q=compass+for+drafting&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwjt74PanbPoAhWTEogKHffQA
K0Q2-
87
DRAFTING
cCegQIABAA&oq=compass+for+drafting&gs_l=img.3..0.135433.136682..136894..
.0.0..0.576.1573.2j3j0j1j0j1......0....1..gws-wiz-
img.......0i7i30j0i7i5i30j0i8i7i30.BPAXHRijlzE&ei=KA16Xu27BZOloAT3oYPoCg&bi
h=576&biw=1366#imgrc=3HR2OPAmC9NQuM
q=protractor+for+drafting&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwjesr7snrPoAhWEe94KHe69D
5wQ2-
cCegQIABAA&oq=pr+for+drafting+&gs_l=img.1.0.0i7i30l2j0i8i7i30l3.236528.2394
52..240977...0.0..0.155.533.0j4......0....1..gws-wiz-
img.......35i39j0i30j0i7i5i30.Yz2EWy27Sa4&ei=Ww56Xp6ZDoT3-Qbu-
77gCQ&bih=576&biw=1366#imgrc=h9iT_ko_g4PcmM&imgdii=-qZEvlXOo3dJoM
q=drafting+drawing+table&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwi18_3joLPoAhUdgcYKHZjRC
C4Q2-
cCegQIABAA&oq=DRAFTING+DRAWING+TA&gs_l=img.1.0.0j0i8i30l5.13011.18
177..20072...0.0..0.715.4984.0j6j8j2j2j0j1......0....1..gws-wiz-
img.......35i39j0i67.LSUp0MNccSM&ei=YhB6XrW6EJ2CmgaYo6PwAg&bih=576&
biw=1366#imgrc=FlIHV08E08iMyM&imgdii=6_HfmI1OGEKgZM
q=triangle+for+drafting&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwis5Lf7nLPoAhWTCt4KHTt4AS4
Q2-
cCegQIABAA&oq=triangle+for+drafting&gs_l=img.3..0j0i5i30.202866.203082..204
754...0.0..0.307.472.0j1j0j1......0....1..gws-wiz-img.......0i7i30j0i7i5i30.pieZ_-bE-
70&ei=YQx6XuyvK5OV-Aa78IXwAg&bih=625&biw=1349&hl=en#imgrc=wMk3n-
OE28XOFM&imgdii=OOUpRE1-Sf4UIM
q=fixed+head+t+square&hl=en&sxsrf=ALeKk02E93NtjKyHDJoIq25LBBiiBFCOAQ
:1585114796256&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiAmu_i9LToAhUt
yIsBHT7UAr4Q_AUoAXoECA0QAw&biw=1366&bih=625#imgrc=xYrtnw8h1aXzk
M
q=movable+head+t+square&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwjV5ODj9LToAhVyJqYKHcg
2Bu0Q2-
cCegQIABAA&oq=movable+head+t+square&gs_l=img.3..0.73217.74454..75169...
0.0..0.431.2382.0j1j1j3j2......0....1..gws-wiz-
img.rlf89suihvU&ei=ru56XtXVBvLMmAXI7ZjoDg&bih=625&biw=1366&hl=en#imgr
c=t4AcKEOmnY50gM
88
DRAFTING
q=detachable+head+t+square&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwijy-
yI9bToAhUGB5QKHaQgDTcQ2-
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749...0.0..0.395.2467.4j0j1j5......0....1..gws-wiz-img.......0i7i30.-
FO5R3aQPgw&ei=--
56XuPhNoaO0ASkwbS4Aw&bih=625&biw=1366&hl=en#imgrc=DQLKXmzL41VJ
wM
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_-
lj176u91Tikwfg:1585115402436&tbm=isch&source=iu&ictx=1&fir=7aKvpaX_r25Jl
M%253A%252CLhTXR10BNN6RjM%252C_&vet=1&usg=AI4_-
kRctcEBqDty_G1Uc5OWCet48rVwCg&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiNvPWD97ToAhVD
E6YKHVaNBOwQ9QEwD3oECAoQNQ#imgrc=A_EiifT2CWLd7M
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Slideshare.net/granthaggertya/pictorialdrawing
Draftingmanuals.tpub.com/14276
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Peachpit.com/articles/article.aspx?=2873372&seqNam+10
civilseek.com/oblique.drawing-projection
https://ecs.osu.edu/alumni/mechanical-engineering-success-stories
Technical Drawing 2: Mechanical Drawing by: A. Bankole and Stuart Bland

Publication date: December 24, 1990
Giesecke, Mitchell, Spencer. Hill and Dygdon, Technical Drawing Eight Edition.
The Macmillan Company: 1999 READING MATERIALS: Competency Based

Learning Material
Civil Technology Competency Based Learning Material
Drafting Technology Competency Based Learning Material
Damisch, Hubert (1994). The Origin of Perspective, Translated by John Goodman.

Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.
Medford, Kelly (2020). How to Draw Perspective @WikiHow

89
DRAFTING
South, Helen (2019). Fine Arts and Crafts, The Definition of Perspective in
Drawing
Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia (2020). Perspective (graphical)
module.pdf
German M. Manaois, Drafting 1 and 2; Phoenix Publishing: 1983
Esguerra and Molino, Exploratory Drafting; Abiva Publishing: 1980
Stirling, Norman, Introduction to Technical Drawing, Metric Edition

http://www.images.search.yahoo.com/search/image
module.pdf
ei=Y9iCXo6FKMGS9QP2oaCwDw&q=simple+introduction+about+alphabet+lines
+in+drafting&oq=simple+introduction+about+alphabet+lines+in+drafting&gs_lcp=
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AgAEEM6BQgAEM0COggIIRAWEB0QHlCO4hhYzegZYKfrGWgEcAJ4A4ABzgKI
AbpkkgEJMC4zMy4zMC4xmAEAoAEBqgEHZ3dzLXdperABAA&sclient=psy-
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CgZwc3ktYWIQAzoECAAQRzoFCCEQoAE6BQgAEJECOgUIABCDAToCCAA6B
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DRAFTING
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91

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EXPLORATORY COURSE MECHANICAL

Parts of the Module………………………………………………………...4

How Do You Use this Module?……………………………………………6

Key to Correction __……………………………………………………….84

List of Materials/Tools/Equipment/Consumable for this Module………90

Hello there I am Teacher Phoebe. Do you

Today, you will learn the basic procedures

Yes, Teacher Phoebe. This learning

Today, you will become familiar with the

Parts of the Module

Pre-test: This part helps to determine your prior

Lesson Proper. It is the part that discusses the

Post – test. This part measures your comprehension

Reference. All relevant sources used in this

Key to Correction. It is the part that

Welcome to the world of MECHANICAL DRAFTING!

This Module is an exploratory course which leads you to Mechanical

1. Prepare Freehand Drawing

These 4 common competencies are covered separately in 4 Lessons. As

Lesson 1 – Prepare Freehand Drawing

LO 2. Enumerate and explain the strokes of alphabet lines

Lesson 2 – Prepare Applied Working Drawing

Lesson 3 – Construct Orthographic Projections

Lesson 4 – Construct Pictorial Drawing

Your success in this exploratory course on Mechanical Drafting is shown in your

NATIONAL CERTIFICATE (NC) is a certification issued to individuals who

NATIONAL CERTIFICATE LEVEL refers to the four (4) qualification levels

b. NC II performs prescribed range of functions involving known routines and

How Do You Use this Module?

1. Begin by reading and understanding the Learning Outcome/s and Performance

2. Coco is planning to sketch her drawing layout, he only prepares a drawing

5. Its main function is to reproduce the measurements of an object in full size

LEARNING OUTCOME 1.1

Identify drafting materials and tools/drawing instruments

1. Drafting materials and tools/drawing instruments are identified

LO1.1 DRAFTING MATERIALS AND

There is vast number of drafting materials and tools used in mechanical

TOOLS PICTURE/ILLUSTRATION FUNCTION/S

DRAWING  Various types of drawing

MASKING TAPE  This is used for fastening

PENCIL  Pencils should be

Eraser  This is used to clean the

MEDIUM  Are used for general

SOFT PENCILS  Are too soft to be used in

TRIANGULAR  This is a tool generally

MATERIALS PICTURE/ILLUSTRATION FUNCTION/S

 It is designed for comfort

 Commonly used triangles

REVIEW OF THE LESSON LO1.1

Direction: Name the following tools and materials used in drafting.

I learned today that

Pre- Test LO1.2 Let us determine how much you already

LEARNING OUTCOME 1.2

Define alphabet of lines;

LO1.2 ALPHABET OF LINES

Line symbols used in technical drawing are often referred to as

The Alphabet of Lines is a list of line symbols that engineers use in

Some additional info graphs as shown below

REVIEW OF THE LESSON LO1.2

Kind of Lines Sketch of Lines

Analytic Scoring Rubrics

Points Earned Numerical Descriptive