LEVEL OF

COMMUNICATION
1 • Extrapersonal communication

2 • Interpersonal communication

3 • Intrapersonal communication

4 • Organizational communication

5 • Mass communication
 Extrapersonal Communication:
• Communication is a process that takes place with
human entities and non-human entities as well.
• When communication is done with non-human entities
it is called to be extra personal communication.
• The perfect coordination and understanding
between human and non—human entities results to
extra personal communication.

• In this communication one participant of the

communication process uses sign language and the
other is verbal.
• For example, the bark of a pet dog when something
happens to the master, wagging of the tail when
master shows bone to the pet dog, licking of cheek at
the returning of master from the work field, chirping of
birds when a stranger is at the door, Parrot calling the
name of the master in the morning, etc
 Interpersonal Communication:
• It involves two parties-a sender and a receiver who
use common language to transmit message either
through oral communication or written
communication.
 lntrapersonal Communication:
• Intrapersonal communication is all about talking to
ourselves.
• Prefix ‘intra’ means
‘within’ hence
intrapersonal
communication is ‘self
talk’.
 Organizational Communication:
• In a team-based business organization,
communication becomes its life blood where people
communicate with one another.
• The flow of communication inside an organization
may filter in up, down and horizontal directions.
• Besides internal communication companies
depend on external communication also.

• Companies exchange messages with people

outside the organization through external
communication.
 Mass Communication:
• Newspapers, magazines and periodicals, the means
of mass communication are frequently used for oral or
written communication.
• Besides, technologies such as the intemet,
e-mail, voicemail, faxes, audiotape,
teleconferencing, videoconferencing and
closed circuit televisions have increased
options for internal and external
communication.

• These fast means help people from all parts

of the world to work together.
ELEMENTS:
ELEMENTS:
› There are seven elements of communication:

› Source of idea
› Message
› Encoding
› Channel
› Receiver
› Decoding
› Feedback
1. Source idea:
› The Source idea is the process by which one
formulates an idea to communicate to another
party.
› This process can be influenced by external
stimuli such as books or radio, or it can come
about internally by thinking about a particular
subject.
› The source idea is the basis for the
communication.
2. Message:
› The Message is what will be communicated to
another party.
› It is based on the source idea, but the message is
crafted to meet the needs of the audience.
› For example, if the message is between two
friends, the message will take a different form than
if communicating with a superior.
3. Encoding:
› Encoding is how the message is transmitted to
another party.
› The medium of transmission will determine the
form of the communication.
› For example, the message will take a different form if
the communication will be spoken or written.
4. Channel:
› The Channel is the medium of the communication.
› The channel must be able to transmit the message
from one party to another without changing the
content of the message.
› The channel can be a piece of paper, a
communications medium such as radio, or it can be an
email.
› The channel is the path of the communication from
sender to receiver.
5. Receiver:
› The Receiver is the party receiving the
communication.
› A receiver can be a television set, a computer, or a
piece of paper depending on the channel used for
the communication.
6. Decoding:
› Decoding is the process where the message is
interpreted for its content.
› It also means the receiver thinks about the
message's content and internalizes the message.
7. Feedback:
› Feedback is the final step in the communications
process.
› This step conveys to the transmitter that the
message is understood by the receiver.
› The receiver formats an appropriate reply to the
first communication based on the channel and
sends it to the transmitter of the original message.
 TECHNIQUES OF
COMMUNICATION
› Listening › Focusing
› Broad openings › Sharing perceptions
› Restating › Silence
› Clarification › Humour
› Reflection › Informing
› Suggesting
1. Listening:
› An active process of receiving information.
› The complete attention of the nurse is required
and there should be no preoccupation with
oneself.
› Listening is a sign of respect for the person who is
talking and a powerful reinforce of relationships.
› It allows the patients to talk more, without which the
relationship cannot progress.
2. Broad openings:
› These encourage the patient to select topics for
discussion, and indicate that nurse is there,
listening to him and following him.
› For e.g. questions such as what shall we discuss
today? ―can you tell me more about that‖? ―And
then what happened?‖
› From the part of the nurse encourages the patient
to talk.
3. Restating:
› The nurse repeats to the patient the main thought
he has expressed.
› It indicates that the nurses is listening.
› It also brings attention to something important.
4. Clarification:
› The person‘s verbalization, especially when he is
disturbed or feeling deeply, is not always clear.
› The patients remarks may be confused, incomplete
or disordered due to their illness.
› So, the nurses need to clarify the feelings and ideas
expressed by the patients.
› The nurses need to provide correlation between the
patient‘s feeling and action.
› For example ―I am not sure what you mean ―?
―Could you tell me once again?‖ clarifies the
unintelligible ideas of the patients.
5. Reflection:
› This means directing back to the patient his ideas,
feeling, questions and content.
› Reflection of content is also called validation.
› Reflection of feeling consists of responses to the

patient‘s feeling about the content.

6. Focusing:
› It means expanding the discussion on a topic of
importance.
› It helps the patient to become more specific, move
from vagueness to clarity and focus on reality.
7. Sharing perceptions:
› These are the techniques of asking the patient to
verify the nurse understands of what he is thinking
or feeling.
› For e.g. the nurse could ask the patient, as ―you
are smiling, but I sense that you are really very
angry with me‖.
8. Theme identification:
› This involves identifying the underlying issues or
problem experienced by the patient that emerges
repeatedly during the course of the nurse-patient
interaction.
› Once we identify the basis themes, it becomes easy
to decide which of the patient‘s feeling and thoughts
to respond and pursue.
9. Silence:
› This is lack of verbal communication for a
therapeutic reason.
› Then the nurse‘s silence prompts patient to talk.
› For e.g. just sitting with a patient without talking,
non verbally communicates our interest in the
patient better.
10. Humor:
› This is the discharge of energy through the comic
enjoyment of the imperfect.
› It is a part of nurse client relationship.
› It is constructive coping behavior, and by learning to
express humor, a patient learns to express how he
feel.
11. Informing:
› This is the skill of giving information.
› The nurse shares simple facts with the patient.
12. Suggesting:
› This is the presentation of alternative ideas
related to problem solving.
› It is the most useful communication technique when
the patient has analyzed his problem area, and is
ready to explore alternative coping mechanisms.
› At that time suggesting technique increase the
patient‘s choices.
 MODES OF
COMMUNICATION
The two main ways it is used in communication are:
• verbal,
• non-verbal
 Verbal communication
• Both spoken (type words and tone of
voice, speed),
• written (words and the meaning they convey),
• timing
• and clarity of the message.
 Non-verbal communication
› body language,
› facial expressions,
› posture,
› gait (manner of walk)
› gestures,
› nods, etc.