MODULE 1

Geography of travel and tourism (Definition and Concepts)

And The Tourism System
DEFINING TOURISM

 Acc. to WTO “the activities of a person

traveling outside his or her usual
environment for less than a specified
period of time and whose main purpose of
travel is other than the exercise of an
activity remunerated from the place
visited”.

 (Mathieson and Wall,1982) “The

temporary movement of people to
destinations outside their normal places of
work and residence, the activities
undertaken during their stay in those
destinations, and the facilities created to
cater to their needs.”
 PRODUCTS
1. Accommodation services for visitors
2. Food and beverage serving services
3. Railway passenger transport services
4. Road passenger transport services
5. Water passenger transport servcies
6. Air passenger transport services
7. Transport equipment rental services
8. Travel agencies and other reservation services
9. Cultural services
10. Sports and recreational services
11. Country-specific tourism characteristic goods
12. Country-specific tourism characteristic
services
INDUSTRIES
1. Accommodation for visitors
2. Food and beverage serving activities
3. Railway passenger transport
4. Road passenger transport
5. Water passenger transport
6. Air passenger transport
7. Transport equipment rental
8. Travel agencies and other reservation
services activities
9. Cultural activities
10. Sports and recreational activities
11. Retail trade of country-specific tourism
characteristic goods
12. Other country-specific tourism
characteristic activities
 THE TOURISM SYSTEM
“One of the leading models of tourism Attraction systems
was created by Leiper in 1990”

DEPARTING TRAVELLERS

TRAVELLER TRANSIT TOURIST

GENERATING ROUTE DESTINATION
REGION REGION REGION

RETURNING TRAVELLERS
 LEIPER 1979 (UPDATED 1990)

Leiper consider the

phenomenon tourism as a
system, which is functioning
under various environments.

Eg.Human,Socio,Cultural,Econ
omical,Technological,Physical
Political &Legal Environment
 What are “whole tourism
systems”?
 Real WTS are people, places, organisation that
interact in certain roles when tourism happens.
 Models of WTS are representations of real WTS,
frameworks for researching and studying tourism
in a comprehensive and systematic manner.
Five elements in every WTS
• At least one tourist.
• One tourist generating place (where trips
begin and end).
• At least one tourist destination place.
• At least one transit route.
• At least one tourism industry.
 LEIPER’S MODEL

TGR- Traveller-Generating Region. “push”

TRR- Transit Route Region.
TDR- Tourist Destination Region. “pull”
 PUSH & PULL FACTORS

Push Factor : factors

which encourage
individuals to move away
from their home setting
through Tourism

Pull Factor: those

attributes of a different
place which attract or
'pull' them towards it.
 GEOGRAPHICAL FEATURES

Leiper outlines three geographical elements in his model:

1) Traveller-generating region;
2) Tourist destination region; and
3) Transit route region.

 The tourist destination functions as a ‘pull’ factor in the market and provide
an area for most of the tourism activity. It attracts different kinds of tourists with
such tourism products as attractions and the quality of management and
service.
 Tourist Generating Region (TGRs)

TGRs are places where a tourist's trip begins and normally

ends, the generating regions are the place for the essential
markets of the tourist business and it is the basis of tourist
industry.
 TRANSIT ROUTE REGION (TRR’s)
 The area between the Traveler Generating Region and
the Tourist Destination Region is known as the Transit
Route
 While a long haul journey a Temporary stoppage is called a
transit route.
 Here traveller stays for some time in manner to change
flight or for re fuelling.

•It includes the short period of travel to reach the

destination.
•Includes the stop over's.
•The intermediate places which the tourist may visit
en-route.
 Tourist Destination Region (TDR’s)

TDRs are places where a tourist's main visiting activities

occurs. Its important for TDR to have some special
features, activities to attract tourist.
 Tourist
Tourist is considered as the most
important element of the System.
Without the presence of tourist the
System may not function at all

A temporary visitor staying at least 24hrs

and less than 1 consecutive year.

 The following are to be considered

tourists:

• Persons traveling for pleasure, for health.

• Persons traveling in a representative capacity
of any kind.
• Persons traveling for business reasons.
 TOURISM INDUSTRY
• The tourism industry refers
to the businesses and
organizations that help to
promote the tourism
product.
• This is the last element in
Leiper’s Model.

• The Tourism Industry is the

amalgam of different
industries.
• It includes:
• Hotels
AIRLINES
TRAVEL AGENCIES
 According to Leiper, various
industrial sectors can be
located in different places.

 In the traveler-generating
region, we can find travel
agents and tour operators.

 In the destination region, we

can find attractions and
hospitality industry and in the
transit route region, we have
the transport sector.
All the Elements of the System interact with one another in
various contexts like delivering the Tourism Products,
Transacting the Products…….
Destination: It’s the connection of tourists with
places that makes a place a tourist destination
A place becomes a tourist destination only if a
tourist visit
 Environments
• Tourism systems are open systems, they interact
with environments

• Environments are surrounding conditions, which

may affect a system and/or be affected by it.

• Physical, social, cultural, economic, political,

technical, legal etc.
 Examples Of Environments Affecting WTS

Spectacular scenery, a feature of the physical

environment, can be vital for a place’s role as
a tourist destination

Political policies of governments can be vital

in determining flows of tourists out of
generating regions and into destinations.
 Uses of WTS Model
 It reminds us of all the elementary things that make up tourism.

 It enables us to see how the elements interrelate to make tourism

happen.

 A place can be viewed and studied as (i) a generating place, (ii) a

point in transit and/or (iii) a destination