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Closed Sets in Topological Spaces

Article  in  International Journal of Mathematical Analysis · January 2014

DOI: 10.12988/ijma.2014.47219

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Ramalingam Rajendiran M. Thamilselvan

Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research Thanthai Periyar Government Institute of Technology
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 International Journal of Mathematical Analysis
Vol. 8, 2014, no. 39, 1919 - 1930
HIKARI Ltd, www.m-hikari.com
http://dx.doi.org/10.12988/ijma.2014.47219

𝐠 ∗ 𝐬 ∗ Closed Sets in Topological Spaces

R. Rajendiran

Department of Mathematics
Government College of Technology
Coimbatore-641 013, India

M. Thamilselvan

Department of Physics
Thanthai Periyar Government institute of Technology
Vellore -632002, India

Copyright © 2014 R. Rajendiran and M. Thamilselvan. This is an open access article

distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use,
distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

The aim of this paper is to introduce the concept of 𝑔∗ 𝑠 ∗ closed sets in a

topological space (𝑋, 𝜏) and investigate the properties of 𝑔∗ 𝑠 ∗ closed sets. This
paper also discuss the concepts of 𝑔∗ 𝑠 ∗ Continuous maps and 𝑔∗ 𝑠 ∗ irresolute
maps.

Mathematics Subject Classification: 54A05, 54A10.

Keywords: 𝑔∗ 𝑠 ∗ closed sets, 𝑔∗ 𝑠 ∗ open sets, 𝑔∗ 𝑠 ∗ continuous functions

1. Introduction

The concept of generalized closed sets and generalized open sets was first
introduced in 1970 by N.Levine [7] in topological space. In 1987, Battacharya and
1920 R. Rajendiran and M. Thamilselvan

Lahiri [3] introduced a new class of sets called semi generalized closed sets and
obtained various properties. The study of generalized semi closed sets was initiated
in 1990 by Arya and Nour [2]. In this paper a new class of sets called 𝑔∗ 𝑠 ∗ closed
sets in general topological spaces is introduced and studies their properties.
Throughout this paper, (𝑋, 𝜏) represents a nonempty topological space on which
no separation axioms are assumed unless explicitly stated.

2. Preliminaries

Definition 2.1. A subset 𝐴 of a topological space (𝑋, 𝜏) is called

(1) Semi closed [6] if 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑐𝑙(𝐴) ⊆ 𝐴
(2) 𝛼 closed [13] if 𝑐𝑙(𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑐𝑙(𝐴)) ⊆ 𝐴
(3) pre closed [12] if 𝑐𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑡(𝐴) ⊆ 𝐴
(4) semi pre closed or 𝛽 closed [1] if 𝑖𝑛𝑡{𝑐𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑡(𝐴)} ⊆ 𝐴

Definition 2.2. A subset 𝐴 of a topological space (𝑋, 𝜏) is called

(1) Generalized closed [7] (briefly g-closed) if 𝑐𝑙(𝐴) ⊆ 𝑈 whenever 𝐴 ⊆
𝑈 and 𝑈 is open.
(2) Semi generalized closed [3] (briefly sg-closed) if 𝑠𝑐𝑙(𝐴) ⊆ 𝑈 whenever
𝐴 ⊆ 𝑈 and 𝑈 is semi open.
(3) Generalized semi closed [2] (briefly gs-closed) if 𝑠𝑐𝑙(𝐴) ⊆ 𝑈 whenever
𝐴 ⊆ 𝑈 and 𝑈 is open.
(4) Generalized 𝛼 closed [9] (briefly g 𝛼 -closed) if 𝛼𝑐𝑙(𝐴) ⊆ 𝑈 whenever
𝐴 ⊆ 𝑈 and 𝑈 is 𝛼 open.
(5) 𝛼 generalized closed [10](briefly 𝛼 g -closed) if 𝛼𝑐𝑙(𝐴) ⊆ 𝑈 whenever
𝐴 ⊆ 𝑈 and 𝑈 is open.
(6) Regular generalized closed [14](briefly rg -closed) if 𝑐𝑙(𝐴) ⊆ 𝑈
whenever 𝐴 ⊆ 𝑈 and 𝑈 is regular open.
(7) Generalized pre closed [11](briefly gp -closed) if p𝑐𝑙(𝐴) ⊆ 𝑈 whenever
𝐴 ⊆ 𝑈 and 𝑈 is open.
(8) Generalized pre regular closed [5] (briefly gpr -closed) if 𝑝𝑐𝑙(𝐴) ⊆ 𝑈
whenever 𝐴 ⊆ 𝑈 and 𝑈 is open.
(9) Generalized star closed [17](briefly 𝑔∗ -closed) if 𝑐𝑙(𝐴) ⊆ 𝑈 whenever
𝐴 ⊆ 𝑈 and 𝑈 is 𝑔 open.
(10) 𝑔∗ 𝑠 closed [16] if 𝑠𝑐𝑙(𝐴) ⊆ 𝑈 whenever 𝐴 ⊆ 𝑈 and 𝑈 is gs open in
𝑋.
g*s* Closed sets in topological spaces 1921

(11) Strongly generalized semi closed [8] if 𝑠𝑐𝑙(𝐴) ⊆ 𝑈 whenever 𝐴 ⊆ 𝑈

and 𝑈 is g open in 𝑋.
(12) 𝑔∗∗ closed[15] if 𝑐𝑙(𝐴) ⊆ 𝑈 whenever 𝐴 ⊆ 𝑈 and 𝑈 is 𝑔∗ open in 𝑋.
(13) generalized semi-pre closed set(briefly 𝑔𝑠𝑝 closed) [4] if 𝑠𝑝𝑐𝑙(𝐴) ⊂
𝑈 whenever 𝐴 ⊆ 𝑈 and 𝑈 is open in 𝑋.

𝟑. 𝒈∗ 𝒔∗ closed sets in topological spaces

Definition 3.1. A set A is called 𝑔∗ 𝑠 ∗ closed set iff 𝑠𝑐𝑙(𝐴) ⊆ 𝑈 whenever 𝐴 ⊆

𝑈 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑈 is 𝑔∗ -open.
The family of all g*s* closed subsets of a topological space (𝑋, 𝜏) is
denoted by 𝑔∗ 𝑠 ∗ 𝐶(𝑋, 𝜏) or briefly 𝑔∗ 𝑠 ∗ 𝐶(𝑋).
We characterize the 𝑔∗ 𝑠 ∗ closed set in the following theorems.

Theorem 3.2. Every closed set in X is 𝑔∗ 𝑠 ∗ closed set in X.

Proof: Let A be a closed set in X. let U be 𝑔∗ -open set such that 𝐴 ⊆ 𝑈. Since A is
closed, 𝑐𝑙(𝐴) = 𝐴, 𝑠𝑐𝑙(𝐴) ⊆ 𝑐𝑙(𝐴) = 𝐴 ⊆ 𝑈 whenever 𝐴 ⊆ 𝑈 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑈 is
𝑔∗ -open. Therefore A is 𝑔∗ 𝑠 ∗ closed set in X.

Remark. 3.3. The converse of the above theorem is not true in general and it can be
seen from the following example.

Example 3.4. Consider the topological space 𝑋 = {𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐} with topology 𝜏 =

{𝜙, 𝑋, {𝑎}}. The set {𝑏} is 𝑔∗ 𝑠 ∗ closed set in X but not closed in X.

Remark 3.5. The union of two 𝑔∗ 𝑠 ∗ closed sets need not be a 𝑔∗ 𝑠 ∗ closed set
in topological space X.

Example.3.6. Let 𝑋 = {𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑, 𝑒} and let 𝜏 = {𝜙, 𝑋, {𝑎}, {𝑐}, {𝑎, 𝑏}, {𝑎, 𝑐},
{𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐}, {𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑}}. Let {𝑎, 𝑏} and {𝑏, 𝑐} be two 𝑔∗ 𝑠 ∗ closed sets. The union of
these two sets {𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐} is not 𝑔∗ 𝑠 ∗ closed set.

Theorem 3.7. If A and B are 𝑔∗ 𝑠 ∗ closed sets in X and 𝑠𝑐𝑙(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = 𝑠𝑐𝑙(𝐴) ∪

𝑠𝑐𝑙(𝐵), then 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 is also 𝑔∗ 𝑠 ∗ closed set in X.

Proof: Suppose that 𝑈 is 𝑔∗ -open and 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 ⊆ 𝑈. Then 𝐴 ⊆ 𝑈 and 𝐵 ⊆

𝑈. 𝑆ince 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 are 𝑔∗ 𝑠 ∗ closed subsets in X, 𝑠𝑐𝑙(𝐴) ⊆ 𝑈 and 𝑠𝑐𝑙(𝐵) ⊆ 𝑈.
1922 R. Rajendiran and M. Thamilselvan

Hence 𝑠𝑐𝑙(𝐴) ∪ 𝑠𝑐𝑙(𝐵) ⊆ 𝑈 . Given 𝑠𝑐𝑙(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = 𝑠𝑐𝑙(𝐴) ∪ 𝑠𝑐𝑙(𝐵) ⊆ 𝑈 .

∗ ∗
Therefore 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 is also 𝑔 𝑠 closed set in X⊆ 𝑈.

Remark. 3.8. The intersection of two 𝑔∗ 𝑠 ∗ closed set in X is generally not a 𝑔∗ 𝑠 ∗

closed set in X.

Example 3.9. Let 𝑋 = {𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐} be a topological space with topology 𝜏 =

{𝜙, 𝑋, {𝑎}}. Let 𝐴 = {𝑎, 𝑏}, 𝐵 = {𝑎, 𝑐} be two 𝑔∗ 𝑠 ∗ closed sets. But 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = {𝑎}
is not 𝑔∗ 𝑠 ∗ closed set.

Theorem 3.10. The intersection of a 𝑔∗ 𝑠 ∗ closed set and a closed set is a 𝑔∗ 𝑠 ∗

closed set.

Proof: Let 𝐴 be 𝑔∗ 𝑠 ∗ closed set and 𝐹 be a closed set. Let 𝑈 be 𝑔∗ -open set
such that 𝐴 ∩ 𝐹 ⊂ 𝑈. Then 𝐴 ⊂ 𝑈 ∪ 𝐹 𝐶 . Since 𝐴 is 𝑔∗ 𝑠 ∗ closed set, 𝑠𝑙𝐴 ⊂ 𝑈 ∪
𝐹 𝐶 . It follows that 𝑠𝑐𝑙𝐴 ∩ 𝐹 ⊂ 𝑈. Hence 𝑠𝑐𝑙𝐴 ∩ 𝑠𝑐𝑙𝐹 ⊂ 𝑈. Now 𝑠𝑐𝑙(𝐴 ∩ 𝐹) ⊆
𝑠𝑐𝑙𝐴 ∩ 𝑠𝑐𝑙𝐹 ⊂ 𝑈. So 𝐴 ∩ 𝐹 is 𝑔∗ 𝑠 ∗ closed set.

Theorem 3.11. Every semi-closed set in X is 𝑔∗ 𝑠 ∗ closed set.

Proof: Let 𝐴 be semi-closed set in X. Let 𝑈 be 𝑔∗ -open such that 𝐴 ⊆ 𝑈. Since

𝐴 is semi-closed, 𝑠𝑐𝑙(𝐴) = 𝐴 ⊆ 𝑈. A is 𝑔∗ 𝑠 ∗ closed set.

Remark. 3.12. The converse of the above theorem is not true in general.

Example 3.13. Let 𝑋 = {𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑} be the topological space and let 𝜏 =

{𝜙, 𝑋, {𝑎}, {𝑏}, {𝑎, 𝑏}}. The set {𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑑} is 𝑔∗ 𝑠 ∗ closed set but not semi-closed.

Theorem 3.13. Every 𝛼-closed set is 𝑔∗ 𝑠 ∗ closed set.

Proof: Let 𝐴 be 𝛼-closed set and let 𝑈 be 𝑔∗ -open such that 𝐴 ⊆ 𝑈. Since 𝐴 is
𝛼-closed set, 𝑐𝑙(𝑖𝑛𝑡(𝑐𝑙(𝐴))) ⊆ 𝐴. It follows that 𝑖𝑛𝑡(𝑐𝑙𝐴) ⊆ 𝑐𝑙(𝑖𝑛𝑡(𝑐𝑙𝐴)) ⊆ 𝐴.
Hence 𝑠𝑐𝑙(𝐴) = 𝐴 ∪ 𝑖𝑛𝑡(𝑐𝑙𝐴) = 𝐴 ⊆ 𝑈. 𝐴 is 𝑔∗ 𝑠 ∗ -closed set.

Remark. 3.14. The converse of the above theorem is not true in general.

Example.3.15. Let 𝑋 = {𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐} and let 𝜏 = {𝜙, 𝑋, {𝑎}}. The set {𝑎, 𝑏} is 𝑔∗ 𝑠 ∗
g*s* Closed sets in topological spaces 1923

closed set but not 𝛼-closed set.

Theorem 3.16. Every 𝑔∗ 𝑠 ∗ closed set is 𝑔𝑠 closed set.

Proof: Let 𝐴 be 𝑔∗ 𝑠 ∗ closed set and let 𝑈 be open such that 𝐴 ⊆ 𝑈. Since every
open set is 𝑔∗ -open, 𝑈 is 𝑔∗ -open. Since 𝐴 is 𝑔∗ 𝑠 ∗ closed set, 𝑠𝑐𝑙(𝐴) ⊆ 𝑈.
Therefore 𝐴 is 𝑔𝑠 closed set.

Remark.3.17. The converse of the above theorem need not be true as seen from the
following example.

Example. 3.18. Let 𝑋 = {𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑, 𝑒} and let 𝜏 = {𝜙, 𝑋, {𝑎}, {𝑐}, {𝑎, 𝑏}, {𝑎, 𝑐},
{𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐}, {𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑}}. The set {𝑎, 𝑑} is 𝑔𝑠 closed set but not 𝑔∗ 𝑠 ∗ closed set.

Theorem 3.19. Every 𝑔∗ 𝑠 ∗ closed set is 𝑔𝑠𝑝-closed set.

Proof: Let 𝐴 be 𝑔∗ 𝑠 ∗ closed set and let 𝑈 be open such that 𝐴 ⊆ 𝑈. Since every
open set is 𝑔∗ -open, 𝑈 is 𝑔∗ -open. Since 𝐴 is 𝑔∗ 𝑠 ∗ closed set, 𝑠𝑐𝑙(𝐴) ⊆ 𝑈.
𝑠𝑝𝑐𝑙(𝐴) ⊆ 𝑠𝑐𝑙(𝐴) ⊆ 𝑈. Therefore A is 𝑔𝑠𝑝-closed set.

Remark.3.20. The converse of the above theorem is not true in general.

Example. 3.21. Let 𝑋 = {𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑, 𝑒} and let 𝜏 = {𝜙, 𝑋, {𝑎}, {𝑐}, {𝑎, 𝑏}, {𝑎, 𝑐},
{𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐}, {𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑}}. The set {𝑎, 𝑑} is 𝑔𝑠𝑝 closed set but not 𝑔∗ 𝑠 ∗ closed set.

Theorem 3.22. Every 𝑔∗ closed set in X is 𝑔∗ 𝑠 ∗ closed set in X.

Proof: Let 𝐴 be 𝑔∗ closed set. Let 𝑈 be 𝑔∗ -open such that 𝐴 ⊆ 𝑈 .Every

𝑔∗ -open set is 𝑔 -open. Since 𝐴 is 𝑔∗ closed set, 𝑐𝑙(𝐴) ⊆
𝑈. 𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑠𝑐𝑙(𝐴) ⊆ 𝑐𝑙(𝐴) ⊆ 𝑈 . Therefore 𝐴 is 𝑔∗ 𝑠 ∗ closed set.

Remark. 3.23. The converse of the above theorem need not be true in general.

Example 3.24. Let 𝑋 = {𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐} and let 𝜏 = {∅, 𝑋, {𝑎}}. The set {𝑏} is 𝑔∗ 𝑠 ∗
closed set in X but not 𝑔∗ closed set in X.

Theorem 3.25. Every 𝑔∗∗ closed set is 𝑔∗ 𝑠 ∗ closed set in 𝑋.

1924 R. Rajendiran and M. Thamilselvan

Proof: Let 𝐴 be 𝑔∗∗ closed set. Let 𝑈 be 𝑔∗ -open such that 𝐴 ⊆ 𝑈. Since 𝐴
is 𝑔∗∗ closed set, 𝑐𝑙(𝐴) ⊆ 𝑈. 𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑠𝑐𝑙(𝐴) ⊆ 𝑐𝑙(𝐴) ⊆ 𝑈 . Therefore 𝐴 is
𝑔∗ 𝑠 ∗ closed set.

Remark 3.26. The converse of the above theorem need not be true in general.

Example 3.27. Let 𝑋 = {𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑} be the topological space and let 𝜏 =

{𝜙, 𝑋, {𝑎}, {𝑏}, {𝑎, 𝑏}}. The set {𝑎, 𝑐} is 𝑔∗ 𝑠 ∗ closed set but not 𝑔∗∗ closed set.

Theorem 3.28. Every 𝑔∗ 𝑠 closed set is 𝑔∗ 𝑠 ∗ closed set in 𝑋.

Proof: Let 𝐴 be 𝑔∗ 𝑠 closed set. Let 𝑈 be 𝑔∗ -open such that 𝐴 ⊆ 𝑈 .

Every 𝑔∗ -open set is 𝑔𝑠 open. Since 𝐴 is 𝑔∗ 𝑠 closed set, 𝑠𝑐𝑙(𝐴) ⊆ 𝑈.
Therefore 𝐴 is 𝑔∗ 𝑠 ∗ closed set.

Remark 3.29. The converse of the above theorem is not true in general.

Example 3.30. Let 𝑋 = {𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐} and let 𝜏 = {∅, 𝑋, {𝑎}}. The set {𝑎, 𝑏} is 𝑔∗ 𝑠 ∗
closed set in X but not 𝑔∗ 𝑠 closed set in X.

Theorem 3.28. Every strongly generalized semi closed set in 𝑋 is 𝑔∗ 𝑠 ∗ closed set
in 𝑋.

Proof: Let 𝐴 be strongly generalized semi closed set in 𝑋. Let 𝑈 be 𝑔∗ -open

such that 𝐴 ⊆ 𝑈. Every 𝑔∗ -open set is 𝑔 open. Since 𝐴 is strongly generalized
semi closed set, 𝑠𝑐𝑙(𝐴) ⊆ 𝑈. Therefore 𝐴 is 𝑔∗ 𝑠 ∗ closed set.

Remark: 3.28. The converse of the above theorem is not true in general.

Example: 3.29. Let 𝑋 = {𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑} be the topological space and let 𝜏 =

{𝜙, 𝑋, {𝑎}, {𝑏}, {𝑎, 𝑏}} . The set {𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑑} is 𝑔∗ 𝑠 ∗ closed set but not strongly
generalized semi closed set in 𝑋 .

Theorem 3.30. If 𝐵 ⊆ 𝐴 ⊆ 𝑋 , 𝐵 is 𝑔∗ 𝑠 ∗ closed set relative to 𝐴 and 𝐴 is

𝑔∗ 𝑠 ∗ closed subset of 𝑋, then 𝐵 is 𝑔∗ 𝑠 ∗ closed set relative to 𝑋.

Proof: Let 𝐵 ⊆ 𝑂 and 𝑂 be 𝑔∗ open in 𝑋. Then 𝐵 ⊆ 𝐴 ∩ 𝑂 and hence

g*s* Closed sets in topological spaces 1925

𝑠𝑐𝑙𝐴 (𝐵) ⊆ 𝐴 ∩ 𝑂. Therefore 𝐴 ∩ 𝑠𝑐𝑙(𝐵) ⊆ 𝐴 ∩ 𝑂. So 𝐴 ⊆ 𝑂 ∪ (𝑠𝑐𝑙𝐵)𝐶 . Since

𝐴 is 𝑔∗ 𝑠 ∗ closed subset of, 𝑠𝑐𝑙𝐴 ⊆ 𝑂 ∪ (𝑠𝑐𝑙𝐵)𝐶 . But 𝑠𝑐𝑙(𝐵) ⊆ 𝑠𝑐𝑙(𝐴) ⊆ 𝑂 ∪
(𝑠𝑐𝑙𝐵)𝐶 . Therefore 𝑠𝑐𝑙(𝐵) ⊆ 𝑂, which implies 𝐵 is 𝑔∗ 𝑠 ∗ closed set relative to 𝑋.

Theorem 3.31. A set 𝐴 is 𝑔∗ 𝑠 ∗ closed set if 𝑠𝑐𝑙(𝐴) − 𝐴 contains no non-empty

𝑔𝑠 closed set.

Proof: Suppose 𝐴 ⊆ 𝑈, 𝑈 is 𝑔∗ open. Since every 𝑔∗ -open is 𝑔𝑠-open, 𝑈 is

𝑔𝑠-open. If 𝑠𝑐𝑙(𝐴) ⊄ 𝑈, then 𝑠𝑐𝑙(𝐴) ∩ 𝑈 𝐶 is a non-empty 𝑔𝑠-closed subset of
𝑠𝑐𝑙(𝐴) − 𝐴 which is contradiction. Therefore 𝑠𝑐𝑙(𝐴) ⊆ 𝑈 . Hence 𝐴 is 𝑔∗ 𝑠 ∗
closed.

Theorem 3.32. A set 𝐴 is 𝑔∗ 𝑠 ∗ closed set if 𝑠𝑐𝑙(𝐴) − 𝐴 contains no non-empty

𝑔 closed set.

Proof: Suppose 𝐴 ⊆ 𝑈, 𝑈 is 𝑔∗ open. Since every 𝑔∗ -open is 𝑔 -open, 𝑈 is

𝑔-open. If 𝑠𝑐𝑙(𝐴) ⊄ 𝑈 , then 𝑠𝑐𝑙(𝐴) ∩ 𝑈 𝐶 is a non-empty 𝑔 -closed subset of
𝑠𝑐𝑙(𝐴) − 𝐴 which is contradiction. Therefore 𝑠𝑐𝑙(𝐴) ⊆ 𝑈 . Hence 𝐴 is 𝑔∗ 𝑠 ∗
closed.

Theorem 3.33. A set 𝐴 is 𝑔∗ 𝑠 ∗ closed set iff 𝑠𝑐𝑙(𝐴) − 𝐴 contains no non-empty

𝑔∗ closed set.

Proof: Let 𝐴 be 𝑔∗ 𝑠 ∗ closed set. Let 𝐹 be non empty 𝑔∗ closed subset of

𝑠𝑐𝑙(𝐴) − 𝐴. Then 𝐹 𝐶 is 𝑔∗ open. 𝐹 ⊂ 𝑠𝑐𝑙(𝐴) − 𝐴, 𝐹 ⊂ 𝑠𝑐𝑙(𝐴) ∩ 𝐴𝐶 .
Therefore 𝐹 ⊂ 𝑠𝑐𝑙(𝐴) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐹 ⊂ 𝐴𝐶 . Hence 𝐴 ⊂ 𝐹 𝐶 . Since A is 𝑔∗ 𝑠 ∗ closed set,
𝑠𝑐𝑙(𝐴) ⊆ 𝐹 𝑐 . Therefore 𝐹 ⊆ {𝑠𝑐𝑙(𝐴)}𝐶 . Hence 𝐹 is empty.
Conversely, suppose 𝐴 ⊆ 𝑈, 𝑈 is 𝑔∗ open. If 𝑠𝑐𝑙(𝐴) ⊄ 𝑈, then 𝑠𝑐𝑙(𝐴) ∩ 𝑈 𝐶 is a
non-empty 𝑔∗ -closed subset of 𝑠𝑐𝑙(𝐴) − 𝐴 which is contradiction. Therefore
𝑠𝑐𝑙(𝐴) ⊆ 𝑈. Hence 𝐴 is 𝑔∗ 𝑠 ∗ closed.

Theorem 3.34. The intersection of 𝑔∗ 𝑠 ∗ closed set and a semi-closed set is a

𝑔∗ 𝑠 ∗ closed set.
Proof: Let 𝐴 be 𝑔∗ 𝑠 ∗ closed set and let 𝐹 be a semi-closed set. Let 𝑈 be 𝑔∗
open such that 𝐴 ∩ 𝐹 ⊆ 𝑈. Hence 𝐴 ⊆ 𝑈 ∪ 𝐹 𝐶 . Since 𝐴 is 𝑔∗ 𝑠 ∗ closed set,
𝑠𝑐𝑙(𝐴) ⊆ 𝑈 ∪ 𝐹 𝐶 . Hence 𝑠𝑐𝑙(𝐴) ∩ 𝐹 ⊆ 𝑈. It follows that 𝑠𝑐𝑙(𝐴) ∩ 𝑠𝑐𝑙(𝐹) ⊆
𝑠𝑐𝑙(𝐴) ∩ 𝐹 ⊆ 𝑈. Hence 𝑠𝑐𝑙(𝐴 ∩ 𝐹) ⊆ 𝑈. 𝐴 ∩ 𝐹 is a 𝑔∗ 𝑠 ∗ closed set.
1926 R. Rajendiran and M. Thamilselvan

Theorem 3.35. If 𝐴 is 𝑔∗ 𝑠 ∗ closed set and 𝐴 ⊆ 𝐵 ⊆ 𝑠𝑐𝑙𝐴, then 𝐵 is 𝑔∗ 𝑠 ∗

closed set.

Proof: 𝑠𝑐𝑙(𝐵) − 𝐵 ⊆ 𝑠𝑐𝑙(𝐴) − 𝐴 . Since 𝐴 is 𝑔∗ 𝑠 ∗ closed set, 𝑠𝑐𝑙(𝐴) − 𝐴

contains no non-empty 𝑔∗ closed set. Hence 𝑠𝑐𝑙(𝐵) − 𝐵 contains no non-empty
𝑔∗ closed set. It follows that 𝐵 is 𝑔∗ 𝑠 ∗ closed set.

Theorem 3.36. Let 𝐴 ⊆ 𝐵 ⊆ 𝑋 and suppose that 𝐴 is 𝑔∗ 𝑠 ∗ closed set in 𝑋. Then

𝐴 is 𝑔∗ 𝑠 ∗ closed set in 𝐵.

Proof: Let 𝐴 ⊆ 𝐵 ∩ 𝑈 and suppose that 𝑈 is 𝑔∗ open in 𝑋. Hence 𝐴 ⊆ 𝑈. Since

𝐴 is 𝑔∗ 𝑠 ∗ closed set in 𝑋, 𝑠𝑐𝑙(𝐴) ⊆ 𝑈 . It follows that 𝐵 ∩ 𝑠𝑐𝑙(𝐴) ⊆ 𝐵 ∩ 𝑈 .
Therefore 𝐴 is 𝑔∗ 𝑠 ∗ closed set in 𝐵.

Remark: 3.37. From the results in this section we obtain the following diagram.

𝜃 closed closed 𝑔∗ closed 𝑔∗∗ closed 𝑔 closed

𝛼 closed 𝑔∗ 𝑠 ∗ closed 𝑔𝑠 closed

Semi-closed 𝑔∗ 𝑠-closed strongly 𝑔𝑠 closed 𝑔𝑠𝑝-closed

Definition 3.38 A set 𝐴 is called 𝑔∗ 𝑠 ∗ open in 𝑋 iff 𝐴𝐶 is 𝑔∗ 𝑠 ∗ closed.

Theorem 3.39. If a set A is 𝑔∗ 𝑠 ∗ open in (𝑋, 𝜏) then 𝑈 = 𝑋 whenever 𝑈 is

𝑔-open and 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡𝐴 ∪ 𝐴𝐶 ⊆ 𝑈.

Proof: Let 𝑈 be g-open in (𝑋, 𝜏)𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡𝐴 ∪ 𝐴𝐶 ⊆ 𝑈 . It follows that 𝑈 𝐶 ⊆

𝑠𝑐𝑙𝐴𝐶 ∩ 𝐴 = 𝑠𝑐𝑙𝐴𝐶 − 𝐴𝐶 . Since 𝐴𝐶 is 𝑔∗ 𝑠 ∗ closed in (𝑋, 𝜏), 𝑈 𝐶 = ∅. Hence
𝑈 = 𝑋.
g*s* Closed sets in topological spaces 1927

4. 𝒈∗ 𝒔∗ Continuous maps and 𝒈∗ 𝒔∗ irresolute maps

Definition 4.1. A map 𝑓: (𝑋, 𝜏) → (𝑌, 𝜎) is called 𝑔∗ 𝑠 ∗ continuous if 𝑓 −1 (𝐹)

is 𝑔∗ 𝑠 ∗ closed in (𝑋, 𝜏) for every closed set 𝐹 of (𝑌, 𝜎).

Definition 4.2. A map 𝑓: (𝑋, 𝜏) → (𝑌, 𝜎) is called 𝑔∗ 𝑠 ∗ irresolute if 𝑓 −1 (𝐹) is

𝑔∗ 𝑠 ∗ closed in (𝑋, 𝜏) for every 𝑔∗ 𝑠 ∗ closed set 𝐹 of (𝑌, 𝜎).

Theorem. 4.3. If a map 𝑓: (𝑋, 𝜏) → (𝑌, 𝜎) is called continuous then it is 𝑔∗ 𝑠 ∗

continuous.

Proof: Let 𝐹 be closed set in (𝑌, 𝜎). Then 𝑓 −1 (𝐹) is closed in (𝑋, 𝜏) since 𝑓 is
continuous. But every closed set is 𝑔∗ 𝑠 ∗ closed. Therefore 𝑓 −1 (𝐹) is 𝑔∗ 𝑠 ∗ closed.
Hence 𝑓 is 𝑔∗ 𝑠 ∗ continuous.

Remark. 4.4. The converse of the above theorem is false as shown by the following
example.

Example 4.5 Let 𝑋 = 𝑌 = {𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐}, 𝜏 = {∅, {𝑎}, 𝑋}, 𝜎 = {∅, {𝑎}, {𝑎, 𝑏}, 𝑌} .
𝑓: (𝑋, 𝜏) → (𝑌, 𝜎) by 𝑓(𝑎) = 𝑎, 𝑓(𝑏) = 𝑏, 𝑓(𝑐) = 𝑐. Then 𝑓 is 𝑔∗ 𝑠 ∗ continuous
but not continuous.

Theorem. 4.6. If a map 𝑓: (𝑋, 𝜏) → (𝑌, 𝜎) is called semi- continuous then it is

𝑔∗ 𝑠 ∗ continuous.

Proof: Let 𝐹 be closed set in (𝑌, 𝜎). Then 𝑓 −1 (𝐹) is semi-closed in (𝑋, 𝜏) since
𝑓 is semi-continuous. But every semi-closed set is 𝑔∗ 𝑠 ∗ closed. Therefore 𝑓 −1 (𝐹)
is 𝑔∗ 𝑠 ∗ closed. Hence 𝑓 is 𝑔∗ 𝑠 ∗ continuous.

Remark 4.7. The converse of the above theorem is false as shown by following
example.

Example 4.8. Let 𝑋 = 𝑌 = {𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐}, 𝜏 = {∅, {𝑎}, 𝑋}, 𝜎 = {∅, {𝑎}, {𝑎, 𝑏}, 𝑌} . A
function 𝑓: (𝑋, 𝜏) → (𝑌, 𝜎) is defined by 𝑓(𝑎) = 𝑏, 𝑓(𝑏) = 𝑎, 𝑓(𝑐) = 𝑐. Since
𝑓 −1 {𝑏, 𝑐} = {𝑎, 𝑐} which is 𝑔∗ 𝑠 ∗ closed set but not a semi closed set, 𝑓 is 𝑔∗ 𝑠 ∗
continuous but not semi continuous.
1928 R. Rajendiran and M. Thamilselvan

Theorem 4.9. If 𝑓: 𝑋 → 𝑌 is 𝑔∗ 𝑠 ∗ continuous then it is 𝑔𝑠 continuous.

Proof: Let 𝐹 be closed set in (𝑌, 𝜎). Then 𝑓 −1 (𝐹) is 𝑔∗ 𝑠 ∗ closed in (𝑋, 𝜏) since
𝑓 is 𝑔∗ 𝑠 ∗ continuous. But every 𝑔∗ 𝑠 ∗ closed set is 𝑔𝑠 closed. Therefore 𝑓 −1 (𝐹)
is 𝑔𝑠 closed. Hence 𝑓 is 𝑔𝑠 continuous.

Remark 4.10. The converse of the above theorem need not be true as seen from the
following example.

Example 4.11. A function 𝑓: (𝑋, 𝜏) → (𝑌, 𝜎) is defined by 𝑓(𝑎) = 𝑒, 𝑓(𝑏) = 𝑏,

𝑓(𝑐) = 𝑐, 𝑓(𝑑) = 𝑑, 𝑓(𝑒) = 𝑎, where 𝑋 = 𝑌 = {𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑, 𝑒} and let 𝜏 =
{𝜙, 𝑋, {𝑎}, {𝑐}, {𝑎, 𝑏}, {𝑎, 𝑐}, {𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐}, {𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑}}, 𝜎 = { 𝜙, 𝑋, {𝑐}, {𝑑, 𝑒}, {𝑐, 𝑑, 𝑒},
{𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐}}. Since 𝑓 −1 {𝑑, 𝑒} = {𝑑, 𝑎}, which is 𝑔𝑠 closed set but not a 𝑔∗ 𝑠 ∗
closed set, 𝑓 is 𝑔𝑠 continuous but not 𝑔∗ 𝑠 ∗ continuous.

Theorem 4.12. If 𝑓: 𝑋 → 𝑌 is 𝑔∗ continuous then it is 𝑔∗ 𝑠 ∗ continuous.

Proof: Let 𝐹 be closed set in (𝑌, 𝜎). Then 𝑓 −1 (𝐹) is 𝑔∗ closed in (𝑋, 𝜏) since 𝑓
is 𝑔∗ continuous. But every 𝑔∗ closed set is 𝑔∗ 𝑠 ∗ closed. Therefore 𝑓 −1 (𝐹) is
𝑔∗ 𝑠 ∗ closed. Hence 𝑓 is 𝑔∗ 𝑠 ∗ continuous.

Remark 4.12. The converse of the above theorem may not true as shown by the
example given below.

Example 4.13. Let 𝑋 = 𝑌 = {𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐}, 𝜏 = {∅, {𝑎}, 𝑋}, 𝜎 = {∅, {𝑎}, {𝑎, 𝑏}, 𝑌} .
𝑓: (𝑋, 𝜏) → (𝑌, 𝜎) by 𝑓(𝑎) = 𝑎, 𝑓(𝑏) = 𝑏, 𝑓(𝑐) = 𝑐. Then 𝑓 is 𝑔∗ 𝑠 ∗ continuous
but not 𝑔∗ continuous since 𝑓 −1 (𝑐) = 𝑐 is not 𝑔∗ closed.

Theorem. 4.14. Let 𝑓: (𝑋, 𝜏) → (𝑌, 𝜎) be a map from a topological space (𝑋, 𝜏)
into a topological space (𝑌, 𝜎). Then the following statements are equivalent.
(i) 𝑓 is 𝑔∗ 𝑠 ∗ continuous. (ii) The inverse image of each open set in 𝑌 is 𝑔∗ 𝑠 ∗
open in 𝑋.

Proof: (𝑖) ⇒ (𝑖𝑖)

Assume that 𝑓: (𝑋, 𝜏) → (𝑌, 𝜎) is 𝑔∗ 𝑠 ∗ continuous. Let 𝐺 be open set in 𝑌.
Then 𝐺 𝑐 is closed in 𝑌. Since 𝑓: (𝑋, 𝜏) → (𝑌, 𝜎) is 𝑔∗ 𝑠 ∗ continuous, 𝑓 −1 (𝐺 𝑐 )
is 𝑔∗ 𝑠 ∗ closed in 𝑋. 𝑓 −1 (𝐺 𝑐 ) = 𝑋 − 𝑓 −1 (𝐺) is 𝑔∗ 𝑠 ∗ closed in 𝑋. Therefore
g*s* Closed sets in topological spaces 1929

𝑓 −1 (𝐺) is 𝑔∗ 𝑠 ∗ open in 𝑋.
(𝑖𝑖) ⇒ (𝑖):
Let 𝐹 be closed in 𝑌. Hence 𝐹 𝑐 is open in 𝑌. Therefore 𝑓 −1 (𝐹 𝑐 ) is 𝑔∗ 𝑠 ∗ open
in 𝑋. 𝑓 −1 (𝐹 𝑐 ) = 𝑋 − 𝑓 −1 (𝐹) is 𝑔∗ 𝑠 ∗ open in 𝑋. So 𝑓 −1 (𝐹) is 𝑔∗ 𝑠 ∗ closed
in 𝑋. Hence 𝑓: (𝑋, 𝜏) → (𝑌, 𝜎) is 𝑔∗ 𝑠 ∗ continuous.

Theorem 4.15. If 𝑓: (𝑋, 𝜏) → (𝑌, 𝜎) and 𝑔: (𝑌, 𝜎) → (𝑍, 𝜂) are both 𝑔∗ 𝑠 ∗

irresolute then the composition 𝑔 ∘ 𝑓 is 𝑔∗ 𝑠 ∗ irresolute.

Proof: Let 𝐹 be 𝑔∗ 𝑠 ∗ closed set in (𝑍, 𝜂 ). Then 𝑔−1 (𝐹) is 𝑔∗ 𝑠 ∗ closed in

(𝑌, 𝜎 ) since 𝑔 is 𝑔∗ 𝑠 ∗ irresolute. Then 𝑓 −1 {𝑔−1 (𝐹)} is 𝑔∗ 𝑠 ∗ closed in
(𝑋, 𝜏)since 𝑓 is 𝑔∗ 𝑠 ∗ irresolute. So 𝑔 ∘ 𝑓 is 𝑔∗ 𝑠 ∗ irresolute.

Theorem 4.16. If 𝑓: (𝑋, 𝜏) → (𝑌, 𝜎) is 𝑔∗ 𝑠 ∗ irresolute and 𝑔: (𝑌, 𝜎) → (𝑍, 𝜂)

is 𝑔∗ 𝑠 ∗ continuous then the composition 𝑔 ∘ 𝑓 is 𝑔∗ 𝑠 ∗ continuous.

Proof: Let 𝐹 be closed set in (𝑍, 𝜂 ). Then 𝑔−1 (𝐹) is 𝑔∗ 𝑠 ∗ closed in (𝑌, 𝜎 )
since 𝑔 is 𝑔∗ 𝑠 ∗ continuous. Then 𝑓 −1 {𝑔−1 (𝐹)} is 𝑔∗ 𝑠 ∗ closed since 𝑓 is
𝑔∗ 𝑠 ∗ irresolute. So 𝑔 ∘ 𝑓 is 𝑔∗ 𝑠 ∗ continuous.

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Received: July 21, 2014

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