University of zakho

College of engineering
Mechanical department

Ex.5
Name of exoeriment: Heat transfer,power input and surface temperature

Name: Mamo Muhemmad Sharif Alomar

Group:A
Stage: Third
Date of experiment:11/12/2018
Date of submitting: 18/12/2018

1.Intoduction:
 Convection is a mode of heat transfer. This is such type of mode in which molecules
are used to transfer heat. Due to the motion of molecules in fluid, energy is transferred
from one molecule to another. The energy which is transferred between molecules is
called thermal energy.
Free convection is the transfer of heat without any external force. When cold water is allowed
to heat from its

In order to obtain good results of the experiment, external forces were removed. For
example ceiling Fans were also switched off. Errors were also minimized. In this paper,
numerical investigations were also made for the enclosure of Natural or free convection.
The purpose of this research paper is not only to study the relationship between power and
temperature but also to find the methods of enhancing the heat transfer via convection.
2,PURPOSE:-
1. To determine the combined heat transfer (Qradiation + Qconvection) from a horizontal cylinder in
natural convection over a wide range of power inputs and corresponding surface
temperatures.

2. To demonstrate the relationship between power input and surface temperature in free
convection.

3.APPARATUS: The HT14C Combined Convection and Radiation accessory consist of:
a. Heater zone.
b. Electrical motor with centrifugal fan.
c. Axial Fan inside the cylinder.
d. Anemometer to measure air velocity and flow.
e. Thermocouples to measure temperatures.
f. Cylindrical envelope to contain the above.
g. Throttle plate
h. HT10XC Heat Transfer Service Unit.
4.THEORY:

If a surface, at a temperature above that of its surroundings, is located in stationary air at the same
temperature as the surroundings then heat will be transferred from the surface to the air and surroundings. This
transfer of heat will be a combination of natural convection to the air (air heated by contact with the surface
becomes less dense and rises) and radiation to the surroundings. A horizontal cylinder is used in this exercise to
provide a simple shape from which the heat transfer can be calculated.

- Note: Heat loss due to conduction is minimized by the design of the equipment and measurements mid
way along the heated section of the cylinder can be assumed to be unaffected by conduction at the ends
of the cylinder. Heat loss by conduction would normally be included in the analysis of a real application.

- In the case of natural (free) convection the Nusselt number Nu depends on the Grashof and Prandtl
numbers and the heat transfer correlation can be expressed in the form:

Nu = f(Gr, Pr) and the Rayleigh number Ra = (Gr Pr)

- The following theoretical analysis uses an empirical relationship for the heat transfer due to natural
convection proposed by VT Morgan.
- Ts = Surface temperature of cylinder
 (K)
D = Diameter of cylinder (m)  
L = Heated length of cylinder (m)  
Ta = Ambient temperature of air (K)  
Heat transfer area (surface area) As = (DL) (m2)
Heat loss due to natural convection Qc = Hcm As (Ts - Ta) (W)
Heat loss due to radiation Qr = Hrm As (Ts - Ta) (W)
Total heat loss from the cylinder Qtot = Qc + Qr (W)
The average heat transfer coefficient for radiation Hrm can be calculated using the following relationship:
 Num = c (RaD)n (From Morgan, where c and n are obtained from the table overleaf:)

Ra = Rayleigh number (Dimensionless)

Gr = Grashof number (Dimensionless)
Num = Nusselt number (average) (Dimensionless)
Pr = Prandtl number (Dimensionless)
g = Acceleration due to gravity = 9.81 (ms-2)
 = Volume expansion coefficient (K-1)
 = Dynamic viscosity of air (m2s-1)
k = Thermal conductivity of air (Wm-1K-1)

Note: k, Pr, and  are physical properties of the air taken at the film temperature Tfilm. (These may be obtained
from the table in the HT14C Teaching Manual.)

The actual power supplied to the heated cylinder Qin = V I (W)

Table listing constant c and exponent n for natural convection on a horizontal cylinder (Source - Morgan):

RaD c n
10-9 to 10-2 0.675 0.058
10-2 to 102 1.02 0.148
102 to 104 0.850 0.188
104 to 107 0.480 0.250
107 to 1012 0.125 0.333

Alternatively a simplified equation may be used to calculate the heat transfer coefficient for free convection
from the publication "Heat Transmission" WH McAdams, 3rd ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 1959

The value for Hcm should be calculated using both the original and simplified equations and the values
compared.

Procedure:
 1-Firstlly we have connected the heater zone with the heat transfer service unit
2- connect thermocouple (T10) between the surface of heater and the heat transfer service unit
3-connect thermocouple (T9) nearthe anometer and heat transfer service unit
4-connect the heat transfer service unit with electricity and switch on
5-setting the voltage specific value to heating the heater then reading the corrent
6-waitting the temperature to be stable to read T10 , T9
7-increase the voltage and repeat the same steps for reading ( I,T10,T9)
8-Recording the reading in a table

Calculation:

First data

V=5v I=0.86A T10=97C T9=16C D=0.01m L=0.07m

T9=289k T10=370k

Qconv=hconv A(Ts-T∞ ¿ , hconv=Nu. K/D

Tf=370+289/2=329.5k

At Tf=329.5k

V=1.861m 2 s−1 k=0.02782 wm−1 /s−1 pr=0.7211

1 1
β= = k-1
Tf 329.5
Gr=g β(Ts-T∞) D3/ v 2=6963.15

Ra=Gr*Pr=6963.15*0.7211= 5021.12 , 100<¿5021.12¿ 10000

C=0.850 h=0.188

Nu=c( Rn)=0.85*(5021.120.188 ¿ =4.21

hconv=11.73 w/m2.k

Qconv= 2.09 w

Qrad=hrad A (Ts-T∞)

Ts 4−T ∞ 4 10−8∗0.95∗1∗3704 −2894

hrad=σϵφ ( ) = 5.67* =7.82 w /m2. k
Ts−T ∞ 370−289

Qrad=1.39w

Qtotal=2.09+1.39=3.48w
Qin=I*V=5*0.86=4.3w

Qin−Qtotal 4.3−3.48
Error%= = ∗100=¿19%
Qin 4.3

Ts−T ∞ ❑ 0.25
hconv = 1.32 ( )
D

370−289❑ 0.25
1.32( ) =12.52 w/m2.k>11.52
0.01

Second data

V=7v I=1.2A T10=154C T9=17.5C D=0.01m L=0.07m

T9=290.5k T10=427k

Qconv=hconv A(Ts-T∞ ¿ , hconv=Nu. K/D

Tf=427+290.5/2=358.75k

At Tf=358.75k

V=2.156*10−5 m 2 s−1 k=0.02993 wm−1 /s−1 pr=0.7141

1 1
β= =
Tf 358.75
Gr=g β(Ts-T∞) D3/ v 2=8029.93

Ra=Gr*Pr=8029.93*0.7141= 5734.17

C=0.85 h=0.188

Nu=c( Rn)=0.85*(5734.170.188 ¿=4.32

hconv=12.94 w/m2.k

Qconv= 3.88 w

Qrad=hrad (πDL ¿(Ts-T∞)

Ts 4−T ∞ 4 10−8∗0.95∗1∗427 4−290.5 4

hrad=σϵφ ( ) = 5.67* =10.32 w/m 2.k
Ts−T ∞ 427−290.5

Qrad=3.1w

Qtotal=3.1+3.88=6.98w

Qin=I*V=7*1.2=8.4w

Qin−Qtotal 8.4−6.98
Error%= = ∗100=¿16.9%
Qin 8.4
 Ts−T ∞ ❑ 0.25
hconv = 1.32 ( )
D

427−290.5 0.25
= 1.32 ( )
0.01

=14.26 w/m2.k >12.94

Third data

V=9v I=1.54A T10=209C T9=18.3C D=0.01m L=0.07m

T9=291.5k T10=482k

Qconv=hconv A(Ts-T∞ ¿ , hconv=Nu. K/D

Tf=482+291.5/2=386.65k

At Tf=386.65k

V=2.453*10−5 m2 s−1 k=0.03189 wm−1 /s−1 pr=0.7085

1 1
β= =
Tf 386.65
Gr=g β(Ts-T∞)* D3/ v 2=8060.63

Ra=Gr*Pr=8029.93*0.7141= 5710

C=0.85 h=0.188

Nu=c( Rn)=0.85*(5734.170.188 ¿=4.32

hconv=13.78 w/m2.k

Qconv= 5.77 w

Qrad=hrad (πDL ¿(Ts-T∞)

Ts 4−T ∞ 4 10−8∗0.95∗1∗427 4−290.5 4

hrad=σϵφ ( ) = 5.67* =13.78 w /m 2. k
Ts−T ∞ 427−290.5

Qrad=5.53w

Qtotal=11.3w

Qin=I*V=9*1.54=13.86w

Qin−Qtotal 13.86−11.3
Error%= = ∗100=¿18.47%
Qin 13.86
 Ts−T ∞ ❑ 0.25
hconv = 1.32 ( )
D

482−291.3 0.25
=1.32 ( )
0.01
=15.51 w/m2.k >13.78

forth data

V=12v I=2.02A T10=293C T9=19.1C D=0.01m L=0.07m

T9=292.1k T10=566k

Qconv=hconv A(Ts-T∞ ¿ , hconv=Nu. K/D

Tf=566+292.1/2=429.05k

At Tf=429.05k

V=2.929*10−5 m2 s−1 k=0.03483 wm−1 /s−1 pr=0.7018

1 1
β= =
Tf 429.05
Gr=g β(Ts-T∞)* D3/ v 2=7299

Ra=Gr*Pr=5123

C=0.85 h=0.188

Nu=c( Rn)=4.23

hconv=14.74 w/m2.k

Qconv= 8.87 w

Qrad=hrad (πDL ¿(Ts-T∞)

Ts 4−T ∞ 4
hrad=σϵφ ( ) = 18.75
Ts−T ∞

Qrad=11.29w

Qtotal=20.16w

Qin=I*V=24.24w

Qin−Qtotal 24.24−11.29
Error%= = ∗100=¿16.9%
Qin 24.24

Ts−T ∞ ❑ 0.25
hconv = 1.32 ( )
D
 Ts−T ∞ ❑ 0.25
= 1.32 ( )
D

=16.98 w/m2.k >14.74

Discussion:
In this experiment we have calculated the combined heat transfer (Qrad+Qconv) from horizontal cylinder in
natural convection over a wide range of power input and corresponding surface temperature . but the total heat
transfer which we calculated was different from the input heat transfer due to the neglecting conduction occurs
between the heater and the cylinder surface and the lack of waiting the temperature to be stable completely by
the graph we noted that when we increase the power inout the surface temperature increased and the energy of
molecules was also increasing . the purpus of this experiment is not only to study the relationship between
power and temperature but also to find the methods of ennacing the heat transfer via convection.