Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation: Granted Autonomous Status

Manuel S.
Enverga University Foundation

Lucena City, Philippines
Granted Autonomous Status
CHED CEB Res. 076-2009
PRESTRESSED CONCRETE DESIGN

SRDR5523
ASSIGNMENT NO. 3
1. LIST THE VARIOUS TYPES OF LOSS OF PRESTRESS IN PRE-

TENSION AND POST-TENSION MEMBERS.
2. HOW DO YOU COMPUTE THE FOLLOWING?
A. THE LOSS OF STRESS DUE TO ELASTIC
DEFORMATION OF CONCRETE.
B. DUE TO SHRINKAGE OF CONCRETE.
C. DUE TO CURVATURE AND WOBBLE EFFECT.
D. DUE TO ANCHORAGE SLIP.
3. WHAT ARE THE FACTORS INFLUENCING THE LOSS OF
STRESS DUE TO CREEP OF CONCRETE?
4. WHAT IS RELAXATION OF STRESS IN STEEL?
DULFO, ALLYSON MAE A. ENGR. EVANGELINE CONSTANTINO

BSCE-V
MWF / 9:30-10:30
MARCH 2, 2020
Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation
1. LIST THE VARIOUS TYPES OF LOSS OF PRESTRESS IN PRE-TENSION

AND POST-TENSION MEMBERS.
Loss of prestressing in “pre-tensioned” members
1. Losses due to elastic deformation of concrete

2. Losses due to relaxation of stress in steel
3. Losses due to creep in concrete
4. Losses due to shrinkage of concrete
The frictional losses and losses due to anchorage slip are observed in post - tensioned members
only because pre - tensioned members do not require anchorages for prestressing
Loss of pre stress in “post tensioned” members
1. Losses due to elastic deformation of concrete.

2. Losses due to relaxation of stress in steel
3. Losses due to creep in concrete
4. Losses due to shrinkage of concrete
5. Losses due to slip of anchorages
6. Losses due to friction
2. HOW DO YOU COMPUTE THE FOLLOWING?

1. Loss due to Elastic Shortening
When the prestress is transmitted to the concrete member, there is contraction due to prestress.
This contraction causes a loss of stretch in the wire. When some of the stretch is lost, prestress
gets reduced. Let be the compressive stress at the level of steel.
Unit contraction in concrete,
Unit contraction in steel is also equal to

Compressive stress in steel =
=
Therefore, loss in prestress, = compressive stress in steel
is computed as follows for different cases:
a) If a straight tendon is provided with an eccentricity ‘e’ throughout its length (fig. below)
b) If a parabolic cable is provided with eccentricity e1 at the ends and e2 at the centre,
Shear stress at the end section =
Stress at the centre =
Average stress=
In the post tensioned beams several cables are provided. The cables are stretched in succession.
When a cable is stretched, this cable suffers no loss, but the cable stretched before suffers a loss
due to prestress in the cable being stretched.
Thus, the cable which is stretched first will suffer maximum loss due to stretching of (n – 1)
cables where n is the total number of cables. The cable stretched last will not suffer any loss. To
calculate the loss due to elastic shortening, loss in the first cable is calculated and half of this
value is taken as the average loss of all the cables.
2. Loss due to Shrinkage of Res.
CHED CEB Concrete
076-2009
There is contraction due to drying of concrete and shrinkage strain occurs in concrete. Shrinkage
strain causes the steel to lose its stretch, resulting in the loss of prestress.
Loss of stretch = shrinkage strain .
Therefore, loss in prestress =
= 0.0003 for pre-tensioned elements, and
for post-tensioned beams

Where ‘t’ is the age of concrete.
3. Loss due to Creep of Concrete

Creep is the time dependent deformation due to permanent force. In prestressed concrete,
prestress is the permanent force in the member, causing compressive stress at the level of steel.
Hence there is creep strain in the member.
Creep strain = Ce x Elastic strain
Elastic strain = (fc/Ec)
fe is the stress in concrete at the level of steel.
Loss in prestress = creep strain x Es

4. Loss due to Creep in steel
CHED (Relaxation
CEB Res. 076-2009 of steel)
When the stresses in steel is more than half of its yield stress there is creep in steel also. Force of
prestress falls as a result of creep in steel. Then there is a loss of prestress. Percentage creep
varies from 1 to 5%. Creep in steel is also termed as relaxation of steel. Relaxation loss may be
estimated using table below:
Initial Stress Relaxation loss (N/mm2)
0.5fp
0.6fp 35
0.7fp 70
0.8fp 90
fp is the characteristic strength of steel.

There are several means of reducing or balancing the loss of prestress due to creep.
Choice of proper steel helps to reduce this loss. Prestressed wires have lesser creep. Galvanised
wires also have no creep. Hence choice of proper steel will help to reduce the los of prestress
due to creep. Further, creep in steel takes place mostly during few days. Under constant strain,
creep stops entirely after about 15 days. Therefore, creep of steel could be reduced considerably
by overstressing steel about 10% above its initial stress and then releasing it to the initial stress.
5. Loss due to Friction

Frictional loss occurs only in post tensioned beams. When the cable is stressed, friction between
the sides of the duct and the cable does not permit full tension to be transmitted. Therefore, at a
point away from the jacking end prestress is less.
Frictional loss is due to:
1. Length effect, and

2. Curvature effects.
Friction between the tendon and its surrounding material is the length effect and is
sometimes described as wobbling effect. Friction due to length effect depends on the length,
stress in the tendon (cable) and the coefficient of friction between the contact materials.
Curvature effect is caused by the friction due to designed curvature of the cable. Loss due to
these effects is estimated as follows:
Consider a small length of the cable. Let ds be its length and R be the radius of curvature.
(Figure below).
Let be the angle subtended at the center by the length ds.
Let F be prestress at one end and F – dF the prestress at the other end.
If N is the normal component of F, we have
If is the coefficient of friction, frictional loss = dF=
Frictional loss due to wobble effect is calculated as

dF = –KFds Granted Autonomous Status

where K is coefficient of wave effect.
Therefore, total frictional loss = dF =
or
if F is the prestress at a distance S subtending an angle , integrating the above equation

between limits F and Fx, we have
Value of and K may be taken as follows:
Material in Contact
For steel and concrete 0.55
For steel and steel 0.30
For steel and lead 0.25
Loss of force = F – Fx
Frictional loss can be reduced by adapting the following measures:
1. Cables should pass through metal tubes

2. The bends should be through as small an angle as possible.
3. Radius of curvature for bends should be large
4. Prestressing the wire from both ends
5. Over-tensioning the wires.
Total Loss of Prestress in Prestressed Concrete

If prestress isGranted
measured Autonomous Status
at the time of pulling
the wire, the stress
is termed as the jacking stress. Deducting the loss due to anchorage take-up and friction, initial
prestress is obtained. Effective stress is usually the initial stress minus other four losses namely:
Loss due to
1. elastic shortening
2. shrinkage of concrete
3. creep of concrete
4. relaxation of steel
if jacketing stress is treated as the initial stress, effective stress is jacketing stress minus all
losses. Since in most cases frictional loss and the anchorage take-up can be compensated by
overstressing, total loss is due to elastic shortening, shrinkage of concrete, creep of concrete and
relaxation of steel. Total losses for pre-tensioned and post-tensioned beams are as follows:
Loss due to Pre-tensioning Post-tensioning
1. Elastic shortening 3 1
2. Creep of concrete 6 5
3. Shrinkage of concrete 7 6
4. Creep of steel 2 3
Total 18% 15%
Loss can be expressed as percentage or in terms of stress or in terms of total deformation or in

terms of strain.
3. WHAT ARE THE FACTORS INFLUENCING THE LOSS OF

STRESS DUE TO CREEP OF CONCRETE?
CREEP OF Granted
CONCRETE:
Autonomous Status
Creep can be defined as the elastic and long-term deformation
of concrete under a continuous load. Generally, a long-term pressure changes the shape of
concrete structure and the deformation occurs along the direction of the applied load. When the
continuous load is removed, the strain is decreased immediately. The amount of the decreased
strain is equal to the elastic strain at the given age. This quick recovery is then followed by a
continuous decrease in strain, known as creep recovery that is a part of total creep strain suffered
by the concrete.
Creep Coefficient:
The ratio of the ultimate creep strain to the elastic strain at the age of loading is termed as creep
coefficient. The assumed data of creep coefficient are given below:
Age of Loading Creep Coefficient
7 days 2.2
28 days 1.6
1 year 1.1
FACTORS AFFECTING CREEP OF CONCRETE:
The factors that affect creep of concrete are similar to the factors affecting shrinkage, which are
as following:
1. WATER-CEMENT RATIO:
The rate of creep is increased with increasing water cement ratio.
2. HUMIDITY:
It is influenced by humidity and drying condition of the atmosphere.
3. AGE OF CONCRETE:
The rate of creep rapidly decreases with time. The time taken by a concrete structure to attained
creep is 5 years.
4. AGGREGATE:
Aggregates with moisture movement and low elastic modulus
cause a large amount of creep. The rate of creep generally decreases with the increase of the size
of aggregates.
5. ADMIXTURES:
Some admixtures (mainly accelerators) are also responsible for causing creep in concrete.
OTHER FACTORS:
 Types of cement.
 Entrained air.
 Concrete strength.
 Improper curing etc.
4. WHAT IS RELAXATION OF STRESS IN STEEL?

When designing prestressed concrete components, the time-dependent stress losses from
creeping, shrinkage and relaxation have to be considered. The consideration of relaxation losses
when designing prestressed concrete in RF-TENDON and RF-TENDON Design is discussed in
detail in the following.
General
Creeping and shrinkage are time-dependent properties of concrete. While losses
from concrete shrinkage are independent of loading, the applied pressure load plays a
considerable role for creeping. Creeping represents an additional negative strain (compression)
of the concrete at a constant compressive stress. Creeping and shrinkage cause a reduction of the
applied tensile strain in the tendon due to the negative strain of the concrete cross-section.
Relaxation is a material property of the prestressing steel and behaves inversely
to concrete creeping. The term relaxation describes the reduction of the existing stress at a
constantly applied material
Granted strain. FigureStatus
Autonomous 01 graphically shows
the influence of creeping and relaxation on the stress-strain diagrams of the
prestressing steel.
Figure 01 - Creep and Relaxation

Relaxation Losses According to EN 1992-1-1 [1]
The relaxation behavior of prestressing steels is determined according to the specifications of
EN 15630 at a constant permanent temperature of 20 °C. Concerning the time and stress-
dependent relaxation behavior, the prestressing steels are classified by different classes. Cold-
drawn wires and strands are nowadays manufactured with appropriate thermo treatment with
low and very low relaxation. Prestressing bars are in most cases hot-rolled and hardened and
normally have higher relaxation losses.
To what extent the stress losses from relaxation in prestressed concrete design have to be applied
depends on the relevant valid design standard of the respective country. It may happen that a
prestressing steel of a manufacturer in the European countries Germany, Austria and
Switzerland has to be designed with different relaxation losses [4]. Eurocode 2 [1] classifies the
prestressing steels in three different classes of relaxation:
 Class 1: prestressing wires and strands with high relaxation
 Class 2: prestressing wires and strands with low relaxation
 Class 3: hot-rolled or hardened prestressing steel bars
In Chapter 3.3.2, calculation approaches are mentioned in EN 1992-1-1 [1], which allow to

determine relaxation-related prestressing steel losses dependent on the time after prestressing, on
the applied stress in the prestressing steel and on the reference value ρ1000. The reference value
ρ1000 defines the relaxation losses after 1,000 hours of tension at an average temperature of 20 °C
and a prestress of 0.7 ∙ fp. fp is here the actual, experimentally determined tensile strength of the
prestressing steel. The reference values ρ1000 to be applied have to be taken either from the test
report of the used prestressing steel or can be estimated with the values specified in [1]. Figure
02 shows the graphical distribution of the relaxation losses according to EN 1992-1-
1, Section 3.3.2 for the three possible relaxation classes at a prestress of 0.7 ∙ fpk.
Figure 02 - Relaxation
GrantedLosses for 0.7 ∙ fpk
Autonomous According to EN
Status
1992-1-1 [1]
If a prestressing steel from the material library is selected in RF-TENDON, "By code" is preset
at "Relaxation definition". This means that the calculation of the relaxation losses is based on the
defined relaxation class according to EN 1992-1-1 [1] with the Equations 3.28 to 3.30 and with
the reference values ρ1000 estimated in [1] for the relaxation losses after 1,000 hours. Figure 03
shows in the left dialog box a strand selected from the RF-TENDON material library with low
relaxation. The preset relaxation class (class 2) and the reference value ρ1000 = 2.5 are in line with
the specifiations in Chapter 3.3.2, Sections (6) to (7), from [1]. In the right dialog box of Figure
03, "By user ρ1000" has been selected for the relaxation definition. It is thus possible to define the
relaxation class and the reference value ρ1000 from the approval of the prestressing steel. The time
course of the relaxation losses is defined also in this input case according to the Equations 3.28
to 3.30 from [1].
Figure 03 - Definition of Relaxation Losses in RF-TENDON According to EN 1992-1-1 [1]

Relaxation Losses After Technical Approval of Prestressing Steel
The German National Annex [2] to EN 1992-1-1 determines that losses from relaxation have to
be taken from the technical approval of the prestressing steel. There are several options to
specify the relaxation losses.
A common way in Europe to specify the stress losses from relaxation is the indication of two
tables. The first table indicates the maximum relaxation losses at the point in time infinite
(according to 3.3.2 (9) from [1], it is allowed to define the final value for the point in time t =
500,000 hours) dependent on the applied stress. A second table defines the time course of the
relaxation losses as ratio to the maximum stress loss from the first table. This split definition of
relaxation losses appears also in RF-TENDON if the option "By user table" is selected at the
input option for the relaxation definition. The user has here the option to define the time course
as global definiton
Grantedfor all stress ratios
Autonomous (= Status
a time table for the
entire table of the total relaxation losses) or to define it separately as local input for
each stress ratio (= a time table for each line of the table of the total relaxation losses). Figure 04
shows exemplarily the user-defined definition of the stress losses for a prestressing steel strand
with low relaxation.
Figure 04 - Definition of Relaxation Losses in RF-TENDON by Means of User Tables

In Germany, it is also common to define the relaxation losses from the approvals of the
prestressing steels in a matrix. The stress losses are indicated dependent on the applied
prestressing steel stress and the durability. Figure 05 shows an extract of the German technical
approval concerning prestressing steel Z-12.3-107.
Figure 05 - Matrix for Stress Losses from Relaxation

To enter the matrix of the relaxation losses, shown in Figure 05, into the two-part table of RF-
TENDON, it is necessary to take the total stress losses from the last table of the matrix. In RF-
TENDON, the time course of the relaxation losses has to be defined as ratio to the maximum
value. This means that the intermediate time values of the matrix have to be converted to relative
values, related to the maximum value. Figure 05 shows the assignment of the matrix values in
the single input tables of RF-TENDON.
At the end of this article, an Excel file is available for download which allows to transform the
approval matrix to the two-part table automatically. The single tables can be exported to RF-
TENDON by using the clipboard. This tool simplifies the conversion of the relaxation matrix to
the two-part table input.
Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3
Figure 4
Figure 5
REFERENCES:
https://www.quora.com/What-are-the-various-types-of-losses-of-prestress-in-pre-
tensioned-and-post-tensioned-members
https://theconstructor.org/concrete/prestress-losses-prestressed-concrete/3287/
https://www.quora.com/What-factors-affect-the--creep-of-concrete
https://www.dlubal.com/en/support-and-learning/support/knowledge-base/001529

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Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation: Granted Autonomous Status

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Manuel S.

Enverga University Foundation

PRESTRESSED CONCRETE DESIGN

1. LIST THE VARIOUS TYPES OF LOSS OF PRESTRESS IN PRE-

DULFO, ALLYSON MAE A. ENGR. EVANGELINE CONSTANTINO

1. LIST THE VARIOUS TYPES OF LOSS OF PRESTRESS IN PRE-TENSION

Loss of prestressing in “pre-tensioned” members

1. Losses due to elastic deformation of concrete

Loss of pre stress in “post tensioned” members

1. Losses due to elastic deformation of concrete.

2. HOW DO YOU COMPUTE THE FOLLOWING?

Unit contraction in concrete,

Unit contraction in steel is also equal to

Compressive stress in steel =

Therefore, loss in prestress, = compressive stress in steel

is computed as follows for different cases:

Shear stress at the end section =

Stress at the centre =

Loss of stretch = shrinkage strain .

Therefore, loss in prestress =

= 0.0003 for pre-tensioned elements, and

for post-tensioned beams

3. Loss due to Creep of Concrete

Creep strain = Ce x Elastic strain

Elastic strain = (fc/Ec)

fe is the stress in concrete at the level of steel.

Loss in prestress = creep strain x Es

Initial Stress Relaxation loss (N/mm2)

fp is the characteristic strength of steel.

5. Loss due to Friction

Frictional loss is due to:

1. Length effect, and

If N is the normal component of F, we have

If is the coefficient of friction, frictional loss = dF=

Frictional loss due to wobble effect is calculated as

dF = –KFds Granted Autonomous Status

where K is coefficient of wave effect.

Therefore, total frictional loss = dF =

if F is the prestress at a distance S subtending an angle , integrating the above equation

Value of and K may be taken as follows:

For steel and concrete 0.55

For steel and steel 0.30

For steel and lead 0.25

Frictional loss can be reduced by adapting the following measures:

1. Cables should pass through metal tubes

Total Loss of Prestress in Prestressed Concrete

Loss due to Pre-tensioning Post-tensioning

Total 18% 15%

Loss can be expressed as percentage or in terms of stress or in terms of total deformation or in

3. WHAT ARE THE FACTORS INFLUENCING THE LOSS OF

Age of Loading Creep Coefficient

FACTORS AFFECTING CREEP OF CONCRETE:

The rate of creep is increased with increasing water cement ratio.

It is influenced by humidity and drying condition of the atmosphere.

4. WHAT IS RELAXATION OF STRESS IN STEEL?

Figure 01 - Creep and Relaxation

 Class 1: prestressing wires and strands with high relaxation

 Class 2: prestressing wires and strands with low relaxation

 Class 3: hot-rolled or hardened prestressing steel bars

In Chapter 3.3.2, calculation approaches are mentioned in EN 1992-1-1 [1], which allow to

Figure 03 - Definition of Relaxation Losses in RF-TENDON According to EN 1992-1-1 [1]

Figure 04 - Definition of Relaxation Losses in RF-TENDON by Means of User Tables

Figure 05 - Matrix for Stress Losses from Relaxation