Speaking Xhosa With Us (1998)

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Mother Tongues Multimedia Development cc trading as African Voices
I Beach Road, Noordhoek, Cape Town.
@ Mother Tongues Multimedia Development cc
First edition, third impression 2004.
Aurnon: Tessa Dowling

Eotron: Paul Wise
Pnorecr Co-ononraron: Christine Dunckley
Boor Destcx: Peter Bosman
Anrwom: Chip Snaddon and Tamsyn Lee
Covrn Drsro.l: Salamander Communications S.A. (Pty) Ltd
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval
system or transmitted in any form or by any means - electronic, mechanical, photocopying,
recording or otherwise - without the prior written permission of the copyright holder.
ISBN 0-620-22192-5
t\
INTRODUCTION
Introduction
Learning a new language is never easy, but can be fun!
In this course we hope to provide a friendly, stimulating environment which will
encourage you to listen to Xhosa as well as speak, read and write it. While you may
sometimes feel despondent and frustrated by so many new words and strange sounds, we
have included many exercises to help you practise as you learn.
The course has two components.
> the multimedia program, which will allow you to look at and listen to people speaking
Xhosa, and to access the sound of most of the written words
> the text in this book, which provides additional information and exercises (with
answers at the back)
To help you use both components together, the book contains miniature 'screens'
which guide you to specific points in the program.
HOW TO USE THE MULTIMEDIA PROGRAM

You should have no problern operating the Thetha isiXhosa Nathi program, even if you
know hardly anything about computers, as long as you follow the detailed instructions
presented on screen throughout the course. Together with the next few paragraphs,
rvhich cover the general layout and some basic principles, these instructions should
enable you to concentrate on learning Xhosa without having to worry about finding your
rvay around the software.
Running the program

To start the program, use your mouse button to double-click on the Thetha isiXhosa
Nathi icon.
A brief musical introduction to the course follows. You can skip onto the next step by
clicking on the i$ffiffi:i button.
Menus
The Main Menu, the first screen after the introduction, presents three options.
We advise you to begin by working through the section on pronunciation, as this is
something that beginners often find difficult. To enter it, click once on Xhosa
Pronunciation. This will lead you to screens which explain and demonstrate the sounds
of the Xhosa language.
The second option on the Main Menu, The Course, if clicked on once, will take you to
the Course Menu.
The course consists of four units. We recommend that you start with Unit One if you
have not used the program before, but you can access whichever unit you like from the
Course-'Menu. Click once on the block representing the unit which you want to enter. To
continue past the musical introduction, click on the :lQ!ffiM button.
Each unit consists of five lessons. The fifth lesson is alwavs a summarv lesson which
revises the work of the unit.
THETHA ISIXHOSA NATHI
The unit menus are all quite similar. Unit One's is shown here.
To enter a lesson, click once on the corresponding block. once again we recommend
that you begin at the beginning ifyou have not used the program before.
To return to the Course Menu, click on the eo|nsEt€Nr button. To return to the Main
Menu, click on the ffisp*t button on the Course Menu screen.
The third option on the Main Menu leads to the Grammar Menu.
This menu allows you to access grammatical sections of the course directly,
without having to work through the lessons. Specific grammatical topics are divided into
groupings, or concepts. Clicking once on a grammatical concept leads to a further menu
listing a group of topics, for example Tenses.
To enter a specific topic, click once on the corresponding block in the menu. This will
lead you directly into the lesson dealing with that topic. once in the lesson, you may
study the grammar section and then either return or continue with the lesson, as desired.
To return to the Grammar Menu, click on the ,Qrarugacl button found on the button bar of
that lesson.
There is one Grammar Menu topic which will not lead you into any of the lessons.
If you click once on References, you will see the Reference Menu.
The References are tables, extracted from the lessons, setting out grammatical construc-
tions relating to the noun classes. If you enter a reference this way, you will be returned
directly to the Reference Menu when you exit.
We advise you only to use the Grammar Menu once you have worked through at least
some of the lessons and been introduced to the basic Xhosa grammatical concepts. If you
already have a fair knowledge of Xhosa grammar, then you may find this a good way to
access specific information you require.
Titfe pages
Each lesson starts off with a screen like the one on the left.
ISIFUflSSESHUMI EUflA{E Les.. El.v.n
You will hear the lesson number and the lesson title read to you in Xhosa. To repeat,
MASIYE EDOLOPHINI
LETS GO TO TOWN click on the ',.:;,,S*iq*;;iriil button. To understand the grammatical meaning of the title, click
ffi ffi
on
"n'-a**"'r,.r,,0,,r
"Sffili'liiMj. The theme of the lesson is also presented. Note the navigation instruc-
1
M r.Erarhr.,d,f,!,,oni l*, r
ffiff;J ::l;i:ffii:tlTf:.ili: I ffil tions at the bottom of the screen - and look out for instructions like this whenever you
ffil1*:ll-*-*"*
;:@.
l'SSl
1
aren't sure how to proceed.
,,f.aArffnia*@l
To continue, click on ffiM-. To return to the unit's menu, click on lseurr*sm.
The next screen explains the learning objectives of the lesson - i.e. what the lesson
covers and what you can expect to learn from it. This one is from lesson eleven.
To continue with the lesson, click on Continue,.
rl +
INTRODUCTION
Navigation withln a fesson

Each lesson is made up of a number of screens. You can move forwards and backwards
between screens by using the li**l$1dx$*i{ and LRffil buttons, or go directly to sections of
rhe lesson by using the li#*[l&ii,::l menu which is usually visible at the top of the screen.
The individual screens present new information in a variety of ways (pictures, text
and/or video). You will have to perform various actions, depending on the context, to
navigate through the lesson. The most common actions are listed below, but each screen
has its own detailed instructions.
Links to_ sound and explanatio-ns

\Iany words and phrases throughout the course are underlined. This means that you can
access sound and/or further explanation by clicking once on the piece of text. Listen to
each word or phrase as many times as you need to.
There are also places in the program where the cursor turns into a hand shape. This
means that there is something'behind' the object which you can uncover by clicking on
it once.
As always, there are plenty of helpful instructions on the screen telling you what you
need to do.
Playing videos
\lany lessons contain video material. You can replay, stop and pause these videos simply
bv clicking on the following buttons:
to replay the video ffi to stop the video kI to pause the video ffi
Recording yourself
In many lessons you can listen to a phrase or sentence, then record your own voice and
play it back. This allows you to compare your pronunciation with that of the speaker, and
to repeat the process until you are satisfied with your version. Clear instructions are
given each time, in case you aren't sure what to do.
Transfatio_ns
Towards the second half of the course, some English translations are not presented
automatically. This is to allow you to test your own knowledge. However, you will see
the following button next to lengthy pieces of Xhosa text. 'T Click on this button to
uncover the English translation.
Exe,rcises
In all lessons, there are exercises which ask you to participate in a number of ways: typ-
ing in text, dragging answers into their correct places, linking up two related ideas, etc.
There are too many different kinds of exercises to list here. Simply follow the instruc-
tions given each time, and you shouldn't have any difficulty.
si'
& Contents
Introduction
How to use the Multimedia program

Xhosa pronunciation
Unit 1 Siyavgyt ukukwa_zi! We are. pteasg! to know you!

Isifundo Sokuqala Lesson One 10
Ukuzazisa I ntroductions
Isifundo Sesibini Lesson Two 25
Ukubulisa Tb greet
Isifundo Sesithathu Lesson Three 33
Ngoobani aba? Who are these?
Isifundo Sesine Lesson Four 39
Wenza ntoni? What do you do?
Isifundo Sesihlanu Lesson Five 47
Isishwanka thelo S ummary
Unit 2 lfemeti nabahfobo famity and ftignds

Isifundo Sesithandathu Lesson Six 54
Nibangaphi kowenu? How many of you are there?
Isifundo Sesixhenxe Lesson Seven 62
Ungowesingaphi? Where do you come?
Isifundo Sesibhozo Lesson Eight 71
Iinkcukacha zakho Your details
Isifundo Sethoba Lesson Nine 80
Amakhaya Homes
Isifundo Seshumi Lesson Tbn 88
Isishwanka thelo S ammary
ci o
Unit 3 lindawo Ptaces
Isifundo Seshumi Elinanye Lesson Eleven 95

Masiye edolophini Let's go to town
Isifundo Seshumi Elinesibini Lesson Twelve 1O4
Ularalathisa Tb give directions
Isifundo Seshumi Elinesithathu Lesson Thineen 112
Masiye eQitsi! Let's go to Qitsi!
Isifundo Seshumi Elinesine Lesson Fourteen 121
Belunjani uhambo lwenu? How was your trip?
Isifundo Seshumi Elinesihlanu Lesson Fifteen 130
Isishwanka thelo Summary
Unit 4 Ukygcberrza nokuzonw€bisa Io wolk and enjoy onese-lf

Isifundo Seshumi Elinesithandatht Lesson Sixteen 135
Ukucela umsebenzi,4pp lying for a job
Isifundo Seshumi Elinesixhenxe Lesson Seventeen 143
Uqiani umsebenzi wakho? What is your work like?
Isifundo Seshumi Elinesibhozo Lesson Eighteen 151
Ukuthanda umntu Tb love sorneone
Isifundo Seshumi Elinethoba Lesson Nineteen 159
Masiyenze ipati! Let's have a party!
Isifundo Samashumi Amabini Lesson Tweng 167
I si s hwa nka thelo S ummary
Answers to Exercises 172
Grammar lndex 183
,i!
XHOSA PRONUNCIATION
Because the sound system in Xhosa is different from that of English, it is a good idea to
go over this section before you start the course, and to refer back to it whenever you
have any difficulties.
The best way to improve your pronunciation of Xhosa words is to listen to first-lan-
guage speakers and to try to imitate them. It may be difficult at first, but the more you
practise the better you will become!
Here are some helpful hints. Try pronouncing the Xhosa examples - but remember
that the English sounds suggested are only rough equivalents.
Pronunciation of vowels
a u in umbrella amanzi water
i ee in keep imini doy
u oo in cool uluhlu lst
e e in empty ewe yes
ay in lay molweni hello
o aw in law idolo knee
o in cold olu fhis
Pron u n-ciation of conso_na nts.,
Clicks
Xhosa has three main clicks:
) the dental click c
> the palatal clickq
) the lateral click x
Pronouncing c
This sounds similar to the English click of irritation, 'tsk, tsk'. The tip of the tongue
should just touch the top front teeth and then be sucked away.
icici earring cacisa explain coca clean
Pronouncing q
This is a sound similar to that of a cork being drawn from a bottle. The back of the
tongue should be raised to touch the soft palate, the upper part of the tip of the tongue
pressed tightly between the ridge of the teeth and the hard palate, and the tip of the
tongue drawn sharply downwards.
iqaqa polecot uqaqaqa quick grass umququ husk, choff
Pronouncing x
This sound is similar to that made by most people when they want a horse to move along.
It is made at the side of the mouth. The tongue should be positioned as for the q click,
but the tongue tip should not be released. Instead, one side of the tongue should be
withdrawn from the upper side teeth.
xoxa discuss xela tell ixoxo bullfrog
cl a
Each of these three main clicks gives rise to five variants formed by aspirating, voicing or
rasalizing the main click. Don't worry if you find the technical terms used here unfamil-
:ar. Rather concentrate on imitating the sounds made by first-language speakers as
lemonstrated in the program.
maln: c
aspirated: ch
soiced: gc
nasalized: nc
voiceless nasalized: nkc
voiced nasalized: ngc
chopha perch gcagca elope ncinci smsl/ nkcenkceshela irrigate ngcangcazela shiver
maln: q
aspirated: qh
r.oiced: gq
nasalized: nq
voiceless nasalized: nkq
ioiced nasalized: ngq
uqhoqhoqho windpipe uMgqibelo Soturdoy nqunqa chop up inkqayi bold heod
ingqakaqa smallpox
mam: x
aspirated: xh
r.oiced: gx
nasalized: nx
voiceless nasalized: nkx
voiced nasalized: ngx
isixhenxe seven gxotha drive out nxiba put on inkxaso support ingxangxasi watertail
Other difficult consonants

b - pronounced implosively (the air sucked in) when written without an h
compare: bala count bhala write
p - pronounced as in the English speakplus ejection
papasha publish
ph - pronounced as in the Englishpaper plus more aspiration
phupha dream
t - pronounced as in the English steelwith more ejection
utata father
th - pronounced as in the English de plus more aspiration
thatha fake
rh - pronounced as the g in the Afrikaansgaan
rhola toke out
hl - pronounced as the ll in the Welsh Llanelly
hlala live
eh
lllfu;ffI {l Siyavuya ukukwazi!
U)lJlJUlS U We are pleased to meet you!
lsifundo Sokuqala Lessonone
ri**i., UKUZAEISA *,NIRODUCI,ONS

ffilw
. !r{nq0[FrpE.1
In this lesson you will learn how to

> introduce yourself
> use the correct form of the subject
> identify the correct class of the noun
> build simple sentences
> use some negatives
Masifunde 1,1 te!,s tegrn 1,1
Ungubani wena? Who are youT
Molo mfundi! NdinguPam, utitshala

wakho. Naba abanye ootitshala bakho.
Hello student! I am Pam, your teacher.
Here are your other teachers.
Molo mfundil
NdinguTessa.
Masip-he_ndute t-et's- alswer

Ungubani wena, mfundi?
Who are you, student?
Ndingu
4to
ISIFUN DO SOKUQALT / LE5SON ONT
{i Masifunde 1,2
4 Ngubani igama lakho? What is your nome?
lgama lam
{ nguZolani.
My name is Zolani.
lgama lam Ngubani igama
lgama lam nguTsetse. nguCara. lakho?
My name rs Isetse. name is Cora. Whot is your name?
Ngubani igama
lakho?
Whqt is your nomeT
lgama lam
nguLiz.
nome is Liz.
"4y
lgama lam nguSipho.

Ngubani igama lakho?
My nome is Sipho.
Whot is your name?
Masiphendule
lgama lam
Ngubani igama lakho, mfundi? Whot is your nomq studentT nguNeisha. .\ -t-
My nome ls Nelsho.
MOST XHO'A NA/TE' HAVE A MEANING.

Some Xhosa first names
Females Males
Siphokazi Big gift Vuyani Rejoice
Nomhle Beauty Sipho cift
Nonkululeko Freedom Themba Trust
Nomzamo Struggle Mandla Power
Nomaxabiso Priceless Vumile Agreed
Thandeka Beloved Bulelani Bethankful
Funeka Wanted Sizwe Nation
Pretend that you are Xhosa speaking! Choose a Xhosa name and surname for yourself
and practise pronouncing them.
tth
THETHA lSIXHOSA NATH]
Grammar
You may not realise it, but we have already used some of the grammar you will be learn-
ing in this lesson.
For example, your teachers have used the Xhosa subject concords for first and second
persons singular. In NdinguPam I am Pam ndi- means 1, and in ungubani wena
wo are you? u- meansyou. They have also used the Xhosa copulative concord. In
NdinguPam I am Pam ngu- means dm.
Subject concords and copulative concords are elements
used in Xhosa to link subjects and predicates. They have
THE XHOSA SUBJECT CONCORD
something in common with English pronouns, but are
A prefix most commonly used in combination with a always attached to other words and often change form to
verb which describes something done by the subject. agree grammatically with other parts of the sentence.
It conveys a meaning equivalent to the English pro- The copulative concord will be dealt with later in
noun. When the subject is a noun, the subject con- this lesson.
cord often appears to be a partial repetition of that
noun's prefix. First and second person subiect concords
Unlike the English pronoun equivalents I,we and,you, a
Xhosa subject concord is not a word in itself, and cannot
NOUN subject. In Pam teaches stand alone. In the example Ndifuna isonka 1 want bread,
A word used to name students, the predicate is the Xhosa subject concord ndi- (for the pronoun 1) is
something. In Pam teaches students. attached to the verb -fana (want).
teaches students, the
PRONOUN
nouns are Pam and, Here are the subject concords in the first and
students. A word used instead of second person.
a noun, such as lyoa,
VERB she and they. In English, First person
A word used to indicate pronouns are separate ndi- 1...
something done by a words, but in Xhosa,
Ndifuna isonka. lwant bread.
noun, or the state of that a pronoun is often
noun. In Pam teaches expressed by something si- we ...
students the verb is attached to another
Sifuna isonka. We want bread.
teaches. word.
SUBJECT FIRSI SECOND AND Second person

THIRD PERSON u- you (singular) ...
That part of a simple
sentence about which A word or part of a Ufuna isonka. You (singula) want bread.
the rest of the sentence word indicating the
person speaking (first ni- you (plural) ...
says something.ln Pam
teaches students, the person - lwe), the Nifuna isonka. You (plural) wont bread.
subject is Pam. person being spoken
to (second person -yoa) In lesson two you will cover subject concords in more detail.
PREDICATE
or the person/thing
That part of a simple being spoken about
sentence which says (third person -
something about the helshelitlthey).
{i rz
IS]f UN DO SOKUQALA / LE SSON ONE
Third person subject concords

' te first and second person subject concords, a third person subject concord
:quivalent to the English pronoun he, she, it or they) has to be attached to a verb.
-: must also agree with the noun which is the subject of the sentence.
-: Umfundi uyathetha The student (slhe) is talking, the u- of uyathetha is the
concord, agreeing with the u- of umfundi.
'.:bject
In English, the pronoun is omitted when a noun is the subject of a sentence: The
;tdent is talking - She is talking.In Xhosa the subject concord is used in both cases, so a
;.rrd-for-word translation of Umfundi uyathetha would be The student slhe is talking.
The no_un classes

lntroduction
lhe noun classes form the basis of Xhosa grammar. Unless you understand them, you
-e unlikely to gain anything more than a superficial grasp of the language.
Xhosa nouns are divided into 15 noun classes, numbered from class 1a to class 15. You
; -ll notice that classes 12 and 13 are missing from the list given later on in this lesson.
I]lris is because we use a classification system which applies to a whole group of Southern
.trican languages, and those particular classes are not found in Xhosa.
Noun stems and noun prefixes

\.-runs are classified according to their prefixes.
PREFIX STEM
.\rr element placed at the beginning of a word to adjust That part of a noun or verb which remains unchanged,
.rr qualify its meaning. In the noun umfundi the noun and to which other elements such as prefixes are
:refix is um- and the stem is -fundi. attached to adjust or qualiff its meaning.
lnitial vowels and basic noun prefixes

.e noun prefix itself can be divided into two elements: the initial vowel and the basic
: -.un prefix. For example, in the prefix um- the initial vowel is u- and the basic noun
::etix is .m-. You will find that you have to drop the initial vowel of a noun prefix in
:=itain contexts, such as greetings: Molo mfundil Hello student!
Singular and plural nouns

=rglish plurals are usually formed by adding something to the end of the word, as in
:. g dogs.In Xhosa, plurals are created by using a different prefix with the noun stem:
umfundi student becomes abafundi students.
\lost of the Xhosa noun classes are grouped in singular and plural pairs. Thus class 1
um-) is a class of singular nouns with their plural in class 2 (aba-), while class 3 (um-)
: runs have their plural in class 4 (imi-): umfundi/abafundi studentlstudents,
n mlomoiimil omo mouth I mouths.
13 ilt
THTTHA ISIXHOSA NAIHI
€Lass la
singular plural
noun prefir u- noun prefix oo-
basic noun prefix none (this class takes the basic noun prefix none (this class takes the
concords of class L) concords of class 2)
variants of prefix none In the case of personal proper nouns the plural
may indicate two or more people with the same
name, or an indMdual with her/his friends or
associates. So ooMandla can mean either Mandlas
or Mandla and his friendslassociates (Mandla and
company), depending on the context.
variants ofprefix: bo- in the vocative (the noun
form used when addressing someone):
Molweni botata! Hello fothers!
Molweni bosisi! Hel/o sr'sfPrs/
Contents: Contents:
a. All personal proper nouns As for class 1a
uSipho ooZola Zolas/Zola ond friends
uHarriet ooSipho Siphos/Sipho ond friends
b. Most kinship terms oomama mothers
umama mother ootata fathers
ulala fother oomakhulu grond mothers
umakhulu grandmother ootatomkhul u grandfathers
utatomkhulu g randfother oobhuti brothers
usisi slster oosisi sisters
ubhuti brother
umakazi ount - mother's sister
udadobawo ount - fother's sister
umalume uncle - mother's brother
c. A few personal nouns
ugqirha doctor
utitshala teocher
ubani? who?
unantsika thingummybob
usomashishini busi nessperson
umakheniki mechanic
d. A few animal names
unomadudwane scorpion
uxam leguon
unonkala crob
e. Miscellaneous
uloliwe troln
umatshini mochine
{to
ISIFUNDO SOKUQALA / LESSON ONE
Class 1 Ctass 2
singular plural
noun prefix: um- noun prefix: aba-
basic noun prefir -m- basic noun prefix -ba-
variants of prefir none variants of prefix abe- before the noun stems
-Lungu, -Suthu and iTshwana
abelungu white people
abeSuthu Sotho people
abeTshwana Tswano people
Contents: Contents:
---:rsonal nouns only As for class 1
umntu person abantu people
umntwana child abantwana children
umfundi student abafundi students
umpheki cook abapheki cooks
umzobi ortisf abazobi ortlsts
umhlobo friend abahlobo friends
umphathi manager
umfundisi pnest
umLungu white person
umzali parent
''ip
IHETHA ISIXHOSA NATHl
Class 3
singular plural
noun prefix um- noun prefix imi'
basic noun prefix -m- basic noun prefix: -mi-
variants of prefix u- before the noun stem -moya variants of prefix none
umoya a i r/wi nd / breath / soul/ spkit
Contcnts: Contents:
Exclusively non-personal As for class 3
a. Certain anatomical terms imizimba bodies
umzimba body imilomo mouths
umlomo mouth imiqolo bocks
umqolo bock imilenze /egs
umlenze /eg iminwe fingers
umnwe finger imikhiwane fig trees
b. Names of trees
umkhiwane fig tree
umpesika peach tree
umngcunube willow tree
umnga mimoso thorn tree
c. Some nouns derived from verbs
umdlalo gome/sport (from ukudlala to ploy)
umbuzo question (from ukubuza to osk)
umxhentso o dance (from ukuxhenlsa to donce)
d. Miscellaneous
umzuzu minute
umthunzi shode
umzi v i I I a g e / h ome steod
umpu gun
umvundla hore
umfanekiso picture
umnyaka year (often unyaka in colloquial speech)
.l! tu
tStFUNDO SOKUQALA / Lt SSON ONE
Class 5 Class 6
plural
:.-run prefix: ili- noun prefix: ama-
:::ic noun prefix Ji- basic noun prefix: -ma-
.:.riants of prefix: i- before polysyllabic noun stems variants of prefix: amehlo (eyes - plural of iliso) and
.tems with more than one syllable) ameva (thoms - plural of iliva)
isela thief Note that a few class 1 and class 9 nouns have their
igama name plural in this class, for example:
iqanda egg umXhosa Xhoso person amaXhosa Xhoso people
indoda mon amadoda men
inkwenkwe boy amakhwenkwe boys
You will pick up other similar exceptions as you
become more familiar with the language.
Contents:
i. lertain anatomical terms, especially those As for Class 5
::ferring to paired body parts amagxa shoulders
''ligxa shoulder amaNgesi English people
icele breost amadolo knees
i:olo knee amagqirha traditionol doctors
\lost nouns referring to individuals of particular In addition, a number of nouns indicating liquids or
-:hnic groups abstract concepts take this prefix.
t\gesi English person amanzi woter
i amani Cermon person amafulha fqt, oil
\liscellaneous personal nouns amathe soiivo
irneQo old mqn amandla strength, power, force
i
;qirha troditionql doctor
irhwele herbqlist
-\ number of adoptives, or loan words derived
-:trm other languages (especially those indicating
::uit and vegetables) - note that class 9 also
--.rntains many adopted words)
i c olisa pol ice m o n / po I i cewo mo n
i<haphetshu cobboge
izpile opple
.\ few animal names
isele frog
ichadi springbok
\liscellaneous
ilizwe country
ilizwi voice
iqanda egg
ixesha time
17 ii,
CIass 7 Cfass 8
singular plural
noun prefix isi- noun prefix: izi-
basic noun prefix -si- basic noun prefix: -zi-
variants of prefix is- before noun stems starting variants of prefix: iz- before noun stems starting
with a vowel with a vowel
isandla hond izandla hands
isonka bread
isandi sound
Contents: Contents:
a. All names of languages or ways of doing things in As for class 7
a fashion pertaining to a particular ethnic group izidenge fools
isiXhosa Xhoso longuoge, culture ond woy of izithethi speokers
doing things izityebi rich people
isiSwazi Swazi language, culture ond woy of izigulana potients
doing things izityalo plonts
isiHindi Hindi longuoge, culture ond way of izifo diseoses
doing things izigcawu spiders
b. Adoptives/loan words derived from nouns starting
with s
isitulo cholr (from Afrikaans 'stoel')
isikoloschoo/ (fromAfrikaans'skool')
isipili mirror (from Afrikaans 'spiedl')
c. Ordinal numbers
isibini second
isithathu thlrd
isine fourth
d. Certain personal nouns, including some derived
from verbs
isidenge fool
isithethi speaker (from ukuthetha tospeok)
isityebi rich person (from ukutyeba to become
fot/rich)
isigulana sick person/potient (from ukugula
to be sick)
e. Miscellaneous
isityalo plont
isifo drseose
isigcawu splder
isilya dish
isihlangu shoe
qtl tt
tstFuNDo SoKUQALA / LE SSON ONI
Class 9 Class 10
singular plural
noun prefix in- noun prefir izin-
basic noun prefix -n- basic noun prefix -zin-
sariants of prefix: i- before nasal noun stems and variants of prefir ii- before nasal noun stems and
sith loan words with loan words
inyama meot iinyosi bees
ikofu coffee iiti feos
Before a noun stem starting with a labial (f, b, p, v - iin- before polysyllabic noun stems (stems with
sounds which require complete or partial closure more than one syllable)
.-f the lips), in- changes to im-. iintombi girls
impuku mouse iindlela roods
imvula roin iincwadi books, letters
The following nouns have their plurals in class 6: The standard prefix izin- is therefore used only
indoda amadoda mon/men before monosyllabic noun stems (stems with only
inkwenkwe amakhwenkwe boy/boys one syllable) not borrowed from other languages.
inkosi amakhosi chief/chiefs izinia dogs
inkosikazi amakhosikazilody/lodies izindlu houses
inkosazana amakhosazana young lodylodies
\ote: .kh- becomes -k- when preceded by -n-, for
:rample in+khosi + inkosi
Contents: Contents:
. \fost animal names As for class 9 (excluding nouns with their plurals in
inla dog class 6)
ingwe leopord izinja dogs
indlovu elephant izindlu houses
\lost loan words (except those starting with s) izingwe leopards
iindlovu elephonts
i<omityi cup iintaka birds
leslile window (from Afrikaans 'venster') iifestile windows
i:afile toble (from Afrikaans 'tafel') iitafile tobles
,\ few personal nouns
intombi girl
indoda mon
Certain nouns derived from verbs
intetho speech (from ukuthetha to speok)
ingqondo intelligence, sense (from ukuqonda to
nderstand)
inkxaso support (from ukuxhasa to support)
\liscellaneous
indlela poth, rood, woy
inlloko heod
ingxangxasi wqrcrtoil
re $*
Class 11 Class 14 gontinued
singular ubuntu humanity, humon goodness

noun prefix: ulu- ubudoda monhood
basic noun prefix .lu- ubufazi womonhood
variants of prefix u- before polysyllabic noun stems ubudala age
(stems with more than one syllable) ubude height
usana baby b. Miscellaneous
ulw- before noun stems starting with a vowel ubusi honey
ulwazi knowledge ubuso foce
Note: The plural of this class is class 10. ubusika wrnter
ubusuku nrghf
Contents:
a. Certain nouns derived from verbs
uthando /ove (from ukuthanda to love)
uhambo journey (from ukuhamba to trovel)
Class 15_
uvavanyo test (from ukuvavanya to test) neither singular nor plural

b. Miscellaneous noun prefix: uku-
uluthi izintistick/sticks basic noun prefix: -ku-
uluvo izimvo opinion/opinions variants of prefix: ulav- before noun stems starting
usuku iintsuku doy/doys with a vowel (except -o-)
usapho iintsapho fomily/fomilies ukwakha to build/building
unyawo iinyawo foot/feet uk- before noun stems starting with -o-
Note the sound changes: ukonwaba to become hoppy/happiness
n + s + nts (iin + suku = iintsuku)
n + v + mv (izin + vo = izimvo) Contents:
This class is equivalent to the English infinitive ro ...
or gerund -ing (verb forms with a noun function)
Class 14 ukufa fo die, dying, deoth
ukutya to eot, eoting, food
singular (nouns without a plural form) ukwenza to do, doing
noun prefix: ubu- ukona to sin, sinning, sin
basic noun prefix: -bu- ukucula to sing, singing
variants of prefix ub- before noun stems starting
with a vowel
ubomi /lfe
u- with
utywala olcohol
ut.1ani grozing grass
Contents:
a. Certain abstract nouns
ububele kindness
ububi bodness, ugliness, evil
ubuhle beouty
{ro
ISIFUNDO SOKUQALA / LE SSON ONE
Qrammar E4ercke 7.7 ,ll

live the plurals of the following nouns.
' uVumile Vumile (o mole nome)
isikolo school
usana boby
indoda mon
iliso eye
umntwana child
intaka bird
umfanekiso picture
rgama nome
L imfene bqboon
I,latch each noun prefix correctly with one or more noun stems. You will be able to
->e most prefixes and stems more than once, so try to create as many combinations as
:,rssible.
Prefixes Stems
lg uku- 1. -ntu person/people
- ulu- 2. -gqirha doctor/doctors
: um- 3. -vo opinion/opinions
:. imi- 4. -doda man/men
i ili- 5. -thi tree/trees
a. i- 6. -khabathi cupboord/cupboords
in- 7. -gama nome/nomes
:. ama- 8. -tya food
: aba- 9. -ja dog/dogs
'1. oo- 10. -tombi girl/girls
11. -makhulu grondmother/grondmothers
I 2. -so eye/eyes
THE COPUTATIVE
CONCORD
A prefix most com-
I d entifi cative copulative prefixes monly used in combi-
--.); are also known as copulative concords. nation with a noun
,. English we say She is a doctor and She is smiling: in both cases we use ls. In Xhosa, which tells us more
- :. :\'er, how we express that ls (or am or are) depends on what follows it. If the is is about the subject. In
'red by a noun, then in Xhosa we use the identificative copulative prefix, or English we would use
. : ulative concord. But if it is followed by a verb, we use a subject concord. some form of the verb
- - rrur example She is a doctor, doctor is a noun, so we use its copulative concord, be (am/is/are) to link
: ;:-r. : Ngugqirha. In our example She is smiling, smiling is a verb, so we use a subject con- the subject with that
- :d. u-: Uyancuma. You have already been using a copulative concord in: Ndingu..., noun.
-:.ring I am....
zr il>
THf THA lSIXHASA NATHl
ri.rl4.A8e First and second person copulative concords

F"r9r"
ilqt ?ttq9ry lf!t"
I
i When you want to say I am...,We are... orYou are... p\us a noun, you prefix the copula
tive concord with the appropriate subject concord:
Ndi+ng(u)+uSipho+ NdinguSipho. tom Sipho.
+ Singabahlobo.
Si+ng(a)+abahlobo We ore friends.
Ni+ng(a)+oobani -r Ningoobani? Who ore you (plurol)?
Third person copulative concords

when you want to say Helshelit rs... or They are... plus a noun, you need only use the
copulative prefix.
L(i)+ipolisa + Lipolisa. He is o policeman.
However you may, in addition, prefir the copulative concord with the subject concord.
USipho u+l(i)+ipolisa - USipho ulipolisa. Sipho is a policemon.
Negative copulative concords - third person

when you want to say Helshelit is not... or They are not... plus a noun, you add the nega-
tive prefix asi- to the copulative concord and change the vowel to -o-.
NguMandla. AsingoMandla.
He is Mondla. He is not Mandlo.
Sisipaji. Asisosipaji.
It is o purse. lt is not a purse.
Negative copulative concords - first and second person

For first and second person singular and plural you do not use asi-, but rather the nega-
tive subject concords.
First person
ndi- I am ... andi- 1 am not ...
NdinguSipho. AndingoSipho.
I am Sipho. I om not Sipho.
si- we are ... asi- we are not ...
Singabahlobo. Asingobahlobo.
We ore friends. We ore not friends.
Second person
u- you (singular) are ... aka- you (singular) are not ...
Uyindoda. Akuyondoda.
man, You (singulo) ore not o mon.
You (singula) are o
ni-you (plural) are... ani-you (plural) are not...
Ningabahlobo. Aningobahlobo.
You (plural) ore friends. You (plurol) ore not friends.
4:j4.22
"{
Copulative concords (positive and negative)
lla'\l,- that when the copulative concord is prefixed to a noun, the concord loses its vowel.
; class la, for example, ngu-*uThemba + NguThemba.
Noun class Copulative concord Examples (pos/neg)
ngu- NguThemba. He is Themba.

asingo- AsingoThemba. He is not Themba.
nga- NgooThemba. They ore Thembo ond company.

asingo- AsingooThemba. They ore not Thembo and compony.
ngu- Ngumntwana. She is a child.
asingo- Asingomntwana. She is not q child.
aba- n9a- Ngabantwana. They are children.
\a-
asingo- They ore not children.
fsing_obgntwall
n9u- Ngumthi. It is a tree.
asingo- Asingomthi. It is not a tree.
tmt- yt- Yimithi. They ore trees.
asiyo- Asiyomithi. They ore not trees.
iri-/i- Ligama. It is o nome.

Ia- Asilogama. It is not a name.
n9a- Ngamagama. They are nomes.
asingo- Asingomagama. They ore not nomes.
isi-/is- sr- Sisikolo. It is o school.
astso- Asisosikolo. It is not a school.
izi-liz- zt- Zizikolo. They are schools.
astzo- Asizozikolo. They are not schools.
in-/i- yt- Yindlu. It is o house.

asiyo- Asiyondlu. It is not a house.
izin-/ii/iin- z)- Zizindlu. They are houses.
asrzo- Asizozindlu. They are not houses.
ulu-/u- lu- She is o boby.
asilo- She is not o boby.
ubu-/u- bu- Bubomi. It is life.
asibo- Asibobomi. It is not life.
uku-/uk-/ukw- ku- Kukutya. It is food.
asiko- Asikokutya. It is not food.
zr it>
f HETHA I S 1X H O S A N AT H I
)"
p Qrammar E4ercise 1-.2
: Fill in the missing copulative prefixes.
-rl< 1.
2.
3.
USipho _umhlobo kaZolani.
UZolani _ubhuti kaVuyani.
ULiz noCara _abahlobo.
Sipho is Zolani's friend.
Zolani is Vuyani's brother.
Liz and Coro are friends.
T 4.
5.
Ubhuti kaNeisha _ipolisa.
Ubhuti kaSipho _isityebi.
Neisha's brother is a policeman.
Sipho's brother is a rich mon.
b. Look at the pictures and then answer the questions using negative and positive forms
as indicated in the English translations.
1. Ngumthi? ls it o tree?
Hayi, , _intyatyambo. No, it is not o tree, it is a flower.
2. Yiti? It is tea?
Hayi, , _ikofu. No, lf is not teo, it is coffee.
3. Ngamanzi? ls it woter?
Hayi, _ubisi. Nq it rs not woter, it is milk.
4. Yibhegi? Is it a bag?
Hayi, , _isipaji. Nq it rs not a bog, it is a purse.
5. Liapile? ls it on opple?
Hayi, , _itumato. No, if is not an apple, it is o tomoto.
c. Zolani likes to ask questions in the negativel Fill in the missing negative subject
concords.
1. Cara, _ngomfundi? Cora, oren't you o student?
2. Liz, wena noCara _ngobahlobo? Liz, oren't you and Cara friends?
3. Sipho, _ngomhlobo wakho? Sipho, am I not your friend?
4. Sipho, _ngobahlobo? Sipho, oren't we friends?
5. Liz, _ngomhlobo kaNeisha? Liz, aren't you Neisha's friend?
Zolani's friends respond to him in the positive. Fill in the missing concords.
1. Ewe, _ngumfundi. Yes,lamostudent.
2. Ewe, _ngabahlobo. Yes, we are friends.
3. Ewe, _ngumhlobo wakho. Yes, I am your friend.
4. Ewe, _ngabahlobo. Yes, we ore friends.
5. Ewe, _ngumhlobo kaNeisha. Yes, I om Neisha's friend.
You have now learnt how to

> introduce yourself
) use the correct form of the subject
> identify the correct class of the noun Ugqibilel
> build simple sentences
> use some negatives
{! zr
'lsifundo Sesibini Lesson Two
"gsdtffiffiffiA
UKUBULISA * GREEIINGS UKUBULISA
TO GREET i:]-ffi
.f {&{aidi*&#$f liiardl
ffi
-ffi
Italiffiit*gt$*{qrffilt :ifl
in this lesson you will learn how to :iE*&F$€mtrffit6F l
ldtg**Htffihk#H*#dl
ffil
tffi:zi!@l:idf4
al
' ireet people
:MS
' 3\press things in the present tense (positive and negative)
' use third person subject concords
' see the link between a noun prefix and a subject concord
' :sk where something is

' rse verbs that start with a vowel or have a latent i
Masifunde 2,1
',f olo, unjani? Hello, how ore youT
Molo Russell, unjani?

Hello Russell, how ore you?
---_n-
Hello Pqm, I am fine.

X
I How are you, sister?
Hayi, ndiphilile nam,

enkosi bhuti.
No, I om fine too,
thanks brother.
Molo Amanda, unjani
\\ --
'--\\) l:
\'rll
\- Ndiphilile nam.
enkosi sisi.
zs ii'
IHEf HA ISIXHOSA NATHI
GREETING'
Creetings are very important in Xhosa society. They indicate an interest in someone's
health and are also a sign of respect. lf you know the people you are greeting, and
they are about your age, use bhuti brother or sisi sister. lf they are more or less your
parents' age, use tata father or mama mother. lf they could be your grandparents,
address them as tatomkhulu grondfather or makhulu grondmother. For young
children you can use nkwenkwe boy or ntombi glrl. Wethu is an affectionate way
of addressing a young child, or good friend, and roughly translates as my dear.
Address a married woman whose name you do not know as nkosikazi me'em, an
unmarried woman as nkosazana miss/ms and a man as mhlekazi or mnumzana sir.
Here are some other ways of asking after someone's health, as well as ways of
responding (with their literal meanings in English).
Questions Answers
Uphila njani? How healthy are you (singular)? Ndisaphila. I am still healthy.
Ninjani? How are you (plural)? Sisaphila. We are still heahhy.
Usaphila? Are you (singular) still heahhy? Sonwabile. We are happy.
Nisaphila? Are you (plural) still healthy? Siyazama noko. We are trying anywaylnevertheless.
Kunjani? How is it? Sisazama noko. We are still trying anywaylnevertheless
Asikhalazi. We are not complaining.
Ndikhona, enkosi. I am here, thanl<s.
Sikhona, enkosi. We are here, thanl<s.
Masifund e 2:2
Molweni, ninjani? Hello (to more thon one person), how are you (ptural)?
Molweni bosisi! Ninjani?

Hello sisters! How ore you?
_- Sikhona, enkosi.
Kunjani kuwe?
We ore fine, thanks.
How is it with you?
>..-----
(
\0 Ndikhona nam enkosi.
l' I am fine too, thonks.
.li zo
ISIFUNDO SESIBINI / LE55ON TWO
-a
9r actica I E4ercis e 2. 1- .!i
-i:
t
in the greetings that Russell and Pam would use in the speech bubbles.
Grammar
-ne present tense
,les:
':
- * ill
that there is no distinction in Xhosa between the present simple tense
see
; ,leak)and the present continuous tense (we are speaking). The context will
- : :::rnine which is the correct English equivalent.
-e formula below shows how the present tense is formed in Xhosa. SC stands for
,- :rt concord, and R for verb root (or stem).
PRESENT TENSE
, csitive A form of the verb

- indicating that an
.,,ng form (when nothing follows the verb) action is occurring in
iC-r'a-R-a
the present.
Siyathetha. We ore speaking.
inort form (when something follows the verb)

:C-R-a
Sithetha kakuhle. We ore speoking well.
\
:
\egative
,../ Long and short form
-:-SC-R-i
:
Asithethi. We ore not speaking.

Asithethi kakuhle. We ore not speaking well.
). re that .ya- is used only in the long form of the positive.
zt li>
THETHA ISIXHOSA
Nouns with subject concords (third person)

!!@
Here are the noun classes with their corresponding positive and negative subject
concords.
!@
Noun class Subject Examples

concord
1al1 u-lum- u- Umntwana uyathetha. The child is speoking.

aka- Umntwana akathethi. The child is not speoking.
2al2 oo-/aba- ba- Abantwana bayathetha. The children are speoking.

aba- Abantwana abathethi. The children ore not speoking.
u- Umthi uyakhula. The tree is growing.

awu- Umthi awukhuli. The tree is not growing.
tmt- l- lmithi iyakhula. The trees ore growing.

ayt- lmithi ayikhuli. The trees qre not growing.
iI i/i- ti- lpolisa liyahamba. The policemon is going.

ali- lpolisa alihambi. The policeman is not going.
a- Amapolisa ayahamba. The policemen ore going.

aka- Amapolisa akahambi. The policemen ore not going
t5t- st- lsikolo siyatshintsha. The school is changing.

asr- lsikolo asitshintshi. The school is not chonging.
tzl- zt- lzikolo ziyatshi ntsha. The schools are chonging.

azt- lzikolo azitshintshi. The schools are not changing
t- lntombi iyahamba. The girl is going.
ayr lntombi ayihambi. The girl is not going.
izin-lii-liin- zt- lintombi ziyahamba. The girls are going.

azt- lintombi azihambi. The girls ore not going.
lu- Usana luyakhula. The boby is growing.

alu- Usana alukhuli. The boby is not growing.
bu- Ubusika buyafika. Winter is orriving.

abu- Ubusika abufiki. Winter is not orriving.
ku- Ukutya kuyafika. The food is orriving.

aku- Ukutya akufiki. The food is not arriving.
*l! za
ISIFUNDO SESIEINI / LESSON TWO
Qrammar E4ercise 2.7 rlj

:r the missing subject concords.
Umama yasebenza. Mother is working.
OoZolani _yancokola. Zoloni ond his friends are chotting.
Amadoda _ya phi? Where ore the men goingT
lsikolo _funa ntoni? Whqt does the school need/want?
Ukutya _yabanda. The food is cold.
llizwe _funa ntoni? Whot does the country need/wont?
lzinja _yaluma? Do the dogs bite?
lintombi funa bani? Who do the girls wont/Who ore the girls
looking for?
: Abantwana _funa bani? Who do the children want/Who are the children
looking for?
-
l. lmivundla _hlala phi? Where do the robbits live?
t.
:ersonal (first and second person) subiect concords

_
: 'st person
r"i'- 1 ... andi- I do not ...
Ndifuna ukuthetha isiXhosa. I wont to speok Xhosa.
Andifuni kuthetha isiXhosa. I don't want to speak Xhosa.
: -, -.*.ing the negative, the initial vowel of the object is generally dropped.
--:dituni (u)kuthetha isiXhosa.
: - .,: ... asi. we do not ...
Sifuna ukuthetha isiXhosa. We want to speok Xhosa.
tuifuni kuthetha isiXhosa. We don't wont to speak Xhosa.
' -z:cnd person

f,- ., rsingular)... aku./awu-you (singular) do not ...
U'una ukuthetha isiXhosa. You wont to speak Xhoso.
Akufuni kuthetha isiXhosa. You don't want to speak Xhosa.
_ -- -:u9h aku- is the standard negative subject concord for the second person singular,
:: . .'. reople use awu-.
L- ., tplural) ... ani-you (plural) do not...

- \funa ukuthetha isiXhosa. You (plural) want to speok Xhoso.
dnifuni kuthetha isiXhosa. You (plural) don't want to speak Xhosa.
ze ifr
IHETHA ISIXHOSA NATHI
ip Qrammar E4ercise 2.2

a. Test whether you remember the subject concords by asking where the following peo-
ple/things are. Use the subject concord with -phi, as in: Baphi abantwana? Were are
the children?
'1. isikolo school
2. iti
3. ubisi milk
4. ooNomsa Nomso and compony
5. amanzi water
6. ukutya food
7. iimoto cars
8. imifanekiso pictures
9. umzali porent
10. iyeza (class 5) medicine
Reply to the questions by combining the subject concord with the places indicated in
brackets, for example:
Uphi uZolani? (ekhaya) + Usekhaya.
\b home)
Where is Zolani? (at + He is at home.
Use an s to separate the two vowels coupled in your answer:
U+ekhaya + Usekhaya.
1. Baphi abantwana? (esikolweni) Where ore the children? (at school)
2. Uphi uNomsa? (emsebenzini) Where is Nomsa? (at work)
3. Uphi umtshayelo? (ekhitshini) Where is the broom? (in the kitchen)
4. Siphi isitshixo? (emotweni) Where is the key? (in the car)
5. Luphi ubisi? (efrijini) Where is the milk? (in the fridge)
.ll to
ISIFUNDO SE 5'8IN' ,/ LESSON TWO
r:rbs that start with a vowel

- : r: :re some verbs that start with a vowel (vowel verbs).
)-
---z- do/moke -al- refuse
re -zr:.- build -ondlul- make o bed
--- know -oyik- be afraid of/fear
:. :t how subject concords change when they are attached to these verbs.
--enz-a ntoni? r Wenza ntoni? What do you do?
-€nz-a ntoni infa? + Yenza ntoni inja? What is the dog doing?
3a-enz-a ntoni? + Benza ntoni? What are they doing?
-... such a verb is directly preceded by a subject concord that starts with a vowel, the
'' :, .'hanges to a semi-vowel: u becomes w, i becomes y.
;, :: a subject concord that has a consonant and the vowel i or a (ndi-, si-, ba-, zi-),
: *el is dropped.
':. ..: subject concords that have a consonant and the vowel u, the u changes to a w.
: -.. :he verb starts with an o, the u is dropped instead.

-.ana lu-enz-a ntoni? + Usana lwenza ntoni? Whot is the baby doing?
-;ana lu-oyik-a ntoni? -r Usana loyika ntoni? Whot is the boby ofraid of?
- ..:il remember that the class 6 subject concord is a-. This is simply dropped before
--: in&t start with a vowel.
r.-adoda a-enza ntoni? -r Amadoda enza ntoni? What ore the men doing?
', ::gative subject concords, the same sound changes occur.

- -ama aka-enz-i nto. -f Umama akenzi nto. Mother is not doing anything.
,',:ra aku-enz-i nto. -+ Wena akwenzi nto. You are not doing onything.
r.-adoda aka-oyik-i. + Amadoda akoyiki. The men ore not ofroid.
-:cmbi ayi-az-i. + lntombi ayazi. The girl does not know.
- 'ena alu-enz-i nto. r Usana alwenzi nto. The boby is not doing anything.
Qrammar E4ercke 2.3

-lx
. :he missing subject concords. (They will change because of the vowel verbs.)
JNomsa enza ntoni? Whot is Nomso doing?
Abantwana _akhi ndlwana. The children ore not building o little house.
JVumile _oyika izinja. Vumile is ofroid of dogs.
,Vena _oyiki? Are you not afroid?
Amantombazana _enza ntoni? Whot are the young girls doing?
rr ilr
THETHA ISIXHOSA NAIHI
Verbs with a latent i

Some Xhosa verbs have a latent (hidden) i, for exampl e -(i)z- (come) . When an a comes
before these verbs, the a and the i join and become an e.
Ndi-ya-(i)z-a. + Ndiyeza. I om coming.
Compare this with

Ndi-(i)z-a ngo5. + Ndiza ngo5. I am coming at 5.
Here the i remains latent because it is not preceded by an a.

Some other latent i verbs are
-(i)hl descend/go down
Ndi-ya-(i)hl-a. + Ndiyehla. I am going down.
-(i)mb- drg
Ba-ya-(i)mb-a. + Bayemba. They are digging.
-(i)b- steol
U-ya-(i)b-a. + Uyeba. S/he steals.
- (i)v - h ea r / f e e I / p e rce iv e
Si-ya-(i)v-a. + Siyeva. We hear/understand.
(This verb ends in on -a in the
present tense negative.)
Note the following examples of contexts in which an a comes before a latent i.
U-ya-(i)hl-a. - Uyehla. S/he is going down.
Aka-(i)hl-i. + Akehli. S/he is not going down.
Aba-(i)v-a. '+ Abeva. They do not understand/hear.
Aka-(i)v-a. + Akeva. S/he does not understand/hear.
il' Qrammar E4ercise 2.4

Join the verb, making the sound change.
1. Abantwana ba-ya-(i)za. The children ore coming.
2.
Amadoda a-ya-(i)hla. The men are going down.
3. Abafundi aba-(i)va.
The students do not understond.
4.
UThemba aka-(i)mbi. Thembo is not digging.
5.
Bona aba-(i)-bi.
They do not steal.

> greet people
> express things in the present tense (positive and negative)
> use third person subject concords
> see the link between a noun prefix and a subject concord Ugqibilel
> ask where something is
> use verbs that start with a vowel or have a latent i
.li rz
".,lsiftJndo Sesithath Lesson rhree u
,,eer6*i$q*lrritqi &iril
NGOOBANI ABA? * WHO ARE THESE? NGOOBANI ABA?
W}TOARETHESE? rrm
-: this lesson you will learn how to

. .sk the names of more than one person
'
(4rs6i& 6i'ar
,:ltroduce yourself by giving your name and surname
-r@iEnlnEft I
' .itroduce a third person

' ,.e possessives
l{asifund e 3,1
r\ ngoobani nina? Who are you (plural)?
Molweni! lgama lam nguZolani. lfani

yam nguCata. NdinguZolani
Cata. Ningoobani nina?
Hello! My name is Zoloni. My sur-
nome is Coto. I qm Zoloni Coto.
,/ ./ Who ore you (plural)?
Molo bhuti! lgama lam

nguTsetse. lfani yam nguJafta.
Lo nguliz Lett.
Hello brother! My nome is Tsetse.
My surnome is Jofto.
This is Liz Lett.
Ndiyavuya
ukukwazi, Liz.
I om pleased to
meet you, Liz. Nam ndiyavuya
ukukwazi, Zolani.
I om also pleased to
meet you, Zolani.
33 ih
t'
THTTHA ISIXHOSA NATHI
'.
'i' lPractica[ E4ercis e 3. L .(ti
Do you remember the people you met in lesson one? Imagine someone is asking you
who they all are, and fill in your responses next to their pictures.
Ngubani igama lakhe?

Whot is his nome?
Ngubani ifani yakhe?
What is his surnome?
Ngubani igama lakhe?

Whqt is her nome?
Ngubani ifanl yakhe?
Whot is her surnqme?
Ngoobani amagama abo?

Whot ore their nomes?
Ngoobani amagama abo?

Whot are their nomes?
*tr! v
ISIFUNDO SESITHATHU / L ESSON THREE
Grammar
Possessives
In English we say my dog,your school,Vuyani's mother: the person/thing doing the pos-
sessing comes before the person/thing that is possessed. In Xhosa it is the other way
round: the person/thing being possessed comes before the person/thing doing the pos-
sessing. Instead of saying my dog, we say (literally translated) dog of my - inja yam.
Instead of. your school, we say school of your - isikolo sakho. Instea d of Vuyani's mother
we say mother of Vuyani - umama kaVuyani.
In all of the above examples, except umama kaVuyani, we have a possessive concord
plus a possessive stem. These two elements combined give the equivalent, in Xhosa, of
tny,your, his, her, its or their. The possessive concord has to agree with the noun being
possessed, so it changes in form according to the class of that noun.
inja yam: ya- is a possessive concord agreeing with inja, and -m is the possessive stem
meaning my.
isikolo sakho: sa- is a possessive concord agreeing with isikolo, and -kho is the posses-
sive stem meaning your.
Possessive concords
Noun class Possessive Examples

concord
1a u- wa- u5t5r wam my sister

2a oo- ba- bam
oosisi my sisters
1 um- wa- umntwana wam my child
2 aba- ba- abantwana bam my children
3 um- wa- umsebenziwakho yourjob/duty/work
4 imi- ya- imisebenziyakho your jobs/duties
5 ili-/i- la- igama lakhe his/her nome

6 ama- a- amagama akhe his/her nomes
7 isi- sa- isikolo sabo their school
8 izi za- izikolo zabo their schools
9 in-li- ya- rnla yam my dog
10 izin-lii-liin- za- izinia zam my dogs
11 ulu-/u- lwa- usana lwam my boby
14 ubu- ba- ubuso bam my foce
15 ukukwa- ukutya kwakho your food
rs ilr
Formotion of possessive concords

The possessive concords listed above are formed by adding an a to the subject concord
of the person/thing being possessed. This combination produces the following sound
changes, resulting in the possessive concord.
If the subject concord is a vowel:

i+ a - ya- ifani yam my surnqme
u+a -+ wa- umama wam my mother
a+a { a- amanzi am my water
If the subject concord is a consonant plus a vowel other than u:

b(a) + a -r ba- abahlobo bam my friends
l(i)+a +la- igamalam my name
s(i) + a .4 sa- isipaji sam my purse
z(i)+a 1za- iziniazam my dogs
If the subject concord is a consonant plus u:

l(u) + a + lwa- usana lwam my baby
b(u) + a + ba- ubuso bam my foce
k(u) + a + kwa- ukutya kwam my food
Possessive stems
The basic possessive stems
my
-ithu our
-kho your (singulo)
-inu your (plurol)
-khe his/her
-bo their
Look at what happens when possessive concords are prefixed to -inu and -ithu, the two
stems which start with vowels.
imali ya-ithu + imali yethu our money
isikolo sa-inu --+ isikolo senu your (plural) school
Don't confuse the sound changes in these two possessive stems with those involved in
forming the possessive concords.
Class 'l a nouns os possessive stems

When a class 1a noun, such as uMpumezo, possesses something, we do not use a
possessive concord. Instead, the prefix ka- replaces that noun's initial vowel (noun prefix).
umntwana kaMpumezo Mpumezo's child
If the thing being possessed by a noun in class 1a is in a class that has a nasal in its noun
prefix (these are known as weak noun classes) then only ka- is used. This is shown in the
example above, where the noun umntwana has the nasal .m- in its noun prefix.
.l! tu
-- :he thing being possessed is in a class that does not have a nasal in its noun prefix
-:i3 are known as strong classes, and include class 10) then the subject concord of that
- -.. is prefixed to ka-.
::afundi bakaRussell Russell's students
.:. :roun abafundi does not have a nasal in its noun prefix, so the subject concord of
- ..:ndi. ba-, is prefixed to ka-.
-
' .. :mportant to note that it is the subject concord of the thing being possessed, and not
'. :,-.ssessive concord, that is prefixed to ka-.
NOTE THESE
SOUND CHANGES.
i:ner nouns as possessive stems - sound changes
- . i closely at the following sentence. a*i -)e
rgubani igama lendoda? What is the mon's nsme? a+u -)o
- .:is sentence the noun indoda is being used as a possessive stem, and a sound change a+a +a
- .. :aken place. a+oo +oo
:ama la-indoda - igama lendoda a+ii -fee
-l=:: are some more examples of sound changes that occur between possessive concords
-: nouns.
oama la-umfazi + igama lomfazi the womon's nome
;ikolo sa-amakhwenkwe + isikolo samakhwenkwe the boys' school/a boys' school
-xutya kwa-izinja + ukutya kwezinja the dogs'food
rrisebenzi ya-oomama -r imisebenzi yoomama the mothers' jobs
aFnagama a-iintombi + amagama eentombi the girls' nomes
Qrammar E4ercke 3.1 .li

\manda is telling us about her friend Nomfundo. Fill in the missing possessive
:rrncords.
JNomfundo ngumhlobo _m. lfani _khe nguNcanisa. Abazali _khe bahlala
<walanga. Usisi _khe akahlali apha eKapa, uhlala nesithandwa _khe eSoweto.
\omfundo is my friend. Her surnome is Nconrso. Her parents live in Longo. Her sister
ioes not live here in Cope Town, she lives in Soweto with her boyfriend.
Sipho is telling us about his friends Pete and Phethiwe. Fill in the missing possessive
concords.
UPete noPhethiwe ngabahlobo _m. lifani _bo nguDlangamandla noCaya.
,Amakhaya _bo aseMtata. Benza izifundo _bo eUnitra, kodwa bonke
abahlobo _bo baseKapa.
Pete ond Phethiwe ore my friends. Their surnomes ore Dlongomondlo ond Coyo. Their
homes ore in Umtoto. They are doing their studies ot Unitro, but oll their friends ore in
Cape Town.
t' if,
THIf HA ISIXHOSA NATH]
ip
t Qrammar E4ercise 3.2 {:(
Zolani has just taken his and his brother Vumile's washing off the line, but he didn't sort
the clothes first, so now they are all mixed up. Luckily zolaniremembers that he only
put his socks and trousers into the wash. you must say what belongs to whom. Note the
use of the copulative in these sentences.
'1. Ziibhulukwe zikabani? Whose trousers ore they?
Ziibhulukwe
2. Yihempe kabani? Whose shirt is it?
Yihempe
2', W-,t-/ 3. Liqhina likabani? Whose tie is it?
&--'\ [ l-
Liqhina
4. Ziikawusi zikabani? Whose socks ore they?
Ziikawusi
5.
Lil-J Yibhatyi kabani?
Yibhatyi
Whose jocket is it7
-t\,{-
3vN }L
Qrammar E4ercise 3.3

bt>
&r (j,{
\\ a. Fill in the missing possessive concords. Make any sound changes that may be
necessary.
\\ 1. Ngubani igama _umntwana? Whot is the child's nome?
\z 2. Ngoobani amagama _inu? Whot ore your nomes?
3. lphi imoto _kho? Where is your car?
4. Ziphi izinto _khe? Where ore his things?
5. Kuphi ukutya _izinja? Where is the dogs' foodT
6. Ngubani ifani_umhlobo kho? Whot is your friend's surnome?
Fill in the missing possessives (stems with concords).

1. Ngubani igama _? his
2. Ngoobani amagama _? their
3. Ngubani ifani _? your (plurot)
4. Amagama _ nguZolani noSipho. our
5. lsikolo _ siseMowbray. my

> ask the names of more than one person
> introduce yourself by giving your name and surname
> introduce a third person
Ugqibilel
) use possessives
ui!
''
lsifundo Sesine Lesson Four
,;@@. si;,$#ii&,!
* WHAT DO YOU DO?
i1
WENZA NTONI? ram

WENZA NTONI?
WMTDOYOuDO? ffii
rup&p$uifliys .*"
1;1s'3.."1
hF4! tftffiffisw:{ I :::,4T. I
I
t:111:T'tffiy*fimffiJ
;";.6 | b,rtshrstr4it&n64&1 -F- I
In this lesson you will learn how to :::*.. 1&ffi.;q.--I
:T:.:f! I
;,;;
, say what you are doing
t.Mffffi*' I
> say what you are studying for

> say what someone else is doing
> say whether you like something or not
> say whether someone else likes something or not
> use object concords
Masifund e 4:1
\Venza ntoni? Whot do you do?
USipho wenza idrama.
Sipho is doing dromo.
Wenza idrama, isiXhosa
nesiNgesi.
He is doing droma, Xhoso
ond English.
Ufuna ukuba ngumdlali
weqonga.
He wants to be on actor.
F
UNeisha akaphangeli.
Neisha does not work.
Ufuna umsebenzi.
She is looking for work.
q rotr\'
ULiz uyasebenza.
Liz works. {\
Usebenza kwiindawo ngeendawo. ''&;l:.
She works ot different ploces.
THTTHA 1\IXHA\A
frfurif unde4,2
Ufundela ukuba yintoni, okanye wenza ntoni?
What ore you studying to be, or whot do you do?
Ndifundela ukuba ngumzobi

I om studying to be on ortist.
Ndingumzobi.
I qm an aftist.
Ndifundela ukuba ngumfundisi.

I om studying to be o priest.
Ndingumfundisi.
I am o priest.
Ndifundela ukuba ngugqirha.

I om studying to be a doctor.
Ndingugqirha.
I om o doctor.
ICQIRHA -'THT TRADITIONAL HEATER'

Xhosa healer, diviner and smeller-out of witches...
A traditional Xhosa healer or priest-diviner, who
through seances and the interpretation of dreams
sent to him by the ancestral spirits, may 'smell out,
enchantment, and both diagnose and treat disease.
A Dictionory of South African English on Historicol

Principles
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1 996:305)
sl; 40
lSIFUN DO Jf 5INI LESSON FOUR
tlasifunde 4,3
- ., asithanda isiXhosa?
i: v'ou like Xhoso? Zolani, uyasithanda isiXhosa?
Zoloni, do you like Xhosa?
Ewe, ndiyasithanda!
Yes, I like it!
Tsetse, uyasithanda isiXhosa?

Tsetse, do you like Xhoso?
Hayi, andisithandi! Sinzima!

lt is difficult!
No, I don't like it!
r'{asiphendule
:-:. mfundi, uyazithanda izifundo zakho zesiXhosa?
- ': . )u, student, do you like your Xhosq studiesT
.c
lPr actica I E4ercis e 4. 1 sli
'd
*'hether you like the following things or not.

utywala olcohol
ubisi milk
iincwadi books
ikeyiki coke
A
umngqusho somp ond beans
-:,lani's blind date with Nomvula did not go too well! He has
-,.''overed that there are just too many things she does not like.
:---.rr would he tell Sipho that she does not like the following?
1l-,l
u kudanisa to dance
Akakuthandi ukudanisa. She does not like to donce.
ukubukela iifilimu to wotch films
u kuncokola to chot
ibhiye beer
isithuthuthu motorbike
+r iF
THETHA ISIXHOSA NATHl
Grammar
Object concords
In this lesson people have been using object concords.
Ndiyasithanda (isiXhosa). I like it (Xhosa).
Andisithandi (isiXhosa). I don't like it (Xhoso).
Unlike the English object pronoun, which usually comes after the verb, the Xhosa object
concord comes before the verb root. You may also have noticed that whereas in English
we use one object pronoun for l/, in Xhosa the object concord will change according to
the noun class of the object being referred to. Look at the following examples.
Niyasithanda (isiXhosa). You (plural) like it (Xhoso).
Niyalithanda (ilizwe). You (plurol) like it (the country).
The other object pronouns we use in English are me,you, him, her and them. Like it,
these can stand in place of the noun. For example, in the sentence I like Zolani we can
replace Zolani with the pronoun him: thus, I like him. The same applies to Xhosa.
The object concord in Xhosa agrees with the noun class of the object, and is very simi-
Iar to the basic noun prefix (the part of the noun prefix that comes after the first vowel).
Let's look at some examples to illustrate this agreement between the object concord
and the noun class of the object.
Siyamthanda (umntwana). We like him/her (the child).
Siyabathanda (abantwana). We like them (the children).
Niyasithanda (isiXhosa). You (plurol) like it (Xhosa).
Position of object concords in the sentence

Object concords always occur directly before the root of the verb, according to the for-
mula SC-(ya)-OC.R-a. (SC stands for subject concord, OC for object concord and R for
verb root.)
Ndi-ya-m-thand-a. I like him/her. (urmttw: I him/her like.)
When an object concord is used with an infinitive, it must come before the root of the
infinitive verb.
Ndifuna uku-ba-nceda. I wont to help them. (urmttw: I want to them help.)
The use of the long form with -ya- is explained later.
.l! +z
ISIFUNDO SESINE / LESSON FOUR
How object concords are formed - third person

- classes without a nasal in the noun prefix -
J-,r the strong noun classes use the basic
- : un prefix.
Siyabathanda (abantwana). We like them (the children).
-:e object concord for strong classes looks exactly the same as the subject concord.
Jrr the weak classes the object concords are as follows.
Noun class Object Examples

concord
1al1 u-/um- -m- Siyamthanda (uNomsa). We like her (Nomso).
3 um- -wu- Siyawuthanda (umfanekiso). We like it (the picture).

Ndiyayithanda (imifanekiso). I like them (the pictures).
9 in-/i- Ndiyayithanda (inja). I like it (the dog).
How object concords are formed - first and second person

Ft-rr first and second person the object concords are exactly the same as the subject con-
-'rrrds, except for the second person singular.
me -ndi- Uyandithanda. Slhe likes me.
us -si- Uyasithanda. Slhe likes us.
you (singulaO -ku- Ndiyakuthanda. I like you (singular).
you (plural) -ni- Ndiyanithanda. I like you (plural).
When to use the long form -ya-

\\'hen do we use -ya- (the long form) with the object concord?
Only in the present tense positive, if nothing follows the verb or if the thing following the
rerb is the object represented by the object concord.
Ndiyamthanda. I like him/her.
Ndiyasithanda isiXhosa. I like (it) Xhosa.
Use the short form if the thing following the verb is some other adjunct.
Ndisithanda kakhulu. I like it a lot.
orh
IHETHA ISIXHOSA NATH]
First & Object Examples

Second Person concord
Singular
1st person me Uyandithanda. S/he likes me.
2nd person you Ndiyakuthanda. I Iike you (singulo)
Plural
1 st person us Uyasithanda. S/he likes us.
2nd person you Ndiyanithanda. I like you (plurol).
Third Person Object Examples

concord
Noun class
111a um-/u- Siyamthanda. We like him/her.
212a aba-loo- -ba- Siyabathanda. We like them.
-wu- Siyawuthanda (umthi). We like it (the tree)

Siyayithanda (imithi). We like them (the trees).
Bayalithanda (igama). They like it (the name).

ama- Bayawathanda (amagama). They like them (the nomes).
isi-/is- -sl- Niyasithanda (isipaji). You (plurol) like it (the purse).
iziliz- -zt- Siyazithanda (izipaji). We like them (the purses).
in-/i- -yr- Akayithandi (inja). S/he does not like it (the dog).
10 izin-liin-lii- -zt- Akazithandi (izinja). S/he does not like them (the dogs).
-lu- Akaluthandi (ubisi). S/he does not like it (the milk).
14 ubu-/u- -bu- Ababuseli (utywala). They do not drink it (olcohol).
l5 uku-/uk-/ukw- -ku- Akakuthandi (ukutya). S/he does not like it (food/to eot).
";ffiFffi
rie\iif; #nsffi ite'{#lffi {:4;e,il Verbs with a latent i
Remember, latent i verbs are those which manifest a latent i when preceded by an a.
Because some object concords have an a, sound changes can occur.
Ndi-ya-ba-(i)va -, Ndiyabeva. I u nde rsta nd / hea r them.
si-ya-wa-(i)va + siyaweva (amadod a). we understand/heor them (the men).
rXi +q
ISIFUN DO Jf SINE / LTSSON FOUR
Verbs that start with a vowel

_ ::ect concords also undergo changes before verb roots that start with a vowel. The
.:tect concord -ku- becomes -lnv-.
\di-ya-ku-azi + Ndiyakwazi ukuthetha isiXhosa. I can speok Xhosa.
(urrntttn I know it to speok Xhosa.)
---- .rther cases part of the object concord is dropped when joined with the verb root.
\di-ya-si-azi + Ndiyasazi (isiXhosa - class 7). I know it (Xhosa).
Aka-zi-azi + Akazazi (iintombi - class 10). S/he doesn't know them (the girls).
Aka-li-azi + Akalazi (igama - class 5). S/he doesn't know it (the nome).
Aba-ndi-azi ..+Abandazi. They do not know me.
The reflexive obiect concord -zi-

re reflexive object concord -zi- is used to indicate -selffor all persons and classes.
uku-zi-azisa + ukuzazisa (urmnu to self introduce)
Ndifuna ukuzazisa. I want to introduce myself,
Ufuna ukuzazisa. You (singulo) wont to introduce yourself.
Sifuna ukuzazisa. We want to introduce ourselves.
I
Qrammar E4ercise 4.1- o{
a. Replace the object in brackets with an object concord in the verb.

Ndifuna (iti). - Ndiyayifuna. lwont it (teo). + lwont it.
1. Ndiyazi (uThemba).
I know him (Thembo).
2. Andazi (uVumile).
I don't know him (Vumile).
3. Siyathanda (iti).
We like it (tea).
4. Asithandi (ikofu).
We don't like it (coffee).
5. Uyafuna (iikomityi).
He needs/wonts them (cup).
6. Akafuni (iipleyiti).
He does not need/wont them (plates).
7. Bayafuna (wena).
They wont you.
8. Abafuni (mna).
They do not wont me.
9. Bayazi (thina).
They know us.
10. Asazi (ooVumile).
We do not know them (Vumile ond company).
as ilr
b. Zolani just bought a robotl Ask him whether it can do various things, for example:
has
ukuthetha speok lyakwazi ukuthetha? Con it speak?
1. ukubala count
2. ukuqhuba drive
3. ukuhamba walk
4. ukudada swim
5. ukupheka cook
6. ukuzoba drow/paint
c. Complete the following sentences with these object concords.
-ndi- -ku- -m- -ba- -ti- -zt- -st- -wa- -bu- -wu-
1 . UZolani udlala umbhoxo yonke imihla. Uya_thanda.

Zoloni ploys rugby every doy. He loves it.
2. Ubhuti wam nguDumisani. Uya-azi?
My brother is Dumisani. Do you know him?
3. Nceda, thethela phezulu! Andi_va.
Please, speok up! I om not heoring you.
4. UTsetse noSipho bakhona. Ndiya_bona.
Tsetse ond Sipho ore there. I see them.
5. Pam, likhaya lam eli. Uya_thanda?
Pam, this is my home. Do you like it?
6. Ngamanzi ethu. Siya_sebenzisa.
It is our water. We use it.
7. USipho akaseli tywala. Aka_thandi.
Sipho is not drinking olcohol. He does not tike it.
8. lgama lam nguVusi. Aku_azi?
My name is Vusi. Don't you know me?
9. Ndithanda iincwadi zakhe. Ndifuna uku_funda.
I like her books. I wont to read them.
10. Mna noliz sigoduka ngo4. USipho uya_landa.
Liz and I go home ot 4. Sipho fetches us.

> saywhatyouaredoing
> saywhatyou are studying for
> say what someone else is doing
> say whether you like something or not
> say whether someone else likes something or not
Ugqibilcl
> use object concords
.i! *
lsifundo Sesihlanu Lesson Five
,#if-li.ffirWiil8i
ISISHWANKATHELO * SUMMARY ISISHI,IIANKATHELO
F;iaar SUMMARY ffi
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Masikhumbule 5.1 Let's remember 5.1 -{ii, I
Ngubani igama lakho? Ngubani ifani yakho?

Whot is your nome? Whot is your surnome?
Ngubani igama lakho?

Ngubani ifani yakho?
lgama lam nguCara.

lfani yam nguDowling.
Masikhumbule 5.2
Ningoobani? Who are you (plurol)?
NdinguLiz. NdinguSipho.
Masikhumbule 5.3
Ngoobani aba? Who ore these?
Lo nguZolani. Lo nguAmanda.
47 ryb
THETHA lSlXHOSA
Masikhumbule 5.4
Ngoobani amagama abo? Ngubani igama lakhe? Ngubani ifani yakhe?
Whot ore their names? Whot is his/her nqme? Whot is his/her surnome?
Amagama abo nguTsetse noZolani.

lgama lakhe nguTsetse. lgama lakhe nguZolani
lfani yakhe nguJafta. lfani yakhe nguCata.
Masikhumbule 5.5
Wenza ntoni? Ufundela ukuba yintoni?
Whot is s/he doing? Whot is s/he studying to be?
UNeisha akaphangeli.
Ufuna umsebenzi.
USipho wenza idrama.
Masikhumbule 5.6
Uyasithanda isiXhosa? Do you like Xhoso?
'* .e\
'fry;
v-z
@
\-., >r,,
V,t
Ewe, ndiyasithanda! Hayi, andisithandi!
_4
q:,* 48
Imibuzo - Questions
1. Ngubani igama likatata kaZolani?
2. Ngubani igama likamama kaTsetse?
3. Wenza ntoni uCara?
4. UZolani ufundela ukuba yintoni?
5. Ngubani uEve?
il' Summary E4ercise 5.4 a::
Match the words with pictures and then make a sentence with each, as in the example.
isihlangu + Sisihlangu. lt is o shoe.
1. 5.
-\'eh ry
---
2.
6.
'A 7.
ljJjnka-l t ubft-_l
.i! so
Grammar summary
lhe prefixes and concords you have covered are given for each class. After each class
::'!ere are sentences for you to complete by filling in the missing concords. Read the
-nglish translations first to help you.
\P = Noun prefix SC = Subject concord

CC = Copulative concord PC = Possessive concord
OC = Obiect concord + =positive - =negative
NP) 5C+ 5C- CC+ cc- Pc oc

Class 1a
,U-) u- aka- ng- asingo- wa-/ka- -m-
UZolani _yafunda. _sebenzi. Ufundela ukuba _utitshala. Hayi, uZolani _utitsha-
la ngoku. UZolani uya_thanda utitshala _khe.
Zolani is studying. He is not working. He is studying to be a teocher. No, Zoloni is not
o teacher now. Zoloni loves his teocher.
NP) 5C+ 5C- CC+ cc- Pc oc

Class 2a
roo-) ba- aba- ng- asingo- ba-haka- -ba-
OoZolani _yafunda. _sebenzi. Bafundela ukuba _ootitshala. Hayi, ooZolani
_ootitshala ngoku. OoZolani baya_thanda ootitshala _bo. Ootitshala _uZolani
bafundisa kakuhle.
Zolani ond compony ore studying. They ore not working. They ore studying to be
teochers. No, Zoloni ond compony ore not teachers now. Zoloni ond compony love
their teochers. Zolani's teochers teoch well.
{NP) 5C+ 5C- CC+ cc- Pc oc Class 1

rum-) u- aka- ng- asingo- wa-/ka- -m-
Umntwana _yasela, _tyi. UVusi _umntwana _m. Hayi, uThandeka _umntwana
_m, _umntwana _uSandile. Ndiya_thanda umntwana _m.
The child drinks, s/he does not eot. Vusi is my child. No, Thondeko is not my child, she
is Sandile's child. I love my child.
INP) 5C+ sc- CC+ CC- PC oc

Class 2
r aba-) ba- aba- ng- asingo- ba-/baka- -ba-
Abantwana _yasela, _tyi. UVusi noSithembile _abantwana _m. Hayi, _aba-
ntwana _Sandile. Ndiya_thanda abantwana _m.
The children drink, they do not eat. Vusi ond Sithembile ore my children. No, they are
not Sandile's children. I love my children.
sr $F
c_19s1 3
(NP) 5C+ Sc- CC+ CC- pC OC
(u--) u- awu- ng- asingo- wa-/ka- -wu-
_phi umfanekiso _khe? _hlali apha? _umfanekiso _ubani? Hayi, _umfanekiso
_uThandi. Uya_funa.
Where is his/her picture? Doesn't it stoy here? Whose picture is it? No, it is not
Thondi's picture. She wonts it.
Class 4
(NP) 5C+ 5C- CC+ cc- Pc oc
(imi-) i- ayi- y- asiyo- ya-lka- -yi-
imifanekiso apha? _imifanekiso _ubani? Hayi, _imifanekiso
-phi -khe? -hlali
_uThandi. Uya_funa.
where are his/her pictures? Don't they stay here? whose pictures ore they? No, they
ore not Thondi's pictures. She wonts them.
Class 5
(NP) 5C+ 5C- CC+ cc- PC OC
(ili-/i-) ti- ali- l- asilo- la-llika- -li-
_phi ihashe _khe? _hlali apha? _ihashe, yidonki. Lihashe _m. Ndiya_thanda.
where is his/her horse? Does it not live here? It is not o horse, it is a donkey. tt is my
horse. I love it.
Class 6
(ama-) a- awa-/aka- ng- asingo- a-ka- -wa-
_phi amahashe _khe? _hlali apha? _ amahashe, ziidonki. Ngamahashe _m.
Ndiya_thanda.
where are his/her horses? Don't they live here? They are not horses, they are donkeys.
They ore my horses. I love them.
Class 7
(NP) 5C+ 5C- CC+ cc- Pc oc
(isi-) si- asi- S- aslso- sa-/sika- -si-
lsikolo _khe _fundisa isiXhosa, _fundisi siZulu. _isikolo, yiyunivesithi.
His/her school teoches Xhoso, it does not teach Zulu. tt isn't o school, it is a university.
cles:9
(izi-) zi- azi- z- asizo- za-lzika- -zi-
lzikolo_bo _fundisa isiXhosa, _fundisi siZulu. _izikolo, ziiyun ivesithi.
Their schools teach Xhoso, they do not teach Zulu. They ore not schools, they ore uni-
versities.
4',
vP) 5C+ 5C- CC+ CC- PC OC Chss 9
, in-li-) i- ayi- y- asiyo- ya-ka- -yi- .--r. . . ........
_phi inja _kho? _hlali nawe? _inja _m, _inja _ubhuti. Uya_thengisa.
Where is your dog? Doesn't it stay with you? lt is not my dog, it is my brother's dog.
He is selling it.
vP) 5C+ SC- CC+ cc- OC Chss 10

, izin-lii-liin-) zi- azi- z- asizo- za/zika- -zi- .:-............... .
_phi izinja _kho? _hlali nawe? _izinja _m, _izinja _ubhuti. Uya_thengisa.
Where ore your dogs? Don't they stay with you? They ore not my dogs, they ore my
brother's dogs. He is selling them.
,ll,l^-, i,:. i,i- cc+ :i; f"l-n"u"- :f s-rsl-: tr

_phi usana _kho? _lili? _usana lwam, _usana _usisi wam. Ndiya_thanda.
Where is your baby? lsn't it crying? lt is not my boby, it is my sister's boby. I love it.
llil
^
_phi
, ;f: :f,. f:. ;fi
utwyala? _yeza, kodwa
ff^"*".
zi namhlanje. _utywala _ubani? _utywala bam.
_?: chl: !4
Siya_thengisa.
Where is the olcohol? lt is coming, but it is not coming today. Whose olcohol is it? lt is
my olcohol. We are selling it.
tilil, i:. if; *':. ::; [f"-û"- -oo.l- cte:: !s

_phi ukutya _kho? _bandi? _ukutya kwam? Hayi, _ukutya _kho, _ukutya
_uZolani. Uya_funa.
Where is your food? Isn't it cold? ls it my food? No, it is not your food, it is Zoloni's
food. He wonts it.
"F
t-
n n-,--,94 a^ lfemeli nabahlobo .a.
.ii:
VIJ-llL Y Famity and friends d
lsifundo Sesithandathu Lesson six
NIBANGAPHI KOWENU? *
tui
HOW MANY ARE THERE IN YOUR F//AILY?
> talk about family size
> say how many brothers and sisters you have
> count from one to ten
> use numbers as adjectives and relatives
> use na- to mean have
Masifund e 6,1
Nibangaphi kowenu? How many of you are there (in your family)?
kowenu is an idiomatic possessive indicating at yottr placelin your family.
Sibathandathu.
There ore six of us,
Sibathathu.
--<
There are three
of us.
Sibasibhozo.
There ore eight
h ofus
/t( lt
THTIHA ISIXHOSA NAf HI
Masiphendule
Wena, mfundi, unoobhuti noosisi abangaphi?
And you, student, how mony brothers ond sisters do you have?
Look at the sentences below and create whatever combination applies to you. When you
want to say and, leave off the ndi- of the second phrase. For example, if you have one
brother and one sister, your answer would be
Ndinobhuti omnye nosisi omnye.
Ndinobhuti omnye. I have one brother.

Ndinosisi omnye. I hove one sister.
Ndinoobhuti ababini. I have two brothers.
Ndinoosisi ababini. I hove two sisfers.
Ndinoobhuti abathathu. I have three brothers.
Ndinoosisi abathathu. I have three slsfers.
Ndinoobhuti abane. I have four brothers.
Ndinoosisi abane. I have four srsters.
Ndinoobhuti abahlanu. I have five brothers.
Ndinoosisi abahlanu. I have five slsters.
Ndinoobhuti abathandathu. I have six brothers.
Ndinoosisi abathandathu. I hove six sisfers.
AMAilANI
-niiiffiE- I
|
Grammar
rnX ilr, rsnr rh.rq!$lil?.
flmttgr*l*!q
['hF*i I d te kndr ix ffi
bk.ur.dry '. !! da *. c![.Fr.o*d.
tr drsrrsnh rq..N.r t] t.il.r^Fh
h Xhn!. er.ffitr
You d
rd.' i1il1i!6(
Amanani Numbers
ffic*d bypFilhg-ro rh b
'.lo.M
I
I q",t,o'y.
..l'rm
-om*-
I
|
In Xhosa, numbers have to agree with the nouns they qualify by means of a concord.
amadoda amabini two men
Here you can see that the ama- prefixed to -bini two agrees with amadoda men.
One to six
Stems
one -nye four -ne
two -bini five -hlanu
three -thathu six -thandathu
.l! so
]SIFUNDO SESITHANDATHU / LESSON 5IX
Adjective concords
The numbers one to six are regarded as adjectives in Xhosa grammar because we use #rnn,...15ri:ri!,n i\ irrJ, perl !.?rotr'! rdh
'u
concords to link them to the nouns which they refer to. - - ' -l
'djective aM;--
I r++{d "mcM
- i;;tritu*td"
,\djective concords are formed by putting a- before the noun prefix. When the a- is com- t.,'l.tl""-u,-aan, l
I -r"qk",6d."..]
rined with the first vowel of the noun prefix, the following sound changes occur.
a+u +o
a+i .-+e
a+a .-+a
umntwana a-um-nye + umntwana omnye one child
abantwana a-aba-bini --+ abantwana ababini two children
amantombazana a-ama-thathu + amantombazana amathathu three young girls
izikolo a-izi-ne + izikolo ezine four schools
oobhuti a-aba-hlanu + oobhuti abahlanu five brothers
abaf undi a-aba-thandathu + abafundi abathandathu six students
D e scri ptive co pu I otiv e co n cord s
When you want to say There is one child or There are two children, you drop the first vowel
irf the adjective concord to form a descriptive copulative concord, which allows us to state
something about the subject of the sentence. In form, the descriptive copulative concord is
identical to the basic noun prefix.
umntwana omnye + Umntwana mnye. There is one child.
abantwana ababini + Abantwana babini. There are two children.
amantombazana amathathu -r Amantombazana mathathu. There are three young girls.
izikolo ezine + lzikolo zine. There ore four schools.
oobhuti abahlanu + Oobhuti bahlanu. There are five brothers.
abafundi abathandathu + Abafundi bathandathu. There ore six students.
The class 9 descriptive copulative concord is formed differently. Instead of dropping the
first vowel of the adjective concord, we simply use the noun prefix in- instead.
intombi (a-in-nye) enye lntombi (in-nye) inye. There is one girl.
In this case the n of the prefix in- is dropped before the n of -nye.
Seven and above

For numbers from seven onwards, we use relative concords rather than adjective concords.
tron 7 or:vddr nuoir.'srre !r'ar rt crl, d,rrP
For strong classes - classes without a nasal in the noun prefix - the relative concord is the F4 xt!ru.l^r:drl e..rae*:d
n.l'\t)t tu . e. il-. t L hL. k(nl utu.,ub).in
same as the adjective concord: a + noun prefix. arri}e .on4.il is ilB s{.. d: rhd tildli7.
..r.^d.t.t a)tututu.
abantu a-aba-sixhenxe + abantu abasixhenxe seven people t;;;;-;;;1 :t

For the weak classes the relative concord is a * subject concord.
amadoda a-a-sixhenxe + amadoda asixhenxe seven men
Compare this with the number three, which uses an adjective concord.
amadoda a-ama-thathu -r amadoda amathathu three men
s, ffh
rJJf UNDO Jf SIIHANDAIHU / tEs50N Slx
Masiphendule
in your fomilyT
Wena, mfundi, nibangaphi kowenu? And you, student, how mony
Choose from the list.

Ndim ndedwa. Itis only me.
Sibabini. There ore two of us.
Sibathathu. There ore three of us.
Sibane. There ore four of us.
Sibahlanu. There ore five of us.
Sibathandathu. There ore six of us.
Sibasixhenxe. There are seven of us.
Sibasibhozo. There ore eight of us.
Sibalithoba. There ore nine of us.
Sibalishumi. There ore ten of us.
Masifund e 6: -z
sisters do You hove?
Unoobhuti noosisi abangaphi? How mony brothers and
Ndinoosisi ababini. Ndinobhuti
Ndinobhuti omnye
I hove two sisters. omnye.
noosisi abane.
I hove one
I hqve one brother
brother.
rdinaye ubhuti ond four sisters.
ckanye usisi. I
Ndinoobhuti abane I
don't have o noosisi abathathu.
'other or sister. I hove four brothers
ond three sisters.
\
$-
ss fp
IHTTHA ISIXHO\A NATHI
Stems: seven to ten

seven -sixhenxe nine -lithoba
eight -sibhozo ten -lishumi
abantu a-aba-sixhenxe + abantu abasixhenxe seven people

amantombazana a-a-sibhozo + amantombazana asibhozo eight young girts
imifanekiso a-i-lithoba + imifanekiso elithoba nine pictures
izikolo a-izi-lishumi -r izikolo ezilishumi ten schools
When you want to say There are seven people, you simply use the subject concord.
abantu abasixhenxe -r Abantu basixhenxe. There ore seven people.
amantombazana asibhozo -+ Amantombazana asibhozo. There ore eight
young girls.
imifanekiso elithoba -+ lmifanekiso ilithoba. There are nine pictures.
izikolo ezilishumi + lzikolo zilishumi. There ore ten schools.
Eleven and above

Numbers from 11 up are more difficult and might confuse you at this stage! Xhosa
speakers themselves often use Xhosa versions of English numbers, something you could
{2-htu @ddl$arrr _1rns.
ft-hdi &,,M "20pqt..
try until you feel ready for more complex counting. These borrowings are nouns in class
40 . I.*di t2,rr' .rJrr m r0 .tuiE-
9 and are used with the copulative yi-.
itwelfu amadoda a-a-y(i)-itwelfu -r amadoda ayitwelfu twelve men
itwenti abantu a-aba-y(i)-itwenti + abantu abayitwenti twenty people
isiksti izitulo a-izi-y(i)-isiksti + izitulo eziyisiksti sixty choirs
Kukho
There is/there are
Kukho is a very useful word in Xhosa. It expresses there islthere are for all classes.
Kukho abantwana ababini. There ore two children.
Kukho amadoda amathathu. There are three men.
Kukho ifriji enye. There is one fridge.
As you can see, kukho is always used with the full adjective concord. If you want to
express there islthere are without kukho, use the descriptive copulative concord.
Abantwana babini. There are two children,
Sound changes
n+b + mb izinla ezin-bini-r izinja ezimbini two dogs
n+th -r nt iiglasi ezin-thathu -r iiglasi ezintathu three glasses
n+hl -r ntl iimoto ezin-hlanu -r iimoto ezintlanu five cars
See page 68 for more on sound changes.
*{t sa
,JIFUNDO 5E 5'IHANDATHU / LTSSON SIX
l
Qrammar E4ercise 6.1 {;{
t1
a. Tbetse has a lot of clothes. Say how many of each item of clothing she has.
1. Uneminqwazi . She hos two hats
2. Uneejezi She hqs four jerseys.
3. Uneebhatyi She hqs seven coots.
4. Uneedyasi She hqs five jockets.
5. Uneelokhwe She hqs six dresses.
Now ask her how many of each of the above items she has, for example:
Tsetse, uneminqwazi emingaphi? Tsetse, how mony hats do you hove?
:;' Qrammar E4ercise 6.2 {:l
a. Zolani is preparing a dinner party for eight, but he thinks he might not have enough
of everything. Let's help him check. Answer the questions below.
1. Zingaphi iiglasi?
How many glosses ore there?
2, Zingaphi iifolokhwe?
How many forks are there?
3. Zingaphi iipleyiti? \ ./t/

How mony plotes ore there?
4. Mangaphi amacephe?
How mony spoons are there?
5. Zingaphi iimela?
How mony knives
ore there?
sr ih
THITHA ISIXHOSA NATHI
b. Now have a look at his guest list and answer the questions below.
USipho
1. Bangaphi abantu abezayo?
How mony people are coming?
ULiz
2. Zingaphi iintombi ezizayo?
UVuyani
How many young women ore coming?
UTsetse 3. Bangaphi abafana abezayo?
UCara How many young men ore comingT
URussell (notata wakhe) 4. Bangaphi abantwana abezayo?
ababini) How many children ore coming?
UPam (nabantwana bakhe
5. Bangaphi abantu abadala abezayo?
UTessa (nomama wakhe)
How mony old people are coming?
ue
GRAMMAR
i! id ro unrc!! polsc5s oi
I
I
Using na- to express possession
eJbdnyr! vjrl tq$p*\${he xi.saenrieatcnt
o! nB*. :srn"nnreSt,, yru !$ : When you want to express have in Xhosa in the sense of have gof, you use
FsFd@;;;dr"al SC*na+object.
[;;H;I
I Ndrnnbftut'rhav..brdh./ l Ndi+na+ubhuti -+ Ndinobhuti. I have a brother.
d46.'q\ blbi l
I
Note the following sound changes that occur when na- is prefixed to vowels.
na+i -r n€- Ndinemali. I have money.
na+u + ho- Unosana. S/he hos a boby.
na+oo s noo- Sinoobhuti. We hove brothers.
na+a + na- lnamanzi, It has woter.
na+ii -r 11€€- Baneemoto. They have cors.
To express the negative - do not havelhave not got -lse

negative SC + na + object (without its initial vowel)
Andi-na-bhuti + Andinabhuti. ldon'thove a brother.
Aka-na-sana a Akanasana. S/he does not have a baby.
Ayi-na-manzl + Ayinamanzi. It does not have water.
Thke note!
With class 10 the zi- prefix will always be used for the negative.
Uneeglasi. S/he has glosses.
Akanaziglasi. S/he doesn't have glasses.
When you want to say a part of your body is sore, you can say that you ,have' it.
Ndinentloko. l have a headoche. (trrnntw: l have a heod.)
Ndinesisu. I have a stomach ache. (urmetw: I hove a stomach.)
.!i oo
ffi
ISIFUNDO SE J/IHANDATHU / TT55ON SIX
Qrammar E4ercise 6.3 .ti

Tsetse is worried that her granny does not have enough furniture in her house. Her
Janny disagrees and points out all her pieces of furniture. How would she say
i have ... for each of the following?
t. (iitafile ezimbini) I hove two tobles.
2. (izitulo ezine) I have four chairs.
3. (iibhedi ezintathu) I hove three beds.
{
i. (umgqomo wenkunkuma) I hove o dirt bin.
qe
5. (iwodrophu) I hove o wordrobe.
T\etse points out that although she has these things, she does not have some house-
hold items. How would she say You do not have... for each of the following?
6. (isofa) You do not have a sofo.
a (ifrij i) You do not have o fridge.
8. (iayini) You do not hove on iron.
(isitovu)
-'--A-*\
r:l
9. do not hove o stove-
You
10. (umabonakude) You do not hove o TV.
.i;r granny does not have some of these things because she does not have electricity.
i.-rn'would you say She does not have electricity? The word for electricity is umbane. [IU/
,{:
Sav that the following parts ofyour body are sore, using the na- construction.
1. isisu. I have o stomoch oche.
2. _intloko. Ihaveaheadoche.
3. _umqala. I have o sore throot.
4. _umqolo. I hove backache.
s,
{*
> talk about family size
Ugqibilsl > say how many brothers and sisters you have
> count from one to ten
> use numbers as adjectives and relatives
> use na- Io mean have
or i[*
lsifu ndo Sesixhenxe Lesson seven
UNGOWESINGAPHI KOWENU? q-
WHERE DO YOU COME THE FNAILY?
'N
> talk about position in the family
> give your brothers' and sisters'names
> give a brief description of yourself and other people
> use adjectives and descriptive copulatives
> use na- to express andlalsoltogetherwith
Masifund e 7:1
Ndingowokugqibela t am the last
Ungowesingaphi
ekhaya, Sipho?
Where do you come in
Ndingowesithathu.
the fomily, Sipho?
\A/ena, Xola?
I qm the third.
a Ndingowokugqibela.
I om the lqst.
And you, XoloT
Ndiyabona, bhuti.
Unguntondo.
I see, brother. You qre
the Iost-born.
Ewe, ndinguntondo.
Yes,I om the lqst-born.
lmibuzo
1. USipho ngowesingaphi ekhaya? Where does Sipho come in the fomily?
2. UXola ngowesingaphi ekhaya? Where does Xolo come in the fomity?
*$1 ,,
ISIFUNDO SESIXHENXE / LE55ON SEVEN
Masifunde 72
\dingowokuqala I om the first
Kanene, Tsetse,
ungowesingaphi ekhaya?
By the way, Tsetse, where
do you come in the family?
Ndingowesibini. Wena,
bhuti, ungowesingaphi?
I am the second. And you,
brother, where do you come?
Ndingowokuqala.
I om the first.
Ndiyabona, bhuti.
Ulizibulo.
I see, brother. You ore
Ewe, ndilizibulo. the first-born
Yes,I om the first-born.
lmibuzo
1. UTsetse ngowesingaphi ekhaya?
Where does Tsetse come in the family?
2. UZolani ngowesingaphi ekhaya?

Where does Zolani come in the fomily?
Masiphendule
Wena, mfundi, ungowesingaphi ekhaya?
And you, student, where do you come in the fomily?
Choose from one of the following possible answers.

Ndingowokuqala. I am the first.
Ndilizibulo. I om the first-born.
Ndingowesibini. I om the second.
Ndingowesithathu. I am the third.
Ndingowesine. I om the fourth.
Ndingowesihlanu. I om the fifth.
Ndingowesithandathu. I om the sixth.
Ndingowesixhenxe. I am the seventh.
Ndingowesibhozo. I am the eighth.
Ndingowokugqibela. I om the lost.
Ndinguntondo. I om the last-born.
o: ih
THETHA ISlXHO\A NAIHI
Masifund e 7,3
Ngoobani amagama abo? What ore their names?
lgama likabhuti wam Amagama oosisi bam

nguSizwe - ungumkhuluwa nguJabu
Oodadewethu bam
wam. Antagama oosisi bam nguSibongile, uKholiswa noNokwanda.
nguNomaxabiso, uNomsa, noXoliswa. Abantakwethu My sisters' nomes ere
uNolwazi noPhethiwe. bam nguKhona, uThemba, Jobu ond Nokwqndq. lgama likabhuti
Vy brother's name is Sizwe - uVuyani noLiwa. wam nguVumile.
rc is my elder brother. My sis-
My sisters are Sibongile, My brother's nome is
lers' nomes ore Nomoxabiso, rsErsE
Nomsa, Nolwazi ond
Kholiswa ond Xoliswo. My Vumile.
brothers are Khono,
Phethiwe.
Themba, Vuyoni ond Liwa.
'IPHO
AMANDA
lmibuzo
1. Ngubani igama likabhuti kaZolani?
Whot is Zolani's brother's nomeT
2. Ngoobani amagama oosisi bakaTseste?
Whot are Tsetse's sisters' nomesT
3. Ngubani igama lomkhuluwa kaSipho?
Whot is Sipho's elder brother's nomeT
4. USipho unoosisi abangaphi? Ngoobani amagama abo?
How mony sisters does Sipho hove? Whot ore their nomes?
5. UAmanda unoobhuti abangaphi?
How mony brothers does Amonda hove?
*fl oa
ISIf UN DO JFSIXHENXE / \ FSSON SEVFN
Masiphendule
,"'ena, mfundi, ngoobani amagama oosisi bakho? Ngoobani amagama oobhuti bakho?
\nd you, student, whot ore your
sisters' nomes? Whqt are your brothers' nqmes?
- '.r)ur ooSWgr, if you want to say The one is ..., the otlrcr ,s..., you can use Omnye ngu.,.,
mn!e ngu....
{
l FAMITY REIATIONS
f{
): sister usisi/udadewethu qunt - mother's sister umakazi
f crother ubhuti uncle - fother's brother ubawokazi
elder brother umkhuluwa
t '/ounger brother umninawe
uncle
husbond
- mother's brother umalume
umyeni
':ll one's own brother umntakwethu wife umfazi/in kosikazi
one's own sister umsakwethu nephew/niece umtshana
$ aunt - fother's sister udadobawo cousin umzala
.t
I
Masifund e 74
rJkhangeleka njani? What do you look likeT
Ndimde. Ndinemilenze emide.
Ndimfutshane. Ndicinga Abahlobo bam bathi
ukuba ndineenyawo ndinamehlo amahle.
ezimbi! I om tall. I hove long legs. My
I om short. I think I have friends say I have lovely eyes.
ugly feet!
65
IHETHA ISIXHOSA NAf HI
Masiphendule
Wena, mfundi, ukhangeleka njani?
And you, student, whot do you look like?
Choose some characteristics from the list below:

Ndimfutshane. I om short.
Ndimde. I qm toll.
Ndiphakathi nje. I om medium-sized.
Ndineenwele ezinde. I hove long hoir.
Ndineenwele ezimfutshane. I have short hair.
Ndineenyawo ezinkulu. I have big feet.
Ndineenyawo ezincinci. I have small feet.
Ndinamehlo amancinci- I hove little eyes.
Ndinamehlo amakhulu. I hove big eyes.
Ndinempumlo encinci. I have o little nose.
Ndinempumlo enkulu. I hove a big nose.
Ndinesisu esikhulu. I hove o big stomoch.
Ndineendlebe ezinkulu. I hove big ears.
ip lPracticaf E4ercis e 7. 1- .l:
How wculd you dcscribe this person? Use the scntences

above, but with u- lee instead of ndi- 1.
Unempumlo enkulu. He has o big nose.
Masifund e 7:5
Asifani! We don't look alike!
Ndimde, kodwa
Ndineenwele ezinde,
usisi wam
kodwa usisi
mfutshane.
wam uneenwele
I om tall, but my
ezimfutshane.
sister is short.
I have long hair,
but my sister hos
short hair.
ul! oo
ISIFUNDO SE JIXHENXE / L ESSON SEVEN
{) gractica[ E4ercke 7.2 ,1

l.!.
'{;
nplete the following sentences by choosing a word from the list below.
\dimde, kodwa ubhuti wam
om toll, but my brother _.
UXola uneenyawo ezincinci, kodwa iinyawo zikasisi wakhe
\olo hos smoll feet, but his sister's feet _.
UVusi unempumlo enkulu, kodwa impumlo kabhuti wakhe
Vusi has o big nose, but his brother's nose _.
UThandeka uneenyawo ezintle, kodwa iinyawo zikabhuti wakhe
Thandeko hos lovely feet, but her brother's feet
UNeisha uneenwele ezinde, kodwa iinwele zikasisi wakhe
\eisha hos long hoir, but her sister's hoir _.
@ trf,t't fi{ [i".i"J Ft'f,t'ffi]

--]
l'illk'.ilr-_l
Grammar I1
ApJEcnvEs I
tneiiii..,(:dn1fr aj.tt* rf.rjlo.t. td.4 Dil

d.'aitoda: e a4dnc
'.d 't.d.*y.ord)6
hrn.ea {nd;+'^r+rd4n(;
or..dint t. rh. p.ilicdj' rSi olcnn.o'd rhrr rr*r oir
Adjectives Adrsdiv& il khu..dar"thu:.1,

rtrng ,hi.n rhdsr i' NNr B
coxfd,z. tr(.t,er *h*rdr i!,ieilsJ:D adjruriv. !6nl
Te;M kd;;l
.: English, words that qualify nouns, for example good, bad, red, tired, dry*, cold, are [@tFo@_'--M
..:ssified as adjectives. In Xhosa, however, words that qualify nouns are classified
,:cording to the particular type of concord that they use. Those that take the adjective
:.-.ncord (a- * noun prefix) are regarded as adjectives, and they include the numbers
-re to six, as you saw in lesson six.
Adjective stems
-nye (one) to -thandathu (slx), as listed in lesson six
-hle handsome/lovely/beautiful/good
-bi ugly/bod
-de tall
-futshane short
-dala old
-tsha new
-ncinci smoll
-khulu big
-ngaphi? how many?
-ninzi mony/o lot
oz ifio
THTTHA ISIXHOSA NATH]
Adjective concords
An adjective concord is formed by prefixing an a- to the noun prefix. See lesson six for
details of the vowel changes when the a- is combined with the first vowel of the noun
prefix.
imifanekiso a-imi-hle + imifanekiso emihle beautiful pictures
isikolo a-isi-ncinci --* isikolo esincinci a small school
Note that the adjective always comes after the noun in Xhosa.
ADJECTIVE PREFIXES I
Sound changes: closses 9 ond 10
+ in- + en-) and 1t.l
chrn!." cl$s.s 8 !rd r0
so{nd I
Because of the nasal element of the adjective prefixes of class 9 (a-
+r>fth, btd.hbr,!
(a- + izin- + ezin-), certain sound changes take place.
rFftqf
. r> m! bc.!.4,@9!4
Irr.+4
tj.+'tu', I n+b .+ mb ezin-bini -+ izinto ezimbini two things
izinto
n+f -{ mf intombi en-futshane -+ intombi emfutshane o short girl
n + th --+ nt izinto ezin-thathu + izinto ezintathu three things
n + kh + nk into en-khulu -.' into enkulu o big thing
n + hl -+ ntl into en-hle + into entle o beoutifut thing
Descriptive copulative concords

To make a predicate with an adjective, for instance when you want to say The child is tati
rather than just the tall child, you drop the initial vowel of the adjective concord to form
a descriptive copulative concord, as described in lesson six.
umfazi omde -) Umfazi mde. o tall womon + The woman is toll.
Once again class 9 produces an exception. With those nouns we use the noun prefix in-
instead.
imoto endala + lmoto indala. on old car + The cqr is old.
OR$MN
lrirg p.-lr.rpftsi '.hd".
I
I
Mo_re uses of na-
, h!,r
yau
Jar rs us. M" id r rFsr.
rs n'ntil!r lIatrn'M*hr.h.zra*
.6d. nt, {h..
!r lxn MUtre Using na- to express ond
l=.-'---__--..
,i
'.kd!
rn.il'n.tur 'u.-r
"s-" I In Xhosa you can use na- to express and only when you are making a statement which
connects two nouns or pronouns.
iti na-ikofu + iti nekofu tea and coffee
uSipho na-uZolani -r uSipho noZolani Sipho ond Zolani
Don't forget that infinitives are considered to be nouns in Xhosa, which means that ther
can also be ioined with na-.
ukuthetha na-ukubhala -r ukuthetha nokubhala to speak ond to write
Here are some more examples of na- expressing and.

Sifuna iimela neefolokhwe (na-iifolokhwe). We need knives qnd forks.
Molweni manene namanenekazi (na-amanenekazi)! Hello ladies ond gentlemen!
.l! oa
SIXHENXE / LESSON 5EVEN
Jsing na- to express also/as well 6WMR I

rr$n9 an ic crprds'a[o r.*wen"
';' :e n you use na- to express also or as well, you can use it at the beginning or end of I
tr!!, ylJUrsG,u.^p,.!".4-- t*.y* |

r,*.,,'*.
::SotCIlCe. dfii I
!6,!.1 4rrd !d4, h^ ' usrdu i I

"wsorrt.a.' I I
NoSipho (na-uSipho) ufuna imoto. Sipho also wonts o car. 'I
USipho ufuna nemoto (na-imoto). Sipho wonts a cor os well. fI @a;'*-rji-

Sl!r.d6d"
lI I
I
--r:re are some more examples of na- expressing alsolas well.

\difuna ukufunda nesiZulu (na-isiZulu). I wont to learn Zulu os well.
\difuna ukubona noSipho (na-uSipho). I want to see Sipho os well.
Nabantwana (na-abantwana) baneengxaki. Children olso hove problems. -t
-l
Using na- to express (together) with ORAHMR I

u!i9...to rrp,*! logc!hct'{h-
-.restions that you would often use with this construction are
l
Tlre que$tor il1ar !o! w{uld oh.n rsedth

Uhlala nabani (na-bani)? Who do you live with?
Uthetha nabani? Who ore you talking with/to? m;;;;. ";r;;J
aw rvcwnnt
mo
I I
Usebenza nabani? Who do you work with?

Udlala nabani? Who do you play with?
rur answers to the questions could be

Ndihlala nabazali (na-abazali) bam. I live with my porents.
Ndithetha noSipho (na-uSipho). I om talking (with) to Sipho.
Ndisebenza noliz (na-uLiz). I work with Liz.
Ndidlala nabahl,:bo (na-abahiobo) bam. I play with my friends.
,{i"d
Qrammar E4ercise 7,1
r. Fill in the missingadjective concords. Make sound changes where appropriate.
1. UZolani unamazinyo _hle. Zoloni has beoutiful teeth.
2. UCara unoosisi _ngaphi? How mony sisters does Coro hove?
3. Abazali bakaSipho banendlu _hle. Sipho's porents have o lovely house.
4. UVusi unemoto _tsha. Vusi hos o new cor.
5. Umhlobo kaAmanda unabantwana _bini. Amonda's friend hos two children.
6. Usisi kaliyanda uneenwele futshane. Liyando's sister has short hoir.
7. lkati kaXola inomsila _de. Xolo's cqt hos o long toil.
8. lnja kaCara ineendlebe _khulu. Cora's dog hos big eors.
9. Abantu _ninzi bahamba ngeteksi. Many people travel by toxi.
10. Kukho iindlela _bi apha. There ore bod roods here.
oe il>
Fill in the missing descriptive copulative concords,
so that you are using the adjectives
to form predicates. Make sound changes where appropriate.
1 . UPhethiwe futshane. Phethiwe is short.
2. Abantwana bakaZwelakhe _ncinci. Zwelokhe's children ore small.
3. lmoto yam _dala. My cor is old.
4. lzitshixo zakho _khulu. Your keys ore big.
5. Amehlo kaNomfundo _hle. Nomfundo's eyes ore lovely.
6. lmozulu (class 9) _bi. The weother is bod.
7. limpahla zikaTsetse _tsha. Tsetse's clothes zre new.
8. lmilenze kaLiz _de. Liz's legs ore long.
9. Uncumo lukaSipho _hle. Sipho's smile is lovely.
10. noaohi iminvaka vakho? How old are you?
(urmttw: How mony ore your yeors?
:&,
*;t
a. Join the following items using na- to mean and.

'l
. izandla + iinyawo -- hands ond feet
2. iziqhamo + imifuno = fruit ond vegetobles
3. iikawusi + izihlangu = socks ond shoes
4. ispeke + amaqanda = bocon ond eggs
5. ufudo + umvundla = tortoise and hore
b. Complete the following sentences using na- to mean alsolas well.

1. umama ufuna ukubukela iTV. Mother qlso wonts to wotch TV.
2. Sifuna ukubona _iilokhwe. We want to see the dresses as well.
3. Bayakwazi ukufunda _ukubhala. They con read os well os write.
4. ooZolani bayeza. Zolqni ond compony ore also coming.
5. thi sivahamba. We are olso going.
N
)$ c. Complete the following sentences using na- to mean
I . Uthetha _bani?
together with.
Who are you tolking (with) sto?
2- Bafuna ukuhlala babo. They wont to stay with their friends.
3. Akafuni ukudlala _m. S/he does not wont to ptoy with me.
).( 4. Sifuna ukuthetha _indoda. We want to tolk to the mon.
5. -abahlobo
UThemba ufuna ukudlala Thembo wonts to ptoy with vumile.

-uVumile.
> talk about position in the family
r give your brothers' and sisters' names
* give a brief description of yourself and other people Wgqlb$$e8
> use adjectives and descriptive copulatives
> use na- to express andlalsoltogether with
114 70
lsifundo Sesibhozo Lesson Eight
ISIFUNDO SES|8IIOZO Lesson tight
IINKCUKACHAZAKHO *' YOUR DETAILS IINKCUKACHA ZAKHO

YOUR OETAILS
rffit .ffi1
;;-, i:';'; :l1.l.';ill; ;::1' I :-r
[n this lesson you will learn how to frffiil
C.:::- I
;*'';;;,::' #.:;:"#i'
ih. !,ntr *.1 "' i,:e
I la:e:.
| ;h$r
I
I
;;- ! .rrr".i^,n..,iF1h. " |:tr-T:l
> ask someone how old they are **.. | ,F*B.'!n. l.* |
t say how old you are

r give your date and place of birth
> ask someone else's date and place of birth
r give your address and phone number
> ask someone else's address and phone number
r use the remote past tense
Masifunde- 8:1
Uneminyaka emingaphi? How old are you?
Ndineminyaka eyi23.
I om 23 yeors old.
Ndineminyaka eyi26.
I om 26 years old.
Ndineminyaka eyi20.
I am 20 years old.
Masiphendule
Wena, mfundi, uneminyaka emingaphi?
And you, student, how old ore you?
zr il>
fHElll A /5/,\hO.SA NXtH/
Masifunde 8,2
Wazalwa nini? When were you born?
Ndazalwa n9o1973.
I wos born in 1973.
Ndazalwa n9o1970.
I wos born in 1970.
Ndazalwa n9o1975.
I wos born in 1975.
Masifunde 8.3
Wazalelwa phi? Where were you born?
Ndazalelwa eKapa.
I was born in Cope Town.
Ndazalelwa eKomani.
lwos born in Queenstown.
Ndazalelwa eQonce.
I wos born in King Williom's Town.
Masiphendule
Wena, mfundi, wazalwa nini? Wazalelwa phi?

And you, student, when were you bornT Where were you bornT
,. 72
ISIFUN DO SESIBHOZO / L ESSON ElCHI
5OME PTACE' HAVE XHOSA NAME'

-lere is a map of South Africa with certain place names
ndicated in English and Xhosa. ln each case the name
s given with the prefix e- or ku- to indicate in.
:{
t
t
1,.l
t: .t
|',i
:l ji'-'t"."-'1'" euecnsr*) O
I i,r(
' -,r'u j'''i,,?,jlifr',*r o
cccriw.
(in 8uftcruorth)
:-.! rF' eMonti
,r
i, z' cTinadra (in East London)
,\ !.^.. (in Uitenhal
el(apa
'.: (in (apc town)
t;
,l
lf
2\
Masifund e 8:4
Ithini idifesi yakho? Whot is your address? J rtual' tlol t,ltalli hil, Ku,/ebusal
ldilesi kaAmanda ithi 4'l Stein Street, Ashton.
Amanda's oddress is 41 Stein Street, Ashton. llplu' a/u uaenbu 4lue, yta
ldilesi kaThandi ithi 431 Zone 5, Cuguletu. ,4ran/a, 4l 4letn

Thondi's oddress is 431 Zone 5, Cuguletu.
t-lyan/a' zl Feuf 4/oeel, Kenwyn
Masiphendule
Wena, mfundi, ithini idilesi yakho?
And you, student, what is your address?
*.
73 rlb
THETHA ISIXHOSA NATH]
Masifunde 8:5,
Yulo' /t-z'l(?b fthini ifowunamba yakho? Whot is your phone number?
t-lyan/tJz'?0lb lfowunamba kaCara ithi 88-81 1 1.

Caro's phone number is 88-8111 .
Cara' //'flll lfowunamba kaZolani ithi 29-0002.
(usse(L zl'l/rl I Zolani's phone number is 29-0007.
Masiphendule
Wena, mfundi, ithini ifowunamba yakho?
And you, student, what is your phone number?
if' lPracticaf E4ercis e 8. 7 .l:

Phendula le mibuzo. Answer these questions.
1. UAmanda uneminyaka emingaphi?
2. UZolani uneminyaka emingaphi?
3. ULiz wazalwa nini?
4. USipho wazalwa nini?
UHLALA PHI?
WHERE DO YOU
5. URussell wazalelwa phi?
LIVE?
6. UTessa wazalelwa phi?
Instead of asking
someone Ithini idilesi 7. lthini idilesi kaAmanda?
yakho? What is your
address? you could 8. lthini ifowunamba kaZolani?
just ask Uhlala phi?
Were do you live? 9. UThandi uhlala phi?
The reply would be
Ndihlala e... I live in.... 10. USipho uhlala phi?
.!i ro
ISIFUN DO JESIBHOZO / I ESSON EI6HT
Grammar THE REMoTE PAsr rENsE I
t$, lrvc ilebdr.enr !d h..rdrle r,&nr, prtt
The remote_ past tense Fw".,'*.',,n,;m.n*iilrcuurnzil
lM;;. bir--liitrl
\bu have already seen the remote past tense being used in questions like Wazalwa nini?
''\lrcn were you bom? and answers like Ndazalwa ngoI973 I was born in 1973.
The remote past tense is used to refer to events that happened in the distant and fairly
listant past, as in these examples.
Waqala nini ukufunda isiXhosa? When did you stort leorning Xhosa?
Ndafika apha eKapa n9o1980. I orrived here in Cope Town in 1980.
UThemba watshata n9o1985. Thembo got married in 1985.
Wagqibela nini ukumbona? When did you last see him/her?
The formula below shows how the remote past tense is formed in Xhosa. SC stands for
subject concord, OC for object concord and R for verb root.
Positive
SC-a-(OC)-R-a
Ndi-a-tshat-a -r Ndatshata. I got morried.
Ndi-a-m-tshat-a -r Ndamtshata. I morried him/her.
Negotive
zange + SC-(OC)-R-e
The subject concord u- in class 1/1a changes to a-.
Zange atshate. S/he never got morried.
Zange is sometimes prefixed by the negative present tense subject concord.

Akazange atshate. S/he never got married.
Subject concord changes in the positive rHE uoTEPAsr rExs rulnw I

s!bk.r io^cod sobnd chang.s
When the subject concord has the vowel i, that vowel is dropped. wh*^nD c!&nrd 4rDirir6.r* lAd { tht
I
ûhl.q
ndi-a '+ nda- Ndaya eMonti n9o1980. I went to in 1980.
Eost London "
,
t1d.t tura rilet1. affi bbtL&'
si-a + sa-
$.{sne.: a.{dio6rltu"
Saya eMonti n9o1980. We went to Eost London in 1980.
'rl
ni-a '+ na- Naya eMonti n9o1980. You (plural) went to Eost London in 1980. | , at ntuznla,,tu:(|
When the subject concord has the vowel a, the two a's combine into one.
ba-a +ba- Baya eMonti . They went to Eost London.
a-a + a- Amapolisa aya eMonti. The policemen went to Eost London.
When the subject concord consists only of a vowel, it changes to a semi-vowel.

i-a ) ya- lntombi yam yaya eMonti. My doughter went to Eqst London.
u-a r wa- USipho waya eMonti. Sipho went to East London.
zs
il,
THE
when the subject concord has a consonant and the vowel u, the u changes to a w. For
class 14 the u is dropped instead.
lu-a - lwa- Usana lwaya esibhedlele. The boby went to hospitat.
ku-a + kwa- Ukutya kwafika. The food arrived.
bu-a - ba- Ubusika bafika. Winter zrrived.
Verbs with a lotent i

'"" [i,Y?,"'i,:i:"",15n". ]
Do you remember how latent i verbs react when preceded by an a?
'--*"it..!* :':ty:n: Ndi-ya-(i)z-a. + Ndiyeza. I om coming.
','1 u';',:f:f l;,lr:i':ttlt.:t. ;"i,I
i "fo.i: -:'t ""'"'T Because all subject concords in the remote past tense have an a, latent i verbs will react
ir^-' 'l:'Etr"::".l
in'P"-'."
-..,
with each class.
[o5ro' ,-"" I
Sa-(i)z-a + Seza. We come.

Wa-(i)mk-a + Wemka. S/he departed.
Ba-(i)mk-a + Bemka. They deported.
Verbs that start with o vowel

When a verb starts with a, the two a's combine into one.
Ba-akh-a indlu + Bakha indlu. They built o house.
Listen to the multimedia program to hear the difference in tone between

@-
V Bakha indlu They ore building q house and Bakha indlu They built q house.
When a verb starts with e, the a is dropped.
Wa-enz-a ntoni? -+ Wenza ntoni? What did you do?
1-@l Listen to the multimedia program to hear the difference in tone between
\) Wenza ntoni? Whot ore you doing? and Wenza ntoni? Whot did you do?
When a verb starts with o, the a is dropped.
Wa-oyik-a ntoni? -r Woyika ntoni? What were you afroid of?
Listen to the multimedia program to hear the difference in tone between

@l
rvl Woyika ntoni? Whot ore you ofroid of? and Woyika ntoni? What were you ofroid of?
Remote past tense concords
Singulor
'l
st person nda- I orrived.
zange ndi- Zange ndifike. I never orrived.
2nd person wa- Wafika. You (singula) orrived.
zange u- Zange ufike. You (singulor) never arrived.
Plural
1 st person sa- Safika. We arrived.
zange si- Zange sifike. We never orrived.
2nd person na- Nafika. You (plurol) srrived.
zange ni- Zange nifike. You (plural) never orrived.
1:"" 76
ISIFUNDO SESIBHOZO / L ESSON EICHT
Tho RGho& P6aT€n..

Noun class crass r--liffis
u/sI l.a-lL4.1II w
cu*rrr
tutu
l* -',"--.(,-^,
_
"-.-"1*.1
*,*l l',-.".1 .-."*.,..'.,,.,
1 11a wa- Wafika. S/he orrived. *l
"'*.',*lll,*-l--**a-'-a
1".*'"-*.
zange a- Zange afike. S/he never orrived. I I Lh.r.er....rtr
cu*.*l v*l 1,.-d-;*.
2l2a ba- Bafika. They orrived. I lry{sier r::l
zange ba- Zange bafike. They never arrived.
3 wa- Umfanekiso wafika. The picture orrived.

zange u- Umfanekiso zange ufike. The picture never orrived.
4 ya- lmifanekiso yafika. The pictures qrrived.

zange i- lmifanekiso zange ifike. The pictures never qrrived.
5 la- lpolisa lafika. The policemon arrived.
zange li- lpolisa zange lifike. The policeman never orrived.
a- Amapolisa afika. The policemen orrived.

zange a- Amapolisa zange afike. The policemen never arrived.
sa- lsipili safika. The mirror orrived.

zange si- lsipili zange sifike. The mirror never arrived.
za- lzipili zafika. The mirrors orrived.

zange zi- lzipili zange zifike. The mirrors never orrived.
9 ya- lntombiyafika. The girl arrived.

zange i- lntombi zange ifike. The girl never orrived.
10 za- lintombi zafika. The girls arrived.
zange zi- lintombi zange zifike The girls never arrived.
11 lwa- Usana lwafika. The boby orrived.

zange lu- Usana zange lufike. The boby never arrived.
14 ba- Ubusika bafika. Winter orrived.

zange bu- Ubusika zange bufike. Winter never orrived.
15 kwa- Ukutya kwafika. The food arrived.
zange ku- Ukutya zange kufike. The food never orrived
SOME ADVERBS USED IN THE PAST WHEN DID YOU LAST?

izolo yesterday When you want to ask someone when they (or anyone else) last did
kule veki iphelileyo last week something, always use the phrase Wagqibela nini uku... When did
kule nyanga iphelileyo last month you last to ....
kulo nyaka uphelileyo lastyear Wagqibela nini ukumbona? Wen did you last see him?
Your reply will take the same form.
Ndagqibela ukumbona kulo nyaka uphelileyo. I last saw him last year
tt ik
tstxHo rr rrt;
Qrammar E4ercise 8.1- .(:

i
Answer the following questions using the remote past tense and the place/date given in
brackets.
USipho wafika nini apha eKapa? (n9o1985)
+ USipho wafika apha eKapa n9o1985.
When did Sipho orrive here in Cope Town? (in 1986)
--+ Sipho arrived here in Cope Town in 1986.
1. UThandi wazalelwa phi? (eCofimvaba) Where was Thandi born? (in Cofimvobo)
2. Abazali bakho batshata nini? (n9o1975)

When did your porents get married? (in 1975)
3. lntombi kaVusi yagqibela nini ukumtyelela? (ngoMatshi)

When did Vusi's doughter lost visit him? (in March)
4. lzinja zagqibela nini ukudlala elwandle? (kule nyanga iphelileyo)

When did the dogs lost play on the beoch? (last month)
5. UZolani wagqibela nini ukutyelela abazali bakhe? (kulo nyaka uphelileyo)

When did Zolani last visit his porents? (last yeor)
p Qrammar E4ercke 8.2 .11
Say that you have never eaten (-ty-), drunk (-sel-) or seen (-bon-) these things.
Remember to use object concords in your answers.
omosi (sour milk)
Zange ndiwasele.:' tI ltuvv
have ttcvct drunk IL'
never utull^ it.
1
iinkumbo \
isiporho
ingobozi
omarhewu uhodi(ctossr) &

.l! za
HOZO / LE55ON EIGHT
j:' ,{i
Qrommar E4ercise 8.3
,1hat questions would you have had to ask someone in order to get these replies?
1 . Ndafika apha eKapa ngol 986. I arrived here in Cope Town in 1 986.
2. Ndasifundela isiXhosa esikolweni. I studied Xhoso ot school.
3. Sagqibela ukuya eKruger National Park kulo nyaka uphelileyo.

We last went to the Kruger Notional Pork lost year.
4. Bemka n9o1995. They left in 1995.
5. UXola weza apha ngo199O. Xola come here in 1990.
6. Abazali bam baya eBhayi n9o1978. My porents went to Port Elizobeth in 1978.
7. lsikolo sethu saqala ukufundisa isiXhosa n9o1988.

Our school started teoching Xhosa in 1988.

> ask someone how old they are
> say how old you are
> give your date and place of birth
) ask someone else's date and place of birth
Ugqibilel > giveyour address and phone number
> ask someone else's address and phone number
> use the remote past tense
zr iF
lsifundo Sethoba LessonNine
ISIFUNDOSETHOBA r-'tr;.,, !r'.r
AMAKHAYA
HOMES AMAKHAYA HOMES
...:---.,
;.;;- I
I
:::H:T I l.-- | In this lesson vou will learn how to

r indicate the size of your horne
> identify things in a housc
r use the possessive pronoun
I use locative positions
Masifund e 9l
lngakanani indlu yakho? How big is your houseT
lndlu yam incinci.

My house is small.
Eyam inkulu.
Mine is big.
Eyam iphakathi nje.

Mine is medium-sized,
Masiphendule
lngakanani eyakho, mfundi? How big is yours, student?
Eyam
'80
Masifunde 9,2
lnamagumbi okulala amangaphi? How mony bedrooms does it hove?
lnegumbi lokulala elinye qha.

It hos only one bedroom.
lnamagumbi okulala
amathathu.
It has three bedrooms. lnamagumbi okulala
amabini.
It hos two bedrooms.
Masiphendule
Wena, mfundi, eyakho inamagumbi okulala amangaphi?
And you, student, how many bedrooms does yours have?
Magifunde 93
Kukho amanye amagumbi. There ore other room*
Kukho ikhitshi. There is a kitchen.
Kukho igumbi lokuphumla. There is a sitting room.
Kukho igumbi lokutyela. There is o dining room.
Kukho igumbi lokuhlambela (ibhafrum). There is a bothroom.
Kukho igumbi langasese (itoyilethi). There is a toilet.
rtF
IHETHA IS]XHOSA NATHI
Masifunde 9.4
Kukho ntoni ekhitshini? Whot is there in the kitchen?
Kukho isitovu.
There is o stove.
Kukho ifriji.
There is a fridge.
Kukho itafile nezitulo.
There is o tqble and chairs.
Kukho isinki.
There is a sink.
Kukho ikhabhathi.
There is a cupboard.
Kukho iimbiza neepani.
There ore pots and pons.
Kukho iikomityi.
There are cups.
Kukho umtshayelo.
There is a broom.
Masifunde 9:5
Kukho ntoni egumbi lokuhlambela?
Whot is there in the bathroom?
Kukho ikomu neetephu.

There is o bosin ond taps.
Kukho itawuli.
There is o towel.
Kukho ivasilaphu.
There is o focecloth.
Kukho isepha.
There is soap.
Kukho ibrashi yamazinyo nentlama yamazinyo.
There is o toothbrush and toothpaste.
Kukho itoyilethi.
There is o toilet.
{i:
"( 82
ISIFUNDO SETHOEA / L[5SON NINE
Masifunde 9,6
Kukho ntoni egumbini lokulala?
What is there in the bedroom?
(ukho ibhedi. There is o bed.

(ukho imiqamelo. There ore pillows.
rukho iwodrophu. There is o wardrobe.
t\J.
(ukho iingubo. There ore blqnkets.
(ukho iidrowa. There qre drowers.
<ukho isipili. There is o mirror.
K]F
rukho isibane. There is o light.
Masiphendule
Wena, mfundi, kukho ntoni egumbini lokulala lakho?
And you, student, what is in your bedroom?
Masifund e 91
Abantu bazibeka phi izinto zabo etyotyombeni?
Where do people put their things in a shackT
JVuyani unezinto ezininzi, kodwa ikhaya lakhe lincinci. Uzibeka phi izinto zakhe?
,uyani hos mony things, but his home is small. Where does he put his thingsT
Jbeka ifriii phezu kwetafile. He puts the fridge on top of the toble.
jgcina isutikheysi phantsi kwebhedi. He keeps the suitcose under the bed.
-beka iincwadi phezu kwewodrophu. He puts the books on top of the wardrobe. ukubeka to put on
,faka ibhodi yokuayinela emva kwebhedi. He puts the ironing board behind the bed. ukufaka to put
Masiphendule
Wena, mfundi, uzigcina phi iincwadi zakho?

And you, student, where do you keep your books?
ar ilr
Grammar
Possi;s*vt Piloxouxs
I
Possessive p_ronouns
aokr6!^.ehrn.dhil'oro I
r$d'nrorh!munio\hchrbgE&r !i'hq
dil6 qu.ts.r
I
I
I
Mine,yours, his, hers, theirs and its are all possessive pronouns in English. A pronoun ha.
E,;;"@@;;;*'.;,.,1 the ability to stand for a noun. At the beginning of this lesson you heard the students usc
rsiv,ldbo.r I
b' tu rpuirdr '.'. ''-d., I possessive pronouns when they said eyam mine. By using eyam they did not have to use
I
the word for house again, since the possessive had been turned into a possessive pronou:.
- it was standing for the noun.
How are possessive pronouns formed in Xhosa?
If the thing being possessed starts with an i- prefix, add an e to the possessive.
indlu yam my house eyam mtne
If the thing being possessed starts with a u- prefix, add an o to the possessive.
umntwana wam my child owam mine
If the thing being possessed starts with an a- prefix, add an a to the possessive.
abantwana bam my children abam mine
Here are some more examples of possessive pronouns in full sentences.
Baphi abantwana bakho? Abam basekhaya.
Where are your children? Mine ore at home.
lngakanani imoto yakho? Eyam incinci.
How big is your cor? Mine is smoll.
lsitshixo sikaNomsa silapha. Siphi esikaJabu?
Nomso3 key is here. Where is Jabu's?
Lingakanani igumbi lokuphumla? Elokutyela lincinci.
How big is the sitting room? The dining (one) is small.
Class 6 possessive pronouns

Because possessives in class six all start with an a or an e, the a- prefix that you add to
make a pronoun will have to be followed by a w.
6ry4sgll."
I ,".oilE
amanzi am (a-m) my woter awam (a-w-a-m) mine
amandla ethu (a-ithu) our power awethu (a-w-a-ithu) ours
?qv&f b*i{s!, br'
1,,-,,,,,*-'*
--
amanzi abo (a-bo) their water awabo (a-w-a-bo) theirs

a*r& b,nno! tu"
Copulatives with possessive pronouns

say 1r li mine or They are his,you
when you want to must use the copulative of the pos-
sessive pronoun. The copulative prefix of the pronoun is the same as the one you would
use for the noun which it stands for.
Yindlu yam. It is my house.
y(i) (copulative) + e (from indlu) + yam (possessive) -+ Yeyam. lt is mine.
Lityotyombe lakhe. /f is his/her shock.

l(i) (copulative) + e (from ityotyombe) + lakhe (possessive) + Lelakhe. tt is his/hers
nli ro
ISIFUN DO SETHOBA / LESSON NINE
Closs 'l a nouns

Ngumntwana kabani? Whose child is it?
ng(u) (copulative) + o (from umntwana) + kabani (possessive) + Ngokabani?
Whose is it?
Zizinto zikabani? Whose things ore they?
z(i) (copulative) + e (from izinto) + zikabani (possessive) + Zezikabani?
Whose are they?
\egotives
These are formed in exactly the same way as the negative copulatives of nouns: you add
:ae negative prefix asi- to the copulative concord and change the vowel to o.
yam.
Yinja dog.
lt is my Asiyonja yam. lt is not my dog.
Yeyam. lt ismine. Asiyoyam. lt is not mine.
Locative positions
phezu kwa- on top of

phezu kwa-itafile + phezu kwetafile on top of the table
phantsi kwa- underneath
phantsi kwa-ibhedi + phantsi kwebhedi underneath the bed
ecaleni kwa- next to
ecaleni kwa-iwodrophu + ecaleni kwewodrophu next to the wardrobe
phambi kwa- in front of
phambi kwa-ibhedi -+ phambi kwebhedi in front of the bed
emva kwa- behind
emva kwa-umnyango -) emva komnyango behind the doorway
phakathi kwa-... na- between
phakathi kwa-ibhedi na-itafile -r phakathi kwebhedi netafile between the bed
ond the table
NOTE THESE SOUND
When you want to say that something is in one of these positions, you merely prefix it CHANGES.
,i'ith the subject concord. kwa-i + kwe-
lfriji iphezu kwetafile. The fridge is on top of the table. kwa-u + ko-
kwa-a + kwa-
If the subject concord comes before a vowel, use an s to separate the two vowels. kwa-ii + kwee-
Itafile isecaleni kwewodrophu. Ihe table is next to the wardrobe. kwa-oo + koo-
Often you don't need to say what something is on top of; you just want to say that it is on
top. The locative positions in Xhosa change slightly in these cases.
ngaphezulu on top ngaphambili in front
ngaphantsi underneath ngasemva at the bock
emacaleni on the sides ngaphakathi inside
For upstair"s use phezulu, and for downstairs use ezantsi.
Uphi uNomsa? Uphezulu/Usezantsi.
Where is Nomsa? She is upstoirs/She is downstairs.
as ib
I HI THA IS 1X H O S A N Af H I
Qrammar E4ercke 9.7

Complete each sentence by using the possessive pronoun for the word in brackets.
'l
. lmoto yam indala, (kaNomsa) intsha. My cor is old, Nomso's is new.
2. lzinto zikaThemba zilapha, (zam) zisekhaya.

Thembo's things ore here, mine ore qt home.
3. Abantwana bakaVusi badala, (bakaVumile) bancinci

Vusi's children ore old, Vumile's ore smoll.
4. lgumbi lam lincinci, (lakho) likhulu. My room is smol[ yours is big.
5. Itawuli yam imbi, (yakho) intle. My towel is ugly, yours is lovely.

UNoncedo uhlala kurontabile. Ugcina phi izinto zakhe'l
Noncedo lives in a round hut. Where does she keep her thingsT
1. lmbiza kweziko. The pot is next to the fireploce.
2. Ukhuko kwebhedi. The sleeping mot is in front of the bed.
3. lngobozi kwekhabathi. The corn bosket is on top of the cupboaro
4. Umtshayelo kocango. The broom is behind the door.
Lt---l
{J 86
ISIFUNDO
il' Qrammar E4ercke 9.3 ,li 1
Say whom each of the following belongs to by using the copulative of the
possessive pronoun.
'1. Yekabani? Whose is it?
2. Yekabani? Whose is it?
3. Ngokabani? Whose is it?
4. Zezikabani? Whose ore they?
5. Zezikabani? Whose ore they?
ll' Qrommar E4ercise 9.4 {j

Reply to these questions in the negative.
1 . lbhayisekile yeyakho? ls the bicycle yours?
2. lzihlangu zezikaThemba? Are the shoes Themba's?
3. Amanzi ngawabo? ls the water theirs?
4. lwodrophu yeyenu? ls the wordrobe yours (plurol)?
5. lsipili sesakhe? ls the mirror hers?
Ugqibilel > indicate the size of your home

> identify things in a house
> use the possessive pronoun
> use locative positions
rr itt
lsifundo Seshumi Lesson ren
ISISHWANKATHELO * SUMMARY
Masikhumbule 10.1
Unoobhuti okanye oosisi?
So Liz, unoobhuti noosi?

So Liz, do you hove brothers and sistersT
Hayi, Zolani, ndim ndedwa. Andinabhuti

okanye usisi, kodwa ndinabahlobo abaninzi!
No, Zolan| it is only me. I don't hove a brother
or o sister, but I hove lots of friends!
Masikhumbule 10.2
Unoobhuti noosisi abangaphi? Ungowesingaphi?
.li *
ISIFUNDO SESHUMI / LE55ON TEN
it' Summary E4ercise 10.1 .l!

lmibuzo
1. Bangaphi abantu apha?
2. Zingaphi izinja?
3. Zingaphi iibhayisekile?
4. Mingaphi imigqomo yenkunkuma (rubbish bins)?
5. Zingaphi iimoto?
il' Summary E4ercise 1-0.2

Match each Xhosa word with its English equivalent.
f .
isofa a.
spoons
2.
imela b. pillows
3. ifolokhwe c. sofa
4. igumbi lokutyela d. fork
5. amacephe e. blonkets
6. imiqamelo . dining room
f
7. iingubo g. knife
il' Summary E4ercke 10.3 {:l

rt
Give the Xhosa for these terms.
1. next week 7. on the sides
2. next month 8. ot the bock
3. next yeor f. in front
4. underneath 10. inside
5. on top 11. bedroom
6. behind 12. sitting room
ar iir
^t;
Summary E4ercise l-0,4 a'
Complete these sentences, making the necessary sound changes.

1. lincwadi _phezu _iwodrophu.
The books ore on top of the wardrobe.
2. Amaphepha _ecaleni _isitulo.
The popers ore next to the choir.
3. lmitshayelo _emva _ucango.
The brooms ore behind the door.
4. _ikhabathi.
lsipili _phambi
The mirror is in front of the cupboard.
5. lzihlangu_phantsi_ibhedi.
The shoes ore under the bed.
t,
li) Summary E4ercise 10.5 rl.
Say that you live with the following people.

1. umalume uncle
2. abazali porents
3. umhlobo friend
4. oosisi slsters
5. iintombi doughters/girls
, Z- -t\
\L) [, Summary E4ercise L0,6
Say that Sipho has the following things.
1. umqamelo
..ll
€-e, 2. amacephe
3. isepha
6
4. iiglasi
5. ubisi
Say that Liz does not have the following things.
c,-,<>, 6. imali
4 WWW 7. imoto
tu
8. iradiyo
f . ingobozi
10. amasi
{! ro
w
tstFUN r";tsHuMt / rEssoN rEN
llt Summary E4ercise 10.7

In this exercise, fill in the missing adjective concords, descriptive copulative concords, remote past tense subject
!-oncords and possessive pronouns for each person and class.
First person singular

Descriptive copulotive concord futshane. I om short.
Remote past tense concord zalwa n9o1960. I was born in 1960.
First person plural

Descriptive copulative concord _ninzi There ore mony of us.
Remote past tense concord fika apha eKapa n9o1950. We arrived here in Cape Town in 1950.
Second person singular

Descriptive copulative concord _hle. You (singulo) are lovely.
Remote past tense concord _zalelwa phi? Where were you (singulor) born?
Second person plural

Descriptive copulative concord _ngaphi? How mony of you (plurol) ore there?
Remote post tense concord fika nini apha eKapa? When did you (plurol) arrive here
in Cape Town?
CTASS I/1o um-/u-

Adjective concord umntwana _ncinci o little child
Descriptive copulative concord Umntwana _ncinci. The child is little.
Remote post tense concord Umntwana zalwa nini?When was the child born?
Possessive pronoun _kho (umntwana) ufunda phi? Where does yours (child) study?
_kaNomsaakafundi. Nomso's (child) is not studying.
Copulotive of possessive pronoun _kho (umntwana)? ls s/he yours?
_kaNokwanda.
Hayi, No, s/he is Nokwondo's.
CtA55 2/2a obo-/oo-

Adjective concord abantwana _ncinci little children
Descriptive copulative concord Abantwana bam _ncinci. My children ore little/small.
Remote past tense concord zalwa nini? When were they born?
Possessive pronoun _kho bafunda phi? Where do yours study?
_kaNomsa abafundi. Nomso3 ore not studying.
Copulotive of possessive pronoun UThemba noliyanda _m. Thembo ond Liyondo ore mine.
UVusi noVumile kaNomsa. Vusi and Vumile ore Nomso's.
,tp
CTASS 3 um-
Adjective concord Kukho umtshayelo _dala. There is on old broom.
Descriptive copulotive concord Umtshayelo _dala. The broom is old.
Remote past tense concord _fika nini? When did it arrive?
Possessive pronoun _m usemva kocango. Mine is behind the door
_kaVusi uphantsi kwebhedi. Vusi's is underneath the bed.
Copulative of possessive pronoun _m. It is mine.
_kaVusi. It is Vusi's.
CTASS 4 imi-
Adjective concord _dala.
Kukho imitshayelo There ore old brooms.
Descriptive copulotive concord lmitshayelo_dala. The brooms ore old.
Remote post tense concord _fika nini? When did they arrive?
Possessive pronoun _m isemva kocango. Mine qre behind the door.
_kaVusi iphantsi kwebhedi. Vusi's are underneoth the bed.
Copulotive of possessive pronoun _m. They ore mine.
kaVusi. They ore Vusi's.
cr.Ass s ifi/t-
Adjective concord Ndinegumbi _khulu. I hove o big room.
D escr i ptive co p ucord
I otive co n lgumbi lakho _khulu. Your room is big.
Remote past tense concord lpolisa fika n9o1986. The policeman orrived in 1986.
Possessive pronoun _m lincinci. Mine is small.
_kaNomsa _khulu. Nomsa's is big.
Copulotive of possessive pronoun _m. It is mine.
_kaNomsa. /t is Nomso's.
CTASS 6 ama-
Adjective concord Sinamagumbi _khulu. We hove big rooms.
Descri ptive cop u I ative co nco rd Amagumbi akho _khulu. Your rooms ore big.
Remote past tense concord Amapolisa fika n9o1986. The policemen arrived in 1,986.
Possessive pronoun _m mancinci. Mine ore small.
_kaNomsa makhulu. Nomso3 ore big.
Copulative of possessive pronoun _m. They ore mine.
kaNomsa. They ore Nomso's.
.li rz
MI / LESSON TEN
CLASS 7 tst-
Adjective concord _khulu.
Sinesikolo We have a big school.
concord
Descriptive copulotive _khulu.
lsikolo The school is big.
Remote past tense concord lsikolo fika. The school arrived.
Possessive pronoun Mine is big.
sincinci'
coputotive of possessivepronoun -m-sikhulu. lr",:#;"::t^""
_kaNomsa. /f ls Nomso3.
-f)"tsa
CLASS 8 izi-
Adjective concord _khulu.
Kukho izikolo There are big schools.
concord
Descriptive copulotive _khulu.
lzikolo The schools ore big.
Remote past tense concord lzikolo fika. The schools arrived.
Possessive pronoun Mine ore big.
zincinci'
coputative or possessive pronoun -m-lkhulu. i;frt{;Tir::""
-fNomsa
_kaNomsa. They ore Nomso3.
CIASS 9 tn-/i-
Adjective concord Kukho imoto _dala. There is on old car.
Descriptive copulotiveconcord lmoto _dala. The cor is old.
Remote past tense concord fika nini? When did it arrive?
Possessive pronoun _m ilapha. Mine is here.
isegaraji' garage'
Coputative of possessivepronoun i:;:t ';r!.'the
-kaVusi
_kaVusi. lt is Vusi's.
CLASS I 0 tztn-/tin-/lt-
Adjective concord Kukhoizinto tsha. There are new things.
concord
Descriptive copulotive lzinto tsha. The things ore new.
Remote past tense concord lzinto fika. The things arrived.
Possessive pronoun rinlutr. ari big.
trrtine
zincinci'
copurative of possessive pronoun -nr i;frti';T1,rY""
-f.*"tsa
_kaNomsa. They are Nomso3.
,, ip
CLA55 I I ulu-/u-
Adjective concord Lusana_hle. It is o lovely boby.
Descriptive copulative concord Usana _hle. The baby is lovely.
Remote past tense concord Usana _zalwa kulo nyaka. The baby was born this yeor.
Possessive pronoun _m lukhulu. Mine is big.
_kaSipho luncinci. Sipho's is small.
Copulative of possessive pronoun _m. It is mine,
_kaSipho. It is Sipho's.
CTASS 14 ubu/u-
Adjective concord Kukho ubusi_ninzi. There is o lot of honey.
D escri ptive cop u I ative con cord Ubusi_ninzi. Itis o lot of honey.
Remote past tense concord fika nini? When did it orrive?
Possessive pronoun _m butsha. Mine is new.
_kaTsetse budala. Tsetse's is old.
Copulotive of possessive pronoun _m. It is mine.
_kaTsetse. It is Tsetse's.
CLAJS 15 uku-
Adjective concord Kukutya _ ninzi. There is o lot of food.
Descri ptiv e co p u I ativ e co n cord Ukutya _ninzi. It is o lot of food.
Remote post tense concord fika nini? When did it arriveT
Possessive pronoun _m kutsha. Mine is new.
_kaTsetse kudala. Tsetse's is old.
Copulative of possessive pronoun _m. It is mine.
kaTsetse. It is Tsetse's.
{ro
4
Unfu8 l;ll:Y' { hi
4
lsifundo Seshumi Elinanye Lesson Eleven
MASIYE EDOLOPHINI * LET'S GO IO IOWN
> identify places in a town
> give the days of the week
> use the subjunctive to express rflusl
> use locatives
Masifund e 111
Wenza ntoni ngempelaveki? What ore you doing ot the weekendT
UPam: Nguwe lowo, Liyanda? Is that you, Liyando?

ULiyanda: Ewe, ngubani othethayo? Yes, who is speoking?
UPam: NguPam. lt's Pqm.
ULiyanda: Owu, Pam! Unjani, sisi? Oh, Pom! How ore you,
sister?
UPam: Ndiphilile, sisi, wena? I om fine, sister, ond you?
Uliyanda: Hayi, sikhona. Pam, wenza ntoni ngem-
pelaveki? No, I om fine. Pam, whot are you =
doing at the weekendT "=
UPam: NgoMgqibelo kufuneka ndenze iinwele " Z
eCugs. Kufuneka ndilande ipasile yam
eposini. lvela kumama eRhawutini. On
Soturdoy I have to do my hoir ot Cugs (Cuguletu). I have to fetch my
porcel ot the post office. lt comes from my mother in Joburg.
J Liyanda: NgeCawe kufuneka wenze ntoni? Whot do you have to do on Sunday?
JPam: Emva kokuba ndiye ecaweni, kufuneka ndibukele ifilimu uWrath of
the Ancestors ka-A.C. lordan. After going to church, I hove to wqtch the
film The Wrqth of the Ancestors by A.C. lordan.
J Liyanda: Owu, nam ndifuna ukuyibukela! Masibhukishe namhlanje! Oh, I also
want to wotch it! Let's book todoy!
,r ip
THEIHA ISIXHOSA NATHI
lmibuzo
1. Uliyanda ufuna bani efowunini?
2. Kufuneka uPam enze ntoni ngoMgqibelo?
3. lpasile ivela phi, kubani?
4. Bafuna ukubukela eyiphi ifilimu?
5. Bafuna ukuyibukela ngolwesingaphi?
6. Wena, mfundi, uthanda iifilimu ezinjani?
t7.00 om
bani? who? eyiphi? which?

kubani? from whom? ngolwesingaphi? on what day of the week?
ezihlekisayo? ones which couse loughter - comedies?

ezoyikisayo? ones which couse fear - thrillers?
ezifundisayo? ones which teach - documentaries/educotional?
tl 0.00 am
ffi
ezonwabisayo? ones which cause hoppiness - entertainment?
\? !1.00 pm
A.C.
A.C. Jordan
'ORDAN is one of the best-known Xhosa writers. ln 1940 he wrote the
famous lngqumbo yeminyanyo, which was translated into English under the
title (a direct translation of the Xhosa) The Wroth of the Ancestors. The book
has recently been made into a film.
lintsuku zeveki - The days of the week

uMvulo Mondoy ngoMvulo on Monday
ulwesibini Tuesdoy ngolwesibini on Tuesdoy
!4.00 pm uLwesithathu Wednesday ngoLwesithathu on Wednesdoy
uLwesine Thursdoy ngolwesine on Thursday
ulwesihlanu Fridoy ngolwesihlanu on Friday
uMgqibelo Saturday ngoMgqibelo on Soturday
iCawe Sundoy ngeCawe on Sunday
Amaxesha emini - Times of the doy

!6.00 pm kwakusasa in the early morning
kusasa in the morning
emini in the early ofternoon
emalanga in the lote ofternoon
ngorhatya in the evening
ebusuku at night
xl0.00 pm
Masiphendule
Fill in the time of day in the space below the clocks.
rij ro
Masifund e 11,2
Kufuneka uye phi? Where must you go?
\\'hich places would you have to go to in order to get these things? For each, start off by
.aying Kufuneka uye You must go and complete by filling in the
\hosa for /o the appropriate place chosen from the picture below.
I . imiphotho broids 2. ipasile porcel 3. amayeza medicine
I aviYTYJ
-!-:==-:-
?OST OFFtcE
- S
W
l+
l:l
l-
iposi post office

eposini ot/to/from the post office
ikhemisti chemist c. iindawo yokwenza iinwele hoir solon
ekhemisti ot/to/from the chemist endaweni yokwenza iinwele at/to/from the hqir sqlon
Masifund e 11Q
\dingathatha umyalezo? Can I toke a message?
\manda wants to talk to Liz, but she is not in. Zolani takes a message.
UAmanda: Hello, ngubani othethayo? Hello, who's speoking?
UZolani: NguZolani. lt's Zoloni.
UAmanda: Hello Zolani. NguAmanda othethayo. Unjani?
Hello Zoloni. This is Amondo speoking. How are you?
UZolani: Hello sisi. Ndiphilile, enkosi. Un.jani wena?
Hello sister. I om fine, thonks. How are you?
UAmanda: Ndikhona, enkosi. Mamela, bhuti, ukhona uliz?
I am olso fine, thanks. Listen, brother, is Liz thereT
UZolani: Hayi, akakho. UseRondebosch. Ndingathatha umyalezo?
No, she is not. She is in Rondebosch. Con I take o messoge?
UAmanda: Ewe. Mxelele ukuba kufuneka sidibane eAtrium ngo5.
Yes. Tell her thot we must meet at the Atrium ot 5.
97 ,:-l
Fill in Zolani's message pad.
Umgalezo
Uga ku-
Uvela ku-
Umgalezo
Umgalezo ulhathwe ngu-
Ifyou want to ask whether anyone/anything'is there', you can use SC-khona.
Ukhona uliz? ls Liz there?
lkhona iti? ls there teoT
Lukhona ubisi? ls there milk?
In the negative, use the negative SC with -kho.
Akakho. S/he is not there/here.
Ayikho iti. There isn't ony teo.
Alukho ubisi. There isn't ony milk.
Grammar
Usnq
THE
rh di
SUilUNCTE
"drr
erd 10
u@D
clpro.! _*-a
]
]
Using the subjunctive mood to express must
rd til! rs.on you wilt h.v.se$ F $plc
uslng thE eord Xdsda Oheuily
lrhslillrd lilp Engil*h, lhlsworc acaN
"lt is 64c€seiry" Th.re.b thaitartore is
In this lesson you will have seen people using the word kufuneka. Directly translated
.lFat! rsed hthe *ublqn.tra nood
into English this word means it is necessary. It is always followed by the subjunctive
$ftat drcalhe lobjun.{rr frood to4t
mood. The formulas below show how the subjunctive mood is formed in Xhosa.
Positive
SC-(OC)-R-e
ndi-m-land-e + Kufuneka ndimlande. t must fetch him/her.
This example could be translated more literally as It is necessary that I fetch himlher
For third person singular (class 1/1a), the subject concord will change in the subjunctive
mood from u- to a-.
Kufuneka amlande. S/he must fetch him/her.
*lj ea
ISIFUNDO SESHUMI ETINTNYE / L ESSON ELEVEN
Negative
SC-nga-(OC)-R-i
ndi-nga-m-land-i -r Kufuneka ndingamlandi. I must not fetch him/her.
The subject concord in the negative is not prefixed with an a-. The negative element is
.hown by the -nga- in the verb.
Verbs that start with a vowel THESUUUNCTIVEMOOD I

*tr..,'..,h"1b.q."'',dj.d l
The subject concords perform as they do in the present tense with these verbs, except tN S!!en C.n,:q(.$rhiv? $ h.ydr {r rb. tnr4nr
r.($.snh !s!! rhar !.gt' *it1. vo*:i, sr.'pr hrr
:hat with the third person singular (class 1/1a) changing to a-, the a- is dropped. . sLsnru:rr. d8 ri!
Kffia !.nr. dd?

Kufuneka a-enz-e ntoni? -r Kufuneka enze ntoni?
5.140$?.gfeflilil
Whot must s/he do?
Kufuneka a-akh-e ntoni? -r Kufuneka akhe ntoni? Whot must s/he build?
Kufuneka a-oyik-e ntoni? -r Kufuneka oyike ntoni? Whot must s/he feor?
Verbs with a latent i

With the third person singular (class 1/1a) subject concord changing to a-, the following
;hanges will occur when these verbs are affected by the preceding a-.
Kufuneka a-(i)z-e nini? + Kufuneka eze nini? When must s/he comeT
Kufuneka a-(i)hl-e phi? + Kufuneka ehle phi? Where must s/he get off?
:{
ir, Qrammar E4ercise 11-.7 d":d
Complete the following sentences by giving the correct form of the word in brackets.
1. Ukuba ufuna imali-mboleko, kufuneka (ya) ebhankini.
lf you want o loon, you must go to the bonk.
2. Ukuba bafuna ukubukela le filimu, kufuneka (bhukisha) kuqala.

lf they wont to wotch this film, they must book first.
3. Ukuba nifuna ukutya okumnandi, kufuneka (tya) erestyu.

lf you wont nice food, you (plurol) must eat ot o restourant.
4. Ukuba uSipho ufuna ukuboleka iincwadi, kufuneka (ya) elayibrari.

lf Sipho wqnts to borrow books, he must go to the library.
5. Ukuba uLiz ufuna ukundibona, kufuneka (za) apha.

lf Liz wants to see me, she must come here.
6. Ukuba bafuna ukupheka umngqusho, kufuneka (thenga) iimbotyi.

lf they want to cook umngqusho, they must buy beans.
7. Ukuba nifuna ukuhlala eSite 5, kufuneka (akha) ityotyombe.

lf you want to live ot Site 5, you (plurol) must build q shock.
r i**
THETHA ISlXHOSA NAf HI
8. Ukuba uTsetse ufuna imali, kufuneka (thengisa) imoto yakhe

If Tsetse wants moneq she must sell her cor.
9. Ukuba intombi kaVumile ifuna ukuslimisha, kufuneka (ya) ejimini.

If Vumile's daughter wonts to lose weight, she must go to the gym.
10. Ukuba amadoda afuna umsebenzi, kufuneka (za) apha e-ofisini.

If the men wont work, they must come here to the office.
ir- Qrammar E4ercke 1-1-,2

Liz is having her friend's children over to stay. They are a boisterous bunch, but also
quite considerate, and they have asked her a few questions. Unfortunately, she has to
reply in the negative to all their requests. Do this for her by using the negative of the
subjunctive, as in the example.
Kulungile ukudlala ibhola egumbini lokuphumla?

Is it OK to ploy boll in the sitting room?
Hayi, kufuneka ningadlali bhola egumbini lokuphumla.
No, you must not play boll in the sitting room.
1. Kulungile ukutyela egumbini lokulala?

ls it OK to eot in the bedroom?
2. Kulungile ukudlala ibhola ekhitshini?

ls it OK to play boll in the kitchen?
3. Kulungile ukujula ibhola egumbini lokutyela?

ls it oK to throw the boll in the dining room?
4. Kulungile ukubaleka egumbini lokuphumla?

ls it OK to run in the sitting room?
5. Kulungile ukudlala ngeematshisi?

ls it OK to ploy with motchesT
THE LOCATIVE I The focative

h €.nr.n sa rLrva il,€ !J-"r!{[,.
$! 4(r rNtirrr In English we have the prepositions ln, at, on, in, from, to.In Xhosa these prepositions
l-.4
rr{it
r.*tuq.'#
eerm h. !4.-
I do not exist as independent words, but are translated by prefixes and suffixes. Each of
Lj{!_.rdtuhq l
these can represent any of the above prepositions, so its exact meaning has to be under-
i! &rrn@/., w'wilraeJr"{r
stood from the context. In the following examples we provide only one possible English
translation.
.{
.tl: 100
15/f UNDO SESHUMI ETlN/NYE / L E55ON ELEVEN
Locative prefixes and suffixes ABSOLUTE PRONOUNS FOR

\bu have already seen many of these prefixes and suffixes. WE AND YOU (PLURAL)
The most common one is the prefix e-.
eKapa in Cope Town thina we
egaraji ot the garoge nina you
ekhaya ot home
The other locative prefixes are ku- and kwa-, and the locative suffixes are -ini and -eni.
In some cases a suffix is not required.
The locotive prefix ku- rHE LocanvE PREFTX

I
This prefix is used with class 1a nouns and with absolute pronouns (wenayou, yena slhe,
bona they).It replaces the initial vowel of a noun. When ku- is combined with an absolute
:lronoun, the -na of the pronoun is dropped. This prefix is not used with a suffix.
Ndiya kumama. I om going to mother.
Sivela kuSipho. We ore coming from Sipho.
Ndifuna ukuva kuwe. I want to hear from you.
Yiza kum! Come to me!
The locative prefix kwo- LOCATIVE PREFIX I

'HE r*n. I
This prefix is used with personal nouns or pronouns with personal reference. It signifies
,tI the place of or at the home of . The kwa- replaces the initial vowel of the noun and is
not used with a suffix.
Kufuneka siye kwaNomsa. We must go to Nomso's ploce.
Andithandi kuhlala kwamalume. I don't like stoying ot my uncle's ploce. 4ft'e!*iMl
Nifuna ukulala kwam? Do you wont to sleep ot my ploce?

),lote that kwa- occurs in place names where the place is named after a person.
kwalanga in Langa
The prefix lova- may also indicate areas occupied by people.
kwaZulu Zululond
kwaRharhabe the place of the Rharhobes
The locotive prefix e-

The locative prefix e- can occur together with the suffixes -eni and -ini or without a suf-
fix. It replaces the initial vowel of the noun.
e- without a sullix
This occurs in the following cases.
a) with place names
iKapa Cape Town "* eKapa from Cape Town
iMonti Eqst London + eMonti from Eqst London
uMzantsi Afrika South Africa -r eMzantsi Afrika in South Africo
ror iie
b) with directional terms, including points of the compass
umzantsi south + emzantsi in the south
intshonalanga west + entshonalanga in the west
impumalanga eost + empumalanga in the eqst
umntla north + entla in the north
ukunene right + ekunene on the right
c) with certain temporal terms (words referring to time)

imini day + emini during the doy
ubusuku night { ebusuku at night
ubusika winter + ebusika in winter
d) with miscellaneous nouns

ikhaya home + ekhaya qt home
isibhedlele hospital + esibhedlele in hospital
e- with the suffix -ini

This occurs with nouns ending i or u.
amanzi woter + emanzini in the woter
isitovu stove r esitovini in the stove
If the noun ends with a u which is not preceded by a bilabial sound, the u becomes w.
indlu house + endlwini in the house
isiSuthu Sotho + esiSuthwini in Sotho
e- with the suffix -eni
This occurs with nouns ending e, a or o.
ivenkile shop -r evenkileni to the shop
intaba mountoin + entabeni on the mountoin
If the noun ends with o, the vowel will usually change to w.
imoto cor ..+ emotweni in the car
isikolo school + esikolweni to school
T8E L@AIIVE I
Further notes about the locative
Funhe' tro1.. rbodr tn. ld.rtrr4
rhbiarvrnL.nrrlbBU6rJ
|
> The locative prefix kulo- is usedto indicate at the parents' home of....
fsM
I v.lldFroe'. -.
Kufuneka siye kuloZolani. We must go to Zoloni's parents' home.
> With borrowed nouns in class 10 the full prefix is used.
i;@- nhc;----l iimoto cars + ezimotweni in the cqrs
> In nouns ending with a bilabial sound, sound changes may occur with the suffix -eni.
b + ty ihlobo summer -+ ehlotyeni in summer
mb - ni umlambo river + emlanieni in the river
m - ny umlomo mouth --+ emlonyeni in the mouth
> e- becomes -se- when a subject concord comes before the locative.
emsebenzini+ Umama usemsebenzini. Mother is ot work.
> ngase- is used to indicate in the vicinity o.f.
Udlala emlanjeni. + Udlala ngasemlanjeni.
in the river. q She is playing in the vicinity of the river.
She is playing
*!l roz
ISIFUNDO SE SHUMI E / L ESSON ELEVEN
"';; 'f
ir Qrammar E4ercise 71-,3

Give the locative of the words in brackets.
1. Uya (idolophu) yonke imihla.
She goes to town every doy.
2.
Baya (isikolo) ngo7 kusasa.
They go to school ot 7 in the morning.
3. Kufuneka andifowunele (ikhaya).
She must phone me ot home.
4. Kufuneka umse (isibhedlele).
You must take her to hospitol.
5. Ufika nini (umsebenzi)?
When do you arrive at workT
il' Qrammar E4ercke L1.4 {i

\arious members of Sipho's large family have come to visit him - and Sipho, of course,
isn't at home. Here are the various places where they have all gone to look for him. Tell
Sipho where each one is.
1. umalume uncle
isitishi
2. udadobawo
ivenkile
3. umakhulu gronny
kwagqirha
4. udadewabo s$ter
ipaka
lil-n
Ugqibilel > identifr places in a town

> give the days of the week
> use the subjunctive to expressrnuJl
> use locatives
103
fD
lsifundo Seshumi Elinesibini Lesson rwerve
UKWALATHISA * IO GIVE DIRECTIONS

> direct someone to a place
> give simple commands in the positive and negative
> use commands with the object concord
> use the subjunctive to express a sequence of commands and events
Masifund e 12,1
Andiyazi indlela I don't know the way
Tsetse, andiyazi indlela eya eCuguletu.

Ungandibonisa?
Tsetse, I don't know the woy to Cuguletu.
Can you show me?
OK. Hamba ngqo ngeN2, de ubone isayini ebhalwe

'Cuguletu'. Jika ekunene uhambe de ubone isayini
ethi 'Lansdowne Rd'. Ulike ekhohlo. Uza kuhamba
ulike kwisitalato sesibini egaraji. lndlu
kamakhulu isekhohlo.
OK. Co stroight olong the N2, until you see o
sign written 'Cuguletu'. Turn right ond go until
you see o sign which soys 'Lonsdowne Rd'.
You must turn left. You will go and turn into the
l second roqd at the gorage. My grandmother's
house is on the left.
Masiphendule
Sixelele indlela eya ekhayeni lakho,
Tell us the woy to your house.
,{:{ 104
ISIFUNOO SESHUMI €T'NEJIBINI / LESSON TWELVI
Masijonge kwakhona! Let's look agoin!

Here are some directions in the form of simple signs.
Hamba ngqo. Go straight. :o Jika ekunene. Ti.rm ight.

o
Nyuka ngqo. Go straight ttp.
o Jika ekhohlo. Turn left.
0
Yihla ngqo. Go straight down.
o
Thatha isitalato sokuqala ekunene. Titke the first road on the right.
H
Thatha isitalato sokuqala ekhohlo. Thke the first road on the left.
m
Thatha isitalato sesibini ekunene. Thke the second roqd on the ight.
m
Thatha isitalato sesibini ekhohlo. Take the second road on the left.
m
Thatha isitalato sesithathu ekunene. Take the third road on the ight.
m
Thatha isitalato sesithathu ekhohlo. Thke the third road on the left.
m
Qabela ibholorho. Cross the bridge.
A
Gqitha ngasekunene. Pass on the right.
6A
\fl/ Ezirhobothini. At the robots. A
@
Ll€Hfi'ei
Gqitha ngasekhohlo. Pass on the left. Ngena apha. Enter here.
'{,L:il'
Iziphambuka . Intersections ltum-offs.

A Musa ukungena apha./Ungangeni apha.
Do not enter here.
g
Yima. Stop.
@
Musa ukujika./Ungajiki tu.
Don't tum.lDon't tum at all.
@
ros ib
Masip-he,ndule
Here is a street map of Langa. Give directions to the places marked A, B and C.
Masifund e 12,: _2
Mandikuxelele indlela. Let me tell you the woy.

Sipho and Zolani want to watch Clueless. They will have to watch it in Claremont because
it is not showing in Rondebosch. But Sipho is new in Cape Town, and does not know the
way to Claremont. Here is a map showing the way from Mowbray to Claremont. Use the
map, and the directions you know already, to direct Sipho to the movie house in
Claremont.
Earajr
iGavendish
lr.*t JJ3[iyunivesithi
.r{ roo
ISIFUNDO SESHUMI TTTN€SIEINI / LESSON TWELVE
Grammar
Simpte commands
shd. cohM!& rh frs. bl& rh. fol@ rrucru.
Positive
l@@sl
Simple commands addressed to one person have the structure R-a. qE^ lrs m. p#$ i. M@ 8pt.b lo,
'w.
Hamba! Co!
Thetha! Speok!
\\'hen more than one person is being spoken to, the suffix -ni is added.
Hambani! Go!
Thethani! Speok!
\\'hen the verb root has only one syllable, the stabilizer yi- is prefixed.
Yitya! Eot!
Yizal Come!
When the verb root starts with a vowel, the stabilizer y- is prefixed.
Yenza iti! Make teo!
Yakha indlu! Build o house!
Negotive
SIM*E 6TilAXDS
Simple commands to one person have the structure musa + infinitive (uku-R-a). l. lh rodiv. u.. rhr lo[o6q
Stabilizers are not used in the negative. M6a*una..n@1

E6a4M
wFl
htedl
illaM hl..l
Musa ukuhamba! Don't go! @a&1 odn*.d
Musa ukuthetha! Don't speok! rH* c&rreri$is
f-----ffiw
ddrcdu.dro.&.
I $!t&6!, htdt
Musa ukutya! Don't eot!
Musa ukwenza ti! Don't moke teo!
Musa ukwakha ndlu! Don't build o house!
This construction is often contracted to s'uku-R-a.
S'ukuhamba! Don't go!
5'ukuthetha! Don't speak!
When more than one person is being spoken to, the suffix -ni is added.
Musani ukuhamba! Don't go!
Musani ukuthetha! Don't speok!
This construction is often contracted to san'uku-R-a.
San'ukuhamba! Don't go!
San'ukuthetha! Don't speok!
107
h
THETHA ISIXHOSA NATH]
Simple commands with object concords

"'.iliii',99I1{x[?s I
d, "T*.nr. !r "PhN h.rr. il,
Positive
when you want to include an object in a command, for example Thke it! or Phone her.'
I s',hDmrh.i, urrqB.n'!b.inr rp3r.n'o ru.n, d
I l--m;-i*.lw,o I use the construction OC-R-e (to address one person).
Yithathe! Toke it! (The yi- refers to an object in class 9.)
Mncede! Help her/him!
Ndifowunelel Phone me!
When more than one person is being spoken to, the suffix -ni is added; OC-R-eni.
Yithathenil Take it!
Mncedeni! Help her/him!
Negative
Use the ordinary negative construction as above with the object concord added just
before the root of the verb: musa + uku-OC-R-a.
Musa ukuyithatha! Don't toke it!
Musani ukuyithathal Don't toke it!
Musa ukumnceda! Don't help heilhim!
t-
lp Qrammar E4ercise 12.1
Liz is at a gym class. Match the pictures with the instructions. The vocabulary in the bor
-phakam- stand up will help you.
-phakamis- lift up
-bamb- totLchlhold 1 . Phakama uphakamise iingalo zakho!
-gob- bend 2. Hlala phantsi ubeke iingalo zakho ecaleni!

iingalo amls 3. Hlala phantsi ubambe intloko yakho!
idolo knee 4. Coba ubambe iinyawo!
5. Phakama ubambe idolo lasekunenel
,.
cll 108
ISIFUN DO JE SHUMI f T/Nf JI8'N' / LE5 5ON TWELVT
Qrammar E4ercise 1-2.2

q9i
o{
--:range the following sentences according to the example.

Nika umama ubisi! + Mnike ubisi!
Cive mother the milk! + Cive her the milk!
1. Xelela abantwana igama lakho! --+
Tell the children your nome! Tell them your nome!

2. Fowunela mna ngomso! +
Phone me tomorrow! Phone me!
3. Thatha isipaji! '+
Toke the purse! Toke it!
4. Hlamba izitya! +
Wosh the dishes! Wosh them!
5. Vula ucango! -r
Open the door! Open it!
6. Yitya inyama! "+
Eot meot! Eot it!
7. Yenzela iindwendwe iti!
Moke the guests tea! Moke it (fo) the guests!
8. Nceda uSipho!
Help Sipho! Help him!
Qrammar E4ercke L2.3

fhe people in the picture are about to do something they shouldn't. Following the
::<ample, use the words given below to warn them not to do these things.
kha iintyatyambo + Musa ukukha zintyatyambo!
pick flowers Don't pick flowers!
1 . hlala ebhankini
2. dada emlanjeni
3. phatha ucingo
4. dlala nenja
5. khwela umthi
6. lya ama-apile amaninzi
7. dlala ngemela
109 lu
$'
r HETH A IS 1A H O S A N AT H I
Using the subjunctive to express sequences

*OUftESdHB I
Sequence of commands
ehe'h.ujurclvr'o.,!crr|
When giving a sequence of commands in Xhosa, use the subjunctive mood for the sec-
|
s!{d\.dcslhd'4 d'u E{'G I
h $o.r lm.n pad ro q'vc. sr.ft. d

c.d{eM{ you ur. r'' euF'cr
3.crnd d rubs{!ont com.n6:
ond and subsequent commands. In the following example the second verb, ungajiki, is .
r*-*-ffi]
l- m-nr I
the negative form of the subjunctive.
hr sm6d v.d lJldE. i Hamba ngqo ungajiki tu! Co stroight ond do not turn at oll!
Only second person singular and plural concords are used in constructions of this kind.
Yiza apha uhlale phantsil Come here ond sit down!
Yizani apha nihlale phantsi! Come here and sit down!
Yiza apha ungathethi! Come here and do not speok!
Yizani apha ningathethi! Come here qnd do not speok!
Sequence of events
As you know, na- is used in Xhosa to join nouns.
iti nekofu teo and coffee
uSipho noZolani Sipho and Zoloni
But you cannot use na- in Xhosa where English tses and or and then to join verb
phrases. Here the subjunctive mood is used.
USipho ufika ekhaya ngo6, atye, abukele iil
Sipho orrives at home ot 6, (and then) he eots, (and then) he wotches TV.
Ndivuka ngo7, ndihlambe, nditye, ndiye emsebenzini.
I woke at 7, wesh, eat, and then go to work.
'-
P Qrammar lE4ercise 12.4
Join each pair of commands by changing the second into the subjunctive.
1. Hamba ngqo! Thatha isitalato sokuqala ekunene!

Co stroight! Toke the first road on your right!
2. Phakamani! Jongani apha!

Stond up! Look here!
3. Phakamani! Bambani iinyawo!

Stand up! Touch the feet!
4. Hlala phantsil Beka iingalo ecaleni!

Sit down! Put your orms ot the sides!
5. Thatha olu bisil Lufake phezu kwefriji!

Take this milk! Put it on top of the fridge!
{ rro
ISIFUNDO SESHUMI f I'Nf JIBINI / LESSON TWELVE
it' Qrammar E4ercke 1-2.5 {

Give the correct form of the word in brackets.
1 . USipho ufuna ukuya edolophini (-theng-) iimpahla.
Sipho wants to go to town ond buy clothes.
2. UZolani ungena endlwini (Jak-) _ iintyatyambo evazini.
Zoloni goes into the house ond puts the flowers into the vase.
3. Abantwana bakaThandi baya eQitsi ngoDisemba (buyel-) _ eKapa
ngoJanuwari.
Thondi's children go to Qitsi in December ond come back to Cope Town in January.
4. Wena ufuna ukuthatha izinto zakho (hamb) _?
Do you wont to toke your things and go7
5. Ndifuna ukuhlamba (nxib-)
I wont to wosh ond get dressed.
6. ULiz ufuna ukuya eLondon (-tyelel-) abahlobo bakhe.
Liz wonts to go to London ond visit her friends.
7. UMpumezo noTsetse baya kwalanga (tyelel) umalume kaTsetse.
Mpumezo and Tsetse go to Langa and visit Tsetse's uncle.
8. Nina, nivuka ngabani ixesha kusasa Clal) _ ngabani ixesha ebusuku?
And you (plural), what time do you woke up in the morning ond go to sleep ot night?
9. lnkosikazi kaDumisani iya erestyu Cty) _ tu.
Dumisoni's wife goes to the restauront ond does not eot ot oll.
10. ULiz uya kwalanga (-enz-) uphando khona.
Liz goes to Lango and does reseorch there.

> direct someone to a place
Ugqibilel > give simple commands in the positive and negative

> use commands with the object concord
> use the subjunctive to express a sequence of
commands and events
111
h
lsifundo Seshumi Elinesithathu l";,f,22,
rs5rYl8"oriTlLuJt Le.s.,rrrn*n
I
MASIYE EQITSI "e LEr,S GO IO QIISI
I MASTYE EQtTSt!
I ewt rels co ro orrsrr
,.-4J
iiffil ":r,",r":, In this lesson you will learn how to
,SfilaI r . '":. lH**l ,'- IffisI > talk about preparations for a trip away from home
iE-- I lq*'l > talk about the weather
6.n-rd reinn$rx4'i& j
> use the future tense

> use the adverbial formative nga-
Masifund e 13.1
siza kuhamba ngantoniT How (by whot means) are we going to traver?
Liyanda and her friends are going to Qitsi. Here they are getting ready for their trip.
ULiz:. Sisi, masithetheni. Siza kuhamba ngantoni?

Sister, Iet's tolk. How are we going to trovel?
UCara: Ngemoto.
By cor.
ULiyanda: Hayi, imoto incinci. Sibaninzi. lkhombi inlani?
No, o car is small. There are lots of us. How obout o combi?
ULiz: Yha, yona ilungile.
Yes, thot's fine.
UCara: Ngoobani abantu abahambayo?
How many people ore goingT
ULiyanda: Ndim, nguwe, nguLiz, nguZolani, nguRussell, nc nguNeisha. Nawe,
5ipho, uyahamba, andithi?
It is me, you, Liz, Zolani, Russell, Neisho.
And you, Sipho, you ore going, aren't youT
USipho: Ewe, tyhini!
Yes, of course!
ULiyanda: So sibasixhenxe.
So there qre seven of us.
USipho: Akufuneki siphathe umthwalo omninzi.
We mustn't toke o lot of luggoge.
ULiyanda: Kufuneka siphathe iimpahla ezishushu kuba kusebusika.
We must take wqrm clothes becquse it is winter.
UCara: Amanzi akhona?
ls there water thereT
USipho: Ewe, kodwa anqabile. Kufuneka siwakhe emlanjeni.
Yes, but it is scarce. We have to drow it from the river.
4{ rrz
ISIFUN DO Jf SHUMI EIlNEJITHAIHU / L ESSON THIRTEEN
lmibuzo
1. Ooliyanda baza kuhamba ngantoni?
2. Bangaphi abahambayo?
3. Kufuneka baphathe ntoni?
4. Kunjani eQitsi ebusika?
5. Baza kuwafumana phi amanzi eQitsi?
.{:
'ti
UKUTYA KWAMAXHO'A. XHO5A FOOD
n Here are some of the things Liyanda and her friends can look forward to eating and
(,
drinking in the Eastern Cape.
V,
'r,i
umphothulo ground boiled moize
,\l iinkobe boiled moize
v"
'0:
umvubo thick sour milk and bread/somp
imifino wild spinoch mixture
umngqusho somp ond beons
umqa maize porridge
umxhaxha cooked mixture of pumpkin ond moize
umqombothi o very light beer
amasi sour milk
amarhewu o drink mode from a thin porridge of moize meol with a little
wheat flour ond some yeast
irhewu elinomsila Xhoso beer (urnnw: irhewu thot hos o toil)
amaqebengwana scones/breqd boked in hot qshes
Masifund e 13:2
lkude kangakanani? How far is it?
a. Answer the questions according to this example.
lkude kangakanani iQitsi noMtata? + Ziikhilomitha eziyi|25.
How far rs Qitsl from Umtota? - 125 kilometres.
1. lkude kangakanani iBhayi noMtata?
2. lkude kangakanani iMonti noMtata?
3. lkude kangakanani iPort St Johns noMtata?
4. lkude kangakanani iRhini noMtata?
b. You can also ask

Ziikhilomitha ezingaphi ukusuka eQitsi ukuya eMtata?
How mony kilometres is it from Qitsl to Umtota?
The answer would be the same.
r r: iib
THTTHA ISIXHOSA NATHl
Masifunde 13,3
lnjani imozuf u? Whot is the weather like?
Whenever you plan a visit to a faraway place, you always have to check the weather.
Concords used when talking about the weather

The indefinite subject concord ku- is generally used to indicate it is, as in Kushushu 1t i-'
hot and Kuyabanda It is cold. The concord li-, agreeing with the noun izulu in class 5,
also occurs: Izulu lihle namhlanje The weather is nice today. Another word for weather i:
imozulu, which is in class 9, thus producing the concord i.: Injani imozulu namhlanje?
What is the weather like today?
_n
w
Here are various weather conditions described in Xhosa.
Kushushu.
Libalele.
Kufudumele.
It is hot.
It is boiling hot/scorching.
It is worm.
llanga likhupha intlanzi emanzini. lt is very hot.
(urmttw: The sun is toking the fish out of the woter.)
Kuyabanda. lt is cold.
Ndiyagodola. I om cold.
Kubanda gqitha. lt is very cold.
Kupholile. lt is cool.
lngqele iqhaqhazelisa amazinyo. lt is very cold.
(urtnttw: The cold mokes the teeth chotter.)
Kuyanetha. It is roining.
lmvula iyana. The rain is raining.
lyana. It is roining.
Sisiphango. It is heovy rain.
Kuyaqabaqabaza. It is roining lightly.
Kuyakhwitsha. It is drizzling.
Kuyagalela. It is pouring.
ffi
Kusibekele. It is overcost.
Kukho amafu There ore clouds.
lzulu libi. The weather is threatening/bod/very overcqst.
Lithe gqabagqaba ngamafu. It is portly cloudy.
lzulu limathumb' antaka. The sky is overcast ond it is threatening to rain.
(urmntw The sky is the entroils of birds.)
Kukho umoya. There is wind.

Umoya uyavuthuza. The wind is blowing hord.
Kukho impepho. There is a breeze.
Kuyabhudla. It is blowing.
{ rrn
ISIFUNDO SE
h lPracticaf Eryerck e 1"3 . 1- .li \.

a. Describe the weather in each of the pictures.
':sfu
"7lnnt*
b. Complete these expressions.

1.
2.
llanga
lngqele liqhaqhazelisa
iintlanzi emanzini.
limathumb' antaka.
:n
w
Masifund e 13,4
lza kuba njani imozulu ngomsoT What wilt the weather be like tomorrow?
often when we talk about the weather, we are wondering what it will be like at some
time in the future, in which case we use the future tense. You will notice that with a non-
verbal form like -shushu, the auxiliary verb -ba is used in the future tense.
Kuza kuba shushu ngomso. It will be hot tomorrow.

Kuza kubanda ngomso. It will be cold tomorrow.
Kuza kuphola ngomso. It will be cool tomorrow.
Kuza kuna ngomso. It will rain tamorrow.
Kuza kuvuthuza ngomso. It will be windy tomorrow.
1ls i'
THTTHA ISIXHOSA
Masifunde 13,5_
Amaxesha onyaka Times of the year (seasons)
ihlobo summer ehlotyeni in summer

ubusika winter ebusika in winter
intlakohlaza spring entlakohlaza in spring
ukwindla autumn ekwindla in autumn
b-
ah
Dl' (Practica[ E4ercis e 13 .2 a::
These pictures show things that you would need in various seasons. Write down the
season in which you would need each item. q
1 . Ndiza kusebenzisa isambrela e nase
31
I will use an umbrello in ond in
2. Ndiza kunxiba iidimasi e_.

I will weor sunglasses in _. \Y
3. Ndiza kusebenzisa iharika e
I will use o roke in .w \r
)a-<i
q
4. Ndiza kukha iintyatyambo e_ ndizifake evazini. J[6
_
I will pick flowers in ond put them in a vose.
Grammar
TXEFU]URETENSE I
The future tense
arer'dl/ @hg ro.
We usually express the future tense in English by saying will or going to. The formulas
E<rya]. Fl Fi.
\- | lai;l I
-w;;i --L
tsiz{ku(rytpgllq below show how the simple future tense is formed in Xhosa.
T$;t, - %;rGffi
Positive
SC-za ku-(OC)-R-a.
si-za ku-hamb-a + Siza kuhamba. We will go.
Negative
a-SC-zi ku.(OC)-R-a
a-si-zi ku-hamb-a --+ Asizi kuhamba. We will not go.
*{ rro
ISIf UNDO 5f SHUMI E'i NEJITHATHU / L E55ON THIRTEEN
in speech these forms are often shortened.
Positive
SC-zo-ku-R-a
si-zo-ku-hamb-a + Sizokuhamba. We will go.
SC-o-R-a
s(i)-o-hamb-a + Sohamba. We will go.
Negative
a-SC-zu-ku-R-a
a-si-zu-ku-hamb-a -r Asizukuhamba. We will not go.
a-SC-zu-R-a
a-si-zu-hamb-a + Asizuhamba. We will not go.
ADVERBS USED WITH THE FUTURE TENSE

Sequence of future events
When referring to a sequence of future events in Xhosa, ngomso tomorrow
vou will usually use the subjunctive mood for the second kule veki izayo next week
and subsequent events. kule nyanga izayo next month
Bazakuya eQitsi bahlale nomakazi kaLiyanda. kulo nyaka vzayo nextyear

ngomso omnye the day alter tomorrow
They are going to go to Qitsi ond stay with Liyondo's ount.
Uza kuchola ubulongwe asinde.
ngempelaveki duinglover the weekend
She will pick up cow dung ond smeor (the floor).
i'ry Qrammar E4ercise 13.1 .:I

Liz has definite plans for each of her days in Qitsi. Read this entry from her diary, and
then answer the questions that follow.
UMvulo
5 arn Vuka
Mondag
,^"^ Nceda uliganda ukupheka
8 arn yiga ernlanjeni 5 am Wake uP
9 arn Vfua iblakfesi 7 am HelP Liganda lo cook
lO arn Sebenza
ernasirnini I am Go to lhe river
I prn Yitga ilantshi 9 am Eal breakfasi
lO am Work in the {ields
I pm Eat lunch
rrz ih
lmibuzo
1 . ULiz uza kuvuka ngabani ixesha ngoMvulo?
What time is Liz going to wake up on MondoyT
2. Uza kwenza ntoni ngoT kusasa?
Whot is she going to do ot 7 in the morning?
3. Uza kutya iblakfesi ngabani ixesha?
Whot time is she going to eot breokfost?
4. Uza kwenza ntoni ngol 0 kusasa?
What is she going to do at 10 in the morning?
5. Uza kutya ilantshi ngabani ixesha?
Whot time is she going to eot lunch?
ir>
t' Qrammar E4ercise 1-3.2 .l:
Liyanda has written to tell her aunt that she and her friends are going to stay in Qitsi.
uaLaT en/inilan/ayu Dear auntie
aipli|ile apla, n/iyailanba nanj njplili|e aplu We are fine here, I hope that you too are well there in
eaifai. uliblala le /e/a uLuLuxelbla uLu/a Qitsi. I am writing this letter to tell you that my friends
,abal/ubo (aibasixlenxe 4i40nle/ ) sja, LuIiLa
^ra and I (there are seven of us altogether!) will be arriving
aTlo ,V^l/a we-? Lurulayi ,7eai/lrf,a nitT-t there on the 3rd of July at about 4 in the afternoon. We
are going to leave Cape Town at about 4 in the morning
1iy LuauLa apli ela7a na(unV nu&
:r1r:(
eLu4enl.
We are not going to stay long, maybe a week.
Lu//a/a xesla \i/e, nllawunbi ireli enye.
"4ai7 Don't worry about preparations, we will take everything
we need for ourselves. Some of the students don't know
lnryltypli nVLwenV analun4aele( o, aiq Xhosa very well, they want to practise by speaking with
lr4plorlao Abanye aba6un/i"abaaa7
/onLe,tit'u some of the people there.
(a,t1lfeielXluaa, batruna uLuV4leliia n4uLu-
fhefAa nabanye abartu aplul " u
a.lmibuzo
1 . ULiyanda uza kufika nini eQitsi?
When will Liyando arrive in Qitsi?
2. Baza kusuka eKapa nini?
When willthey leave Cope TownT
3. Baza kuhlala ixesha elingakanani eQitsi?
How long will they stoy in Qitsi?
4. Baza kuziphathela ntoni?
Whot are they going to take for themselves?
s'; :; ::::i:::::rr1:;' ;;:::;^'
{ rra
ISIFUN DO SESHUMI ET'NESITHATHU / L ESSON THIRTEEN
b. Pretend you are Liyanda. Continue her letter, telling your aunt the sort of things you
want to do and see in Qitsi. Here are some examples.
ukubukela umxhentso to watch a traditionol donce
ukuya emgidini to go to o porty
ukutya ukutya kwamaXhosa to eot Xhoso food
ukusinda/ukurhida to smear floors with mud
ukutyabeka to ploster
The adverbiat fo-rmative ng_a- GilMtR

rpr:.oril*dvdJr6md*.:ry I
|
You have already seen nga- used to mean by (means ofl.

Ndihamba ngetreyini. I trovel by (means of) troin.
Uhamba ngebhasi. She trovels by (means of) bus.
The following sound changes occur when nga- is prefixed to a vowel. They are the same
as the sound changes for na-.
nga-i + nge-
nga-u + ngo-
nga-oo + ngoo-
nga-a + nga-
nga-ii + ngee-
The uses of nga-
1. to indicate by (means of)lwith
Uza kubhalangepeni. She will write with a pen. llp- lww tte@o!p, w. d go ry.dL
ua\qtu{arwd,
Uhamba ngantoni? How (by whot means) are you trovelling? bza * Lv.r'.dt a
Ssd.6.rn
n@ txh.b
wsltut*hMiooL,
t.b-
h(qdcdff,r.wr@?
2. to indicate about
UZolani ucinga ngoTsetse. Zolani thinks about Tsetse.
Baza kuncokola ngokutya. They will chot about food.
3. to indicate dffirent typeslkinds

In this case the noun is repeated with nga- prefixed.
Ndifuna ukuthenga izinto ngezinto. I want to buy different types of things.
Umalume uthengisa iimoto ngeemoto. My uncle sells different types of car.
4. to indicate atlon a certain time/day/monthlyear

Uza kufika ngoJulayi. She will orrive in luly.
Ufuna ukundibona ngolwesingaphi? On what day of the week do you want to see me?
5. to indicate in (the medium of)

Niza kuthetha ngesiXhosa. You will speok in Xhosa.
Uza kubhala ngesiNgesi. She will write in English.
rrr il
,t;
Qrammar E4ercise L3.3 .:i
Answer the questions by using nga- with the words in brackets.
1. Uya ngantoni eQitsi? (ibhasi)
2. Niza kufika ngabani ixesha eQitsi? (u4)
3. Uza kuya emgidini ngolwesingaphi? (uMgqibelo)
4. Niza kuthetha ngantoni? (ukutya kwamaXhosa)
5. Abantu baza kuhamba ngantoni? (iteksi)
6. Siza kuyibhala ngantoni? (ipensile)
7. lpolisa liza kufika ngabani ixesha? (u6)
8. Abantwana bathetha ngoluphi ulwimi? (isiVenda)

> talk about preparations for a trip away from home
> talk about the weather Ugqibilel
> use the future tense
> use the adverbial formative nga-
{i rzo
lsifundo Seshumi Elinesine Lesson Fourteen
BELUNJANI UHAMBO LWENU? * lslFuNOo SESHUMI ELINESINE Lesron
BELUNJANI
HOW WAS YOUR TRIP? UHAMBO LWENU?
Ed*!i HOWWAS YOURTRTP?: tu I
lj
In this lesson you will learn how to 1
if
> talk about a holiday you have recently enjoyed r.
r talk about events in the recent past

I
> use the recent past c()ntinuous tense ti
I
Masifund e 141
Beniye phi? Where did you go?
UVuyani: Beniye phi ngeholide kaJune?

Where did you go during the June holidoyT
ULiyanda: Besiye eQitsi.
We went to Qitsi.
UVuyani: Nyhani! Benihamba ngantoni?
Reolly! How did you trovelT
ULiyanda: Besihamba ngekhombi.
We travelled by combi.
UVuyani: Benihlala nabani phaya eQitsi?
Who did you stay with in Qitsi?
ULiyanda: Besihlala nomakazi wam.
We stoyed with my aunt.
UVuyani: Benisenza ntoni phaya?
Whot did you do over there?
ULiyanda: Wethu! Besihlala njengamaXhosa!
My deor! We lived like the Xhosas!
Masiphendule
Wena, mfundi, beniye phi ngeholide?
And you, student, where did you go during the holidoy?
121 uir
IHETHA ISlXHOSA NATHI
+.r! r€,, i$i:.s!ir..rir^sn

Masifund e
14,2
tw@itrbdd..tuffir
M'@ddry@7
riluhhffib.hd!il.er
Benisenza ntoni? Whot did you do?
| **,ffifi3*,*,",-,, UVuyani: ULiyanda uthi beniye eQitsi ngeholide. Benisenza ntoni phaya?
t:1 Liyando soys you went to Qitsi during the holiday. What did you do there?
ULiz: Heyi, Vuyani, besilala emakhukweni!
Hey, Vuyoni, we slept on sleeping mats!
UVuyani: Uthi benilala emakhukweni! Andiyikholelwa loo nto! Benisenza nantoni enye
phaya?
You soy you were sleeping on mots! I don't believe thot (thing)! What else did you
do there?
UCara:
Besirhida indlu ngodaka.
We plostered the house with mud.
UVuyani: Uthi benirhida indlu ngodaka! Andiyikholelwa loo nto! Benisenza nantoni
enye phaya?
You soy you plastered the house with mud! I don't believe thot! Whot else did you
do thereT
USipho: Mamela, bhuti! Besisolusa iibhokhwe neegusha!
Listen, brother! We herded the goots ond the sheep!
UVuyani: Andiyikholelwa loo nto, bhuti!
I don't believe thqt, brother!
USipho: Ewe, bhuti, besisolusa neenkomol Wena, Vuyani, ubusenza ntoni ngeholide?
Yes, brother, we also herded the cottle! And you, VuyonL whot did you do during
the holiday?
UVuyani: Bendiye eNorway.
I went to Norwoy.
Bonke: Asiyikholelwa loo nto!
All: We don't believe that!
Imibuzo
1. OoLiyanda bebeye phi?
2. Ooliyanda bebehamba ngantoni?
3. Ooliyanda bebelala njani?
4. OoLiyanda bebehlala nabani?
5. Ooliyanda beberhida indlu ngantoni?
!g!JAlll!!8!!!g? Hos ms !h. we.rh€f I Masifund e 143

, -'? - uilvuro --tus6
urwestltanu ii .t
rL .. t'rud'hh "' jj 11
il 4ffifnl lbinjani imozulu? How was the weather?

.
l/+*m
t#*"-"*
l;:rr.'' .L -:-:; There was some pretty variable weather in Qitsi while Liyanda and the students were
C duedtu.
*' L\,/_ __..
,,*",".
ilpffi
'N* fr***,ffi
-{_
\\t
there. Look at the picture next to each day of the week, read the description and then
i:I:;:rirpt4$ils!4tiy&l"i*t!&.siii/ffi lii :r::ti answer the questions.
-'r'\t\
$nz
ISIFUNDO SESHUMI ELINESINE / L ESSON FOURTTEN
uMvulo Monday
Bekusibekele. lt wos overcost.
uLwesihlanu Friday
Bekubanda. lt wos cold.
:$fu
"7ilot*
uLwesibini Tuesday
Bekusina.
u
lt was roining.
Lwesithath u Wed nesday

uMgqibelo Soturday
Bekuvuthuza. lt was windy.
iCawe Sundoy
w
Bekuvuthuza. It was windy.
uLwesine Thursdoy
Bekupholile. lt was cool.
Bekushushu. It was hot.
W
Masiphendule
1. lbinlani imozulu ngoMvulo? 5. lbinjani imozulu ngoLwesihlanu?
2. lbinjani imozulu ngoLwesibini? 6. lbinjani imozulu ngoMgqibelo?
3. lbinjani imozulu ngoLwesithathu? 7. lbinlani imozulu ngeCawe?
4. lbinlani imozulu ngoLwesine?
Grammar
The recent past continuous tense
.4 nr:hr&
You have seen one past tense already in Xhosa, the remote past tense: Wazalwa nini? tr1,
Tlmw*m-l
Wen were you bom? The recent past continuous tense refers to actions that were hap-
Ihq ftcr!. !ê rq t[uour r.tr3
pening, or happened, in the more recent past. It is a very common past tense in Xhosa 6*
I
*rr hrpeninq il bm.d in h. ,....1 Ssi
i$ yrt c.ren& $.d *s E M r..r, in xhosu
utofrrn rrnsr*.. k...dw i!^..nd*,
and is often, though not exclusively, used to translate was ...ing (past continuous) verb
forms in English. Sometimes Xhosa will have the recent past continuous tense where
English uses the simple past: Besihamba ngekhombi We travelled by combi.
Subject concords
Strong classes ond subject concords starting with o consonont
These take the prefix be-.
First person singular bendi- Bendithetha. I was tolking.
First person plural besi- Besithetha. We were talking.
Second person plural beni- Benithetha. You (plural) were talking.
Class 2l2a (aba-) bebe- Bebethetha. They were tolking.
(Ihe concord changes from ba- to be-)
123
h
THTTHA ISIXHOSA NATHI
Weok closses ond subject concords starting with a vowel

Second person singular ubu- Ubuthetha. You were tolking.
Third person singular
class 1/1a (um-) ebe-/ube- Ebethetha. S/he wos tolking.
class 3 (um-) ubu- Ubuphi umtshayelo? Where was the broom?
class 419 (imi)(in-i-) ibi- lbiphi imitshayelo. Where were the brooms?
class 6 (ama-) ebe- Ebephi amanzi? Where wos the wqter?
Verbs starting with a vowel

In the positive, these verbs take an -s- before the verb root if there is no object concord
Ubu-s-enza ntoni? Whot were you doing?
Ebe-s-oyika ntoni? Whot wss s/he frightened of?
If there is an object concord, the -s- is not used.
Ubu-y-enza (iti). You were moking it (tea).
Ebe-b-oyika. S/he was frightened of them.
Verbs with monosyllabic roots

In the positive, these verbs take -si- before the verb root if there is no object concord.
Ubu-si-tya ntoni? Whot were you eoting?
Ebe-si-kha amanzi. S/he wos drowing water.
If there is an object concord, the -si- is not used.
Ubu-yi-tya (inyama). You were eoting it (meot).
Ebe-wa-kha (amanzi). S/he wos drowing it (wote).
Negative
No negative subject concord is used in this tense. The subject concord remains as for the
positive, but with -nga- added after it.
Bendithetha. + Bendingathethi.
I wos tolking. 1 I wos not tolking.
In verbs starting with a vowel, the normal sound changes occur.
Bendi-nga-enz-i + Bendingenzi nto. I was not doing onything.
Bendi-nga-oyik-i + Bendingoyiki. I wos not ofraid.
In verbs with a latent i, the a of -nga- will cause sound changes.
Bendi-nga-(i)z-i + Bendingezi. I wos not coming.
Bendi-nga-(i)hl-i + Bendingehli. I was not going down.
Why 'Ubuye phi?' and not'lJbusiyo phi?'

You may have noticed that in the dialogues people asked Ubuye phi? Where did yotL go?
not Ubusiya phi? Wtere were you going? This is because the action of going had been
completed, and the verb is therefore in the past continuous, but with the perfect tense
ending -e.
**i rz+
ISIFUNDO SESHUMI f T/NTJINE / L ESSON FOURTETN
Past Tense Concords

Recent past continuous tense concords
Singular
1st person bendi- Bendisebenza. I wos working.
Bendingasebenzi. I was not working
2nd person ubu- Ubusebenza. You (singulo) were working.
Ubungasebenzi. You (singulo) were not working.
Plural
1st person besi- Besisebenza. We were working.
Besingasebenzi. We were not working.
2nd person beni- Benisebenza. You (plurol) were working
Beningasebenzi. You (plural) were not working.
Recent Past Tense Concords

Noun closs M' ---c-G----ffi-
cn*r,u I rur
*,u | 6.
I
1 11a ebe-/ube- Ebesebenza S/he wqs working

*'*t1
*-z,a | 6]
1
Ebengasebenzi. S/he was no!y?!!!g _ cb1 & I tbF l

2l2a bebe- Bebesebenza. They were working. tl
Bebengasebenzi. They were not working
ubu- Umvundla ububaleka. The hore wos running.
Umvundla ubungabaleki. The hore was not running.
ibi- lmivundla ibibaleka. The hqres were running.
r beli-
ebe-
lmivundla ibingabaleki.
tpotisa fetiOateta.
lpolisa belingabaleki
Amapolisa ebebaleka.
Amapolisa ebengabaleki.
The hores were
The policemon wos

not running.
The policeman was running.
not running.
The policemen were running.
The policemen were not running.
besi- lsityebi besibaleka. The rich person was running.
lsityebi besingabaleki. The rich person wos not running
bezi- lzityebi bezibaleka. The rich people were running.
lzityebi bezingabaleki. The rich were not running.
ibi- lntombi ibibaleka. fhe girt wos runn'mg
Intombi ibingabaleki. The girl was not running
10 Gz''- linto;bi beribaleka- The girls were running.
lintombi bezingabaleki. The girls were not running.
11 belu- Usana belulila. The boby was crying.
Usana belungalili. The boby wos not crying.
14 bebu- Ubusika bebufika. Winter wqs orriving.
Ubusika bebungafiki. Winter was not arriving.
15 beku- Ukutya bekufika. The food was orriving.
Ukutya bekungafiki. The food wos not orriving
p"
125
,t;
Qrammar E4ercis e 1-4 . 1- <:.
Change the following into the recent past continuous tense.

1. Ndiyafunda.
I am studying.
2. Wena uyasebenza.
You ore working.
3. Bayakufuna.
They wont you.
4. Siyathenga.
We are shopping.
5. Nisela amarhewu.
You ore drinking omarhewu.
6. Amadoda ayolusa iinkomo.
The men ore herding the cottle.
7. lintombi zenza umqombothi.
The girls are moking umqombothi
8. Akatyi.
S/he is not eoting.
9. Ayisebenzi.
It is not working.
10. Abakhi manzi.
They ore not drawing woter.
ip Qrammar E4ercise 1-4.2 ,::

Neisha missed a great party in Qitsi because she was washing her hair. She asks Liz
about it. What does Liz tell her? Use the recent past continuous tense in your answers.
1. Abantu (xhentsa).
2. Amakhwenkwe (dlala) imarimba.
3. Thina (bona) igqirha.
4. lndoda (betha) igubu.
ukuxhentsa to dance
ukubetha igubu to beat a drum
$na
ISIFUNDO SESHUMI EIlNEJINE / L E55ON FOURTEEN
The recent past continuous tense with na- wa..tkrwE.__rk I

I
Positive onrd 3omrhi@ M
slmnilM{. Fu u*Ih !d!*d. o!d. r*!ntp&r
When you want to say that someone or something had something in the recent past, use M.i/Eo@- llls!*.
em&*meo, rMr*.
the concords of the recent past continuous tense with na-. $end$rr. hh.v..tsouh
Ndinemoto. + Bendinemoto. €!!@. w.bd.F&.

utulre*^,s!- hE.F6.
thla/taelAa $.M6fte.
I have a car. I hod a car.
Sinengxaki. + Besinengxaki.
We have o problem. We had a problem.
Negative
When you want to say that someone or something did not have something in the recent
past, use the concords of the recent past continuous tense with -nge- and na- (which will
not change its vowel).
bendi-nge-na-(i)moto + Bendingenamoto. t did not hqve o car.
besi-nge-na-(i)xesha + Besingenaxesha. We did not hove time.
The recent past continuous tense with -phi wAs.....lNGiwiE.....rilc

I
When you want to askwhere something l?ds, use the concords of the recent past continu- *.n you*3dlo.sk tu rom!.k4r4 sc !h.
crncorG rf rtr rtr.d lar .dniu!!. !n$ {ix ryl
ous tense with -phi. @!i,s&&? hbs&?
&pl!14taa7 wmd.$o?
Uphi uSipho? + Ebephi uSipho? lul{|v@? Rd.bm.cr?
tlbhlltt&? w6btucd
Where is Sipho? Where wos SiphoT hrjdtr*f?
&&d!@t.6.t
hnTnti.d.c?
tr.*trt-rod
lphiimoto? +lbiphiimoto?
Where is the cqr? Where was the car?
The recent past continuous tense with the locative was.Jxcr$RE.,..tre I

Positive
When you want to say that someone or something was at a place, use the concords of the
recent past continuous tense with the locative. ilr8c.A&:rc!.dt
USipho ebesekhaya. Sipho wos at home. &Ir.!..4s.1sk9Y..sp..1n1

t.a- d @. w. itu p@,
lmoto ibisegaraji. The cor wasat the goroge.

You can also use these concords with the locative to ask if someone was at a certain
place.
USipho ebesekhaya? Was Sipho ot home?
lmoto ibisegaraii? Wos the car at the garoge?
Negative
When you want to say that someone or something was not at a place, use the concords of
the recent past continuous tense with -ngekho followed by the locative.
USipho ebengekho ekhaya. Sipho wos not ot home,
lmoto ibingekho egaraji. The car wqs not ot the garoge.
Sometimes the vowel of the locative is dropped.
USipho ebengekho khaya. Sipho wos not at home.
tzt iN
THITHA ISIXHOSA NAf H1
wAs....,iNG,wERE..,.,tNG The recent past continuous tense with -khona/-kho

wn.. ydu :rk *dr.r !\*; M. d r@
4hilnrr.olrl..ffldcndhr. W(dr nn8*nv
cl You will remember that when you want to ask whether there is or there rs nol something.
{rr !o! !.rilr. $ubt.sr roncud dh-&,*lh.
lliiorwM l.th.rffi? or whether someone is there or is not there,you use the subject concord with -khona
Urtd*,J@? l.*hotu ?
or -kho.
tujr\rtr;*'abqa u"iti?
E*\rdPtue-"&4p? w€ stsbrk ?
Lukho/Lukhona ubisi? ls there milk?
Ukho/Ukhona uSipho? ls Sipho there?
To ask these questions in the past, use the concords ofthe recent past continuous tense.
Belukho/Befukhona ubisi? Wos there milkT
Ebekho/Ebekhona uSipho? Was Sipho there?
In the negative, use the concords of the recent past continuous tense with -ngekho.
Belungekho (ubisi). There wosn't ony (milk).
Ebengekho. He wasn't there.
iB
F- Qrammar E4ercke 1-4.3
Liz is telling her friends about her visit to Qitsi. Complete each of her sentences by
choosing from the list below.
1. Bekubanda, kodwa
l
li/ \
It wos cold, but
?ict,
lS*" _
2. Besingabaqondi bonke abantu, kodwa
We didn't understand all the people, but
3. Abantu bebesebenza nzima, kodwa
The people worked hard, but
4. Besilambile, kodwa
We were hungry but
5. USipho ebenomkhuhlane, kodwa ngelishwa
Sipho hod flu, but unfortunotely
bebeneepati ezininzi (amaziko sniilg = fireplaces)

besinokutya okwaneleyo (-anele = enough) ebengenayeza
izindlu bezinamaziko omlilo besinedikshinari
'l) Qrammar E4ercke L4.4

a. No-one attended Zolani's report-back meeting. He wants to know where everyone
was. Look at each place given in brackets, and then answer his question as if you were
the person being asked.
1 . Liyanda, ubuphi izolo? (eSt Francis)
Liyonda, where were you yesterdoy?
2. Liz, ubuphi izolo? (emsebenzini)
Liz, where were you yesterday?
3. Cara, ubuphi izolo? (ekhaya)
Coro, where were you yesterdoy?
d rza
ISIFUNDO SESHUMI EI'NEJ'Nf 5ON FOURTEEN
zolani says he tried getting hold of everyone at those places, but they were not there.
Complete his statements.
1. Hayi, sis' Liyanda, bendikufowunela eSt Francis, kodwa
Nq sister Liyanda, I phoned you ot St Francis, but
2. Hayi, sis' Liz, bendikufowunela emsebenzini, kodwa
Nq srsfar Liz, I phoned you ot work, but
3. Hayi, sis'Cara, bendikufowunela ekhaya, kodwa
No, sister Caro, I phoned you at home, but
Qrammar E4ercise 14.5 ,:i

a. There are various things which Liyanda and company did not see or do in Oitsi.
Besingaziboni iirobothi. We did not see robots.
Besingayibukeli iTV.
Besingawusebenzisi umbane.
We did not wotch TV.
We did not use electricity.
W
Besingasithethi isiNgesi. We did not speak English.
Besingayisebenzisi ifowuni. We did not use the phone.
1 . Bebezibona iirobothi?
2. Bebeyibukela iW?
3. Bebewusebenzisa umbane?
4. Bebesithetha isiNgesi?
t
I
5. Bebeyisebenzisa ifowuni?
Neisha complained about some things not being available in Qitsi.

Alswer the questions.
1. lbikhona iTV eQitsi?

2. Ubukhona umbane?
3. lbikhonaikhompyutha?
4. lbikhona ifowuni?

Wgq$b8ile{ > talk about a holiday you have recently enjoyed
> talk about events in the recent past
> use the recent past continuous tense
l2e lll
lsitundo Seshumi Elinesihlanu triSSX
ISISHWAN KATH ELO'T, SU MMARY
Masikhumbule 15.1
Read what Zolani has to say and then answer the questions.
Molweni bafundi! Mna noLiz siya eeitsi ngoluni. siza kuhlala emaXhoseni,
sitye umngqusho, sixhentse, sisinde ngobulongwe sisele amarhewu. Ukuba
nifuna ukusikhapha, bhalani phantsi amagama enu.
Hello students! Liz ond I ore going to eitsl in June. we are going to live among
the Xhoso people, eat samp ond beons, donce, smeor (the ftoor) with dung oid
drink porridge beer. lf you wont to accompany us, write down your nomes.
Imibuzo
1. UZolani noLiz baya phi ngoJuni?
2. Baza kwenza ntoni phaya?
3. Ukuba abafundi bafuna ukubakhapha, kufuneka benze ntoni?
Masikhumbule 15.2
Read the rest of Zolani's instructions and then answer the questions.
Bafundi, yizani apha eyunivesithi ngo4 ngolwesihlanu.

Shiyani iisutikheyisi ekhayeni lam ngoLwesine. Ningafiki
emva kwexesha - andizi kulinda. Thathani umphako,
niza kulamba endleleni.
Students, come here to the university ot 4 on Fridoy. Leove
your suitcoses ot my house on Thursdoy. you must not
qrrive lqte - I am not going to woit. Toke some provisions,
you will get hungry on the roqd.
lmibuzo
1 . Kufuneka abafundi baye eyunivesithi ngolwesingaphi?
2. Kufuneka bafike khona ngabani ixesha?
3. Kufuneka bashiye iisutikheyisi phi?
4. Ukuba abafiki ngexesha uza kwenza ntoni uZolani?
5. Ukuze bangalambi endleleni kufuneka abafundi bathathe ntoni?
*lj rro
/J'FUNDO JESHUMI ET'NTJIHLAN U / IESSON FIFTEEN
Masikhumbule 15.3
Liyanda wants all the students going to Qitsi to meet in Room ,4.344 in the Department
of African Languages at UCT Neisha is a bit lost and has to ask the way.
UNeisha: Amanda, undawoni uA344?

Amondo, whereobouts is 4344?
UAmanda: Uy ayazi i Depatmenti yeAf rican Languages?
Do you know the Department of Africon LonguogesT
'tz^-
UNeisha: Ewe, ndiyayazi. i
Yes, I know it.

UAmanda: Kulungile ke. UA344 uphezulu kakhulu. Xa usedepatmentini, unyuke ngqo
ngezitepsi ekunene kwakho. Wakufika phezulu, ligumbi lesibini ekhohlo. .it:
OK then. 4344 is right ot the top. When you are in the deportment, you must go
stroight up (by meons of) the steps on your right. When you get to the top, it is
the second room on the left.
Imibuzo
1 . UA344 uphezulu okanye usezantsi? EKUNENE KWAKHO on your ris,ht
Locative positions can always be followed by the
2. Xa usedepatmentini kufuneka wenze ntoni? possessive concord kwa- and the
possessive stem.
3. lzitepsi zisekhohlo okanye zisekunene kwakho? ekhohlo kwakhe on his left
ekunene kwam on my ight
4. Wakufika phezulu ligumbi lesingaphi? emva kwakho behindyou
phambi kwam in front of me
5. lgumbi lisekhohlo okanye lisekunene?
,,
f'' Summary E4ercke 15,1 114
Look at this picture of a small town and answer the questions.

isikolo
USE THESE WORDS IN
YOUR ANSWERS.
Jongene na- opposfie
-ecaleni kwa- next to
-emva kwa- behind
ndawoni whereabouts
1. lndawoni icawa?
2. Sindawoni isikolo?
3. lndawoni igaraii?
4. lndawoni ilayibrari? rgaralr
rrr ih
t)
F) Summary E4ercise 15.2 at.
'a
Here is a picture showing how to get from Liyanda's aunt's house to the school in Qitsi.
Give directions corresponding to each of the numbers.
- -E;=.- --Y...
€fr/.,(ti,,=.:-:---L*'..; " '
. - .. -
-i1' '- -
1.
2.
E1 3.
I,r ltt
\i).
_ -.. 4.
5.
Summary E4ercke 15.3 r1'
UZolani: Hello Tessa, ukhona uCara?

Hello Tesso, is Cora there?
UTessa: Hayi, akakho.
No, she is not (there).
UZolani: Uye phi?
Where did she go?
UTessa: Useyunivesithi.
She is at the university.
a.lmibuzo
l.UZolani ufowunela bani?
2.UCara usekhaya?
3.Uphi uCara?
b. How would Tessa say Cara is at andwas at each of the following places?
f . isikolo
2. ikhaya
3. umsebenzi
4. ulwandle
5. ivenkile
How would Tessa say she is not at and was not at each of those places?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
{i rrz
ip Summary E4ercise 15.4 .4
a. Match each of the questions on the left with the correct answer on the right.
'l. lnjaniimozulu? a. Kufuneka aphathe ukutya neziselo.
2. Baza kuhamba ngantoni? b. Ngo2.
3. lbinjaniimozulu? c. Nosisi wam.
4. Niza kufika ngolwesingaphi? d. Hayi, ebengekho.
5. Ufike ngabani ixesha? e. Ukutya kwamaXhosa!
6. Kufuneka aphathe ntoni? f. Ngolwesibini.
7. Siza kuhlala nabani? g. Ziikhilomitha eziyi231 .
8. Baza kutya ntoni? h. Ngekhombi.

9. Ebekhona uXola? i. lntle.
10. Ziikhilomitha ezingaphi ukusuka j, lbimbi.
eMtata ukuya eMonti?
b. Use each of these phrases in sentences to show that you understand its meaning.
1. kule veki izayo
2. kule nyanga izayo
3. kulo nyaka uzayo
4. ngomso
5. izolo
6. ukusuka e-... ukuya e-...
7. ngemoto
8. ngeenyawo
9. nabani?
10. izinto ngezinto
c. Match each English verb with the correct Xhosa.

1. to go down a. ukulinda
2. to go up b. ukuthatha
3. to stop c. ukuchola
4. to woit d. ukuxhentsa
5. to arrive e. ukuhla
6. to pick up f. ukulungiselela
7. to toke/bring with S. ukuma
8. to take h. ukunyuka
9. to prepore i. ukuphatha
10. to dance j. ukufika
d. Match each Xhosa noun with the correct English definition.

1. umvubo a. ground boiled maize
2. amasi b. boiled moize
3. umngqusho c.thick sour milk ond breod/somp
4. iinkobe d. somp ond beans
5. umphothulo e. sour milk
r33 h
THETHA ISlXHOSA NATHI
e. Give the Xhosa for the following.

1. Monday on Mondoy
2. Tuesdoy on Tuesday
3. Wednesday on Wednesday
4. Thursdoy on Thursdoy
5. Fridoy on Fridoy
6. Saturday on Saturdoy
7. Sundoy on Sunday
f. Describe the weather shown in each picture in the present, future and past.
1. Present
Future
Past
:sfu
"7inot*
4. Present
Future
2. Present Past
Future
Past
/ 'v'-
3. Present
Future 5. Present
Past Future
Past
IINDWTNDWE. VI5ITOR'
ln this unit you have read and talked a lot about visiting people. Liyanda's aunt
would have made much of her guests from Cape Town since, to the Xhosa, visitors
are very important. They are always welcomed warmly and hospitably, even when
they arrive unexpectedly.
ln the rural areas meat is scarce, but people make a special effort to provide
some if there are visitors. This is to show them that they are welcome. ln urban
areas, where people do not keep livestock and where they would have to buy the
meat, the reception given to visitors is still warm, but not nearly as welcoming as
in the rural areas!
{i rv
d
ll llrnffh n Ukuseb enza nokuzonwabisa
l2lJLJLJlS aJ Work and entertainment +*
('q
{i
lsifu ndo Seshumi Elinesithandathu s,ry,ffin
UKUCELA UMSEBENZI "I- APPLY,NG FOR A JOB FFUNmSESHUilT

ELIilESITHAEAIAU
-. ,
In this lesson you will learn how to u{ueEtalusEEExzt

APPLYING FOR A JOB
ffi ,."_.-.. , tua
.'g l
> upply for a job, as well as interview someone for a job loHF I rd ,rrti,('M.Ms
h,uir|
rdraapprl
3"m"r.
I
I
-,*
{-nn
I
I
> use the perfect tense ::f-

I
I "^* *"o*runr
". 'i,
i. \^..1o -ilhih" r.d'd I rtuld
I :H'iI*
I
I
> use the past subjunctive to express a sequence ofpast events '{'tu 1-blNic lld! I
Masifund e 161
Wakhe wasebenza erestyu ngaphambili?
Have you ever worked in o restaurant before?
UXola: Molo mnumzana! NdinguXola Luse, mnumzana.

Hello sir! I am Xolq Luse, sir.
Ulakes: Ndiyavuya ukukwazi, Xola. I am the boss here. Jakes Ndimeni. Ufuna ntoni?
I om pleased to meet you, Xolo. I am the boss here. lokes Ndimeni. What do you wont?
UXola: Mna, mna? Ndifuna umsebenzi.
Me, me? I om looking for work
UJakes: Wakhe wasebenza erestyu ngaphambili? Wakhe wapheka ngaphambili?
Wakhe waphendula ifowuni ngaphambili? Hey? Hey, my boy?
Hove you ever worked in o restourant before? Hove you ever cooked before?
Have you ever answered o phone before? HeyT Hey, my boy?
UXola: Hayi, ewe, hayi. Ewe, bendisebenza ngefowuni, tata.
Bendisebenza elayibrari.
No, yes, no. Yes, I have worked with a phone, father. I worked in o librory.
UJakes: Ucinga ukuba ilayibrari ifana nerestyu?
Do you think a librory is like q restourant? /--,-
UXola: Ewe, tata. Kufuneka ubancede abantu elayibrari naserestyu.
Yes, father. You have to help people in a library and in o restouront.
Ulakes: Good thinking, my boy! Kutheni uwuyekile umsebenzi wakho elayibrari?
Cood thinking, my boy! Why did you leave your job ot the libroryT
UXola: Awukho umsebenzi ngoku, tata. likompyutha zenza yonke imisebenzi.
lmisebenzi inqabile.
There is no work now, fother. Computers do oll the jobs. Jobs qre scorce.
Ulakes: Kulungile. Mandikunike ithuba. Thatha, nantsi ifomu uyizalise.
OK. Let me give you o chonce. Here, tqke this form ond fill it in.
UXola: Uxolo, sorry, mhlekazi, kodwa yi-racing form le ...
I om sorry sir, but this is q racing form ...
13s
ip
rHf THA I\IXHOSA NATHI
Imibuzo
'1. UXola ufuna ntoni?
2. UXola wakhe wasebenza ngefowuni ngaphambili?
3. Kutheni uXola ewuyekile umsebenzi wakhe elayibrari?
4. UXola uthi ilayibrari ifana nerestyu. Kutheni esitsho?
5. UJakes umnikile uXola umsebenzi?
iL
gractica[ E4ercke 16.1 1,
Xola is going to have to cook quite a few things in the restaurant. Ask him whether he
has ever cooked the following.
2. ithanga
e
3. ihembhegha
4. amatswele
{i r:o
ISIFUN DO JISHUMI TT'NEI ITHANDATHU / L SSON SIXTEEN
!tr lPracticaf E4ercis e 1 6, 2 .!

4lr
t'
Xola just finished his first day at the restaurant, and Jakes is asking whether he
has
has done certain things. Look at the picture and Xola's first reply, and then answer the
questions as he would.
lmibuzo
Uzihlambile izitya? - Hayi, andizihlambanga
Have you washed the dishes? - No, / hqve not woshed them.
1 . Uzifakile iibhotile ebhokisini? o;

Hove you put the bottles in a box? .\a,
I 'l
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rl
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tRl
i.l
2. Ukufakile ukutya efrijini? rJ,1
Hove you put the food in the fridge?
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3. Uwubekile umgqomo wenkumkuma phandle? il
Hove you put the bin outside? tj
4. Uyityisile ikati?
Hove you fed the cat?
5. Uzicimile izibane?
Hove you switched off the lights?
6. Uwafakile ebhaskithini amalaphu amdaka?

9
Have you put the dirty linen in the bosket?
7. Umgodusile uNomsa?
Have you taken Nomso home?
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nz iP
Grammar
TAE PERFECT TETSE I
The pertect tense
h6q,vrnrr...y6orcom n romdbt bs
d did Jm.tHns, y*!E ur.
Th. Mniv. tonn ot rh Fil.ct t.nr. When you want to say someone or something has done or did something, you may use
's:
the perfect tense.
Positive
SC-(OC)-R-ile
Uzihlambile. S/he hos wqshed them.
If an adverb or a clause follows the verb, the short form is used.
SC-(OC)-R-e
Uzihlambe kakuhle. S/he woshed them well.
Negotive
negative SC-(OC)-R-anga
Akazihlambanga. S/he hos not woshed them.
Variants of -ile
Some verb stems do not take -ile as the perfect suffix.
Polysyllabic stems ending .ana become -ene.
Ndifumana into. + Ndifumene into. I om getting something.4 I got something.
Siyahlangana. + Sihlangene. We ore meeting. + We met.
Polysyllabic stems ending -ala or -ela become -ele.
Bayambulala. + Bambulele. They ore killing him/her,q They killed him/her.
Ndiyalibala. + Ndilibele. lforget. +lforgot.
Verbs ending in the passive -wa become -iwe
Uyancedwa. -r Uncediwe. S/he is being helped. + S/he has been helped.
Stative verbs
A number of verbs, particularly ones referring to a state, have the meaning becoming ...
or getting... in the present tense. Once that state has been arrived at, the perfect tense
suffix is used, although the English equivalent is in the present tense.
Ndiyalamba. -rNdilambile. I om getting hungry. + I om hungry.
Siyatshata. + Sitshatile. We ore getting morried. a We ore morried.
Kuyaphola -r Kupholile. It getting cool.
is + lt is cool.
Uyadinwa. + Udiniwe. S/he is getting tired. + S/he k tired.
Uyanxanwa. + Unxaniwe. S/he is getting thirsty. + S/he is thirsty.
lrregular stems
-hlala + -hleli Uyahlala. + Uhleli.
S/he is (in the process of) sitting. + S/he is seoted.
-hlutha + -hluthi Ndiyahlutha. q Ndihluthi.
I am getting full/replete. a I om full/replete.
-lala + -lele Bayalala. q Balele.
They ore folling osleep. + They ore osleep.
{i rla
ISIFUNDO SESHUMI f T'Nf 5 / TESSON SIXTEEN
il Qrammar E4ercise L6.1 .li

Change the sentences from present tense to perfect.
1.
UXola uyasebenza.
Xolo is working.
2. Ucoca indlu.
He is cleoning the house.
3. Abantwana bayafika.
The children ore orriving.
4. Bayamnceda.
They are helping him.
5. lkhompyutha ayisebenzi.
The computer is not working
6. lxesha liyahamba.
Time is possing.
7. Ndifumana ileta.
I am getting a letter.
8. Siyathetha.
We are speoking.
9. Uyayithenga.
S/he is buying it.
10. Uyazisusa.
S/he is clearing them oway.
h Qrammar E4ercke 16.2

Describe the people in the pictures by using the verbs below in their perfect tense form
(positive or negative).
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
ukulamba ukuhlala ukunxanwa
to get hungry to sit down to get thirsty
rrr iL
THEf H A ]S IX H O S A N AT H I
THE PAS1 SUBJU{CT|VE M@O I

The past subjunctive mood
Positive
In the positive, the past subjunctive looks exactly the same as the remote past tense. Onh
its tone is different.
obkrbb4 SC-a-(OC)-R-a
Ndifike ndambona. I qrrived ond sow him/her.
Negotive
a-SC-a-R-a
Ndamkhangela andambona. I looked for him/her and did not see him/her.
Wafonga phezulu akathetha. S/he looked up ond did not talk.
Sequences of past events

You have already seen how the present subjunctive is used for sequences of present and
future events.
Ndifika ekhaya ngo6 ndibukele iW. I get home at 6 ond wotch TV.
In sequences of both recent past and remote past events, the past subjunctive mood is
used for the second and subsequent events. The second verb in each of the two examples
below is in the past subjunctive mood.
Sequence of recent post events

Ndifike ekhaya ngo6 ndabukela iW. I got home at 6 and watched TV.
Sequence of remote past events

Wafunda kakhulu, waphumelela. She studied a lot ond passed.
rHE PASI M@O

Other uses of the past subiunctive
'.U,UUN9TIVE
r MJ------1
I
r after -khe to express ever
lll.!!"o..*mh?l
srd!n{-@b64rse .d
Wakhe wambona? Hove you ever seen him?
t @ffi---_l
L lrlqq l
r after -phantse to express nearly
uhd *.r + 10 .rP6i. ..v.Nry.
f *ffi;- l Ndaphantse ndafa. I neorly died.
I Evd4tuqfr.4 l
o after -da to express eventually
Yada yafika imoto. Eventuolly the car arrived.
{i r+o
ISIFUNDO SESHUMI TI'Nf 5ITHANDATHU / LE55ON SIXTEEN
Past subjunctive concords
Singular
1st person nda- ndangena.
Ndifike I qrrived ond went in.
anda- andangena.
Ndifike I orrived ond did not go in.
2nd person wa- Ufike wangena. You orrived ond went in.
akwa- Ufike akwangena. You orrived and did not go in.
PIural
1st person sa- Sifikesangena. We qrrived and went in.
asa- Sifikeasangena. We orrived ond did not go in.
2nd person na- Nifike nangena. You arrived ond went in.
ana- Nifike anangena. You orrived ond did not go in.
Noun class
1lla wa- Umfundi ufike wangena. The student qrrived and went in.
aka- Ufike akangena. S/he orrived qnd did not go in.
2l2a ba- Abafundi bafike bangena. The students orrived ond went in.
aba- Bafike abangena. They orrived ond did not go in.
3 wa- Umvundla ufike wangena. The hsre arrived ond went in.
awa- Umvundla ufike awangena. The hore orrived ond did not go in
4 ya- lmivundla ifike yangena. The hores arrived and went in.
aya- lmivundla ifike ayangena. The hares orriveqlllltdlotggll'
5 la- lpolisa lifike langena. The policeman orrived ond went in.
ala- lpolisa lifike alangena.
___ The policeman arrived ond did not go in.
6 a- Amapolisa afike angena. The policemen qrrived ond went in.
awa- Amapolisa afike awangena. The policemen orrived qnd did not go in.
7 sa- lsilwanyana sifike sangena. The animol orrived and went in.
asa- lsilwanyana sifike asangena. The onimol orrived ond did not go in.
8 za- lzilwanyana zifike zangena. The onimols orrived and went in.
aza- lzilwanyana zifike azangena. The animals orrived ond did not go in
9 ya- lntombi ifike yangena. The girl orrived ond went in.
aya- lntombi ifike ayangena. The girl orrived ond did not go in.
'l
0 za- lintombi zifike zangena. The girls orrived qnd went in.
aza- lintombi zifike azangena. The girls orrived and did not go in.
alwa- Ufudo lufike alwangena. The tortoise orrived ond did not go in.
@ rrrr.
aba- Utywala bufike abasinxilisa. The olcohol orrived qnd did not moke us drunk.
15 kwa- Ukutya kufike kwasihluthisa. The food orrived qnd satisfied us.
akwa- Ukutya kufike akwasihluthisa. The food qrrived qnd did not sotisfy us.
r+r ih
^t;
,ll
Complete these sentences by changing the verbs in brackets into the past subjunctive.
1. Ndaya eMonti (ndiqala) ukufuna umsebenzi.

I went to Eost London and started looking for work.
2. Bazama bazama (abaphumeleli).

They tried and tried ond did not succeed.
3. Sada (siphumelela).
We eventually succeeded.
4. UDyakalashe wangena (ubamba) ufudo.

The lackol entered and cought the tortoise.
5. Wena noNosipho niye edolophini (nithenga) izinto ezininzi.

You and Nosipho went to town ond bought lots of things.
6. lsikolo singene ngo8 (siphuma) ngo3.

School started ot 8 ond come out ot 3.
7. UXola umfowunele uJakes (ucela) umsebenzi.

Xola phoned Jakes ond asked for work.
8. Abantu bangene ecaweni (abahlali) phantsi.

People entered the church and did not sit down.
9. Umfundisi ubajongile (akathethi).

The priest looked at them and did not speok.
'10. Ndimnike isipho (andimlindi) asivule.

I gove her a present and did not wait for her to open it,

> apply for a job, as well as interview someone for a job Ugqibilel
> use the perfect tense
> use the past subjunctive to express a sequence of past events
{uz
Lesson
lsifundo Seshumi Elinesixhenxe Seventeen
UNJANI UMSEBENZI WAKHO? *

UNJANI UMSEBENZI
WHAT IS YOUR WORK LIKE? WAKHO?
WHAT IS YOUR WORK LIKE?
ffi .iffi
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",ed*''El
tso'64 | rde4netu*arduahrGw I F'r I
trelidDqh,buk w.*'rl 9::,:..
In this lesson you will learn how to Lr.l*:r*l
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I Nrtu,:Mdmsft,hbbry
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> talk aboutjob experiences .biê*rMinadss6* I
> say what you like and do not like about things relating to work
> give reasons foryour likes and dislikes
> question others about their likes and dislikes
> help someone at a garage
> use Kutheni? Wy? and the participial mood
> use -nga- to express canlmay
> use -el- to express/or (onbehalfof)
Masifund e l7:1 UKUSUSELA NGO-... UKUYA

KUTSHO NGO-... from ... until ...
Unjani umsebenzi wakho? Whot is your iob like?
ukususela ngolwesithathu ukuya
Ndisebenza kwiindawo ngeendawo. kutsho ngolwesihlanu
Ukususela ngoMvulo ukuya kutsho from Wednesday to Fiday
ngoLwesithathu ndisebenza eMzimbeni ukususela ngo9 ukuya kutsho ngo10
Club. Apho ndiphendula iifowuni. from 9 to l0
NgoLwesine ndisebenza evenkileni
yomhlobo wam. Ndimncedisa
ukuthengisa amakhandlela akhe. Ngolwesihlanu
ndisebenza ekhaya. Andisebenzi ngempelaveki.
Ndiyathanda ukusebenza, kodwa ngamanye amaxesha
ndiyadinwa.
I work in different places. From Mondoy to Wednesdoy I work qt the Mzimbeni
Club. I onswer phones there. On Thursdoy I work qt my friend's shop. I help him sell
his condles. On Fridoy I work qt home. I do not work during the weekend.
I like working, but sometimes I get tired.
Bendisebenza elayibrari, kodwa ngoku ndisebenza erestyu. Elayibrari bendiphendula \

iifowuni kuphela, kodwa erestyu ndenza izinto ezininzi. Ndinika abantu iimenyu,
ndithathe iiodolo zabo. Xa ukutya kulungile ndibanike kona. Ngamanye amaxesha
abantu bandinike itip, kodwa ngamanye amaxesha andifumani nesenti le!
l^
I used to work in o librory but now I work in a restaurant. At the library I only used to
onswer phones, but at the restouront I do mony things. I give people the menus ond toke
their orders. when the food is reody I give it to them. sometimes people give me o tip, but r=
.Ji!')
other times I don't even get o cent!
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IHEIH A /5/XI/OJI NIIhi
lmibuzo
1. ULiz usebenza phi ukususela ngoMvulo ukuya kutsho ngolwesithathu?
2. ULiz usebenza phi ngoLwesine?

3. ULiz uthengisa ntoni?
4. Wenza ntoni uliz ngolwesihlanu?
5. ULiz uyaphangela ngempelaveki?
6. UXola ebesebenza phi phambi kokusebenza erestyu?
7. Ebesenza ntoni elayibrari?
8. Wenza ntoni erestyu?
Masifunde 17.2
Kutheni ethanda umsebenzi wakhe? Why does s/he like his/her iob?
Ndithanda umsebenzi wam

kuba ndithanda ukudibana
nabantu ngabantu.
-f I like my job becouse I like
meeting different people. Ndithanda umsebenzi
wam kuba ndithanda
ukonwabisa abantu.
I like my job becouse I like
entertoining people.
SIPHO /'-
Ndithanda umsebenzi war

kuba ndithanda ukusebenze
Ndithanda umsebenzi ngeekhompyutha.
wam kuba ndithanda I like my job because I like
ukufundisa. wo rki ng with com pute rs.
I like my job because I
like teaching.
RUSSELL
LIYANDA
lmibuzo
1. Kutheni uCara ethanda umsebenzi wakhe?
2. Kutheni uSipho ethanda umsebenzi wakhe?
3. Kutheni uRussell ethanda umsebenzi wakhe?
4. Kutheni uliyanda ethanda umsebenzi wakhe?
\1- un
ISIFUNDO SESHUMI EI'Nf SIXHENXE / LE55ON SEVENTEEN
Masitunde 173
Kutheni ungawuthandi umsebenzi wakho? Why don't you like your job?
UXola: Yho, Sipho, andiwuthandi umsebenzi wam.

Yho, Sipho, I don't like my work.
USipho: Kutheni ungawuthandi nje?
Why don't you like it?
UXola: Kufuneka ndisebenze late kakhulu.
I hove to work very lote.
USipho: Kutheni ungamxeleli umqeshi wakho?
Why don't you tell your boss?
UXola: Ndiyamoyikal
I om frightened of him!
Later, Sipho bumps into Liz and they discuss Xola,s

problems at work.
USipho: Yho, Liz, uXola akawuthandi umsebenzi wakhe.

Yho, Liz, Xola doesn't like his job.
ULiz: Kutheni engawuthandi nje?
Why doesn't he like it?
USipho: Kufuneka asebenze late kakhulu.
He has to work very late.
ULiz: Kutheni engamxeleli umqeshi wakhe?
Why doesn't he tell his boss?
USipho: Uyamoyika!
He is frightened of him!
lmibuzo
1. UXola uyawuthanda umsebenzi wakhe?
2. Kutheni engawuthandi nje?
3. Kutheni engamxeleli umqeshi wakhe?
Masiphendule
wena, mfundi uyasebenza okanye awusebenzi? Uyawuthanda umsebenzi wakho?
And you student, do you work or don't you work? Do you like your work?
r4s lI
Masifund e 1|4
Ndingakunceda? Can t hetp you?
D?ir Neisha is going to work at her aunt's petrol station in the Eastern cape during the
holidays. Since most of her customers will be Xhosa-speaking, she is afraid she won't be
able to ask them what they need or understand their requests. She has given Sipho a lisr
of sentences that she thinks will be useful, and Sipho has written them down in Xhosa.
unfortunately sipho's list is not in the same order as Neisha's. Help her match the
Xhosa and English sentences.
Can / lelp youV

cuuU t lale /le Ley pleaae7 a. Ndicela isitshixo.
2- can / aleay' lle uil ir/ waleo b. Yimalini?
/*. can / a/eay' ile lyren Jor /-"
yuuV
c. Ungandrjongela ioyile namanzi?
tun vur/
5. aan / alaan ile ,iir/ui tul vou?
d. Ndingakusulela ifestib?
b yuu ,ee/ /wu pinla
,t /i/.'--' e. Ungayigcina itshintshil
4 c1:,/t, ttll ,illn il* Jor nev f. lJngandizalisela/Ungandigcwalisela itanki?
S. Ungandigalelela ngeR60? (Neisha, always use
7. *,,!
/1y 7tno4e flle ,e kbb wunil o7 galel- "pour" when you want to ask for a
petrolV certain amount of Petrol.)
4 aan
/ou "le"L //e uil ar/ uay'ez tur neV h. Ufuna iipayinti ezimbini zeoyile.
/h. wi,laarcen i. Ndingakujongela ioyile namanzi?
t::,/t,
nua/,fbo:,9n 7oi ,ev
+fou iE l{/ j. Ungandisulelaifestile?
lz. Yuu aan LeeT lle k. Ndingakujongela amavili?
"/anV/ l. Ndingakunceda?
<li rao
,J'FUNDO JTSHUMI EI'Nf SIXHENXE / LESSON SEVENTEEN
Grammar
The p-resent participfaf mood THE PRESENT FARTIeIPIAL MooDI
Ya h.y6 6r.ary e..n te D..5.d Dstwd mod

b.inq !.din @..rioa B.:
You have already seen the present participial mood being used in questions lwipT
lffi
such as Kutheni ethanda umsebenzi wakhe? Why does slhe like hislher job? and rK;;;;Mtu**Mn-t
!d:
Kutheni engawuthandi? Why does slhe not like it?.The question word kutheni is always b...c.
t6h.d
il1.4*ilo.*od
by th. p.f,inF.l
@tthy7
mo.d-
F attr4s
followed by the participial mood. The formulas below show how the participial mood is
formed in Xhosa.
Positive SC(P) represents the participial subject concord,

SC(P)-(OC)-R-a which differs from the normal subject concord in
e-wu-thanda + Kutheni ewuthanda? Why does s/he the following persons and classes.
like it? 3rd person singular class 1/1a u- + e-
(the -wu- is the oblect concord for class 3)
3rd person plural class2l2a ba- + be-
class6 a- +e-
Negotive
SC(P)-nga-(OC)-R-i
e-nga-wu-thand-i * Kutheni engawuthandi? Why doesn't
s/he like it?
Ordinary present tense Present porticipial

USipho usebenza ekhaya. Kutheni uSipho esebenza ekhaya?
Sipho is working ot home. Why is Sipho working qt home?
OoSipho basebenza ekhaya. Kutheni ooSipho besebenza ekhaya?
Sipho ond compony ore working ot home. Why ore Sipho ond company working qt home?
Amadoda asebenza ekhaya. Kutheni amadoda esebenza ekhaya nje? Nje is very often used
The men ore working ot home. Why are the men working ot home? after a question in the
USipho akasebenzi. Kutheni uSipho engasebenzi nje? participial.
Sipho is not working. Why is Sipho not working?
OoSipho abasebenzi. Kutheni ooSipho bengasebenzi nje?
Sipho ond compony qre not working. Why ore Sipho ond compony not working?
Amadoda akasebenzi. Kutheni amadoda engasebenzi nje?
The men qre not working. Why ore the men not working?
raz iia
THETHA ISIXHQSA NATHI
rHE
Verbs storting with a vowel
f *:Fllllf,lli.r:'xlll*o I
In these verbs, -s- is used before the verb root in the present positive if there is no object
concord.
e-s-enz-a + Kutheni uSipho esenza iti? Why is Sipho making teo?
With object concords and in the negative, the -s- is not used.
e-yi-enz-a + Kutheni uSipho eyenza iti? Why is Sipho making (it) tea?
e-nga-enz-i- + Kutheni uSipho engenzi nto? Why is Sipho not doing onything?
Verbs with only one sylloble

In these verbs, -si- is used before the verb root in the present positive if there is no object
concord.
be-si-ty-a + Kutheni abantwana besitya nje? Why ore the children eoting?
With object concords and in the negative, the -si- is not used.
be-yi-ty-a + Kutheni abantwana beyitya? Why ore the children eoting it?
be-nga-ty-i + Kutheni abantwana bengatyi nje? Why ore the children not eating?
iil Qrammar E4ercise L7,1 {:

1. Kutheni uZolani (akathethi) _ nje? Why is Zolani not tolking?
2. Kutheni uAmanda (akatyi) _ nje? Why is Amondo not eoting?
3. Liyanda, kutheni (akusixeleli) _ nje? Liyondo, why don't you tell us?
4. Vusi, kutheni (akumncedi) _ umama? Vusi, why don't you help mother?
5. Kutheni ootata (abasiphekeli) _ nje? Why don't the fathers cook for us?
6. Kutheni abantwana (abadlali) _ nje? Why oren't the children playing?
7. Kutheni amanzi (akabili) _ nie? Why is the woter not boiling?
8. Kutheni amadoda (akasebenzi) _ nje? Why are the men not working?
ip Qrammar E4ercise 17.2 <ir

1. Kutheni wena (uyacula) _ nje?
Why ore you (singula) singing?
2. Kutheni nina (nihamba) _ nje?
Why are you (plural) goingT
3. Kutheni umakhulu (uya) _ kwagqirha nje?
Why is gronny going to the doctorT
4. Kutheni abantwana (bakhalaza) _ nie?
Why are the children comploining?
5. Kutheni amantombazana (aya) eNorway nje?
Why ore the young girls going to Norwoy?
{j r+a
ISIFUNDO SESHUMI EL'Nf SIXHENXE / LE5SON SEVENTEEN
Using ;nga- to express can /may USIil€ -NGA.TO qPR6S3IAtr' MAT
When you want to express may u can, lse -nga- directly after the subject concord. The
class 1/1a subject concord (third person singular) will change from u- to a-.
Ndingahamba? Can I go? Ningahamba. You (plural) moy go.
Ungahamba? You (singular) cqn go. Angahamba. S/he moy go.
Singahamba? Can we go? Bangahamba. They moy go.
If there is an object concord, it will occur after -nga-.
Ndingakunceda? Can I help you? (urmetw: Can I you help?)
il' Qrammar E4ercise 17.3 {,

Change the following sentences according to this model.
USipho uyahamba. - USipho angahamba. Sipho is going. + Sipho moy go.
1. Abantwana bayahamba.
The children ore going.
2. Umama uyasinceda.
Mother is helping us.
3. Bafika ebusuku.
They are orriving ot night.
4. Siyambona.
We see him/her.
5. Ndiyakunceda.
I om helping you.
Expressing for (on behalf of)

To express /or me, for you,
EXTENSIONS
for him etc, one often
uses -el-. This is known In Xhosa grammar, an extension is a suffix which extends the meaning of the root
as the applied extension. of the verb.
-thenga buy + -thengela buy for Ungandithengela ubisi?
Con you buy milk for me?
-sula cleqn + -sulela cleon for Ungandisulela ifestile?
Con you clean the window for me?
lt can occur in any tense.

present Ndiyabaculela. I om singing for them.
future Ndiza kubaculela. I will sing for them.
perfect Ndibaculele. I sang for them.
remotepost Ndabaculela. I sang for them.
14e
lp
BRING h Qrammar E4ercise 1-7.4 <ti
There are two ways of

Using the verb roots and nouns provided, ask someone to do these things for you. Follou
saying /o bing in
the example.
Xhosa: ukuphatha and
gqithis- poss + Ungandigqithisela ityuwa?
ukuzisa.
ityuwa Can you pass me the salt?
'l
. -val- c/ose
ucango
2. -enz- moke
iti
3. -phath- bring
amanzi
4. -vul- open
ibhotile
5. -zis- bring
imenyu

> talk aboutjob experiences
> say what you like and do not like about things relating to work
> give reasons for your likes and dislikes
> question others about their likes and dislikes
> help someone at a garage
> use Kutheni? Wy? and the participial mood Ugqibilel
> use -nga- to express canlmay
> use -el- to express/or (on behalf of)
,{ rso
I-esson
lsifundo Seshumi Elinesibhozo Eighteen
UKUTHANDA UMNTU * IO LOVE SOMEONE

UKUTHANDA UMNTU
TO LOVE SOMEONE
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In this lesson you will learn how to :ffi:f.l -il";, dhd,.d.#er*"*,1 l*;"-'
1
> talk about your feelings ::Ik

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> describe your personality *r6qEryEnrlcnpsk.14 l
> express here islare

> use direct relative clauses
> use the demonstrative pronouns this, these, that, those
Masifunde 18,1
lkhona into ekukh athazayo? ls anything worrying you?
URussell: Ndixelele inyaniso, mfondini. lkhona into ekukhathazayo?
Tell me the truth, mon. ls there onything worrying youT
UXola: Unyanisile. Mandithethe. UyamaziuLiyanda?
You ore right. Let me tqlk. Do you know Liyondo?
URussell: Utsho laa ntombi intle inamazinyo amhlophe neenwele ezimnyama?
Ewe, ndiyamazi.
Do you mean thqt lovely girl with white teeth ond block hoirT Yes, I
know her.
UXola: Owu! Ndiyafa kukumthanda, kodwa andazi ukuba ndingamxelela
njani na.
Oh! I qm dying from love of her, but I don't know how to tell her.
URussell: Musa ukuba ligwala, Zolani. Thatha nali icebo. Bhala umbongo
wothando umxelele indlela omthanda ngayo.
Don't be o coword, Zolani. Take this odvice. Write a love poem ond tell
her how you love her.
UXola: Ndibhale umbongo qha? Ndithini?
Should I only write o love poem? Whot should I soy?
URussell: Bonga ubuhle bakhel Emva koko kufuneka ucele ukumkhupha niye
erestyu eWaterfront.
Proise her beouty! Then osk her out to o restquront at the Woterfront.
UXola: Ndiyabulela, Russell. Undincedile. Ungumhlobowenene.
Thonks, Russell. You hqve helped me. You are q true friend.
lmibuzo
1. UXola uthanda bani?
2. URussell uyamazi uliyanda?
3. Ukhangeleka njani uliyanda?
4. Lithini icebo likaRussell?
5. Kufuneka uXola abonge ntoni?
rsr i)
Masifund e 18,2
Uziva njani? How do you feel?
Ndonwabile. I om hoppy. Andonwabanga. I am not happy.

Ndilusizi.
I am sad'
NJir'rrfr,"rur".
Ndioumbile. Andioumbanoa.
I om cross' I om not cross.
Ndinomsindo. Anotnamsrnoo.
Ndineentloni. I omembarrossed/shy. Andinantloni. I am not embarrassed/shy,
-"-'
Ndikhathazekile. Andikhathazekanoa.
. -:: - -;' ;--"-"'J-' I om not worried.
.
I am worried'
f.fJi"""f,rf". Anotnaxnata.
Ndiyoyika. I am frightened. Andoyiki. I am not frightened.
Ndibhidekile. I am confused. Andibhidekanga. I am not confused.
Masifunde 18:3-
Ndingumntu othanda ukonwaba. I am someone who likes to be hoppy.
Ndingumntu othanda ukonwaba mna. Ndithanda ukubukela iW noku-

funda iincwadi. Ndingumntu othanda ukuhleka. lmali andiyithandi
kakhulu. Ndifuna ukuncokola nabantu, andifuni ukujonga iimpahla zabo.
I om someone who likes to be happy. I like to watch TV ond read books. I
am a person who likes to lough. I don't love money thot much. I want to
chat to people, I don't want to look at their clothes.
Ndingumntu othanda ukuba nabantu. Ndithanda ukudlala imidlalo ngemidlalo. Ndithanda

ukudlala iragbhi, isoka nekrikethi. lgama lam nguMadoja-doja kuba ndiyakwazi ukubaleka
nokudoja. Ndithanda ukudlala nepool. Andithandi ukubukela iW.
I am someone who likes to be with people. t like ptoying different types of games. t like ploying
rugby, soccer and cricket. My nome is Modojo-doja becouse ! can run ond dodge. t otso ii*e-
playing pool. I don't like to wotch TV.
ISIFUNDO SESHUMI EI'NEJIEHOZO / LE SSON EICHTTEN
Ndingumntu othanda ukunxiba kakuhle, kwaye ndithanda amadoda anxiba kakuhle.

Ndithanda ukudlala imidlalo nokuyibukela. Ndiya ejimini kuba ndifuna umzimba omhle.
I om someone who likes dressing well, and I like men who dress well. t like ploying sports
ond watching them. I go to gym because I want o lovely body.
Ndingumntu othanda ukuhleka. Ndithanda nokubahlekisa abantu.

Ndithanda ukufunda nokubukela iil Andinamali ininzi, kodwa
andikhathazekanga. lmali ayibalulekanga. lnto ebaluleke kakhulu
kum ngabahlobo.
I om o person who likes to lough. I olso like to moke people laugh. t like
reoding and wotching TV. I do not have a lot of money, but t om not wor-
ried. Money is not important. What is very important to me is friends.
lmibuzo
1. Ngubani othanda ukunxiba kakuhle?
2. Ngoobani abathanda ukuhleka?
3. Ngoobani abathanda ukudlala imidlalo?
4. Ngubani otreyina ejimini?
5. Ngubani ohlekisa abantu?
Grammar
Expressing here is/here are
Noun class
'l l1a na-nk-u Nanku umama. Here is mother.

2l2a na-ba Naba oomama. Here ore the mothers.
3 na-ng-u Nangu umtshayelo. Here is the broom.
4 na-nts-i Nantsi imitshayelo. Here ore the brooms.
5 na-li Nali igumbi. Here is the room.
6 na-ng-a Nanqaamaqumbi. Here ore the rooms.
7 na-sl Nasi isitshixo. Here is the key.
8 na-21 Nazi izitshixo. Here qre the keys.
9 na-nts-i Nantsi imela. Here is the knife.
10 na-zi Nazi iimela. Here ore the knives.
11 na-lu Nalu ubisi. Here is the milk.
14 na-bu Nabu ubusi. Here is the honey.
15 na-ku Naku ukutya. Here is the food,
rsr iI
DIRECT REU?IVE 9UUSES I

Direct rqf ative cla uses
h.x.m* oladk .r Brarto..rea. i.;
h;; ;ffi*:_- The following sentence can be divided into a main clause and a relative clause.
kbtusn660Earor*rop I
..dMs N* 6dd
Nanku umfazi ofuna ukuthetha nawe.
fh. .hov. b. in.. ! 6.is .t.!!6
t--Mffi=ffih*.'-'l Here is the woman who wonts to talk to yot,
.&lv. .lau..
Moin clause Nanku umfazi ...
ed r {hi.b i.il. u
l*.-ffi*-ituffiGd;pl
Here is the womqn ...
Relotive clause ... ofuna ukuthetha nawe ... who wants to tolk to you.
The relative clause in this example is called a direct relative clause because its subject -
who - is the same as the antecedent (the person or thing being talked about in the main
clause), ie the woman.
when you want to say who or which with a verb in Xhosa, you will use a relative
concord. Relative concords are formed by prefixing a- to the subject concord. In the
above example, the o- has been formed by prefixing a- to the subject concord of
umfazi: a+u+o.
The formulas below show how relative clauses are formed in Xhosa. ReISC stands for
relative subject concord.
Positive
Longform (when nothing follows the verb)
ReISC-(OC)-R-a-yo
Nanku umfazi okufunayo. Here is the womon who wants you.
form (when something follows the verb)

Short
ReISC-(OC)-R-a ...
Nanku umfazi ofuna ukuthetha nawe. Here is the womqn who wonts to tolk to you.
Negotive
Long form
ReISC-nga- (OC) -R-i-yo
Nanku umfazi ongathethiyo. Here is the womon who does not speok.
Short form
ReISC-nga- (OC).R-i ...
Nanku umfazi ongathethi kakhulu. Here is the womqn who does not speok o lot.
{! rsa
ISIFUNDO SESHUMI f T'NESIBHOZO / LE SSON TI6HTEEN
Relative concords
Noun class
1l1a o- Nanku umntwana ocula kakuhle. Here is the child who sings well.
2l2a aba- Naba abantwana abacula kakuhle. Here ore the children who sing well.
3 o- Nangu umfanekiso ovela eParis. Here is the picture which comes from Poris.
4 e- Nantsi imifanekiso evela eParis. Here are the pictures which come from Paris.
5 eli- Nali ihashe elitya kakhulu. Here is the horse which eots o lot,
6 a- Nanga amahashe atya kakhulu. Here are the horses which eot q lot.
7 esi- Nasi isiphambuka esiya eMowbray. Here is the turn-off which goes to Mowbroy.
8 ezi- Nazi iziphambuka eziya eMowbray. Here qre the turn-offs which go to Mowbroy.
9 e- Nantsi indlela eya eCcuwa. Here is the rood which goes to Butterworth.
10 ezi- Nazi iindlela eziya eGcuwa. Here are the roods which go to Butterworth.
11 olu- Nalu usana olulila kakhulu. Here is the boby who cries o lot.
14 obu- Nabu ubusi obunuka kamnandi. Here is the honey which smells nice.
15 oku- Naku ukutya okunuka kamnandi. Here is the food which smells nice.
h Qrammar E4ercke 18.1 4

Fill in the missing relative concords.
1. Bangaphi abafundi funda isiXhosa?
How mony students ore there who are studying Xhoso?
2. Mangaphi amadoda _sebenza apha?
How mony men ore there who work here?
3. Zingaphi iintombi funa ukuza nathi?
How mony girls are there who wont to come with us?
4. Ndithanda iifilimu _hlekisayo.
I like comedy films. (urmttw: films which couse loughte)
5. Ufuna imoto kakuhle.
S/he wonts o cor which goes well.
-hamba
h Qrammar E4ercke 18.2 {i
Change these sentences into the negative.
1. Ngabantu abasaziyo isiXhosa.
They ore people who know Xhosa.
2. Ndingumntu othanda ukuthetha kakhulu.
I om o person who likes to tolk o lot.
3. Yindoda ethanda ukusebenza.
He is o mon who likes to work.
rss il
oEMONSTRATTVE PROilOUils I Demonstrative p_ro no u ns

&il|.r l. lhl3 l.$n
lolh.d.nonddlv.
you sE lilrducad
pronounr m.anlnq
In Xhosa, demonstrative pronouns (thislthese, thatlthose and thatlthose over there) agree
thrsh.8c, thd^hogc 6nd ln6ulho*
ov6rlh.d. lnXhoa th. d.motr.ldlve with their nouns. When such a pronoun is used with a noun, the initial vowel of that
46dhlhc noon. wh.n I l.
Prcnoun
u*ddh. nou.,lh. hnHvml ollhd noun is dropped.
Weak classes (nasal classes)
First position (close to the speoker)

la+SC
la- + u- ..+ lo mntwana this child
la- + i- + le mithi these trees
la- + a- + la manzi this woter
Second position (some distance from the speoker)
The short form is used when the demonstrative occurs with the noun. For all weak
classes the short form is loo.
loo mntwana that child
loo mthi thot tree
Where the demonstrative occurs on its own, you use the long form. This is obtained by
adding -wo to the first position of classes 1, 3 and 6 and -yo to that of classes 4 and 9.
lowo (umntwana) Lo mntwana uyagula, lowo akaguli.
This child is sick, thot one is not sick.
leyo (inja) Le nja ayilumi, leyo iyaluma.
This dog does not bite, that one does bite.
Third position (a considerable distance from the speoker)

The short form for all weak classes is laa.
laa mntwana thot child over there
laa mthi that tree over there
As with the second position, a long form is used in the third position when the demon-
strative occurs alone. For classes 1,3 and 6 add -wa to the first position and for classes 4
and 9 add -ya.
lowa (umntwana) Lo mntwana uyagula, lowa akaguli.
This child is sick, that one over there is not sick.
lawa (amanzi) La manzi ayabanda, lawa ashushu.
This woter is cold, thot over there is hot.
leya (imithi) Le mithi iyakhula, leya ayikhuli.
These trees are growing, those over there are not growing.
{l rse
ISIFUNDO SESHUMI f T'Nf JIBHOZ O / TESSON EICHTEEN
Strong classes Demonstrative pronouns
First position Noun First Second Third

a+NP croii position position position
a- + aba- + aba bantwana these children t!tot(!os1
a- + ili- + eli gumbi this room this/these thot/those over rnere
a- + ulu- + olu sana this boby
1l1a lo loo laa
Second position
lowo lowa
The final vowel of the first position changes to -o. There is no

long form; the short form can be used with or without the noun.
2l2a aba abo abaa
abaya
abo bantwana those children
elo gumbi thot room
olo sana thot baby
3 lo loo laa
lowo lowa
Third position
For the short form, the final vowel changes to -aa. 4 le loo laa
abaa bantwana those children over there leyo leya
elaa gumbi that room over there

Note the sound changes for classes 11 and 15. 5 eli elo elaa
ofu-aa -+ olwaa sana thot baby over there eliya
oku-aa -r okwaa kutya thot food over there
For the long form, add -ya to the first position. 6 la loo laa
abaya (abantwana) those ones (children) lawo lawa
eliya (igumbi) thot one over there (room)
oluya (usana) thot one over there (boby) 7 e5t e50 esaa
esiya
8 ezl ezQ ezaa

eziya
9 le loo laa
leyo leya
10 ezt ezo ezaa

eziya
11 olu olo olwaa

oluya
14 obu obo obaa

obuya
15 oku oko okwaa

okuya
rsz iL
THETHA IS]XHOSA NATHl
),
p Qrammar E4ercise 1-8.3 .:j
a. Fill in the missing demonstrative pronouns.
1. Ndithanda _ msebenzi. I like this work.
2. Uyayazi _ ntombi? Do you know that girl over there?
3. _ bantu bafuna ukuthetha nawe. Those people want to talk to you.
4. Sisebenzisa _ zinto emsebenzini. We use these things at work.
5. _ mifanekiso mihle nyhani! These pictures are reolly lovely.
b. Use the demonstratives given below to complete this table.

f . iimela knives
First position _ Second position _ Third position _
2. usana baby
3. ukutya food
First position _ Second position Third position _
4. iradiyo rodio
5. isonka breod
[bv, I fh,)"] ['dl Fl [ "h, I [".tt] t "bl i-"'f

[l"6]["k"Itrt;l F --]
lGlFl

> talk about your feelings
> describe your personality
> expresshereislare
> use direct relative clauses
Ugqibilel
> use the demonstrative pronouns this, these, that, those
{! rsa
Lesson
lsifundo Seshumi Elinethoba Nineteen
MASIYENZE IPATI! *' LET,S MAKE A PARW!

> talk about preparations for a party
> wish someone a happy birthday
> identify some instruments used in traditional African music
> talk about prices and sizes
> use the participial mood to express whilelaslwhen andfor a long time
> express which I,whichyou etc, using the indirect relative
Masifund e 19,1
Ngumhla wam wokuzalwa. lt is my birthdoy,
USipho: Uyakhumbula ukuba ngumhla wam wokuzalwa ngomso?

Do you remember thot it is my birthdoy tomorrowT
UTessa: Ewe, bhuti, ndingalibala njani! Uza kwenza ipati?
Yes, brother, how con I forget! Are you going to hove a porty?
USipho: Ndicinga njalo. Uza kundincedisa ukuthenga ukutya nokumema
abahlobo, nlalo, njalo?
I think so. Will you help me to buy food qnd invite friends, etc, etc?
UTessa: Ewe, bhuti, for sure! Ndiza kulungiselela umculo.
Yes, brother, for sure! I will prepore the music.
USipho: Kulungile, sisi. Kukwafuneka ucoce indlu, uthenge iziselo ...
OK, sister. You must olso cleon the house, buy the drinks ...
UTessa: Yima, bhuti! Yipati kabani le?
Woit, brother! Whose porty is thisT
USipho: Owu kanene, Tessa, ndilibele - yipati yam!
Oh by the woy, Tessa, I forgot - it is my porty!
lmibuzo
1. Ngumhla wokuzalwa kukabani?
2. USipho uza kwenza ipati?

3. Ngubani oza kulungiselela umculo?
4. USipho uthi kufuneka uTessa enze ntoni?
5. Yipati kabani le?
r se ii>
Masifunde 192
Mini emnandi kuwe! Hoppy birthday to you!
Ifinifmnandi nsomhla uilrrrr'*3J;r,

rvoJcrzqfua tr\oil4',
c,nsrnruldltl,llar
Ndiyanorytsana nale, mhlobo tam,
n gomhla n",larznh,a |nal6,1
Masicule! Let's sing!
Mini emnandi kuwe (x2) Happy birthdoy to you (x2)

Mini emnandi kuwe, Sipho Hoppy birthday to you, Sipho
Mini emnandi kuwe. Hoppy birthday to you.
iI lPracticaf E4ercis e L9 . 1 ..:j
Fill in the missing words in this card.
Ulrni 1ot*"1
nilwe
wolOrzalwa
-_--!
'.
li>
gracticaf E4ercke 19.2 ,li
Couple each verb with a suitable noun.
1. ukumema a. umculo
2. ukwenza b. indlu
3. ukucoca c. abahlobo
4. ukulungiselela d. ukutya
5. ukuthenga e. ipati
{.1 roo
/Ji FUNDO SESHUMI ELINETHOBA / LESSON NINETEEN
IINGOMA ZAKWANTU - AFRICAN MU'IC

The Mbila dza Vhadzimu (Notes of the Spirits in Venda), or mbira, is
played in Zimbabwe and Venda. lt is the only instrument uniquely
played in traditional Africa and places where African settlements
have been established. Mbira music was originally
devoted to the Bila ceremony, in which
ancestor (vhadzimu) spirits were invoked.
The ixilongo flute is a simple pipe

made from a piece of seaweed or the
stem of the pawpaw tree,
without the tuning holes of the
Western flute.
The string of the uhadi bow is

attached to a holed calabash, which
acts as a resonator. This instrument is
usually used to accompany song.
The isitolotolo (jew's-harp) is played all

over the world, and is a favourite in South Africa's
rural areas. The metal tongue is plucked while the
instrument is held against the slightly parted front teeth.
The ixilongo horn is is usually made out of a kudu horn.

A hole is made on the side or at the small end, in which the
player's lips produce a vibration. ln Southern Africa the
instrument is generally used to produce signals
advertising ceremonial events.
ln Africa the dancer is also a per-

cussionist, using the earth as a drum.
String rattles (iikloko) are tied onto
dancers' ankles so that the danc-
ing becomes even more part of
the musical context. They can
be made of moth cocoons
(Venda), dried antelope ears
(Khoi/San), round fruit shells con-
taining beans (Shangaan) and, these
days, gravel in plastic containers.
THETHA ISIXHOSA NAIHI
IIMPAHTA ZAKWANTU _ AFRICAN CLOTH E5
Plural
iqhiya heodscarf iiqhiya
umbhaco troditionol skirt imibhaco
umbhinqo welokhwe skirt imibhinqo yeelokhwe
ifaskoti opron iifaskoti
iintsimbi Xhoso jewellery
iJerimani Cerman print amaJerimani
iDakhi brown German print amaDakhi
Masifund e 193
Unxiba usayizi bani? What size do you weor?
Liyanda needs to buy something really stunning for Sipho's party. She and ressa have
gone to a shop which sells traditional African clothes.
i _ 1'
Ndingakuhceda? Unxiba
; usayiziiba'4i?
c"n t i,itp y"it whot,irc
Uzatukufanela! '
/...r.g;'try
it on. It wilt
' suit you!
Masiphendule I
Wena, mfundi, unxiba usayizi bani?

And you, student, whot size do you weor? (
Unxiba ntoni xa usiya epatini?
Whot do you weor when you go to a porty?
{ rez
ISIFUNDO SESHUMI ELINETHOBA / LESSON NINETEEN
)-
,& {Practica[ E4erck e 1-9,3 {:'4
Which of these items of clothing do you think might suit you?
' (-.\ Ucinga ukuba le hempe ingakufanela?

() /rrr Do you think thot this shirt might suit you?
+( L,
-.t/\--
=!) ^-
Ucinga ukuba ezi bhulukhwe zingakufanela?

Do you think thot these trousers might suit you?
Ucinga ukuba ezi zihlangu zingakufanela?

Do you think that these shoes might suit you?
Masffunde 19A
Yimalini? How much is it?
Yimalini lo mbhaco?
How much is this skirt? Yho, udurul YiR300!
Wow, it is expensive! lt is R300!
Hayi, awudurwanga, utshiphu. ERhawutini ungabhatala

iR500! Amaxabiso alapha aphantsi.
No, lf rs not expensive, it is cheop. In Joburg you cqn pay R500!
The prices here ore cheop.
b.
ip {Practicaf E4erck e 1-9 .4
Say whether you think the following items are cheap or expensive.
1.
2.
3.
4.
rer iF
THETHA ISIXHOSA NATHl
Grammar
OTHFR USES OF TIE PARIICIPTAL MOOD Uses of the participial mood
In lesson 17 you saw the participial mood with the question word kutheni. Here are some
other ways of using the participial mood.
After xa meaning while/os/when

USipho uthanda ukucula xa esebenza. Sipho likes to sing as he works.
Abantwana baza kundibulisa xa bendibona. The children will greet me when they see me.
For two actions happening at the same time

Ndibona uSipho esiza. I see Sipho coming.
Uliyanda uthetha ejonga phantsi. Liyonda tolks looking down.
Ndingene becula ingoma emnandi. I entered os they were singing a lovely song.
After kudala meaning it is (hos been) a long time

Kudala ndingakuboni. long time no see!
(urmttw: It hos been a long time I am not seeing you.)
Kudala behlala apha eKapa. They have been living here in Cape Town for a long time.
Qrammar E4ercke L9.1

1 . Uliyanda unxiba umbhaco xa (uya) epatini kaSipho.

Liyondo weors a skirt when she goes to Sipho's party.
2. Bathanda ukuncokola xa (balinganisa) iimpahla.

They like to chot when they try on clothes.
3. Kudala uPedro (ufunda) ngomculo wamaAfrika.

Pedro hos been studying Africon music for o long time.
4. Ndibona uThemba (udlala) ixilongo.

I see Thembo ploying the trumpet.
5. Kutheni amadoda (axhentsa) nje?

Why ore the men doncing?
6. Kudala umakhulu (unxiba) iqhiya.

Crondmother hos being weoring o heodscorf for o long time.
7. Kudala ooLiyanda (bafuna) ukuthenga umbhaco.

Liyando ond company have been wonting to buy o skirt for o long time
**i ro+
/ \ / I r/ N I' r) \ I \ l/ r/ M t t LI Nf r HOBA / LE5 5O N NI N I T EE N
lndirect relative cf auses

In lesson 18 you were introduced to direct rclativc cliruscs.
ntu;;,*-*-";;;;;;M_r
Abantu abasebenza apha bathetha isiXhosa. The people who work here speak Xhosa. lhF@ftffi1"1t!1i* l
w. .nr *&rz. @ 1nr€yl sb ed h*t .

We call abasebenza aphawhoworkhere a dircct rclltivc cllusc l'rccirusc its subject is the dEd Eldtu. c!u3. bcali! 15 subj.d k oB sd!
as th. g.rsor or rhE b.nrg ldi.d ibM h rh. ft.n
same as the antecedent (the person or thing bcing talkcrl :rboul in thc main clause), ie
abantu the people. This becomes clearerwhen wc chlrrgc thc nrain clausc and the relative
clause into two separate sentences.
Main clouse Abantu bathetha isiXhosa. The people speok Xhoso.
Relotive clouse Abantu basebenza apha. The people work here.
As you can see, abantu is the subject of both clauses. The Xhosa cquivalent of the
English who isthe relative concord of the subject of the rclativc clause, in this case aba-,
referring to abantu.
When the subject of the relative clause is not the same as the antecedent, then we use an
indirect relative construction.
Abantu endibafundisayo bathetha isiXhosa. The people whom I teoch speak Xhoso.
The relative clause here is endibafundisayo. It is called an indirect relative construction
of objectival relationship because the antecedent (in this case abantu) is not the subject,
but the object, of the relative clause. This is easier to see if we turn the example into two
sentences.
Moin clouse Abantu bathetha isiXhosa. The people speok Xhoso.
Relotive clouse Ndifundisa abantu. I teoch the people.
The subject of the relative clause is ndi- 1, so we have to use the relative concord of ndi-,
which is endi-. But we also have to show some link with the antecedent. Because the
antecedent in this example, abantu, is the object of the relative clause, we use the object
concord -ba- in the verb. If nothing follows the relative clause we suffix -yo.
endi-ba-fundisa(-yo)
In the following example, the verb is followed by imaths, so -yo is not added.
Abantu endibafundisa imaths bathetha isiXhosa.
The people whom I teqch moths speak Xhoso.
Relative concords in indirect relative clauses

Lesson 18 has a full list of relative concords for classes 1 to 15 as used for direct relative r.!
t
yo{
rrvr frrry r.r.
rny odc ot ft.F
u* e.r#. .
muE tr s. td)d
fr !r. t.r..brfr .s..d. N
clauses. The same concords are used for indirect relative clauses, except that class 1/1a
----;Er-l
(third person singular) changes from o- to a-. Mgcry? glryli
-udt";M
Direct relative Uphi umfundi obizayo? lb;;M,M;?
tiil;l;6;;i;;i;;r;;ift -===-.1
HI',i; I
'.{hr{m.rBc&? I
Where is the student who is calling?

-
lndirect relative Uphi umfundi ambizayo utitshala?
Where is the student whom the teacher (s/he) is calling?
(The object concord for umfundi rs -m-.)
Here are the relative concords for first and second persons, used when the subject of the
relative clause is I,you or we.
endi- which/whom I esi- which/whom we
o- which/whom you (singulor) eni- which/whom you (plural)
res iF
â;
Qrammar E4ercke 1-9.2 <ti
a. Fill in the object concords.

1. Nasi isitshixo o funayo.
Here is the key which you ore looking for.
2. lphi imoto a_thengisayo?
Where is the cor which s/he is sellingT
3. Kukutya esi_thandayo.
It is food which we like.
4. Ufuna ukubona umbhaco endi_thungayo?
Do you wont to see the skirt which I am sewing?
5. Bafuna ukubona izinto esi_enzayo.
They wont to see the things which we ore making.
b. Fill in the indirect relative subject concords.

1. Ezi zizinto zifunayo.
These ore the things which I want.
2. Yilokhwe uliyanda yifunayo.
It is the dress Liyondo wonts.
3. Kuphi ukutya _kuphekayo?
Where is the food which you ore cooking?
4. Eli lixilongo_lidlalayo.
This is the trumpet which we play,
5. Lo ngumculo wuthanda kakhulu?
ls this the music which you (plural) like o lot?

> talk about preparations for a parfy
> wish someone a happy birthday
> identiS, some instruments used in traditional African music
> talk about prices and sizes Ugqibilcl
) use the participial mood to express whilelaslwhen andfor a long time
> express which l,whichyou etc, using the indirect relative
{ roo
I-esson
lsifundo Samashumi Amabini Twenty
ISISHWANKATHELO * SUMMARY
, i'rBoi6urs,swnn I
ercvesno3n1oilFrftnqe
Masikhumbule 20.1 ,tult&!
ttra! I unr. rsiil0êy.lrcE*.
Isib.
I ;;*t
I
.ffi I ftre$rlEiq lb I
UXola: Ndifuna ukuthetha noliyanda

kodwa andikwazi!
USipho: Kutheni ungamfowuneli nje?
UXola: Ndicinga ukuba akandithandil
USipho: Mamela bhuti, kufuneka
umfowunele, uncokole naye.
Imibuzo
1. UXola ufuna ukuthetha nabani?
2. Kutheni uXola engamfowuneli uliyanda?
3. Uthini uSipho?
Masikhumbule 20.2
Uliyanda: Ndithanda lo )
mbhaco. Yimalini?
Unovenkile: Lo yiR300, kodwa
lowa yiR250.
iD Summary lE4ercbe 20.1

Complete the sentences by filling in the demonstrative pronouns.
1. _ bisi lulungile, _ alulunganga.
This milk is fine, that over there is not fine.
2. _ zinto ziduru, _ zitshiphu.
These things ore expensive, those ore cheap.
3. Ndiyasithanda
_ sihlangu,_ asindifaneli.
I like this shoe, thot one does not suit me.
4. Ndibabonile kufuneka_ balinde kancinci.
I hove seen these ones, those ones must wait o little.
rez il
,t;
Summary lE4ercise 20,2 {.i:
Match each question with a suitable answer.

1. Unxiba usayizi bani? a. Ewe, ungayilinganisa.
2. Yimalini? b. Ngolwesibini.
3. Ndingayilinganisa? c. Siza kuhamba ngoJulayi.
4. Uyakwazi ukuqhuba? d. YiR50.
5. Uyawuthanda umsebenzi wakho? e. Ewe. Ndicela isitshixo.
6. Ungandizalisela itanki? f. Mde kakhulu.
7. Kutheni engasebenzi nje? g. Ndingumntu othanda ukuthula.
8. Ungumntu onjani? h. Ewe, ndiyakwazi.
9. UThemba ukhangeleka njani? i. Hayi, andiwuthandi.
10. Kufuneka uye phi? j. Kufuneka ndiye eposini.
1 1. Niza kuhamba nini? k. Ndinxiba u36.
12. Ngubani ixesha? l. Uyagula.
13. Ufunda isiXhosa ngolwesingaphi? m. Ngu4.
iI Summary E4ercise 20.3

Which word in each set of four is the odd one out?
1.
ukuzalisa, ukugalela, ukuphendula, ukumpompa
2.
isonka, umngqusho, inyama, ubisi
3.
nini, phi, apha, njani
4.
kakuhle, nali, nasi, nantsi
5.
utyile, uyahamba, bavile, simbonile
6.
uneentloni, uyahamba, sinexhala, bakhululekile
7.
umlomo, unyawo, isandla, itafile
8.
ngomso, emini, emalanga, ebusika
9.
uMvulo, izolo, uLwesine, uMgqibelo
10. iqhiya, ifaskoti, umqa, ihempe
ip Summary E4ercise 20.4 {lr
Give the correct form (past subjunctive) of the words in brackets.

1. UThemba uvuke ngo8 kusasa, (uya) emsebenzini.
2. Abantwana bam bathenge iilekese, (bayazitya).
3. Ndimbone izolo (ndimbuze) igama lakhe.
4. lnja iphume endlwini (iyakhonkotha).
5. lintombi ziye emlanjeni (zihlamba) imibhaco.
{ roa
ISIFUNDO SAMASHUMI / TESSON TWENTY
r Summary E4ercise 20.5 ..ti
a. Write captions for the pictures using the verbs provided.
1.
2.
3.
-hlal- sit down

b. How would you say someone
1. is fot/not fat
2. is thin/not thin
-nxan- get thirsty -lamb- get hungry
it' Summary E4ercise 20.6 ,ti

Ask questions about the statements, using question words such as kutheni, ngantoni
and nabani.
1 .
USipho akatyi.
2. Andiphangeli ngemoto.
3. Le peni asiyoyam.
4. Ndidibene nomntu.
5. UThandi uthenge imoto.
6. Ndibone uSipho izolo.
7 . Baza kuya eQitsi.
8. UCara uneentloni.
9. Kukude ukusuka apha ukuya eMtata.
10. Andiwuthandi lo msebenzil
ree iF
,t;
Summary lE4ercise 20.7 ,ti

Answer these questions in the negative.
1. Umbonile?
2. Nityile?
3. Bakufowunele?
4. Siyifumene?
5. Bakuphendule?
iL Summary E4ercise 20.8 {i

Couple each verb with a suitable noun.
1. ukulungiselela a. abahlobo
2. ukumema b. iziselo
3. ukudlala c. ukutya
4. ukunika d. indlu
5. ukucoca e. ileta
6. ukuthumela f. umculo
7. ukusela g. ipiyano
8. ukupheka h. ilokhwe
9. ukunxiba i. isipho
Masicule!
Do you remember how to sing happy birthday in Xhosa? Fill in the missing words.
Mini (x2)
Mini_ sipho
-
-
{ rzo
ISIFUNDO SAMASHUMI AMABINI / LESSON TWENTY
,{
WEq&b&$w$ ,}
4;1Q1
'q*
d:4
qi
rzr yF
IIMPENDULO * ANSWERS
tgifundo Sokuqafa lsifundo Sesibini
Lesson One Gsioi iio
Grammar Exercise l.l (p.21) Practical Exercise 2.1 (p.27)
a. 1. ooVumile Russell: Molo Pam! Unjani, sisi?
2. izikolo Pam: Molo Russell! Ndiphilile, bhuti, unjani wena? (or any
3. iintsana ropriate g reeting)
oth er o p p
4. amadoda Russell: Ndiphilile nam, enkosi. (or ony other appropriote
5. amehlo response)
5. abantwana
Grammar Exercise 2.1 (p.29)
7. iintaka
1. Umama uyasebenza.
8. imifanekiso
2. OoZolani bgyancokola.
9. amagama
3. Amadoda aya phi?
10. iimfene
4. lsikolo 5ifuna ntoni?
b. 1. ukutya
5. Ukutya fuyabanda.
2. uluntu uluthi uluvo
6. llizwe ljfuna ntoni?
3. umntu umthi 7. lzinja 4yaluma?
4. imithi 8. lintombi 4ifuna bani?
5. iliso
9. Abantwana bqfuna bani?
6. igama igqirha ikhabathi 10. lmivundla !hlala phi?
7. indoda inja intombi
8. amagqirha amadoda amagama amehlo Grammar Exercise 2.2 (p.30)
9. abantu a. 1. Siphi isikolo?
10. oogqirha oomakhulu 2. lphi iti?
3. Luphi ubisi?
Grammar Exercise 1.2 (p.2a) 4. Baphi ooNomsa?
a. 1. USipho 4gumhlobo kaZolani.
5. Aphi amanzi?
2. UZolani ngubhuti kaVuyani.
6. Kuphi ukutya?
3. ULiz noCara ngabahlobo. 7. Ziphi iimoto?
4. Ubhuti kaNeisha lipolisa.
8. lphi imifanekiso?
5. Ubhuti kaSipho 5isityebi.
9. Uphi umzali?
b. 1. Hayi, asingomthi, yintyatyambo. 10. Liphi iyeza?
2. Hayi, asiyoti, yikofu.
b. 1. Basesikolweni.
3. Hayi, asingomanzi, !ubisi. 2. Usemsebenzini.
4. Hayi, asiyobhegi, 5isipali. 3. Usekhitshini.
5. Hayi, asiloapile, yitumato. 4. Sisemotweni.
c. 1. Cara, akungomfundi?
5. Lusefrijini.
2. Liz, wena noCara, aningobahlobo?
3. Sipho, andingomhlobo wakho? Grammar Exercise 2.3 (p.31)
4. Sipho. asingobahlobo? 1. UNomsa wenza ntoni?
5. Liz. akungomhlobo kaNeisha? 2. Abantwana abakhi ndlwana.
d. 1. Ewe, ndingumfundi. 3. UVumile woyika izinja.
2. Ewe, singabahlobo. 4. Wena akoyiki/awoyiki?
3. Ewe, ndingumhlobo wakho. 5. Amantombazana enza ntoni?
4. Ewe, singabahlobo. Grammar Exercise 2.a @32)
5. Ewe, ndingumhlobo kaNeisha. 1. Abantwana baysza.
2. Amadoda ayghla.
3. Abafundi abeva.
4. UThemba akembi.
5. Bona abebi.
\ ttz
lsifundo Sesithathu 4. Asiyithandi.
5. Uya4jfuna.
G;;o; iire; 6. Akazifuni.
Practical Exercise 3.1 (p.3a) 7. Bayalufuna.
lgama lakhe nguZolani. / NguZolani. 8. Abanelifuni.
lfani yakhe nguCata. / NguCata. 9. Bayagazi.
lgama lakhe nguLiz. I Nguliz. 10. Asibazi.
lfani yakhe ngulett. / Ngulett. b. 1. lyakwazi ukubala?
Amagama abo nguCara noNeisha. / NguCara noNeisha. 2. lyakwazi ukuqhuba?
Amagama abo nguTsetse noRussell. / NguTsetse noRussell. 3. lyakwazi ukuhamba?
Grammar Exercise 3.1 (p.37) 4. lyakwazi ukudada?
a. UNomfundo ngumhlobo wam. lfani yakhe nguNcanisa. 5. lyakwazi ukupheka?
Abazali bakhe bahlala kwalanga. Usisi wakhe akahlali apha 6.lyakwazi ukuzoba?
eKapa, uhlala nesithandwa sakhe eSoweto. c. 1. Uyawuthanda.
b. UPete noPhethiwe ngabahlobo bam. lifani zabo 2. Uyamazi?
nguDlangamandla nocaya. Amakhaya abo aseMtata. Benza 3. Andikuva.
izifundo zabo eUnitra, kodwa bonke abahlobo babo 4. Ndiyababona.
baseKapa. 5. Uyalthanda?
Grammar Exercise 3.2 (p.38) 6. 5iyawasebenzisa.
1 . Ziibhulukwe zikaZolani.
7. Akabuthandi.
2. Yihempe kaVumile. 8. Akundazi?
3. Liqhina likaVumile. 9. Ndifuna ukuzifunda.
4. Ziikawusi zikaZolani. 10. USipho uyasilanda.
5. Yibhatyi kaVumile.
Grammar Exercise 3.3 (p.38) lsifundo Sesihlanu
a. 1. Ngubani igama lomntwana?
2. Ngoobani amagama enu?
Gssoi iii
3. lphi imoto yqkho?
Summary Exercise 5.1 @.a9)
UZolani: Hello sisi.
4. Ziphi izinto zakhe?
UTsetse: Hello bhuti, kuniani? (or unjani. or ony other suitoble
5. Kuphi ukutya kwezinja?
expression)
6. Ngubani ifani yqmhlobo wakho?
UZolani: Hayi, kugrand. Kanene sisi, ngubani igama lakho?
b. 1. Ngubani igama lakhe?
UTsetse: NdinguTsetse Jafta. (or lgama lam nguTsetse Jafta.)
2. Ngoobani amagama abo?
UZolani: O! UnguTsetse! Ndiyavuya ukukwazi Tsetse. Mna,
3. Ngubani ifani yenu?
ndinguZolani.
4. Amagama ethu nguZolani noSipho.
UTsetse: Ndiyavuya ukukwazi nam, Zolani.
5. lsikolo sam siseMowbray.
Summary Exercise 5.2 @.a9)
1. Ngubani igama lakhe?
lsifundo Sesine 2. Ngoobani amagama abo?
Gssoi ioi, 3. UNeisha uyaphangela? / UNeisha uyasebenza?
Practical Exercise al 4. \Nenza ntoni uSizwe?
@.a1) 5. ULiz uyayithanda inyama?
a. 1. Ndiyabuthanda utywala. / Andibuthandi utywala.
2. Ndiyaluthanda ubisi. / Andiluthandi ubisi. 6. Uyamazi?
3. Ndiyazithanda iincwadi. / Andizithandi iincwadi. 7. Ngubhuti wakho?
4. Ndiyayithanda ikeyiki. / Andiyithandi ikeyiki. 8. Yimoto yakhe?
5. Ndiyawuthanda umngqusho. / Andiwuthandi umngqusho. 9. Ngumhlobo kaliz?
1 0. Bayakwazi ukuthetha isiXhosa?
b. 1. Akakuthandi ukubukela iifilimu.
2. Akakuthandi ukuncokola. Summary Exercise 5.3 (p.50)
3. Akayithandi ibhiye. 1. lgama likatata kaZolani nguZola.
4. Akasithandi isithuthuthu. 2. lgama likamama kaTsetse nguThandi.
Grammar Exercise a.1 (p.45) 3. UCara wenza uphando kwaLanga.
a. 1. Ndiyamazi. 4. UZolani ufundela ukuba ngutitshala.
2. Andimazi. 5. UEve ngumama kaCara.
3. Siyayjthanda.
lnh
Summary Exercise 5.4 (p.50) Class 11

1. Sisihlangu. Luphi usana lwakho? Alulili? Asilosana lwam, lusana lukasisi
2. Ngamehlo. wam. Ndiyalgthanda.
3. Lubisi. Closs 14
4. Ngamanzi. Buphi utywala? Pyyeza, kodwa abuzi namhlanje. Butpvala
5. Sisonka. bukabani? Butywala bam. Siyafuthengisa.
6. Ngumlenze.
7. Yimali. Class 15
8. Yihempe. Kuphi ukutya kwakho? Akubandi? Kukutya kwam? Hayi,
kokutya kwa kho, !u kutya ku kaZolani. Uyalqf una.
asi
Grammar Summary (p.51)
Closs 1o
UZolani qyafunda. Akasebenzi. Ufundela ukuba 4gutitshala. lsifundo Sesithandathu
Hayi, uZolani asingotitshala (akan gotitshala) ngoku. tJZolani teison Stx
uya4thanda utitshala wakhe. Grammar Exercise 6.1 (p.59)
Closs 2a a. 1. Uneminqwazi emibini.
OoZolani bayafunda. Abasebenzi. Bafundela ukuba 4gootit- 2. Uneejezi ezine.
shala. Hayi, ooZolani asingootitshala (abangootitshala) ngoku. 3. Uneebhatyi ezisixhenxe.
OoZolani bayabathanda ootitshala babo. Ootitshala 4. Uneedyasi ezintlanu.
bakaZolani bafundisa kakuhle. 5. Uneelokhwe ezintandathu.
Closs 1
b. 1. Tsetse, uneminqwazi emingaphi?
Umntwana gyasela, akatyi. UVusi ngumntwana wam. Hayi, 2. Tsetse, uneejezi ezingaphi?
uThandeka Q5j_ngqmntwana (aka nqom ntwana) wam, ngu m nt- 3. Tsetse, uneebhatyi ezingaphi?
wana kaSandile. Ndiyamthanda umntwana lyam. 4. Tsetse, uneedyasi ezingaphi?
5. Tsetse, uneelokhwe ezingaphi?
Closs 2
Abantwana bayasela, abatyi. UVusi noSithembile ngabant- Grammar Exercise 5.2 (p.59)
wana bam. Hayi, asingobantwana (abangobantwana) a. l. Zintlanu. / Kukho iiglasi ezintlanu.
bakaSandile. Ndiyabathanda abantwana bam. 2. Zintathu. / Kukho iifolokhwe ezintathu.
3. Zintandathu. / Kukho iipleyiti ezintandathu.
Class 3
4. Mane. / Kukho amacephe amane.
Uphi umfanekiso wakhe? Awuhlali apha? Noumfanekiso
kaban i? Hayi, asi n gomf anekiso kaThandi. Uyayygf una.
5. Zisixhenxe. / Kukho iimela ezisixhenxe.
b. 1. Balishumi elinesibini. / Bayitwelfu.
Class 4 2. Zintathu. (uLiz, uTsetse, uCara)
lphi imifanekiso yqkhe? Ayihlali apha? Yimifanekiso kabani? 3. Babini. (uSipho, uVuyani)
Hayi, asiyomifanekiso kaThandi. Uyayifuna. 4. Babini. (abantwana ababini bakaPam)
Class 5 5. Babini. (utata kaRussell, umama kaTessa)
Liphi ihashe lakhe? Alihlali apha? Asitohashe, yidonki. Lihashe Grammar Exercise 6.3 (p.61)
lam. Ndiya[thanda. 1. Ndineetafile ezimbini.
Class 6 2. Ndinezitulo ezine.
Aphi amahashe 4khe. Awahlali/Akahlali apha? Asingomahashe, 3. Ndineebhedi ezintathu.
ziidonki. Ngamahashe am. Ndiyawathanda. 4. Ndinomgqomo wenkunkuma.
Closs 7
5. Ndinewodrophu.
lsikolo sakhe dfundisa isiXhosa, q5lfundisi siZulu. Asisosikolo, 6. Akunasofa. / Awunasofa.
yiyunivesithi. 7. Akunafriji. / Awunafriji.
8. Akuna-ayini. / Awuna-ayini.
Class 8
9. Akunasitovu. / Awunasitovu.
lzikolo zabo Zifundisa isiXhosa, ggifundisi siZulu. Asizozikolo, 1 0. Akunamabonakude. / Awunamabonakude.
ziiyunivesithi. She does not hove electricity: Akanambane.
Class 9
Grammar Exercise 6.a @.61)
lphi inla yqkho? Ayihlali nawe? Asiyonja yqm, yinja kabhuti. 1. Ndinesisu.
Uyayithengisa.
2. Ndinentloko.
Closs 10 3. Ndinomqala.
Ziphi izinja zakho? Azihlali nawe? Asizozinia zam, lzinia zikab- 4. Ndinomqolo.
huti. Uyazithengisa.
{i 174
IIMPENDUL O / ANSWERS
tslfgndo Sglixhenxe Grammar Exercise 7.2 (p.7O)

a. f . izandla neenyawo
Lesson Sanen
2. iziqhamo nemifuno
Masifunde 7.'l (p.62) 3. iikawusi nezihlangu
1. Ngowesithathu. 4. ispeke namaqanda
2. Ngowokugqibela. 5. ufudo nomvundla
Masifunde 7.2 (p.63) b. 1. Nomama ufuna ukubukela iW.
1. Ngowesibini. 2. Sifuna ukubona neelokhwe.
2. Ngowokuqala. 3. Bayakwazi ukufunda nokubhala.
Masifunde 7.3 (p.6a) 4. NooZolani bayeza.
5. Nathi siyahamba.
1. lgama likabhuti kaZolani nguVumile. / lgama lakhe
nguVumile. c. 1. Uthetha nabani?
2. Amagama oosisi bakaTsetse ngulabu noNokwanda. / 2. Bafuna ukuhlala nabahlobo babo.
Amagama abo ngulabu noNokwanda. 3. Akafuni ukudlala nam.
3. NguSizwe. I lgama lomkhuluwa wakhe/kaSipho nguSizwe. 4. Sifuna ukuthetha nendoda.
4. USipho unoosisi abane. Amagama abo nguNomaxabiso, 5. UThemba ufuna ukudlala noVumile.
uNomsa, uNolwazi noPhethiwe.
5. UAmanda unoobhuti abane.
Practical Exercise 7.1 (p.66)
Unempumlo enkulu.
Uneenwele ezinde.
Practical Exercise 8.1 (p.7a)
1. UAmanda uneminyaka eyi23.
Unesisu esikhulu.
2. UZolani uneminyaka eyi20.
Uneendlebe ezinkulu.
3. ULiz wazalwa ngo"l973.
Uneenyawo ezincinci.
Unamehlo amancinci.
4. USipho wazalwa ngol 970.
5. URussell wazalelwa eKomani.
Practical Exercise 7.2 (p.67) 6. UTessa wazalelwa eKapa.
1. mfutshane 7. ldilesi kaAmanda ithi 41 Stein Street, Ashton.
2. zinkulu 8. lfowunamba kaZolani ithi 29-0007. / N9u29-0007.
3. incinci 9. UThandi uhlala eGuguletu.
4. zimbi 10. USipho uhlala eUgie.
5. zimfutshane
Grammar Exercise 7.1 (p.69) 1. UThandi wazalelwa eCofimvaba.
a. 1. UZolani unamazinyo amahle. 2. Abazali bam batshata n9o1975.
2. UCara unoosisi abangaphi? 3. lntombi kaVusi yagqibela ukumtyelela ngoMatshi.
3. Abazali bakaSipho banendlu entle. 4. lzinia zagqibela ukudlala elwandle kule nyanga iphelileyo.
4. UVusi unemoto gntsha. 5. UZolani wagqibela ukutyelela abazali bakhe kulo nyaka
5. Umhlobo kaAmanda unabantwana ababini. uphelileyo.
6. Usisi kaLiyanda uneenwele ezimfutshane.
7. lkati kaXola inomsila omde.
1. (iinkumba ) Zange ndizitye.
8. lnla kaCara ineendlebe ezinkulu.
2. (ingobozi) Zange ndiyibone.
9. Abantu abaninzi bahamba ngeteksi.
3. (amarhewu) Zange ndiwasele.
10. Kukho iindlela ezimbi apha.
4. (isiporho) Zange ndisibone.
b. 1. UPhethiwe 4futshane.
5. (uhadi) Zange ndilubone.
2. Abantwana bakaZwelakhe bancinci.
3. lmoto yam indala. Grammar Exercise 8.3 (p.79)
4. lzitshixo zakho zikhulu. 1. Wafika nini apha eKapa? I Wafika apha eKapa ngowuphi
5. Amehlo kaNomfundo mahle. unyaka? (ngowuphi unyaka = in which year)?
6. lmozulu imbi. 2. Wasifundela phi isiXhosa?
7. limpahla zikaTsetse zintsha. 3. Nagqibela nini ukuya eKruger National Park?
8. lmilenze kaLiz mide. 4. Bemka nini? / Bemka ngowuphi unyaka?
9. Uncumo lukaSipho luhle. 5. UXola weza nini apha? I UXola weza apha ngowuphi
i 0. Mingaphi iminyaka yakho? unyaka?
6. Abazali bakho baya nini eBhayi? I Abazali bakho baya
eBhayi ngowuphi unyaka?
rzs l'
THITHA ISIXHOSA NAIHI
7. lsikolo senu saqala nini ukufundisa isiXhosa? / lsikolo senu 6. emva kwa-
saqala ukufundisa isiXhosa ngowuphi unyaka? 7. emacaleni
8. ngasemva
9. ngaphambili
tgifu$o Setho--ba
1 0. ngaphakathi
Lesson Nine 11. igumbi lokulala
Grammar Exercise 9.1 (p.86) 12. igumbi lokuphumla
1. lmoto yam indala, ekaNomsa intsha. Summary Exercise l0.a (p.90)
2. lzinto zikaThemba zilapha, ezam zisekhaya. 1. lincwadi ziphezu byewodrophu.
3. Abantwana bakaVusi badala, qbakaVumile bancinci. 2. Amaphepha asecaleni kwesitulo.
4. lgumbi lam lincinci, elakho likhulu. 3. lmitshayelo isemva kocango.
5. ltawuli yam imbi, gyakho intle. 4. lsipili siphambi kwekhabathi.
Grammar Exercise 9.2 (p.86) 5. lzihlangu ziphantsi kwebhedi.
1. lmbiza isecaleni kweziko. Summary Exercise 10.5 (p.90)
2. Ukhukho luphambi kwebhedi. 1. Ndihlala nomalume.
3. lngobozi iphezu kwekhabathi. 2. Ndihlala nabazali.
4. Umtshayelo usemva kocango. 3. Ndihlala nomhlobo.
Grammar Exercise 9.3 (p.87) 4. Ndihlala noosisi.
1. YekaZolani. 5. Ndihlala neentombi.
2. YekaSipho. Summary Exercise 10.6 (p.90)
3. NgokaLiz. i. USipho unomqamelo.
4. ZezikaXola. 2. USipho unamacephe.
5. ZezikaTsetse. 3. USipho unesepha.
Grammar Exercise 9.a @.87) 4. U5ipho uneeglasi.
'l . Hayi, asiyoyam/ayiyoyam. 5. USipho unobisi.
2. Hayi, asizozikaThem balasizozakhe. 6. ULiz akanamali.
3. Hayi, asingowabo. 7. ULiz akanamoto-
4. Hayi, asiyoyethu/ayiyoyethu. 8. ULiz akanaradiyo.
5. Hayi, asisosakhe. 9. ULlz akanangobozi.
10. ULiz akanamasi.
Summary Exercise 10.7 (p.91)
tslfundo Seshumi First person singulor
l-esson Ten
Ndimfutshane.
Summary Exercise 10.1 (p.89) Ndazalwa ngo 1950.
1. Bane.
First person plurol
. 2. Zimbini.
Sibaninzi.
3. lnye.
4. Mithathu. l4fika apha eKapa ngol 950.
5. Zimbini. (iteksi inye, imoto inye.) Second person singulor
Umhle.
Wazalelwa phi?
1. c
2.9 Second person plurol
3.d Nibangaphi?
4.t \Efika nini apha eKapa?
5.a Class 1/l a
6.b umntwana omncinci
7. e Umntwana mncinci.
Summary Exercise 10.3 (p.89) Umntwana wazalwa nini?
1. kule veki izayo Owakho ufunda ohi?
2. kule nyanga izayo OkaNomsa akafundi.
3. kulo nyaka uzayo Ngowakho?
4. phantsi kwa- Hayi, ngokaNokwanda.
5. phezu kwa- Closs 2/2a
-{
Qa 176
IIMPENDULO / ANSWERS
abantwana abancinci Ezam zikhulu.

Abantwana bam bancinci. EzikaNomsa zincinci.
Bazalwa nini? Zezam.
Abakho bafunda phi? ZezikaNomsa.
AbakaNomsa abafundi.
Closs 9
UThemba noliyanda ngabam. Kukho imoto endala.
UVusi noVumile ngabakaNomsa.
lmoto indala.
Closs i Yafika nini?
Kukho umtshayelo omdala. Eyam ilapha.
Umtshayelo mdala. lkaVusi isegaraji.
Wafika nini? Yeyam.
Owam usemva kocango. YekaVusi.
OkaVusi uphantsi kwebhedi.
Class 10
Ngowam.
Kukho izinto gzintsha.
NgokaVusi.
lzinto Zintsha.
Class 4 lzinto 4afika.
Kukho imitshayelo emidala. Ezam zinkulu.
lmitshayelo midala. EzikaNomsa zincinci.
l4fika nini? Zezam.
Evam isemva kocango. ZezikaNomsa.
fkaVusi iphantsi kwebhedi. Closs 11
Yeyam.
Lusana oluhle.
YekaVusi.
Usana luhle.
Closs 5 Usana lwazalwa kulo nyaka.
Ndinegumbi elikhulu. Olwam lukhulu.
lgumbi lakho fkhulu. OlukaSipho luncinci.
lpolisa lafika ngol 986. Lolwam.
Elam lincinci. LolukaSipho.
ElikaNomsa !!khulu.
Closs l4
Lelam.
Kukho ubusi obuninzi.
LelikaNomsa.
Ubusi buninzi.
Closs 6 E4fika nini?
Sinamagumbi amakhulu. Obam butsha.
Amagumbi akho makhulu. ObukaTsetse budala.
Amapolisa qfika ngol 986. Bobam.
Awam mancinci. BobukaTsetse.
AkaNomsa makhulu.
Class 15
Ngawam.
Kukutya okuninzi.
NgakaNomsa.
Ukutya kuninzi.
Closs 7 Kwafika nini?
Sinesikolo esikhulu. Okwam kutsha.
lsikolo sikhulu. OkukaTsetse kudala.
lsikolo ggfika. Kokwam.
Esam sikhulu. KokukaTsetse.
EsikaNomsa sincinci.
5esam.
SesikaNomsa. tsifundo Seshgm! Elinanye
Closs 8 Lesson Eleven
Kukho izikolo ezikhulu. Masifunde 11.1 (p.96)
lzikolo zikhulu. 1. ULiyanda ufuna uPam.
lzikolo 2qfika. 2. Kufuneka uPam enze iinwele ecugs, alande ipasile yakhe
eposini.
177
il'
"
;',;:,,: ;;.;;;,*", .*n,*,,,",
t{fundo Selhumi Elf nesibini
4. Bafuna ukubukela uWrath of the Ancestors.
5. Bafuna ukuyibukela ngeCawe. Lesson Twelve
Masiphendule (p.96) Masiphendule (p.106)
+7 am kwakusasa/kusasa Your answer need not match this one exactly.
+1 0 om kusasa Ukuya kuA kufuneka uthathe isitalato sokuqala ekhohlo
+i pm emini (yiNdabeni Street). Hamba ngqo de ubone uA ekhohlo kwakho,
+4 pm emalanga Ukuya kuB hamba ngqo ngeBhunga Avenue. Uza kugqitha
X6 pm ngothatya iWashington Street ekunene kwakho, ungajiki tu, uhambe ngqo
!1 0 pm ebusuku de ubone uB ekunene kwakho phambi kokuba ufike eBennie
Street.
Masifunde 1'1.2 (p.97)
Ukuya kuC hamba ngqo ngeBhunga Avenue, uthathe isitala-
1. Kufuneka uye endaweni yokwenza iinwele.
to sesibini (yiWashington Street). Hamba ngqo ngeWashington
2. Kufuneka uye eposini.
Street. Uza kubona iziphambuka ezininzi kodwa ungajiki tu. Xa
3. Kufuneka uye ekhemisti.
ufika elungle Walk uza kubona uC phambi kwakho ekunene.
Masifunde 11.3 (p.98)
Uya kuliz.
Your answer need not match this one exactly.
Uvela kuAmanda.
EMowbray jika ekhohlo erenkini, unyuke ngqo. Ezirobhothini
Umyalezo: Kufuneka udibane noAmanda eAtrium ngo5.
ujike ekhohlo uhambe ngqo. Kwiirobothi zesibini uza kubona
Umyalezo uthathwe nguZolani.
indlela eya eyunivesithi ekunene kwakho. Ungajiki tu, uhambe
Grammar Exercise 11.1 (p.99) ngqo de ufike kwiirobothi zesithathu. UseRondebosch ngoku.
1. Ukuba ufuna imali-mboleko, kufuneka uye ebhankini. Kukho icawa ekunene kwakho. Ungajiki tu, uhambe ngqo,
2. Ukuba bafuna ukubukela le filimu, kufuneka babhukishe ugqithe igaraji ekunene. Kukho iirobothi phambi kwegaraji.
kuqala. Ungajiki tu, uhambe ngqo. lCavendish isekunene.
3. Ukuba nifuna ukutya okumnandi, kufuneka nitye erestyu.
4. Ukuba
uSipho ufuna ukuboleka iincwadi, kufuneka aye elay-
These translations will tell you whether your answers are correct.
ibrari.
1. Stand up and lift up your arms!
5. Ukuba uliz ufuna ukundibona, kufuneka 94laze apha.
2. Sit down and put your arms at the side!
6. Ukuba bafuna ukupheka umngqusho, kufuneka bathenge
3. Sit down and hold your head!
iimbotyi.
4. Bend over and touch the feet!
7. Ukuba nifuna ukuhlala eSite 5, kufuneka nakhe ityotyombe.
5. Stand up and touch the right knee.
8. Ukuba uTsetse ufuna imali, kufuneka athengise imoto
yakhe. Grammar Exercise 12.2 (p.109)
9. Ukuba intombi kaVumile ifuna ukuslimisha, kufuneka aye 1. Baxelele igama lakho!
ejimini. 2. Ndifowunele!
1 0. Ukuba amadoda afuna umsebenzi, kufuneka ezeJaze apha 3. Sithathe!
e-ofisini. 4. Zihlambe!
5. Luvule!
6. Yitye!
1. Hayi, kufuneka ningatyeli egumbini lokulala.
2. Hayi, kufuneka ningadlali bhola ekhitshini.
7. Zenzele iti! / Yenzele iindwendwe!
8. Mncede!
3. Hayi, kufuneka ningajuli bhola egumbini lokutyela.
4. Hayi, kufuneka ningabaleki egumbini lokuphumla. Grammar Exercise 12.3 (p.109)
5. Hayi, kufuneka ningadlali ngeematshisi. 1. Musa ukuhlala ebhankini! Don't sit on the bench!
2. Musa ukudada emlanjeni! Don't swim in the river!
3. Musa ukuphatha ucingo! Don't touch the fence!
1. Uya edolophini yonke imihla.
2. Baya esikolweni ngoT kusasa.
4. Musa udlala nenja! Don't ploy with the dog!
5. Musa ukukhwela umthi! Don't climb the tree!
3. Kufuneka andifowunele ekhaya.
6. Musa ukutya ama-apile amaninzil Don't eot lots of opples!
4. Kufuneka umse esibhedlele.
7. Musa udlala ngemelal Don't play with o knife!
5. Ufika nini emsebenzini?
Grammar Exercise 11.a (p.103) G rammar Exercise 1 2.4 (p.1 1 0)
1. Hamba ngqo uthathe isitalato sokuqala ekunene!
1. Umalume usesitishini.
2. Phakamani niionoe apha!
2. Udadobawo usevenkileni.
3. Phakamani nibambe iinyawo!
3. Umakhulu ukwagqirha.
4. Hlala phantsi ubeke iingalo ecaleni!
4. Udadewabo usepakini.
5. Thatha olu bisi ulufake phezu kwefriji!
{x 178
IIMPENDULO / AN5WERS
Grammar Exercise 12.5 (p.111) 3. Baza kuhlala iveki enye.

1. USipho ufuna ukuya edolophini athenge iimpahla. 4. Baza kuziphathela yonke into.
2. UZolani ungena endlwini afake iintyatyambo evazini. 5. Hayi, abanye abasazi kakuhle.
3. Abantwana bakaThandi baya eQitsi ngoDisemba babuyele Grammar Exercise 13.3 (p.120)
eKapa ngolanuwari. 1. Ndiya ngebhasi.
4. Wena ufuna ukuthatha izinto zakho uhambe? 2. Siza kufika ngo4.
5. Ndifuna ukuhlamba ndinxibe. 3. Ndiza kuya ngeMgqibelo.
6. ULiz ufuna ukuya elondon atyelele abahlobo bakhe. 4. Siza kuthetha ngokutva kwamaXhosa.
7. UMpumezo noTsetse baya kwalanga batvelele umalume 5. Baza kuhamba ngeteksi.
kaTsetse.
6. Siza kuyibhala ngepensile.
8. Nina, nivuka ngabani ixesha kusasa nilale ngabani ixesha 7. Liza kufika ngo6.
ebusuku? 8. Bathetha nqesiVenda.
9. lnkosikazi kaDumisani iya erestyu ingatyi tu.
10. ULiz uya kwalanga enze uphando khona.
tsifundo Seghumi Efine{ne
Lesson Fourteen
tsifun-do Seshumi Etinesflhathu
Lesson Thifteen Masifunde M.2 (p.122)
1. Bebeye eQitsi.
Masifunde 13.1 (p.113) 2. Bebehamba ngekhombi.
1. Baza kuhamba ngekhombi. 3. Bebelala emakhukweni.
2. Basixhenxe. 4. Bebehlala nomakazi kaLiyanda.
3. Kufuneka baphathe iimpahla ezishushu. 5. Beberhida indlu ngodaka.
4. Kuyabanda eQitsi ebusika.
5. Baza kuwakha emlanjeni. Masiphendule (p.123)
1. Bekusibekele.
Masifunde 13.2 (p.113) 2. Bekusina.
1. Ziikhilomitha eziyi491 . 3. Bekuvuthuza.
2. Ziikhilomitha eziyi231 . 4. Bekupholile.
3. Ziikhilomitha eziyi9l . 5. Bekubanda.
4. Ziikhilomith a eziyi360. 6. Bekuvuthuza.
Practical Exercise 13.1 (p.115) 7. Bekushushu.
a. 1. Kuyabanda. Grammar Exercise U.1 (p.126)
2. Kuyanetha. / lmvula iyana. I Kuyana. 1. Bendifunda.
3. Umoya uyavuthuza. / Kukho umoya. 2. Wena ubusebenza.
4. Kusibekele. / Kukho amafu. 3. Bebekufuna.
5. Lithe gqabagqaba ngamafu. 4. Besithenga.
6. Kushushu. / Libalele. 5. Benisela amarhewu.
b. 1. llanga likhupha iintlanzi emanzini. 6. Amadoda ebesolusa iinkomo.
2. lngqele liqhaqhazelisa amazinyo. 7. lintombi bezisenza umqombothi.
3. lzulu limathumb' antaka. 8. Ebengatyi.
Practical Exercise 13.2 (p.1 16) 9. lbingasebenzi.
'I
. Ndiza kusebenzisa isambrela ehlotyeni nasebusika. 10. Bebengakhi manzi.
2. Ndiza kunxiba iidimasi ehlotyeni. Grammar Exercise M.2 (p.'126)
3. Ndiza kusebenzisa iharika ekwindla. 1. Abantu bebexhentsa.
4. Ndiza kukha iintyatyambo entlakohlaza/ehlotyeni 2. Amakhwenkwe ebedlala imarimba.
ndizifake evazini. 3. Thina besibona igqirha.
Grammar Exercise 13.1 (p.117) 4. lndoda ibibetha igubu.
1. ULiz uza kuvuka ngo5 ngoMvulo.
Grammar Exercise 1a.3 (p.128)
2. Uza kunceda uLiyanda ukupheka. 1. Bekubanda, kodwa izindlu bezinamaziko omlilo.
3. Uza kutya iblakfesi ngo9. 2. Besingabaqondi bonke abantu, kodwa besinedikshinari.
4. Uza kusebenza emasimini. 3. Abantu bebesebenza nzima, kodwa bebeneepati ezininzi.
5. Uza kutya ilantshi ngo1. 4. Besilambile, kodwa besinokutya okwanelevo.
Grammar Exercise 13.2 (p.118) 5. USipho ebenomkhuhlane, kodwa ngelishwa ebenge-
a. 1. Uliyanda uza kufika eQitsi ngesithuba sika4 malanga. nayeza.
2. Baza kusuka eKapa malunga ngo4 ekuseni.
179
il'
Grammar Exercise M.a @.128) 4. Jika ekunene, uhambe ngqo emasimini. Turn right ond go
a. 1. BendiseSt Francis. straight through the fields.
2. Bendisemsebenzini. 5. Phuma emasimini, uhambe ngqo. Come out of the fields
3. Bendisekhaya. ond go straight.
b. 1 . Hayi, sis' Liyanda, bendikufowunela eSt Francis, kodwa
ubunoekho. a. 1. UZolani ufowunela uCara.
2. Hayi, sis' Liz, bendikufowunela emsebenzini, kodwa 2. Hayi, akakho/akekho.
ubunoekho.
3. Useyunivesithi.
3. Hayi, sis'Cara, bendikufowunela ekhaya, kodwa b. l. Usesikolweni. Ebesesikolweni.
ubungekho.
2. Usekhaya. Ebesekhaya.
Grammar Exercise 1a.5 (p.129) 3. Usemsebenzini. Ebesemsebenzini.
a. 1. Hayi, bebengaziboni. 4. Uselwandle. Ebeselwandle.
2. Hayi, bebengayibukeli. 5. Usevenkileni. Ebesevenkileni.
3. Hayi, bebengawusebenzisi. c. Here you have the option of leaving off the first vowel of the
4. Hayi, bebengasithethi. locative. Also, you may use akekho instead of akakho.
5. Hayi, bebengayisebenzisi. 1. Akakho esikolweni. Ebengekho esikolweni.
b. 1. Hayi, ibingekho (iTV). 2. Akakho ekhaya. Ebengekho ekhaya.
2. Hayi, ubungekho (umbane). 3. Akakho emsebenzini. Ebengekho emsebenzini.
3. Hayi ibingekho (ikhompyutha). 4. Akakho elwandle. Ebengekho elwandle.
4. Hayi, ibingekho (ifowuni). 5. Akakho evenkileni. Ebengekho evenkileni.
Summary Exercise 15.4 (p.133-13a)
Se-sh umi Elinesihf anu a. f. i
t-sifundo 2.h
Lesson Fifteen
3.j
Masikhumbule 15.1 (p.130) 4.1
1. Baya eQitsi. 5.b
2. Baza kuhlala emaXhoseni, batye umngqusho, baxhentse, 6.a
basinde ngobulongwe, basele amarhewu. 7.c
3. Kufuneka babhale phantsi amagama abo. 8.e
Masikhumbule'15.2 (p.130) 9.d
1. Kufuneka baye eyunivesithi ngolwesihlanu. 10. g
2. Kufuneka bafike khona ngo4. b. Make up your own sentences. The Xhosa phrases are translat-
3. Kufuneka bashiye iisutikheyisi ekhayeni likaZolani. ed here.
4. UZolani akazi kulinda. 1 . next week
5. Kufuneka bathathe umphako. 2. next month

3. next year
Masikhumbule 15.3 (p.1 31)
4. tomorrow
1. UA344 uphezulu.
5. yesterday
2. Kufuneka unyuke ngqo ngezitepsi ekunene kwakho.
6. from... to ,..
3. Zisekunene kwakho.
7. by cor
4. Wakufika phezulu ligumbi lesibini.
8. by foot
5. lgumbi lisekhohlo.
9. with whom?
Summary Exercise 15.1 (p.131) 10. different types of things
1. lcawa isecaleni kwesikolo. c. I e d. 1. c
2. lsikolo sijongene nekliniki / sisecaleni kwevenkile. 2.h 2.e
3. lgaraji isemva kwesilarha. 3.9 3.d
4. llayibrari isecaleni kwesitishi / ijongene nevenkile. 4.a 4.b
Summary Exercise 15.2 (p.132) s.j 5.a
Your answers may be slightly different from these. 6.c e. 1. uMvulo ngoMvulo
i. Ngena endleleni, ujike ekhohlo. Enter the rood ond turn 7. i 2. uLwesibini ngoLwesibini
left. 8.b 3. uLwesithathu ngoLwesithathu
2. Jika ekunene. uhle ngqo. Turn right and go straight down. 9.t 4. uLwesine ngolwesine
3. Wela umlambo. Cross the river. I eabela ibholorho. Co 10. d 5. uLwesihlanu ngolwesihlanu
over the bridge. 6. uMgqibelo ngoMgqibelo
7. iCawe ngeCawe
eI*< lao
IIMPENDULO / ANSWERS
t. Present Future Post 4. UDvakalashe wanoena wabamba ufudo.

1. Kushushu. Kuza kuba shushu. Bekushushu. 5. Wena noNosipho niye edolophini nathenga izinto ezin-
2. Kuyavuthuza. Kuza kuvuthuza. Bekuvuthuza. inzi.
3. Kusibekele. Kuza kusibekela. Bekusibekele. 6. lsikolo singene ngo8 saphuma ngo3.
4. Kuyabanda. Kuza kubanda. Bekubanda. 7. UXola umfowunele uJakes wacela umsebenzi.
5. Kuyana. Kuza kuna. Bekusina. 8. Abantu bangene ecaweni abahlala phantsi.
9. Umfundisi ubalongile akathetha.
10. Ndimnike isipho andamlinda asivule.
tsifundo Seghumi Efinegilhandalhu
Lesson Sixteen
Masifunde 16.1 (p.136) tsifundo Selhumi Etlnesixhenxe
1. UXola ufuna umsebenzi. ksson Seventeen
2. Ewe, wakhe wasebenza ngefowuni ngaphambili. Masifunde',7.', (p.1 aa)
3. UXola uwuyekile umsebenzi wakhe elayibrari kuba 1. Usebenza eMzimbeni Club ukususela ngoMvulo ukuya
iikhompyutha zenza yonke imisebenzi ngoku. kutsho ngoLwesithathu.
4. UXola uthi ilayibrari ifana nerestyu kuba kufuneka umntu 2. NgoLwesine usebenza evenkileni yomhlobo wakhe.
ancede abantu elayibrari naserestyu. 3. Uthengisa amakhandlela.
5. Ewe, umnikile uXola umsebenzi. 4. Ngolwesihlanu usebenza ekhaya.
Practical Exercise 15.1 (p.136) 5. Hayi, akaphangeli ngempelaveki.
1 . Wakhe wapheka ipizza? I Wakhe wayipheka ipizza?
6. UXola ebesebenza elayibrari phambi kokusebenza erestyu.
2. Wakhe wapheka ithanga? / Wakhe walipheka ithanga? 7. Ebephendula iifowuni.
3. Wakhe wapheka ihembhegha? / Wakhe wayipheka ihem- 8. Erestyu uXola unika abantu iimenyu, athathe iiodolo zabo.
bhegha? Xa ukutya kulungile abanike kona.
4. Wakhe wapheka amatswele? / Wakhe wawapheka Masifunde 17.2 (p.1aa)
amatswele? 1. UCara uthanda umsebenzi wakhe kuba uthanda
Practical Exercise '15.2 (p.'137) ukudibana nabantu ngabantu.
1. Ewe, ndizifakile ebhokisini. 2. USipho uthanda umsebenzi wakhe kuba uthanda ukon-
2. Hayi, andikufakanga efrijini. wabisa abantu.
3. Hayi, andiwubekanga phandle. 3. URussell uthanda umsebenzi wakhe kuba uthanda uku-
4. Hayi, andiyityisanga. fundisa.
5. Hayi, andizicimanga. 4. ULiyanda uthanda umsebenzi wakhe kuba uthanda
6. Ewe, ndiwafakile ebhaskithini. ukusebenza ngeekhompyutha.
7. Hayi, andimgodusanga. Masifunde 17.3 (p.la5)
Grammar Exercise 16.1 (p.139) 1. Hayi, akawuthandi.
1. UXola usebenzile. 2. Akawuthandi umsebenzi wakhe kuba kufuneka asebenze
2. Ucoce indlu. / Uyicocile indlu. late kakhulu.
3. Abantwana bafikile. 3. Akamxeleli umqeshi wakhe kuba uyamoyika.
4. Bamncedile. Masifunde 17.a (p.1a6)
5. lkhompyutha ayisebenzanga. 1.I 7.f
6. lxesha lihambile. 2. a 8.9
7. Ndifumene ileta. 3.i 9.c
8. Sithethile. 4. k 10.j
9. Uyithengile. 5. d 11. b
10. Uzisusile. 6.h 12.e
Grammar Exercise 15.2 (p.139) Grammar Exercise 17.1 (p.1a8)
1. Uhleli. 1. Kutheni uZolani engathethi nle?
2. Unxaniwe. 2. Kutheni uAmanda engatyi nje?
3. Ulambile. 3. Liyanda, kutheni unoasixeleli nje?
4. Akalambanga. 4. Vusi, kutheni ungamncedi umama?
5. Akanxanwanga. 5. Kutheni ootata bengasiphekeli nle?
Grammar Exercise 16.3 (p.1a2) 6. Kutheni abantwana bengadlali nle?
1. Ndaya eMonti ndaqala ukufuna umsebenzi. 7. Kutheni amanzi engabili nje?
2. Bazama bazama abaphumelela. 8. Kutheni amadoda engasebenzi nje?
3. Sada saphumelela.
rar iF
G rammar Exercise t, .'.r^ 1;p.r:, or1 2. usana olu olo oluya
1. Kutheni wena ucula nje? 3. ukutya oku oko ukuya
2. Kutheni nina nihamba nje? 4. iradiyo le leyo leya
3. Kutheni umakhulu esiya kwagqirha nje? 5. isonka esi eso esiya
4. Kutheni abantwana bekhalaza nje?
5. Kutheni amantombazana esiya eNorway nje?
Grammar Exercise 17.3 (p.1a9)
lsifu ndo Seshumi Elinethoba
1. Abantwana bangahamba. Lesson Nineteen
2. Umama angasinceda. Masifunde 19.1 (p.159)
3. Bangafika ebusuku. '1
. Ngumhla wokuzalwa kukaSipho.
4. Singambona. 2. Ewe, uza kuyenza.
5. Ndingakunceda. 3. NguTessa.
Grammar Exercise l7.a (p.150) 4. Uthi kufuneka uTessa acoce indlu, athenge iziselo.
1. Ungandivalela ucango? 5. Yipati kaSipho.
2. Ungandenzela iti? Practical Exercise 19.1 (p.160)
3. Ungandiphathela amanzi? Mini emnandi kuwe!
4. Ungandivulela ibhotile? Ndivuyisana nawe noomhla
5. Ungandizisela imenyu? wokuzalwa kwakho!
1.c
tlifgndo Seshumi Elinesibhozo 2.e
l-esson Eighteen
3.b
Masifunde 18.1 (p.151) 4. ald
1. UXola uthanda uLiyanda. / UXola uyamthanda uLiyanda. 5.d
2. Ewe, uyamazi.
3. ULiyanda mhle - unamazinyo amhlophe neenwele ezim-
1 . Ewe, iyandifanela/ingandifanela. / Hayi, ayindifaneli.
nyama.
2. e, ziy andifanela/zi ngandifanela.
Ew / Hayi, azindifaneli.
4. URussell uthi kufuneka uXola abhale umbongo wothando.
3. Ewe, ziyandif anela / zinganditanela. I Hayi, azindifaneli.
5. Kufuneka abonge ubuhle bukaLiyanda.
Practical Exercise l9.a (p.163)
1. lduru.
1. NguTsetse.
2. ltshiphu.
2. NguAmanda noSipho.
3. Zitshiphu.
3. NguXola noTsetse.
4. Ziduru.
4. NguTsetse.
5. NguSipho. Grammar Exercise 19.1 (p.l6a)
'l
. ULiyanda unxiba umbhaco xa esiya epatini kaSipho.
Grammar Exercise 18.1 (p.155) 2. Bathanda ukuncokola xa belinganisa iimpahla.
1. Bangaphi abafundi abafunda isiXhosa?
3. Kudala uPedro efunda ngomculo wamaAfrika.
2. Mangaphi amadoda asebenza apha?
4. Ndibona uThemba edlala ixilongo.
3. Zingaphi iintombi e2ifuna ukuza nathi?
5. Kutheni amadoda exhentsa nje?
4. Ndithanda iifilimu ezihlekisayo.
6. Kudala umakhulu enxiba iqhiya.
5. Ufuna imoto ehamba kakuhle.
7. Kudala ooliyanda befuna ukuthenga umbhaco.
Grammar Exercise 18.2 (p.155) Grammar Exercise 19.2 (p.'166)
1. Ngabantu abangasaziyo isiXhosa.
a. 1. Nasi isitshixo oEifunayo.
2. Ndingumntu ongathandi ukuthetha kakhulu.
2. lphi imoto ayithengisayo?
3. Yindoda engathandi ukusebenza.
3. Kukutya esilqthandayo.
Grammar Exercise 18.3 (p.153) 4. Ufuna ukubona umbhaco endilygthungayo?
a. 1. Ndithanda lo msebenzi. 5. Bafuna ukubona izinto esi4enzayo.
2. Uyayazi laa ntombi? b. 1. Ezi zizinto endizifunayo.
3. Abo bantu bafuna ukuthetha nawe. 2. Yilokhwe uliyanda ayifunayo.
4. Sisebenzisa ezi zinto emsebenzini. 3. Kuphi ukutya okuphekayo?
5. Le mifanekiso mihle nyhani! 4. Eli lixilongo esilidlalayo.
b. First Second Third 5. Lo ngumculo eniwuthanda kakhulu?
f . iimela ezi ezo eziya
q! 182
IIMPENDULO / ANSWER
tgifundo Samalhumi Amabini Summary Exercise 20.5 (p.169)

Lesson Twenty
a. 1. Uhleli.
2. Ulambile.
Masikhumbule 20.1 (p.167) 3. Unxaniwe.
1. Ufuna ukuthetha noliyanda. b. 1. Utyebile. Akatyebanga.
2. Akamfowuneli kuba ucinga ukuba uLiyanda akamthandi. 2. Ubhityile. Akabhityanga.
3. USipho uthi kufuneka uXola amfowunele, ancokole naye.
Summary Exercise 2O.1 (p.'167) 1. Kutheni engatyi nje?
1. Olu bisi lulungile, oluya alulunganga. 2. Uphangela ngantoni?
2. Ezi zinto ziduru, ezo zitshiphu. 3. Yekabani?
3. Ndiyasithanda esi sihlangu, eso asindifaneli. 4. Ngubani igama lakhe?
4. Ndibabonile aba, kufuneka abo balinde kancinci. / Yimoto enjani?
5. Yimalini?
Summary Exercise 20.2 (p.168) 6. Umbone phi? / Nini? / Ngabani ixesha?
1. k 8.9 7. Baza kuya nini? / Ngolwesingaphi? / Baza kuhlala nabani
2.d 9.f phaya? I Baza kuhlala khona ixesha elingakanani?
3.a 10. i 8. Ngantoni? / Kutheni?
4.h 11.c 9. Ziikhilomitha ezingaphi?
5.i 12. m 1 0. Kutheni ungawuthandi nle?
6.e 13. b Summary Exercise 20.7 (p.17O)

7.1 1. Hayi, andimbonanga.
Summary Exercise 20.3 (p.158) 2. Hayi, asityanga.
1. ukuphendula 3. Hayi, abandifowunelanga.
2. ubisi 4. Hayi, asiyif umenanga.
3. apha 5. Hayi, abandiphendulanga.
4. kakuhle Summary Exercise 20.8 (p.170)
5. uyahamba l.ftbtc 6.e
6. uyahamba 2.a 7.b
7. itafile 3.9 8.c
8. ebusika 4. ilhlelclb 9.h
9. izolo 5.d
10. umqa
Masicule! (p.170)
Summary Exercise 20.a (p.168) Mini emnandi kuwe (x2)
1. UThemba uvuke ngo8 kusasa, waya emsebenzini. Mini emnandi kuwe, Sipho
2. Abantwana bam bathenge iilekese, bazitya. Mini emnandi kuwe.
3. Ndimbone izolo ndambuza igama lakhe.
4. lnja iphume endlwini yakhonkotha.
5. lintombi ziye emlanjeni zahlamba imibhaco.
GRAMMAR
'NDEX
Page numbers of grammatical references are Applied extension -el to indicate /or Concords, see specific headings, eg 'Object
in bold type. (on behalf of), 1.49 concords','Subject concords'
Copulative concords, 12, 27, 22, 23
Adjectives, 67 Basic noun preti\es. 1-i Descriptive, 57, 68
Concords,57, 68 Identificative copulative prefixes, 21
Stems, 67 Commands. with possessive pronouns, 84
Adverbial formative nga-, 119 Sequence .r:. i\pressed bv subjunctive
Adverbs, p16pi. I lt,r Demonstrative pronouns, 156, 157
used in the past,77 S mn = Irr- Descriptive copulative concords, 57, 68
used with the future tense, 117 s rth object concords, 108 Direct relative clauses, 154
rar iI
THEf HA ISIXHOSA NAf H]
-el to indicate /o r (on behalf of) ,149 Past subjunctive mood, 140 and recent past continuous tense, 123
Events, Sequence of, see'Sequence of Concords, 140, 141 and relative concords, 57
events' Sequence of past events,140 Subject, Definition of, 12
Extension, Definition of, 149 Past tense, Subject concords,28
Adverbs used with, 77 Definition of, 12
Future tense, 116 Recent continuous, see'Recent past in formation ofpossessive concords, 36
Adverbs used with, i17 continuous tense' Personal (first and second person), 29
Short forms of, 117 Remote, see'Remote past tense' with latent i verbs, 32
Perfect tense, 138 with locatives, 85
here is I here are,153 third,
Person, First, second and with na- to indicate possession, 60
Definition of, 12 with numbers, 58
Identificative copulative prefixes, 21 Positions, Locative, 85 with verbs starting with a vowel, 31
Indirect relative clauses, 165 Possessive,35 Subjunctive mood,98
Relative concords in, 165 Concords and stems, 35 to express sequence of commands and
Initial vowels, 13 Subject concords in formation of, 36 events, 110
Pronouns, 84 to express sequence of future events,
-khona/-kho in recent past continuous Predicate, Definition of, 12 117
tense, 128 Prefix, Definition ol 13 Past, see'Past subjunctive mood'
Ku$ro (Therc is I there are), 58 Prepositions, 100
Presentparticipialmood,147 Tense,see'Future','Perfect','Present',
77
Last, When did you, Present tense, 27,28,29 'Recent past continuous' and 'Remote
'Verbs'
Latent i verbs, see Pronouns, 12, 42 past'
Locatives,100 Demonstrative, 156,157
with recent past continuous tense, 127 Possessive, 84 Verb, Definition of, 12
Locative positions, 35 Verbs,
Recent past continuous tense, 123, 125 Latent i,
Monosyllabic verbs, see 'Verbs' with -khona/-kho, 128 in remote past tense, 76
Mood, see 'Past subjunctive', 'Present par- with locative, 127 in subjunctive mood, 99
ticipial' and'Subjunctive' with monosyllabic verbs, 124 with object concords, 44
with na-, 127 with subject concords,32
tr&-, with phi-, 127 Monosyllabic,
to indicate also I as well I and / Reflexive object concord, 45 in present participial mood, 148
(together) with,68, 69 Relativeclauses, in recent past continuous tense. 121
to indicate possession, 60 Direct, 154 Starting with a vowel,
with recent past continuous tense, 127 Indirect, 165 in present participial mood, 148
Nasal classes, see 'Weak classes' 165
Relative concords in, in recent past continuous tense, 124
nga- 155
Relative concords,57, 154, in remote past tense, 76
Adverbial uses of, 119 Remote past tense,75 in subjunctive mood,99
to indicate canlmay, l49 Concords, 76 with object concords, 45
Noun, Subject concords in,75 with subject concords,3l
Classes, i3, 14 Stative, (perfect tense), 138
Definition of, 12 Sequence of commands, 110 Vowel, Verbs starting with a, see 'Starting
Nouns with subject concords (third Sequence of events, 1 10 with a vowel' under'Yerbs'
person), 28 Future events, I 17
Numbers, 56 Past events, 140 Weak classes, 36
Simple commands, 107 and demonstrative pronouns, 156
Object concords,42,44 with objcct concords,108 and possessive stems, 36
Reflexive,45 138
Stative verbs (perfect tense), and recent past continuous tense, 124
Simple commands with, 108 Stem, Definirion of, 13 Wen did you last,11
Strong classes, 37
Participial mood, see 'Present participial and demonstrative pronouns, 157
mood' and possessive stems, 37
{i raa
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Speaking Xhosa With Us (1998)

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)(HOSA

@ Mother Tongues Multimedia Development cc

First edition, third impression 2004.

Aurnon: Tessa Dowling

HOW TO USE THE MULTIMEDIA PROGRAM

Running the program

Navigation withln a fesson

Links to_ sound and explanatio-ns

How to use the Multimedia program

Unit 1 Siyavgyt ukukwa_zi! We are. pteasg! to know you!

Unit 2 lfemeti nabahfobo famity and ftignds

Isifundo Seshumi Elinanye Lesson Eleven 95

Unit 4 Ukygcberrza nokuzonw€bisa Io wolk and enjoy onese-lf

Answers to Exercises 172

Grammar lndex 183

Pron u n-ciation of conso_na nts.,

Other difficult consonants

lsifundo Sokuqala Lessonone

ri**i., UKUZAEISA *,NIRODUCI,ONS

In this lesson you will learn how to

Masifunde 1,1 te!,s tegrn 1,1

Ungubani wena? Who are youT

Molo mfundi! NdinguPam, utitshala

Masip-he_ndute t-et's- alswer

lgama lam nguSipho.

MOST XHO'A NA/TE' HAVE A MEANING.

SUBJECT FIRSI SECOND AND Second person

Third person subject concords

The no_un classes

Noun stems and noun prefixes

lnitial vowels and basic noun prefixes

Singular and plural nouns

Class 11 Class 14 gontinued

singular ubuntu humanity, humon goodness

uvavanyo test (from ukuvavanya to test) neither singular nor plural

Qrammar E4ercke 7.7 ,ll

ri.rl4.A8e First and second person copulative concords

Third person copulative concords

Negative copulative concords - third person

Negative copulative concords - first and second person

Noun class Copulative concord Examples (pos/neg)

ngu- NguThemba. He is Themba.

nga- NgooThemba. They ore Thembo ond company.

iri-/i- Ligama. It is o nome.

in-/i- yt- Yindlu. It is o house.

: Fill in the missing copulative prefixes.

You have now learnt how to

' :sk where something is

Molo Russell, unjani?

Hello Pqm, I am fine.

Hayi, ndiphilile nam,

Molo Amanda, unjani

Molweni bosisi! Ninjani?

l' I am fine too, thonks.

, csitive A form of the verb

inort form (when something follows the verb)

Asithethi. We ore not speaking.

). re that .ya- is used only in the long form of the positive.

Nouns with subject concords (third person)

Noun class Subject Examples

1al1 u-lum- u- Umntwana uyathetha. The child is speoking.

2al2 oo-/aba- ba- Abantwana bayathetha. The children are speoking.

u- Umthi uyakhula. The tree is growing.

tmt- l- lmithi iyakhula. The trees ore growing.