4-5 Notes: Integration by Substitution Name _____________________

Calculus AB

Do you remember how you did this on the 4.1-4.3 Review Worksheet?

2 3 23
∫ dx = 2 ∫ (3x ) 3 dx = 2 ⋅ 3 ∫x x + C = 3 3 x 3 + C = (3 x ) 3 + C
−1 −1 −1 −1 2 2 2
3 3
dx = 2 ⋅ 3 3
⋅
3 2
3x

We worked this by simplifying first, then pulled the constant out and integrated from
there. There is an easier way. It is called the “change of variables approach”, but we’ll
call it substitution.
Change of Variables (Substitution)
If u = g (x) , then du = g ′( x) dx . Therefore,
∫ f ( g ( x)) g ′( x)dx = ∫ f (u ) du = F (u ) + C
Guidelines for Making a Change of Variables
• Choose a substitution u = g (x) . Usually, it is best to choose the inner part of a
composition functions, such as a quantity raised to a power.
• Compute du = g ′( x) dx .
• Rewrite the integral in terms of the variable u .
• Find the resulting integral in terms of u .
• Replace u by g (x) to obtain an antiderivative in terms of x .
• Check your answer by differentiating.

The General Power Rule for Integration

If g is a differentiable function of x , then
[g ( x)] n +1

∫ [g ( x)] g ′( x) dx =
n
+ C , n ≠ 1.
n +1
Equivalently, if u = g (x) , then
u n +1
∫ u du =
n
+ C, n ≠ 1.
n +1

2
Re-do ∫ 3
3x
dx using substitution.
 ∫ (x )
3
Example 1) 2
− 1 (2 x ) dx

∫ (1 − 2 x ) (− 4 x ) dx
3
2
Example 2)

∫x
3
Example 3) x 4 + 2 dx

∫ x(4 x )
2 4
Example 4) + 3 dx
Example 5) ∫ (5 cos 5 x ) dx

x2
Example 6) ∫ (16 − x ) 3 2
dx

10 x 2
Example 7) ∫ 1 + x3
dx

∫ x sin( x
2
Example 8) ) dx
Example 9) ∫ cot x csc 2 x dx

Example 10) ∫x 2 x + 1 dx

2x − 1
Example 11) ∫ x+3
dx
 Change of Variables for Definite Integrals
If the function u = g (x) has a continuous derivative on the closed interval [a, b] and f is
b g (b )

continuous on the range of g , then ∫ f ( g ( x)) g ′( x) dx = ∫ f (u) du

a g (a)

2
x
Example 12) ∫
0 1 + 2x 2
dx

π
4

Example 13) ∫ (csc(2 x) cot(2 x) ) dx

π
12
 Integration of Even and Odd Functions
Let f be integrable on the closed interval [− a, a ] .
a a
1) If f is an even function, then
−a
∫ f ( x) dx = 2∫ f ( x) dx .
0

• Symmetric with respect to y-axis -a a

• Test by using: f (− x) = f ( x)
Even Function
a
2) If f is an odd function, then ∫ f ( x) dx = 0 .
−a

• Symmetric with respect to origin a

• Test by using: f (− x) = − f ( x) -a

Odd Function

π
2

∫ (sin )
3
Example 14) x cos x + sin x cos x dx
−π
2

∫ (x )
4
Example 15) + 3 x 2 + 1 dx
−1

∫ (x )
5
Example 16) + 3 x 3 + x dx
−1