K.S.

Rangasamy College of Technology – Autonomous R 2014

40 ME 014 / Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion
Hours / Week Credit Maximum Marks
Semester Total hrs
L T P C CA ES Total
VI 3 1 0 60 4 50 50 100
To understand the basic difference between incompressible and compressible flow, phenomenon of shock
Objective(s)
waves and its effect on flow and basic knowledge about jet propulsion and rocket propulsion.
At the end of the course, the student will be able to
1. Analyse the compressible flow, based on fundamental physical principles (continuity, momentum,
energy equations)
2. Analysis of mach number, velocity of sound and calculate the flow properties.
3. Develop equation and concept to analyze compressible flow properties across variable area.
4. Develop equation and concept to analyze compressible flow properties across constant area with
friction (without heat transfer) and with heat transfer (without friction).
Course 5. Develop the assumptions and governing equations to calculate the property variations across nozzle
Outcomes and diffuser with normal shock.
6. Develop the assumptions and governing equations to calculate the property variations across normal
shock in constant area with friction (without heat transfer) and with heat transfer (without friction).
7. Explain the concept of jet propulsion based on Newton’s third law with its types and working principle.
8. Analyze the performance of jet engines to calculate thrust, thrust power and efficiencies
9. Explain the concept of rocket propulsion based on Newton’s third law with its types and working
principle.
10. Analyze the performance of rocket engines to calculate thrust, thrust power and efficiencies.

Compressible Flow – Fundamentals

Compressible Flow -Fundamentals Energy and momentum equations for compressible fluid flows- various regions of flows -
reference velocities - stagnation state - Wave propagation in elastic medium – propagation of sound waves and derivation for
velocity of sound - critical states, Mach number, critical Mach number - types of waves - Mach cone - Mach angle - effect of
Mach number on compressibility .

Flow Through Variable Area and Constant Area Ducts

Isentropic flow through variable area ducts - T-s and h-s diagrams for nozzle and diffuser flows - area ratio as a function of Mach
number - mass flow rate through nozzles and diffusers - effect of friction in flow through nozzles Flow in constant area ducts
with friction (Fanno flow) – Fanno curves and Fanno flow equation - variation of flow properties - variation of Mach number
with duct length - Flow in constant area ducts with heat transfer (Rayleigh flow) - Rayleigh line and Rayleigh flow equation -
variation of flow properties - maximum heat transfer.

Compressible Flow With Normal Shock

Governing equations - variation of flow parameters like static pressure, static temperature, density, stagnation pressure and
entropy across the normal shock - Prandtl - Meyer equation - impossibility of shock in subsonic flows - flow in convergent and
divergent nozzle with shock - normal shock in Fanno and Rayleigh flows - flow with oblique shock (elementary treatment only).

Air Craft Propulsion Systems

Aircraft propulsion – types of jet engines – energy flow through jet engines - study of turbojet engine components – diffuser,
compressor, combustion chamber, turbine and exhaust systems - performance of turbo jet engines – thrust, thrust power,
propulsive and overall efficiencies - thrust augmentation in turbo jet engine - ram jet and pulse jet engines.

Rocket Propulsion Systems

Rocket propulsion – Classification of rocket engines – Propellants: solid and liquid propellants, rocket engines thrust equation –
effective jet velocity specific impulse – rocket engine performance - Flow through rocket nozzles – mass ratio and propellant
mass fraction – Vertical flight of a rocket: powered flight and coasting flight – Rocket applications.

Note: Use of approved gas tables are permitted for examination.

Text Book(s):
1 Yahya. S.M.“Fundamental of compressible flow”, New Age International (p) Ltd., New Delhi, 2006(revised edition).
Reference(s):
1 Rathakrishnan.E, “Gas Dynamics”, Prentice Hall of India, New Delhi, 2008
2 Ganesan. V., “Gas Turbines”, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Co., , New Delhi, 3 rd edition, 2012.
3 Patrich.H. Oosthvizen, William E.Carscallen, “Compressible fluid flow”, McGraw-Hill, 2013
Data Book(s):
Yahya. S.M “Gas Tables for compressible flow calculations”, New Age International Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 2006 (revised
1
edition).

K.S.RANGASAMY COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY, TIRUCHENGODE – 637 215

 DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
QUESTION BANK – EVEN 2019-2020 (R2014)
Unit 1: COMPRESSIBLE FLOW - FUNDAMENTALS (CO1 & CO2)
Blooms
Q.No. QUESTIONS MARKS CO
Level
1. a Define stagnation enthalpy. 2 1 Kn
b From first law of thermodynamics derive the steady flow energy equation and
8 1 Kn
apply it for nozzle and diffuser.
c Air (ɣ = 1.4, R = 287 J/kg K) at inlet Mach number of 0.2 enters a straight duct
at 400 K and expands isentropically. If the exit Mach number is 0.8, determine
10 2 Ap
the stagnation temperature, critical temperature, static temperature at exit
and Area ratio, (A1/ A2).
2. a Define Mach number. 2 2 Kn
b
Prove that = 1 + M2 + M4 + …. 8 2 Kn

c The jet of a gas at 500 K has a Mach number of 1.2. Determine the Local
velocity of sound, Stagnation velocity of sound, Static enthalpy, Stagnation
10 1 Ap
enthalpy and Maximum attainable velocity of this jet.
Take ɣ = 1.3, R = 0.469 kJ/kgK.
3. a Write the adiabatic energy equation. 2 1 Kn
b A plane travels at a speed of 2400 km/hr in a atmosphere of 278 K. Find the
6 1 Ap
Mach angle.
c The following data refers to the entry and exit of the passage when isentropic
flow occurs. The entry conditions are 207 kPa, 300 K, and Mach number 1.4,
and at exit the Mach number is 2.5. Determine velocity of sound at stagnation 12 2 Ap
condition, maximum velocity, temperature and pressure at exit.
Assume ɣ = 1.3, R = 0.52 kJ/kgK.
4. a State Mach cone and Mach angle. 4 2 Kn
b
prove that = 6 2 Kn

c The flight speed is 800 km/hr. The stagnation conditions are 105 kPa and 35 oC.
10 1 Ap
Find the static conditions and flight Mach number.
5. a Explain zone of action and zone of silence. 2 2 Kn
b
Prove that =1+ M2 6 2 Kn

c Air at stagnation condition has a temperature of 800 K. Determine the

stagnation velocity of sound and the maximum possible fluid velocity. What is
12 1 Ap
the velocity of the sound when the flow velocity is at half the maximum
velocity?
6. a State critical velocity of fluid (or) critical velocity of sound. 2 2 Kn
b
Prove that = + M2 8 2 Kn

c Oxygen at 200 kPa flows at a velocity of 50 m/s. Find the Mach number at a
point where its density id 2.9 kg/m 3. Molecular weight of oxygen is 32 and ɣ = 10 1 Ap
1.4.
7. a Define stagnation density. 2 1 Kn
b Derive an expression for the acoustic velocity of a compressible fluid flow in
8 1 Kn
terms of its temperature.
c Air enters a straight duct at 2.5 bar and 30 oC. The inlet Mach number is 1.5 and
exit Mach number is 2.4. Assuming adiabatic flow, determine stagnation
10 2 Ap
temperature, temperature and velocity of air at exit, flow rate per square
metre of the inlet cross section. Take ɣ = 1.4, R = 287 J/kgK
8. a Define stagnation velocity of sound. 2 1 Kn
b
Show that for isentropic flow + = 8 1 Kn

c An aircraft is flying at an altitude of 11000 meters, at 800 km/hr. The air is

reversibly compressed in an inlet diffuser. The inlet temperature is 216.65 K
and pressure is 0.226 bar. If the Mach number at the exit of the diffuser is 10 2 Ap
0.35, calculate the entry Mach number, velocity, pressure and temperature of
the air at the diffuser exit.

Unit 2: FLOW THROUGH VARIABLE AREA AND CONSTANT AREA DUCTS (CO3 & CO4)
Blooms
Q.No. QUESTIONS MARKS CO
Level
1. a Define impulse function. 2 3 Kn
b What are the types of diffuser? Draw them with neat sketch. 6 3 Kn
c The friction factor for a 50 mm diameter steel pipe is 0.005. At the inlet to the
pipe the velocity is 70 m/s, temperature is 80 oC and the pressure is 10 bar.
12 4 Ap
Find the temperature, pressure and Mach number at exit if the pipe is 25 m
long. Also determine the maximum possible length.
2. a Write down the ratio of pressure between any two sections in terms of their
2 4 Kn
Mach number in a Fanno flow.
b What are the assumptions made for Rayleigh flow and Isentropic flow? 6 4 Kn
c The pressure, temperature and Mach number at the entry of a nozzle are 2
bar, 300 K and 1.4 respectively. The exit Mach number is 2.4. For isentropic
flow determine velocity of sound at stagnation condition, maximum velocity, 12 3 Ap
Mach number (M1* and M2*), temperature and pressure at exit.
Take ɣ = 1.3, R = 0.52 kJ/kgK.
3. a Difference between adiabatic and isentropic flow. 4 3 Kn
b What are the types of nozzle? 4 3 Kn
c Air enters a pipe of 25 mm diameter, at a Mach number of 2.4 stagnation
temperature of 300 K and static pressure of 0.5 bar. If the co-efficient of
friction is 0.003. The section at which the Mach number reaches 1.2
12 4 Ap
determine the static pressure and temperature, stagnation pressure and
temperature, velocity of air, distance of the section from the inlet and mass
flow rate.
4. a Write down the expression for the temperature ratio between two sections in
2 4 Kn
terms of Mach numbers for flow in a constant area duct with friction.
b Show the Rayleigh line in h-S diagram and give the different Mach number
6 4 Kn
regions for heating and cooling.
c Air expands isentropically through the convergent nozzle from constant inlet
conditions p0 = 3 bar, T0 = 620 K, exit area of the nozzle is 900 cm 2. Determine
the exit velocity and the mass flow rate for the following two cases at exit. 12 3 Ap
i. M=1
ii. M = 0.8.
5. a Mention the characteristics of Rayleigh flow. 2 4 Kn
b

8 4 Kn
Prove that =

c The diffuser has exit to throat area ratio of 1.5 to 1. The inlet Mach number is
0.8. The initial pressure and temperature are 1 bar and 15 oC. Assuming the
10 3 Ap
flow is isentropic; calculate exit pressure, exit temperature and exit Mach
number.
6. a List out the practical examples for Rayleigh flow. 4 4 Kn
b Draw the h-S diagram for fanno flow with various mach number regions. 4 4 Kn
c Air enters the nozzle from a large reservoir at 7 bar and 320 oC. The exit 12 3 Ap
pressure of a nozzle is 0.94 bar and the mass flow rate is 3500 kg/hr. For
 isentropic flow calculate throat area, throat pressure, throat velocity, exit
area, exit Mach number and maximum velocity.
7. a Write the expression for mass flow rate. 2 3 Kn
b Prove that area ratio is also a function of Mach number. 8 3 Kn
c The condition of a gas (ɣ = 1.4, R = 465 J/kg K) at the entry of a constant area
duct are p1 = 0.68 bar, T1 = 420 K and C 1 = 80 m/s. The heat supplied in the
10 4 Ap
combustion chamber is 4500 kJ/kg. Calculate exit pressure, exit temperature,
exit Mach number and velocity of the gas.
8. a Write down the examples of varying area duct. 2 3 Kn
b Derive the expression for Impulse function (or) Wall function. 8 3 Kn
c The pressure, temperature and Mach number of air in a combustion chamber
are 4 bar, 100oC and 0.2 respectively. The stagnation temperature of air in a
combustion chamber is increased 3 times its initial value. Calculate Mach 12 4 Ap
number, pressure and temperature at the exit, stagnation pressure loss, heat
supplied per kg of air.

Unit 3: COMPRESSIBLE FLOW WITH NORMAL SHOCK (CO5 & CO6)

Blooms
Q.No. QUESTIONS MARKS CO
Level
1. a Differentiate between normal and oblique shocks. 2 5 Kn
b
Derive the expression for across the normal shock. 6 5 An

c A circular duct of 30 cm diameter passes gas at a Mach number of 2. The

static pressure and temperature of 1 bar and 400 K respectively. A normal
shock occurs at a Mach number of 1.5 and the exit Mach number is 1. If the
coefficient of friction is 0.003, calculate
i. Length of the duct upstream and downstream of the shock wave 12 6 Ap
ii. Mass flow rate of the gas
iii. Change of entropy for upstream of the shock, across the shock and
downstream of the shock.
Take ɣ = 1.4 and R = 287 J/kg K.
2. a Calculate the strength of shock wave when normal shock appears at M = 2.
4 5 Ap
Take ɣ = 1.4.
b The state of a gas (ɣ = 1.3, R = 0.469 kJ/kg K) upstream of a normal shock
wave is given by the following data: M x = 2.5, px = 2 bar, Tx = 275 K. Calculate
6 5 Ap
the Mach number, pressure, temperature of the gas downstream of the
shock.
c Starting from the energy equation for flow through a normal shock, derive the
10 6 Kn
Prandtl-Meyer relation.
3. a State the necessary conditions for a normal shock to occur in compressible
2 6 Kn
flow.
b Show the normal shock in h-s diagram with the help of Rayleigh line and
Fanno line. 6 6 An

c A jet of air at 275 K and 0.69 bar has an initial Mach number of 2. If it passes
through a normal shock wave determine a) Mach number, b) pressure,
12 5 Ap
c) temperature, d) density, e) speed of sound and f) jet velocity downstream
of shock.
4. a State shock wave. 2 5 Kn
b Difference between Fanno flow and Raylaigh flow. 6 5 An
c Air enters 60 cm diameter duct at a pressure of 0.685 bar, temperature of 310 12 6 Ap
K and a Mach number of 3.0. The flow passes through a normal shock wave at
a section L1 meters downstream of the entry where the Mach number is 2.5.
The Mach number at the exit (at a distance L 2 meters downstream of the
shock) is 0.8. The mean coefficient of skin friction is 0.005. Determine,
i. The lengths L1 and L2
ii. State of the air at exit
 iii. Mass flow rate.
5. a List out the applications of moving shock wave? 4 5 Ap
b Explain the reason that shock waves cannot develop in subsonic flow. 6 5 An
c Air (ɣ = 1.4 and R = 287 J/kg K) at a Mach number of 1.8, pressure of 0.8 bar
and temperature of 373 K passes through a normal shock. Calculate the
10 6 Ap
density after shock. Compare this value with isentropic compression through
the same pressure ratio.
6. a What is oblique shock? 2 6 Kn
b Derive the expression for density ratio across the shock (or) Rankine –
8 6 Kn
Hugoniot equation.
c The upstream Mach number, pressure and temperature of normal shock
wave are 3.2, 2.2 bar and 375 K respectively. Calculate the Mach number,
pressure temperature and velocity of the gas for the downstream of the 10 5 Ap
shock. Check the calculated values with those given in the tables. Take ɣ = 1.3
and R = 460 J/kg K.
7. a List out the properties changes across a normal shock? 2 5 Ap
b
Derive the expression for across the normal shock. 8 5 Kn

c Air flows adiabatically in a pipe. A normal shock wave is formed. The pressure
and temperature of air before the shock are 1.5 bar and 298 K respectively.
The pressure just after the normal shock is 3.5 bar. Calculate
i. Mach number before the shock
10 6 Ap
ii. Mach number, static temperature and pressure of air after shock
wave
iii. Loss of stagnation pressure of air
iv. Change in entropy
8. a Define strength of shock wave. 2 5 Kn
b The state of the gas (ɣ = 1.4 and R = 0.287 kJ/kg K) upstream of a normal
shock wave is given by the following data: M x = 2.4, px = 2 bar, Tx = 270 K.
6 5 Ap
Calculate the Mach number, pressure and temperature of the gas
downstream of the shock.
c The ratio of the exit to entry area in a subsonic diffuser is 4.The entry Mach
number of a jet of air approaching the diffuser at p 0 = 1.013 bar and T = 290 K
is 2.2. There is a normal shock wave occurs just outside of the diffuser entry, 12 6 Ap
determine Mach number, temperature and pressure at exit of the diffuser.
Assume the flow in the diffuser is isentropic.

Unit 4: AIR CRAFT PROPULSION SYSTEMS (CO7 & CO8)

Blooms
Q.No. QUESTIONS MARKS CO
Level
1. a Define thermal efficiency. 2 7 Kn
b Discuss the working principle of ram jet engine. 8 7 Kn
c An air craft flies at a speed of 520 km/hr at an altitude of 8000 m. The
diameter of the propeller of an air craft is 2.4 m and flight to jet speed ratio is
10 8 Ap
0.74. Find the rate of air flow through the propeller, thrust produced, specific
thrust and specific impulse.
2. a Define overall efficiency. 2 7 Kn
b Derive the engine propulsive efficiency. 6 7 Kn
c A turbo jet flies at a speed of 870 km/hr at an altitude of 10000 m. The
diameter at inlet section of the engine is 0.74 m, velocity of the gas at the exit
of the jet pipe is 505 m/s, pressure at the exit of the jet pipe is 0.28 bar and 12 8 Ap
the air-fuel ratio is 42. Determine the air flow rate through the engine, thrust,
specific thrust, specific impulse, thrust power and TFSC.
3. a Define the term thrust. 2 7 Kn
b Show the expression for ideal efficiency of the ram jet engine. 8 8 Kn
c The flight speed of a turbo jet is 800 km/h at an ambient pressure of 1.1 bar. 10 8 Ap
The mass flow rate of air is 15 kg/s. The pressure of the gas entering the
 nozzle is 4 bar and the temperature is 300 oC. Determine the Thrust, thrust
power and propulsive efficiency. Take ɣ = 1.4 and R = 287 kJ/kg K.
4. a State propulsive efficiency. 2 7 Kn
b Discuss the working principle of turbo jet engine. 8 7 Kn
c An air craft takes 45 kg/s of air from the atmosphere and flies at a speed of
950 kmph. The air fuel ratio is 50 and the calorific value of the fuel is 42
10 8 Ap
MJ/kg. For maximum thrust power. Find jet velocity, thrust, specific thrust
and thrust power.
5. a Mention the various types of air breathing engine? 2 7 Kn
b Enumerate the working principle of turbo-propeller engine. 8 7 Kn
c A turbo jet plane has two jets of 250 mm diameter and the net power at the
turbine is 3000 kW. The fuel consumption per kWhr is 0.42 kg with a fuel
calorific value of 49 MJ/kg, when flying at a speed of 300 m/s in atmosphere
10 8 Ap
having a density of 0.168 kg/m 3. The air fuel ratio is 53. Calculate absolute
velocity of jet, resistance or drag of the plane, overall efficiency of the plane
and thermal efficiency.
6. a Define thrust power. 2 7 Kn
b Exemplify the working principle of turbo fan engine. 8 7 Kn
c The flight speed of a turbo jet is 800 kmph at 10000 m altitude. The density of
the air at that altitude is 0.17 kg/m 3. The drag force of the plane is 6.8 kN. The
propulsive efficiency of the jet is 60%. Calculate the SFC, air-fuel ratio and jet 10 8 Ap
velocity. Assume the calorific value of the fuel is 45000 kJ/kg and overall
efficiency of the turbojet plane is 28%.
7. a State effective speed ratio. 2 7 Kn
b Describe the main parts of ram jet engine. 6 7 Kn
c An aircraft propeller flies at a speed of 440 kmph. The diameter of the
propeller is 4.1 m and the speed ratio is 0.8. The ambient conditions of air at
12 8 Ap
the flight altitude are T = 255 K and p = 0.55 bar. Determine thrust, thrust
power and propulsive efficiency.
8. a Define thrust specific fuel consumption. 2 7 Kn
b Enumerate the working principle of pulse jet engine. 8 7 Kn
c A turbo jet propels an aircraft at a speed of 800 km/hr while taking 3000 kg of
air per minute. The isentropic enthalpy drop in the nozzle is 200 kJ/kg and the
nozzle efficiency is 90%. The air-fuel ratio is 85 and the combustion efficiency 10 8 Ap
is 95%. The calorific value of fuel is 42000 kJ/kg. Calculate propulsive power
(or) thrust power, thermal efficiency and propulsive efficiency.

Unit 5: ROCKETPROPULSION SYSTEMS (CO9 & CO10)

Blooms
Q.No. QUESTIONS MARKS CO
Level
1. a Define weight flow coefficient. 2 9 Kn
b Describe the working principle of hybrid propellant rocket engine with a neat
8 9 Kn
sketch.
c A rocket flies at a speed of 10000 km/hr with an effective exhaust jet velocity
of 1620 m/s and the heat produced by the propellant is 6600 kJ/kg. If the
10 10 Ap
propellant flow rate is 4.8 kg/s, determine the propulsive efficiency,
propulsive power, engine output, thermal efficiency, overall efficiency.
2. a What is bipropellant? 2 9 Kn
b Classify the rocket engines based on source of energy employed. 6 9 Kn
c Combustion chamber of a rocket has pressure and temperature of 36 bar and
3600 K respectively. The oxidiser flow rate is 41 kg/s with a mixture ratio of 5
and the ambient temperature is 585 N/m 2. Determine nozzle throat area, 12 10 Ap
thrust, thrust coefficient, characteristic velocity and exit velocity of exhaust
gas.
3. a Define impulse to weight ratio. 2 9 Kn
b Enumerate the working principle liquid propellant rocket engine. 8 9 Kn
c In a rocket engine the effective jet velocity, flight to jet speed ratio, oxidizer 10 10 Ap
flow rate, fuel flow rate and calorific value of the fuel is 1200 m/s, 0.82, 3.4
 kg/s, 1.2 kg/s and 2520 kJ/kg respectively. Calculate Thrust, specific impulse,
propulsive efficiency, thermal efficiency, overall efficiency.
4. a Define specific propellant consumption. 2 9 Kn
b Exemplify the construction and working principle of nuclear rocket engine. 8 9 Kn
c The effective jet velocity from a rocket is 2700 m/s. The forward flight velocity
is 1350 m/s and the propellant consumption is 78.6 kg/s. Calculate the thrust, 10 10 Ap
thrust power and the propulsive efficiency.
5. a Define specific impulse of a rocket. 2 9 Kn
b Classify the liquid propellants used in rockets. 6 9 Kn
c A rocket nozzle has a throat area of 18 cm 2 and combustor pressure of 25 bar.
If the specific impulse is 127.42 sec and the rate of flow of propellant is
12 10 Ap
44.145 N/s. Determine the thrust coefficient, propellant weight flow
coefficient, specific propellant consumption and characteristic velocity.
6. a What are the types of liquid propellant feed system? 2 9 Kn
b Mention the properties of solid propellant and classify it. 6 9 Kn
c In rocket engine propellant flow rate is 3.8 kg/s, nozzle exit diameter is 11 cm,
nozzle exit pressure is 1.03 bar, ambient pressure is 1.013 bar, thrust
chamber pressure is 20 bar and thrust is 6.8 kN. Determine the exit Mach 12 10 Ap
number, nozzle area ratio, thrust coefficient and propellant weight flow
coefficient.
7. a Define overall efficiency. 2 9 Kn
b Explain the working principle solid propellant rocket engine. 8 9 Kn
c The rocket nozzle has a throat area of 20 cm 2, combustion chamber pressure
of 24 bar and weight flow rate is 45 N/s. If the specific impulse is 128 s,
10 10 Ap
determine thrust coefficient, propellant weight flow coefficient, specific
propellant consumption and characteristic velocity.
8. a Define thrust coefficient. 2 9 Kn
b What are the properties of liquid propellants? 6 9 Kn
c A rocket has the following data :
Thrust coefficient = 1.3
Propellant flow rate = 21 N/s
Combustion chamber pressure = 15.2x105 N/m2
Exhaust nozzle throat diameter = 6 cm. Calculate : 12 10 Ap
i. Thrust
ii. Specific impulse
iii. Effective jet velocity
iv. Characteristic velocity.

Course Co-ordinator Module Co-ordinator HoD / Mech