Power Electronics

Prof. B.G. Fernandes

Department of Electrical Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay
Lecture - 15

In our last lecture we discussed the principle of operation of fully controlled bridge in which all
the 4 switching elements are thyristors. We derived the expression for an average value of output
voltage and it is given by 2 Vm by pi into cos alpha. This expression is valid if the current is
continuous. I will repeat; this expression is valid only if the load current is continuous.

Let, we found that for alpha in between 0 to pi by 2, average value of the output voltage is
positive, current is unidirectional. So, power supplied by the source to the load is positive. So,
we call it as conversion, AC to DC converter and for alpha greater than pi by 2, we found that
average value of the output voltage becomes negative, current is again unidirectional which is
positive. So, power supplied by this source, by the source is negative.

In other words, source is absorbing power. Load is supplying power back to the source. So, we
call this as inverter or inversion, power inversion. Average value of the output voltage can be
negative for alpha greater than pi by 2, only if the load is of RLE type. It is possible only for
RLE type of load.

Motor will act like a generator only if torque developed by it is negative. In other words, torque
is given by K pi into IA, either IA has to reverse or e has to reverse, polarities of e should reverse.
Only by changing or only by increasing alpha greater than pi by 2, machine will not act like a
generator. So, for the machine to act like a generator I have to either interchange armature
terminals or I have to interchange the field terminals.

Let me tell you 1 thing, convertor fed a DC machine reversing the armature terminals or field
terminals using the mechanical contactors does not make a sense, because both are inductive
circuits. Field circuit is highly inductive, even armature has a finite inductance. Using
mechanical contactors I have to or to interchange the 2 terminals I have to use the mechanical
contactors. So, momentarily we are breaking an inductive circuit.

So, what happens if I break an inductive circuit? Arching will take place. That is what I said,
using mechanical contactors in a convertor fed machine, to for the machine to act like a
generator, does not make much sense. So, is there a solution? Is there a way out? There is, we
will see.

1
 
(Refer Sllide Time: 4:50)

Say, this is the equivvalent circuiit of the fullly controlledd bridge, 2 Vm by pi innto cos alphaa. So,
magnitud de of this vo
oltage varies is a functioon of alpha. There are att any given ttime, 2 thyristors
are conduucting Tx annd Ty, so eith
her T1, T2 orr T3, T4 and here is a loaad. So, appliied voltage tto the
load is eq
qual to the output voltag
ge of the briddge minus 2 device drops, rememberr, 2 device ddrops.

So, if you
u assume that in the dev vice, assumee that the devvice are ideaal that is aveerage value oof the
output vooltage applieed to the loaad is 2 Vm by
b pi into coos alpha itself. Otherwisse, it is this vvalue
minus twwice or 2 dev
vice drops is the voltage applied to thhe load.

(Refer Sllide Time: 5:54)

2
 
So, we use only 1 co onvertor, wherein, voltagge is reversinng but the cuurrent cannoot reverse. Soo, we
will use 1 more con nvertor connnected back to back. In the sense, ccurrent can flow back tto the
source with
w the throu ugh the secoond convertoor. So, theree are 2 convvertors, hencce, the namee dual
convertorr. So, if you
u see a conv vertor 1, volltage can bee positive orr negative, ccurrent is allways
positive. So, operatio
on is in quad
drant 1 or quaadrant 4.

Now, I have
h connectted another bridge
b in a reeverse fashioon, wherein,, current cann flow back tto the
source. Now,
N negativ
ve current coorresponds too with respecct to the briddge 1, the dirrection of cuurrent
flowing in
i convertor 2 is in the opposite
o direection. So, vvoltage againn can be possitive or negaative.
So, operation is eithher in the quadrant
q 2 or
o in quadraant 3. So, inn other worrds, using a dual
ns, all 4 quaddrant operatiion is possible.
convertorr I can have all 4 quadraant operation

(Refer Sllide Time: 7:38)

So, here is a circuit, power circuuit; single ph

hase bridge,, T1 to T4. I hhave anotheer bridge herre, T1
dash to T4 dash, connnected in thee reverse fash
hion. 2 bridgges are intercconnected by 2 inductorrs and
in the cen
nter I am connnecting a lo
oad. The purrpose of this inductor, I wwill tell you sometime laater.

What is the
t principlee of operatio on of this brridge? Assum me that bothh the converrtors are woorking
and let allpha be the trigger
t anglee or alpha1 bee the triggerr angle for thhe bridge 1. Now, what is the
relationshhip between alpha1 and the
t trigger an ngle of the bbridge 2? So, let it be alppha2.

3
 
(Refer Sllide Time: 8:41)

We knoww if the curreent is continu

uous, averag
ge value of thhe output vooltage of the bridge 1 is ggiven
by 2 Vm by pi into cos alpha1. Similarly, forr the secondd bridge it is 2 Vm by pi into cos alppha 2.
Rememb ber, both the bridges are being suppllied by the ssame sourcee. What doess the KVL ggives?
Though there is an inductor, av verage valuue across thiis, average value of thhe voltage aacross
inductor is 0.

So, I hav w respect too this V01, pootential of thhis bus is V001 and
ve taken V01 with respectt to bus y, with
see here, I have connnected this region
r in a opposite
o direection, back to back. Soo, T1 dash is here,
T1 is here, T4 dash, T3 dash and T2 dash and d output volttage of this bridge is V002 with respeect to
this bus X,
X so V02.

So, the KVL

K gives V01 plus V02 should
s be 0 because volttage across tthis plus thiss is 0. So, it gives
the relatiionship betw
ween alpha2 and alpha1 iss this. The ttrigger anglee for the briddge 2 is pi mminus
alpha1.

4
 
(Refer Sllide Time: 10
0:28)

So, here is the equiv

valent circuiit; 2 Vm by pi into cos alpha1, outpuut voltage oof the bridgee 1, 2
device arre conductin
ng at a time. 2 Vm by pi into
i cos alphha 2 is the ouutput voltagge of the briddge 2,
again 2 devices
d are conducting here. I have not shownn the inducttor, the loadd is connectted in
between. Now, if I plot
p the outp put voltage, average valuue of the ouutput voltagee with alphaa1 and
alpha2, ho
ow do they look
l like?

For the bridge

b 1 it is given by this
t n, 0 at pi byy 2. This waaveform youu drew, you have
equation
already drawn
d for sin
ngle phase fu
ully controlled bridge. S
So, alpha1 is 00, alpha2 is ppi. So, magnnitude
is the samme, it is minus 1. So, I am calling Vm by pi iis equal to 1 or 1 per uunit. So simiilarly,
thereforee, Vm by pi minus
m Vm by pi is minuus 1 per unitt. At pi by 22, both are 00s and this iis the
variation
n. How does the …

5
 
(Refer Sllide Time: 11:59)

(Refer Slide
S Time: 12:13)
1

Let us drraw the wav veforms, outpput waveforrms. How doo they look like? At alppha1 which iss less
than pi by 2, G1 and G2 or T1 and d T 2 are trig
ggered. G1 annd G2 are thhe gates of T1 and T2 andd at pi
plus alphha1, T3 and T4 are triggeered for the bridge 1. A At omega t is equal to alpha, alphaa is a
trigger, alpha
a 1 is a trigger angle for bridge 1 and alpha 2 is the trigger angle for bridge 2. So, G1
and G2 are
a triggered in the posittive half at alpha
a and pii plus alpha11, G3 and G4 or T3 and T4 are
triggeredd.

So, how does the how

h does V01
0 look like? ? So, till T1 and T2 aree triggered, T3 and T4 were
conductin
ng, remembeer. Recall whatever,
w all these thingss we have stuudied. So, pprior to T1 annd T2,

6
 
T3 and T4 were conducting. So, output voltage is negative because from 0 to pi, VBA is negative,
this is VBA and this is VAB. VBA is negative, so V01 is negative.

At alpha1, T1 and T2 are triggered. Now, the output voltage is VAB. So instantaneously, there is a
jump. Now, Output voltage is VAB, it will continue till pi plus alpha1. At that instant, T3 and T4
are triggered. This waveform we have already studied. How does V02 look like? Now, just
reverse this bridge, in the sense, take this minus and plus, alpha2 is the trigger angle for the
bridge 2 and the relationship between alpha1 and alpha2 is alpha2 is equal to pi minus alpha1.

So, somewhere at this instant, G1 dash and G2 dash, the gates corresponds to T1 dash and T2 dash
are triggered. Remember, in the positive half, T1 and T2 are triggered. Similarly, here I am
triggering, similarly here, T1 dash and T2 dash are triggered in the positive half, somewhere here.
So, till T1 dash and T2 dash are triggered, T3 dash and T4 dash were carrying current or they were
conducting. So, output voltage is negative, T3 T4.

So, the moment T1 dash and T2 dash are triggered, output voltage which is again VAB, it is
positive. So, average value, the magnitude of average value that is V0, magnitude of V01 is equal
to magnitude of V02, if you find. Average value of V01 may be equal to average value of V02 and
let us see what is the voltage waveform appearing across L1 or what is the voltage waveform that
comes across L1.

Now, V01 is this. Now, I will reverse the polarities of V02. Say this is V02, now minus V02 looks
like this. Same waveform, I am inverting it. Same waveform has to be inverted. So now, with
respect to the bus y or this bus, this is V01 and with respect to this bus, potential of this is minus
V02. What do you observe from these 2 waveforms? I said, mod of V01 may be equal to mod of
V02. But then instantaneous value of V01 is not equal to instantaneous value of V02, remember.
Mod of V01 maybe equal to mod of V02 but then instantaneous value of V01 is not equal to the
instantaneous value of V02.

So therefore, there is a potential difference between the voltage across the ... So, there will be a
current flowing from bridge 1 to bridge 2 or in other words, there is a circulating current, hence
the name the circulating current type convertor. So, in a dual convertor, if both the convertors are
carrying current simultaneously, they are known as circulating current type. If only 1 bridge is
carrying current it is known as non circulating type because only 1 bridge is carrying current,
only 1 bridge is supplying current to the load. Second bridge is completely off. So, no current
can flow through the second bridge. Hence, the name non circulating type.

So, VL is nothing but V01 minus of V02, so here is this. You will find that average value of this
waveform is 0. Now, let us see how a dual convertor can be used to control a DC motor? Now,
this load will connect a DC machine here. Let us assume that machine is running stably at some
constant speed, omega and corresponding EB, back EMF is of the order of 90 volts, let us
assume. If back EMF is 90 volts, applied voltage, output voltage of the bridge should be higher
than 90 volts only then the current will flow. In other words, output voltage of the bridge should
be equal to Ia ra plus EB.

7
 
So, let uss assume thaat V01, the magnitude
m off V01 is equaal to the maggnitude of V02 is aroundd 100
volts. Th
he output volltage of the bridge is 10 00 volts, the magnitudess and EB is oof the order of 90
volts. So, let us assumme that correesponding trrigger angel for the bridgge 1 is arounnd 45 degreees. So
thereforee, alpha2 is pi minus 45 is equal to 13
35.

So I willl repeat; allpha1 is 45, alpha2 is 135, correspponding V00, magnitudee of V01 is 100,
magnitud de of V02 is again 100 annd EB is 90,, it is possibble. Now, I w
want to feedd the, you waant to
use the reegenerative breaking andd reverse thee speed of opperation. Iniitially, motor was runninng, as
a machin ne was operrating as a motor
m and was
w rotatingg in the clocck wise direection. Torqque is
positive, speed is also
o positive.

(Refer Sllide Time: 21:18)

Quadrantt 1 operation
n, torque is positive,
p positive torque and directioon of rotationn, omega is again
clock wisse.

8
 
(Refer Sllide Time: 21:33)

Now, wh
hat I will do is, increase alpha
a 1 towar
rds 90 slowlyy.

(Refer Sllide Time: 21:40)

So, V01 becomes

b lesss than EB. When
W I am in
ncreasing alppha1 towards 90, simultanneously I haave to
do or I have
h to decreease alpha of alpha2 of thet bridge 2 . So, I am iincreasing allpha1 towardds 90.
Similarlyy, alpha2 is decreased
d towwards 90 of bridge 2. Noow, you willl find that V01 is less thaan EB.
So, if thee terminal vo
oltage is lesss than the baack emf, now
w, current caan the directiion of currennt can
reverse.

9
 
So now, initially, iff the currentt was enteriing terminall A of armature, now it will leavve the
terminal A. How doees it will flow
w? Now, it will
w flow throough the briddge 2.

(Refer Sllide Time: 22

2:57)

See, in thhis directionn. Initially, the

t current was
w flowingg in this fashhion. Currennt was flowiing in
this direcction, this waas 100 volts, 90, EB wass 90. Magnittude of V02 iis also 100. See, I have m
made
it, now I will reversee the terminals here. No ow, I have reeduced V01 by increasinng alpha1 tow wards
90.

So, V01 has

h reduced or V01 is lesss than EB. Now,
N currennt can leave this terminaal. So, it cann flow
through TX back to source.
s So, th
his is the patth. If this opperation is knnown as thee motoring, tthis is
the regen
nerating actiion or motorr is acting like
l a generaator, feedingg energy back to the soource.
Machine is feeding power
p back to
t the sourcee, there is no mechanicall input, speedd falls.

As the sp
peed falls, I am also red
ducing V01 or o in other w
words, alphaa1 is approacching towardds 90
degrees, alpha2 is also approach
hing towardss 90 degreess. Speed is ffalling, assuume that speeed is
approach
hing 0, at that
t time V01 has also o approacheed 0 and V02 has alsoo approacheed 0,
correspon
nding alpha1 is and alphaa2, both are approximate
a ely 90 degreees.

Now, co ontinue to in ncrease alph ha1 above 90,

9 what wiill happen? This will, V01 will chhange
polaritiess. Now, this will becomee minus, V022 will becom me plus. Now w, initially quuadrant 1 theen we
went to quadrant 2 operation beecause speed d was, thouugh it was faalling, speedd was still iin the
same dirrection. Direection of rottation is thee same, still in the clocckwise direcction. Torque has
reverse because
b initiially current enter the polarity A soorry current will enter terminal A. N Now,
current iss leaving term minal A, torrque is negattive. So, we are in the quuadrant 2 opeeration.

Power is been feed back

b to the source
s through the seconnd bridge. C
Current is floowing back tto the
source th
hrough the second
s bridg
ge, regeneraative breakinng. So, omeega falls, coontinuity inccrease

10
 
towards 90
9 degrees. At alpha1 is equal to 90
0, V1 is also 0. Omega aapproaches 00, increase aalpha1
beyond 90
9 degrees, alpha
a 2 below
w 90 degrees..

Now, briidge 1 is actting like an inverter and

d bridge 2 iss acting likee a convertor. Now, briddge 2
supplies power to th he machine. Now, macchine starts rotating inn the negativve directionn. So,
quadrant 1, it is knoown as forw ward mortariing, quadrannt 3 is know wn as the reeverse mortaaring.
Direction
n of rotation is opposite.

Now, inccrease alphaa alpha1 towwards 180 degrees,

d therrefore, alphaa2 decreasess towards 00. So,
average value
v of the output voltaage increases. Both the mmagnitudes are increasinng. So, the sspeed
is also in A steady staate, machine is running in the reverrse directionn at some om
ncreasing. At mega.
Now, if you
y want to do again reg generative brreaking, folloow the samee steps. The operation gooes to
quadrant 4.

So, this isi the princippal of the op

peration of dual
d convertoor fed DC m
motor. Enouggh of theory,, now
let see, leet us solve 1 or 2 problem
m in converttor fed DC m
motor.

(Refer Sllide Time: 28:17)

A very siimple probleem; a fully controlled

c brridge supplyying power too a DC machhine, RA is oof the
order of 0.3 ohms, EMF constan nt is of the orrder of 0.17 volts per rpmm. Problem says that asssume
a large in
nductor is co
onnected in armature
a circcuit. So, the moment yoou see this seentence, youu need
to assumme that the armature
a currrent is conttinuous. Dettermine speeed and suppply power fa factor.
Alpha is alpha to the bridge 1 is or
o trigger an ngel is mainttained at 30 ddegrees.

What is the
t average value
v of the output voltaage? Since, tthe current iis continuouss, it is 2 Vm by pi
into cos alpha.
a I am saying
s that current
c is con
ntinuous beccause a largee inductor inn connected iin the
armature circuit. So, you can saffely assume that currentt is continuoous. So thereefore, an average
ual to 30 degrees is foun
value forr alpha is equ nd to be is 1179 volts. Soo, V minus Ia ra is equal to E.

11
 
So, EB iss of the orderr of 170 voltts. Armaturee current is 330 amperes, it is given. IIt is constannt and
you can assume
a that IA is constan
nt and repel free.

(Refer Sllide Time: 29

9:50)

Now, howw do I deterrmine the speeed? EMF constant is giiven. EMF cconstant is voolts per rpmm. The
magnitudde of EB is known.
k So, I can calculaate speed beccause volts pper rpm into rpm is voltss. So,
EB divided by EMF constant willw give you u the speed. It is foundd to be 10000 rpm. How w do I
determin
ne the supplyy power facto
or?

There aree 2 ways. 1 way

w is we haave assumed d that armatuure current iis constant and repel freee. So,
I averagee is 30 amperes. What is the poweer supplied tto the load? V average into I averaage is
power suupplied to thee bridge or input
i power to the bridgge is V averaage into I aveerage. So, V0 into
I averagee is the poweer input. Whhat is the inp
put VA? It iss Vrms into Irrms. Vrms is ssame as 230 volts
because we are assu uming that input is ideeal sinusoid, current is constant annd repel freee and
magnitudde is 30 ampperes. So, rm
ms value of th his current w
wave form is 30 amperes.

We havee found that if the curreent is constaant and repeel free, eachh device is cconducting ffor pi
radians. If
I each devicce conducts for pi radianns, rms valuee is same as the averagee value. So, Irms is
also 30 ampere
a here.. So, input VA is 230 intto 30 that is 6900 VA. T
That V averaage into I average
is 179 intto 30 watts.

So thereffore, power factor is power divided d by volts am mpere, is of the so it is found to bee 0.77
and it is lagging. Rem member, thee moment yo ou introducee alpha, powwer factor laggs. Even at alpha
is equal to 0, pow wer factor is i not unity y. Displaceement angell may be uunity, remeember
displacemment angle is not equal tot power facctor angle. S o, they are ddifferent. Displacement angel
may be unity
u sorry displacement
d t angel is equ
ual to 0. In oother words, displacemeent factor may be
unity butt that does noot mean thatt power factoor is unity. S
So, power facctor is 0.77 llakh.

12
 
What is the
t second method?
m Seccond methodd I have alreaady discusseed. Source cuurrent is a sqquare
wave forr pi radianss. The fund damental com mponent off the squaree wave is 4 by pi intoo the
magnitudde of the currrent is the peak
p value. So,
S rms is diivided by rooot 2. So, thee rms value oof the
fundamen ntal componnent of sourcce current is 2 root 2 by ppi into the cuurrent. It is oof for this caase, it
is around
d 27 amperess.

For a fuully controlleed bridge, wew found th hat displacemment angel is same as trigger angeel. In
another words,
w phi 1 is a same asa alpha. Soo, displacem
ment factor iss same is eqqual to cos oof the
trigger an
ngel. Sourcee current maay be a squarre wave, so therefore, itt has fundammental compoonent
and it has a higher frrequency com mponents. I told you thaat only the fuundamental ccomponent oof the
input volltage and cu urrent are reesponsible fo
or power traansfer. The hhigher frequuency compoonent
gives risee to I squaree R heating or additional heating inn the machinne. The other effect willl see
some timme later.

So, poweer transferred

d is V1 into I1 into cos pii 1. The funddamental com mponent of tthe input voltage,
the fundaamental commponent of th he source cu ween these 2 wave
urrent into thhe cos of thee angel betw
forms divvided by Vrmms into I rms. Since
S input voltage
v is sin
nusoid, funddament compponent is samme as
the rms component.
c So,
S V1 canceels with Vrmss.

We found d that the fuundamental component

c for
fo the squaree wave is 2 rroot 2 by pi into 30 wheere 30
is magnittude of the current
c that is
i flowing in
n the load w
which is assuumed to be constant and repel
free. So, it is of 27 am
mperes, alph
ha is 30.

(Refer Sllide Time: 35

5:47)

So, cos power

p factorr sorry poweer factor is given by pooint, in this case it is foound to be 00.779.
Both the cases, they have to tally
y and both th he cases, theey have to ggive the samee answer. It is up
o choice whicch ever meth
to you to hod is conveenient for yoou. You do nnot need to foollow the meethod
2 or methhod 1, it is up
u to you.

13
 
Part 2 off the problemm is regeneraating breakin
ng is used. BBut in this caase, problem
m says, polarity of
back EM MF is reverseed. See, I haave not discu ussed this. I all the timee I have disccussed, reveersing
the armaature terminaals or reversing the arm mature curreent. Here thhe problem ssays, back E EMF,
polaritiess of back EMMF is reversed. It is possible by reveersing the fllux. How fluux is reverseed, let
us not disscuss, eitherr they would have used a dual converrtor or they would have used a contaactor,
may can break, intercchange the field
f terminaals.

So probllem says, calculate

c alp
pha and pow wer feedbacck to the ssource. Armmature curreent is
maintained at the preevious value,, the same cu
urrent of 30 ampere is fllowing.

(Refer Sllide Time: 37

7:15)

So, here is the equiv valent circuitt, mind you,, he has inteerchanged, thhe operator has interchaanged
the polarrities of back
k EMF. Simu ultaneously, he has increeased alpha ggreater than 90. I did telll you
in my beeginning of lecture,
l increeasing alphaa alone abovve 90 degrees in the singgle convertorr will
not ensurre where the machine or motor will act a like a gennerator.

Similarlyy, here interchange the terminals

t allone, not enssure the mootor to act liike a generaator. I
have to interchange
i or I have to t interchang ge the polarrities and siimultaneouslly increase alpha
above 900 degrees. So o, this is the equivalent circuit.
c Curr ent is still fllowing in thiis direction. Prior
to the po
olarity reverssal, EB was 170
1 degrees. For alpha iis equal to 330 we found that V VO oor the
Vin is 179
9. 30 amperees is the currrent that it iss flowing, RA is 0.3 voltss, so 170 is a voltage herre.

Now, EB is minus 1770, current iss still flowin

ng in this dirrection of 300 amperes. WWhat is a, whhat is
the valuee or what iss the magniitude of Vin n? It shouldd be 161 voolts. Ira dropps, the differrence
between this should be Ira dropss. Current iss still flowinng in this dirrection. If thhis is 170, thhis is
161.

So, curreent is continuous. Listen

n, current is still continuuous, so therrefore, alphaa is 141. Whhat is
the amouunt or what isi the powerr feed back to
t the sourcce? It is nothhing but Vin into I averaage or

14
 
output power
p of thee generator minus IA square
s into RA. What is the power output oof the
generatorr? EB into IA, 170 into 303 is the ou utput power of the generrator minus I square R loses
270 wattts. Thereforee, power fed d back is pow wer output m minus I squaare r losses. This shouldd also
be equal to V1 into I1 into cos off the angle between
b V1 and I1 we arre, because we are assuuming
that conv verter is losss less. In other wordss, efficiencyy of the connverter is 1100%. Geneerally,
efficiencyy is very high. In all th
he problems solving, wee have negleected devicee drops. Actuually,
the voltaage applied to
t the load iss slightly lesss than 2 Vm pi into coss alpha becauuse 2 devicees are
conductin ng at a time..

If you reecall 1 of th
he assumptio ons that we made in thee very first lecture of cconverters iss that
source in
nductance is 0. But now w, let us conssider the efffect of sourcce inductancce because soource
inductancce is alwayss finite becauuse power iss fed back, ppower is beiing fed through transmiission
lines or underground
u d cables, theere is a transsformer at 1 end, it has its own leaakage inducttance.
So, sourcce inductance is finite.

Now, lett us see effeect of source inductance. If the souurce inductaance is 0, thhe moment T3 is
triggered
d, T1 turns offf because cu
urrent can instantaneouslly change.

(Refer Slide
S Time: 42:00)
4

See, heree is the wavee form. IL is the constantt and ripple ffree. Somew
where at alphha, T3 might have
triggered
d. So, the mo oment you trigger T3, T1 turns off. T 1 turns off and current reverses. A At this
instance, T1 is triggered, T3 turns off and po ositive currennt and here T3 is triggeered, T1 turnns off,
negative current. So o, current changes
c insttantaneouslyy. This is ppossible onnly if the soource
inductancce is 0. If th
here is a finiite source inductance, wwhat will happpen now? W What will haappen
to the outtput voltage?? We will seee.

15
 
(Refer Sllide Time: 42
2:48)

Let us coonsider a sim

mple case. Now,
N I am using a centeer tap transfoormer, T1 annd T2. Let m me tell
you 1 thiing, you cann do this anaalysis for a fully
f controllled bridge aalso, similarr steps. So, Van is
the voltaage induced in the uppeer half of th he transformmer and Vbnn in the low wer half. L iis the
leakage inductance or inductan nce of this path. Simiilarly, L is the leakagge inductancce of
transform
mer, iT1 and iT2 are thyriistors of thee load. At aalpha1, at possitive half, T1 is triggereed, at
some alppha. At pi alp
pha, T2 is trig
ggered.

Now, sou urce inductaance is finite. Now, how does outputt voltage loook like? Initiially, the enttire I0
was flowwing through h iT1, through
h T1, entire load current was flowingg through T1. T2 is trigggered,
now, currrent through h T1 starts deecreasing. Itt cannot com
me down to 0 instantaneeously becauuse of
this L. At
A the same tiime, current through T2 starts increaasing. Since, we assume as load currrent is
constant and repel frree, I0 is constant. So, iT1 is equal too or iT1 plus iT2 should bbe equal to I0. So,
iT1 decreaases, i2 to T increases,
i so
o the sum rem mains I0.

16
 
(Refer Sllide Time: 44
4:49)

Now, wh hat does the KVL gives?? KVL is Vann is equal too minus Vbn is Vm sin om mega t. For K KVL,
if I use KVL,
K Van miinus Vbn is equal
e to L d iT1 by dt miinus L d iT2 by dt. See in this circuiit, if I
use KVL L, Van minus Vbn is equall to voltage drop
d across tthis inductorr and voltagee drop acrosss this
inductor,, KVL. Heree current is decreasing,
d this current is increasinng. So, d iT1 by dt is equual to
minus off d iT2 by dt. Current slow
wly decreasin
ng, current sslowly increasing.

Similarly
y here, iT2 T, T current th hrough this thyristor 2 is decreasiing and is iincreasing inn the
thyristor T1 and bothh the thyristo ors are cond
ducting for a finite time what is knoown as mu. N Now,
substitutee this condittion in this equation.
e Wee will find thhat Vm sin oomega t is eqqual to L d iT1 by
dt .

What is V0? This volltage is noth hing but Van minus L d i T1 by dt. Wee found that Van is equall to L
di T1 by dt
d during thiis, during mu.
m So, outpu ut voltage is 0 during muu. In other wwords, whenn both
the thyristors are coonducting, output
o voltag
ge becomes 0 in a singgle phase. S So in this peeriod,
output vo oltage is 0. So, prior to
o T1, T2 wass conductingg, voltage iss negative, ssame wave fform.
During mu,
m output voltage
v is 0. Then T2, cu
urrent througgh T2 becom mes 0. In othher words, eentire
current, T1 is carrying now. Now w, Vo is noth
hing but Vann itself, that is Vm sin om
mega t. Noww, this
is the waave form.

So, you will

w find thatt there is a net n reduction n in the output voltage. IIf source indductance is 00, you
would haave got instaantaneous risse here and would
w have ffollowed thiis way. Outpput voltage w would
have been instantaneeous change and would have h followeed this way. But then heere, due to soource
inductancce for a finitte time, this output
o voltage is 0.

So, from observing thist wave forrm, we can conclude

c thaat because oof the source inductance there
is a reducction in the output
o voltag
ge. What is the
t magnitudde of the redduction in thhe output volltage?
We will find
f out. Wee will derive an expressio
on.

17
 
(Refer Sllide Time: 48:21)

So, here is a, where are the variious equatio

ons? They aare very sim mple and straaight forwarrd. At
alpha, 2 alpha plus mu,
m iT1 is givven by this equation
e beccause Vm sinn omega t iss equal to d iT1 by
dt. So, I can derive this equatio
on from this. Integrate tthis and at aalpha, at om
mega t is equual to
alpha plu
us mu, iT1 is nothing but I0.

I will rep
peat; when omega t is equal to alp pha plus muu, this quanttity is I0 itseelf because eentire
current, iT1 is carryin
ng. So, since both the thhyristors weere conductiing during m mu, this periiod is
known as overlap peeriod or overlap angle. Mu M is also kknown as thhe overlap anngle. What iis the
expressioon for the avverage outpuut voltage? because,
b noww there is a 0 voltage pperiod duringg mu.
From alppha to alpha to mu, the average, alp pha to alphaa plus mu, thhe instantaneeous value oof the
output vooltage is 0. So, expressiion for average, V0 is 2 by 2 pi intoo alpha pluss mu into pii plus
alpha.

18
 
(Refer Sllide Time: 49
9:59)

So, here is the expresssion. From alpha plus mum 2 pi pluss alpha, it is Vm sin omega t. It is noot that
alpha to pi
p plus alphaa it is Vm sin
n omega t, itt is alpha to mu sorry alppha plus muu to pi plus aalpha,
it is Vm sin
s omega t. So, you willl find that avverage V0 is ggiven by this equation.

In our prrevious expression that was

w here, co os alpha pluss mu, so we will substituute for this ffactor
and solvee it. You willl get this ex
xpression. Soo, Vm by pi into cos alphha plus mu iis equal to Vm by
pi into co
os alpha minnus I0 into ommega by pi. This
T is from m a previous equation, eqquation numbber 1.
Now, if I substitute this
t in this, I will get thiis equation. N Now, can I draw an equuivalent circuuit of
this equaation? Here is it, 2 Vm byy pi into cos alpha whichh is again varrying.

There aree 2 thyristorrs here, at an

ny given tim
me. In this caase, there m
may be 1 but then if I usee this
bridge, 2 devices aree conducting g at a time in
nto omega L by pi into I0 is the volltage drop ddue to
source innductance, mind
m you. R represented by resistor hhere, omegaa L by pi. Soo, I0 is the cuurrent
that is flowing throuugh the load d. So, remainning is the vvoltage acrooss the load, V0. What iis our
another observation?
o ?

You find d this from thhis expressioon that averaage V0 is 0 ffor 2 values of mu. One is mu is equual to
pi or mu is equal to pi minus 2 alpha. So, both b these vaalues, averagge value of V0 is 0. Or llet us
take firstt condition, mu
m is equal tot pi. First of all, can I hhave that sortt of a conditiion? In the ssense,
for entiree pi durationn, there is a short circuit. In other w words, outpuut voltage is 0 for pi raddians,
both the thyristors starts
s are conducting, th he entire possitive half ccycle is a ovverlap periood for
thyristor 1 and the remaining
r pii radians in the negativve half is thee overlap peeriod for annother
thyristor..

In other words, sourrce does not supply any y power to thhe load. Butt then we haave assumedd that
load currrent is consttant and repeel free and there
t is no pperiod or in other words, there is soource
does not supply pow w is this posssible? This is possible oonly if the looad is
wer to the loaad at all. How
an ideal current sou urce. Remem mber, is an ideal curreent source. V Voltage, terrminal voltaage is

19
 
independent of or the current that is flowing is independent of the terminal voltage. Voltage
applied during mu to a load is 0 but then constant current is flowing, this is possible only if the
load is an ideal current source.

The second condition is mu is equal to pi minus 2 alpha. So, let us draw the wave form. How
does it look like? At alpha T1 is triggered, overlap period is pi minus 2 alpha. So, this is mu, this
should be alpha, so this is pi minus 2 alpha. Again at alpha, in the next half, at alpha one more
thyristor is triggered that is T2 is triggered. This is the competition overlap period and at this
point overlap commutation overlap, commutation is complete. Entire current, thyristor starts
carrying.

So, if you see here, average value of the output voltage is 0, positive half is equal to negative
half. So, what sort of a load? It is an ideal inductor. So second case, ideally, it may be possible
but for that matter, even the first case if I connect a constant an ideal constant current source, a
single phase bridge is feeding. So, mu is pi, it is possible. The second case if I have an ideal
inductor, I can have a situation wherein, overlap period is equal to pi minus 2 alpha.

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