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{Remember: The order of above equation is 2, hence it is of second order ( highest derivative present of order 2),
this is linear because no term has whole power more than 1 , Also derivative of y with respect x present hence it
is differential equation , hence it is Second order linear differential equation}
Types :
If r(x) = 0 for all x, then, the equation is said to be homogeneous.
If r(x) ≠ 0 for all x, then, the equation is said to be nonhomogeneous.
Solution of Second-Order Linear Differential Equations With Constant Coefficients:( i.e. p and q are
d2 y dy
constants in 2
+p +qy = r(x)
dx dx
Case- I : If auxiliary equation has real and distinct roots m1 and m2 then
Complementary Function, C.F.= y yc ( x) c1em1x c2 em2 x
Case-II : If auxiliary equation has real and equal root m1 = m2 =m then
C.F. = y yc ( x) c1emx c2 xemx (c1 c2 x)emx
Case –III : If auxiliary equation has complex roots r ( x) eax ( i.e. m1 i and m2 i )then
Recall
Algebraic Identities :
1. a b 2 a 2 2ab b2 2. a b 2 a 2 2ab b2 3. a b a b a 2 b 2
6. (a3 b3 ) (a b)(a2 ab b2 ) (a b)(a b)(a 2b) 7. (a3 b3 ) (a b)(a2 ab b2 ) (a b)(a b)(a 2b)
2 i 3 2 i 3
Where and 2
2 2
A quadratic equation in the variable x is an equation that can be written in the form ax bx c 0
2
b b2 4ac
The solutions of the equation ax bx c 0 are: x
2
2a
where a, b, and c are real numbers and a 0 .Usually in practical situations it will be obvious which answer is the correct one, but in
some contexts both answers give possible solutions.
1 5 1 5
Split the formula into two, using + in one and – in the other: x 1 or x 1.5
4 4
d2 y dy
Example: Solve 2
3 4y 0
dx dx
Solution: Since given equation is Second order linear homogenous differential equation, hence we have to
find complementary solution only. { r(x)=0 }
d2 y dy
Find “auxiliary quadratic equation” or “auxiliary equation” by Replacing 2
m2 , m, y 1 ( and RHS=0)
dx dx
d2 y dy
2
3 4 y 0 m2 3m 4 0 ,
dx dx
We get roots of this equation m 2, 4 ( Real and distinct roots)
y c1e 2 x c2 e 4 x Ans.
d2 y dy
Example : Solve 2
2 y 0
dx dx
Solution: Since given equation is Second order linear homogenous differential equation, hence we have to
find complementary solution only. { r(x)=0 }
d2 y dy
Find “auxiliary quadratic equation” or “auxiliary equation” by Replacing 2
m2 , m, y 1 ( and RHS=0)
dx dx
d2 y dy
2
2 y 0 m 2 2m 1 0 ,
dx dx
We get roots of this equation m 1, 1 ( Real and equal roots)
( c c x ) e 1 x
y= 1 2 Ans.
d2y dy
Example : Solve 2
2 5y 0
dx dx
Solution: Since given equation is Second order linear homogenous differential equation, hence we have to
find complementary solution only. { r(x)=0 }
d2 y dy
Find “auxiliary quadratic equation” or “auxiliary equation” by Replacing 2
m2 , m, y 1 ( and RHS=0)
dx dx
d2 y dy
2
2 5 y 0 m 2 2m 5 0 ,
dx dx
We get roots of this equation m 1 2i ( Complex / Imaginary roots of the form m i )
1 and 2
d2 y dy
Exercise : Solve 2
4 3y 0 [RGPV Nov. 2019]
dx dx
Solution of Second-Order (or Higher order) Linear Nonhomogeneous Differential Equations with
constant coefficients (When r ( x ) 0 )
When differential equation is non homogenous the we have to find General solution.
d2y dy
The General solution of 2
p qy r ( x) is y( x) yc ( x) y p ( x) C.F. P.I .
dx dx
To Find P.I.(Particular Integral / Solution/function):
1 1 ax
Case-I: when r ( x) eax then P.I . eax e i.e. . put D= a , except when f(a) ≠0,
f ( D) f (a)
d2y dy
Example: Solve 2
6 9 y 5e3 x [Nov. 18, May 18]
dx dx
Solution: Since given equation is Second order linear non homogenous differential equation, hence we have
to find General solution y( x) yc ( x) y p ( x) C.F. P.I . { r(x)≠0 }
To Find C.F.:
d2 y dy
Find “auxiliary equation” by Replacing 2
m2 , m, y 1 ( and RHS=0)
dx dx
d2 y dy
2
6 9 y 0 m2 6m 9 0 or (m 3) 2 0 m 3, 3(Real and equal roots) ,
dx dx
Hence Solution is : Complementary Function, C.F.= yc ( x) (c1 c2 x)e3x
To Find P.I. :
Since r ( x) 5e3x {The Value on RHS}
1 1 ax
Hence we use CASE-I : r ( x) eax then P.I . eax e i.e. . put D= a , except when f(a) ≠0,
f ( D) f (a)
1 1 5e3 x
P.I . 5e3 x 5e3 x {Put D= a =3}
D2 6D 9 32 6(3) 9 36
5e3 x
Hence General Solution is y( x) yc ( x) y p ( x) C.F . P.I . (c1 c2 x)e3x .
36
1
Example 1: Solve ( D 2 7 D 6) y e2 x Ans. y c1e x c2e6 x e 2 x
4
Solution: Since given equation is Second order linear non homogenous differential equation, hence we have
to find General solution y( x) yc ( x) y p ( x) C.F. P.I . { r(x)≠0 }
To Find C.F.:
d2 y dy
Find “auxiliary equation” by Replacing 2
m2 , m, y 1 ( and RHS=0)
dx dx
1 1 ax
Hence we use CASE-I : r ( x) eax then P.I . eax e i.e. . put D= a , except when f(a) ≠0,
f ( D) f (a)
1 1 e2 x
P.I . e2 x e2 x {Put D= a =2}
D2 7 D 6 22 7(2) 6 4
e2 x
Hence General Solution is y ( x) yc ( x) y p ( x) C.F . P.I . c1e x c2 e6 x .
4
To Find C.F.:
Find “auxiliary equation” by Replacing D3 y m3 , D2 y m2 , Dy m, y 1 ( and RHS=0)
-(-1) (-1) 2 -4 1 -3 1 3i
( D3 1) y 0 m3 1 0 or (m 1)(m 2 m 1) 0 m 1, (Real ) and m= = (Imaginary roots)
2 2 2 2
1
x 3 3
1 x
Complementary Function, C.F.= yc ( x) c1e e 2 (c2 cos x c3 sin x)
2 2
To Find P.I. :
Since r ( x) (e x 1)2 e2 x 2e x 1 {The Value on RHS}
1 1 ax
Hence we use CASE-I : r ( x) eax then P.I . eax e i.e. . put D= a , except when f(a) ≠0,
f ( D) f (a)
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 e 2 x 2e x
P.I . e 2 x 2e x 1 e2 x 2e x 1 e2 x 2e x e0 x 1
( D3 1) ( D3 1) ( D3 1) ( D3 1) (23 1) (13 1) (03 1) 9 2
{Put D= a =2}
1
x 3 3 e 2 x 2e x
Hence General Solution is y ( x) yc ( x) y p ( x) C.F . P.I . c1e 1 x e 2 (c2 cos x c3 sin x). 1
2 2 9 2
x
Exercise : Solve ( D 2 4 D 3) y e3 x Ans. y c1e 3 x c2 e x e 3 x
2
Exercise : Solve ( D 2 5D 6) y e4 x [RGPV May 2019]
EXCEPTIONAL CASE : When r(x)= eax and we put D= a , but then f(a)=0)
1 e ax
In this situation Put D=D+a and then P.I . e ax 1 , and Solve the equation for 1= x0 or e0x,
f ( D) f ( D a)
Solution: Since given equation is Second order linear non homogenous differential equation, hence we have
to find General solution y( x) yc ( x) y p ( x) C.F. P.I . { r(x)≠0 }
To Find C.F.:
d2 y dy
Find “auxiliary equation” by Replacing D 2 y 2
m2 , Dy m, y 1 ( and RHS=0)
dx dx
{( D 1)2 ( D 3)3 } y 0 (m 1) 2 (m 3)3 0 or m 1,1 and m 3, 3,3 (Real and distinct roots also equal ) ,
for two equal roots for three equal roots
m 1,1 m 3, 3, 3
To Find P.I. :
Since r ( x) e3x {The Value on RHS}, we put D= a=3 , f ( D) ( D 1) 2 ( D 3)3 f (3) (3 1) 2 (3 3)3 0 i.e.
f(a)=f(3)=0)
1 1
and then P.I . e3x e3x 1,
( D 1) ( D 3)
2 3
{( D 3) 1} {( D 3) 3}3
2
1 1
P.I . e3x 1 e3x e0 x
{( D 3) 1} {( D 3) 3}
2 3
( D 2) ( D)
2 3
d 1
Df ( x) f ( x) and ( x) f ( x)dx
dx D
x3
Hence General Solution is y ( x) yc ( x) y p ( x) C.F . P.I . (c1 c2 x)e1x (c3 c4 x c5 x 2 )e3 x . e3 x
24
CASE-II : When r(x)= sinax or cosax , then Put D2=-a2 and Solve the equation for D by rationalization of the
equation (same for cosax), Except f(-a2) ≠ 0 .
1 1
i.e. P.I . sin ax sin ax , except f (a 2 ) 0
f (D ) 2
f ( a 2 )
d2 y
Example 1: Solve 4 y sin x
dx 2
Solution:: Since given equation is Second order linear non homogenous differential equation, hence we have
to find General solution y( x) yc ( x) y p ( x) C.F. P.I . { r(x)≠0 }
To Find C.F.:
d2 y dy
Find “auxiliary equation” by Replacing 2
m2 , m, y 1 ( and RHS=0)
dx dx
d2 y
2
4 y 0 m2 4 0 or (m 2)(m 2) 0 m 2, 2 (Real and equal roots) ,
dx
Hence Solution is : Complementary Function, C.F.= yc ( x) (c1 c2 x)em x (c1 c2 x)e2 x
To Find P.I. :
Since r ( x) sin x {The Value on RHS}
Hence we use CASE-II : When r(x)= sinax or cosax , then Put D2=-a2 ,Except f(-a2) ≠ 0 .
1 1
i.e. P.I . sin ax sin ax , except f (a 2 ) 0
f (D )2
f ( a ) 2
1 1 sin x
P.I . sin x sin x {Put D2=-(a)2 =-1}
D 4
2
(1) 4
2 3
sin x
Hence General Solution is y( x) yc ( x) y p ( x) C.F . P.I . (c1 c2 x)e2 x
3
d 3 y d 2 y dy 1
2. Solve 3
2 y cos 2 x Ans: y C1e x (C2 C3 x)e x (cos 2 x 2sin 2 x)
dx dx dx 25
d2y dy 1
3. Solve 2
3 2 y 4 cos 2 x Ans: y C1e x C2e 2 x 1 (3sin 2 x cos 2 x) [Dec.02,June07]
dx dx 10
Exceptional CASE-II : When r(x)= sinax or cosax , and we Put D2=-(a2 ) and then f(-a2)= 0 .Then use
1 x 1 x
P.I . sin ax cos ax and P.I . cos ax sin ax
f (D2 ) 2a f (D2 ) 2a
d2 y e x x cos 2 x
Example : Solve 4 y e2 x sin 2 x Ans: y C1 cos 2 x C2 sin 2 x [june2012, June 17]
dx 2 5 4
Solution : Since given equation is Second order linear non homogenous differential equation, hence we have
to find General solution y( x) yc ( x) y p ( x) C.F. P.I . { r(x)≠0 }
To Find C.F.:
d2 y dy
Find “auxiliary equation” by Replacing 2
m2 , m, y 1 ( and RHS=0)
dx dx
d2 y
2
4 y 0 m2 4 m 2i (Im aginary roots) ,
dx
We get roots of this equation m 0 2i ( Complex / Imaginary roots of the form m i ) 0 and 2
To Find P.I. :.
Since r ( x) e2 x sin 2 x {The Value on RHS}, There are two different functions hence we use two different
methods for P.I.
1 1 ax
(1) we use CASE-I for : r ( x) eax then P.I . eax e i.e. . put D= a , except when f(a) ≠0,
f ( D) f (a)
1 1 1
Then P.I1 . e2 x e2 x e2 x {Put D= a =2}
D 4 2
2 4
2 8
(2) we use CASE-II : When r(x)= sinax or cosax , then Put D2=-a2 ,Except f(-a2) ≠ 0 .
1 x
Then we get P.I 2 . sin 2 x cos 2 x
D 42 2(2)
1 x
Hence General Solution is y( x) yc ( x) y p ( x) C.F . P.I1. P.I 2 (c1 cos 2 x c2 sin 2 x) e2 x cos 2 x
8 2(2)
CASE-III: When r(x)= xm ( or any polynomial of x ) then Expand Series f(D)-1 using binomial series
1
i.e. P.I . x m f ( D) 1 x m
f ( D)
2
x 1
Example: Solve ( D 4) y x
2 2
Ans. y c1 cos 2 x c2 sin 2 x
4 8
Since given equation is Second order linear non homogenous differential equation, hence we have to
Solution:
find General solution y( x) yc ( x) y p ( x) C.F. P.I . { r(x)≠0 }
To Find C.F.:
d2 y dy
Find “auxiliary equation” by Replacing 2
m2 , m, y 1 ( and RHS=0)
dx dx
To Find P.I. :.
1
Since r ( x) x 2 {The Value on RHS}, hence we use P.I . x m f ( D) 1 x m
f ( D)
x2
Hence General Solution is y ( x) yc ( x) y p ( x) C.F . P.I . (c1 cos 2 x c2 sin 2 x)
4
Case-IV: When r(x)= eax V (Where V is the function of x), then Put D= D+a for e ax and then use given formua
(For solving V use formula from 1 to 5)
1 1
i.e. P.I . V . eax eax V
f ( D) f ( D a)
To Find C.F.:
d2 y dy
Find “auxiliary quadratic equation” or “auxiliary equation” by Replacing 2
m2 , m, y 1 ( and RHS=0)
dx dx
( D 2 2 D 4) y 0 m2 2m 4 0 ,
Hence Complementary Function, C.F.= y yc ( x) ex (c1 cos x c2 sin x) e1x (c1 cos 3 x c2 sin 3 x)
To Find P.I. :.
Since r ( x) e x sin 2 x {The Value on RHS}, There are two different functions in multiplication, and one
1 1
P.I . e x .sin 2 x e x sin 2 x {Put D=D+a=D+1 , a means coefficient in power of
D 2D 4
2
( D 1) 2( D 1) 4
2
eax}
1 1
Again solve remaining function for sin2x { use P.I . sin ax sin ax , except f (a 2 ) 0
f (D ) 2
f ( a ) 2
1 1 1 1
P.I . e x sin 2 x sin 2 x sin 2 x sin 2 x {Put D 2 (a 2 ) 4 }
( D 1) 2( D 1) 4
2
D 4D 7
2 4 4 D 7 4D 3
Since Sin2x is not completely solved, hence we rationalize the remaining function and again put same value
1 1 1 1
P.I . e x sin 2 x e x sin 2 x e x sin 2 x e x sin 2 x
( D 1) 2( D 1) 4
2
D 4D 7
2 4 4 D 7 4D 3
1 4D 3 x 4D 3 4D 3 x 4D 3
P.I . e x sin 2 x e sin 2 x e
x
sin 2 x e sin 2 x
4D 3 4D 3 16 D 9
2
16( 4) 9 73
ex ex ex
4D sin 2 x 3sin 2 x 4(2 cos 2 x) 3sin 2 x 8 cos 2 x 3sin 2 x
73 73 73
ex
Hence General Solution is y( x) yc ( x) y p ( x) C.F . P.I . e x (c1 cos 3x c2 sin 3x) (3sin 2 x 8 cos 2 x)
73
1 1 f '( D)
Case-V: When r(x)= x V (Where V is the function of x) use P.I . x.V x. V V
f ( D) f ( D) [ f ( D)]2
To Find C.F.:
d2 y dy
Find “auxiliary equation” by Replacing 2
m2 , m, y 1 (and RHS=0)
dx dx
1 1 2D 2
P.I . x.sin x x. sin x sin x
( D 2 D 1)
2
( D 2 D 1)
2
[( D 2 D 1)]2
2
1 2D 2 1 2D 2
x. sin x sin x x. sin x sin x {Put D 2 a 2 1 }
((1) 2 D 1)
2
[(1) 2 D 1)]
2 2 2 D 4D2
1 2D 2 1 1 x 1 ( x 1) 1
x. cos x sin x x. cos x 2 D sin x 2sin x cos x 2cos x 2sinx cos x sin x
2 4(1) 2 2 4 2 4 2 2
( x 1) 1
General solution y( x) yc ( x) y p ( x) C.F. P.I . = y (c1 c2 x)e x cos x sin x
2 2 Ans.
To Find C.F.:
d2 y dy
Find “auxiliary equation” by Replacing 2
m2 , m, y 1 (and RHS=0)
dx dx
1 1 1
P.I . xe x sin x e x . x sin x e x . x sin x {Put D=D+a=D+1}
( D 2 2 D 1) ( D 1) 2 2( D 1) 1 ( D) 2
1 1 f '( D)
Now using P.I . x.V x. V V
f ( D) f ( D) [ f ( D)]2
1 1 2D 1 2D
ex . x sin x e x x sin x sin x e x x sin x sin x e x x sin x 2D sin x e x ( x sin x 2cos x)
(1) ((1) )
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
( D) D (D )
Exercise
1. Solve D 2
1 D2 1 y e2 x x2 Ans.: c1 cos x c2 sin x c3e x c4e x
1 2x
15
e x 2 [ Dec.2002]
d3y d2y dy
2. Solve 3
3 2
4 2 y cos x e x
dx dx dx
1
Ans: y C1e x e x (C2 cos x C3 sin x) xe x (3sin x cos x) []Dec.2012 June 17]
10
2
x 1
3. Solve ( D 2 4) y x 2 Ans. y c1 cos 2 x c2 sin 2 x
4 8
1
4. Solve ( D3 3D 2 2 D) y x 2 Ans. y c1 c2 e x c3e 2 x x(2 x 2 9 x 21) [June 06, 2015 ]
12
d 3 y d 2 y dy
5. Solve 3
2 y cos 2 x 3e x [June 16]
dx dx dx
x2 x
6. Solve ( D 2 4) y x 2 cos 2 x Ans. y c1 cos 2 x c2 sin 2 x sin 2 x
4 8
3
7. Solve ( D3 3D 2) y 540 x 2e x Ans. y (c1 c2 x)e x c3 e 2 x 135e x ( x 2 )
2
1 2 x
8. Solve ( D 2 5D 6) y e2 x sin 2 x Ans. y c1e 2 x c2 e 3 x e (cos 2 x 2sin 2 x) [June 16]
10
3
e2 x x 3x 2
9. Solve ( D3 4 D 2 D) y e2 x x 2 x Ans y c1 (c2 x c3 )e x 4 x [June 04].
18 3 2
1 3 cos 2 x
10. Solve ( D 2 4 D 4) y 3e x x 2 sin 2 x Ans. y (c1 c2 x)e 2 x ( x 2 2 x ) 3e x
4 2 8
[June2011]
11. Solve ( D 2 4 D 4) y 8 x 2 e2 x sin 2 x Ans. y (c1 c2 x)e2 x e2 x [(3 2x2 )sin 2x 4x cos 2x] [Dec03]