CANADIAN INTERNATIONAL COLLEGE (CIC)

‫المعهد الكندي العالي للهندسة بالسادس من أكتوبر‬

Department of Civil Engineering Course Name: Repair and Strengthening

of Structures
Semester: Spring 2019/2020 Course Code: CIS 341
Final Research Project Total Marks: 100
Instructor Name: Dr. Ahmed Khalil No. of Pages: … page(s)

Student Name: Fathy medhat fathy ali

Student ID: 20156272

INDEX TABLE
Part No. Maximum Marks Marks Obtained Signature
1 15
2 30
3 30
4 10
5 15
Total 100
Marks in letters

Final Result Pass Fail

Examiners Committee Signatures

First Examiner: …….……… Second Examiner: …….………
Final Research Project

Research Project Instructions:

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Part 1 (15 Marks)

YOU HAVE TO ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS IN PART 1

-This course aims to…..



-The importance of this course is……



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Part 2 (30 Marks)

ANSWER ONLY 3 OF THE GIVEN QUESTIONS IN PART 2

Question # 1 (10 Marks)

a) How do mineral and chemical admixtures affect permeability of concrete?

b) Give examples to explain the effect of compaction and mixing of concrete on its

permeability.

c) Draw sketches to illustrate the effect of shape of pores on permeability.

Solution
)a
Use of mineral admixture leads to reaction between the silica of the mineral admixture and -
.calcium hydroxide in the presence of water to produce calcium silicate hydrates (C-S-H)

.The production of C-S-H decreases porosity, and consequently permeability -

Using water reducers enhances durability of concrete due to reduction in porosity and -
. permeability both are related to low (w/c) ratio

When high range water reducer are used, water requirements will be reduced by up to 25% -
(i.e. increase in concrete compressive strength at all stages, reduction in permeability and
.increase in durability

)b
Well mixing of concrete ingredients and good compaction during placement improves the -
.porosity and permeability

As the higher compaction and mixing quality , the fewer voids between concrete parts . There -
: are many types for mixing as

Mechanic Mixing -
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, Mechanical Mixing ( Manual Mixing ) -

The Mechanical Mixing Type is the best type because of

. reducing of voids
)c

Part 2 (30 Marks)

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Question # 2 (10 Marks)

a) Write note on structural cracks with examples.

b) Illustrate the causes of cracks.
c) Classify the types of cracks based on its thickness.

Solution
)a
 A crack is a linear fracture in concrete which extends partly or completely through the
member.
 Cracks in concrete occur due to tensile stresses introduced in the concrete as a result of
volumetric changes or applied loads.
 Tensile stresses are initially carried by the concrete and reinforcement until the level of
the tensile stress exceeds the tensile capacity of the concrete.
 After this point the concrete cracks and the tensile force is transferred completely to the
steel reinforcement.
 In reinforced and prestressed concrete, crack widths and their distribution are controlled
by the reinforcing steel, whereas in plain concrete there is no such control.
 The build-up of tensile stresses and, therefore, cracks in the concrete may be due to any
number of causes and occur at different stages of the concrete development.
 Steel corrosion
 Alkali-aggregate reactions.

)b
Drying shrinkage – essentially the contraction that occurs when fresh concrete
rapidly dries. Concrete tends to shrink whenever its surfaces are exposed to air
of relatively low humidity. Drying shrinkage cracks can present as longitudinal
cracks (in the case of thin slabs and walls) or as a network of very fine, closely
.spaced random cracks (surface crazing)

 Steel corrosion

. Alkali-aggregate reactions

 Externally applied loads – these generate a system of internal compressive

and tensile stresses, in the members and components of the structure, as
required to maintain static equilibrium - Cracks resulting from externally applied
loads initially appear as hairline cracks and are harmless. However, as the

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reinforcement is further stressed the initial cracks open up and progressively
.spread into wider cracks

)c

Part 2 (30 Marks)

Question # 3 (10 Marks)
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What are the main causes of the illustrated cracks?

a)

 Drying shrinkage – essentially the contraction that occurs when fresh concrete
rapidly dries. Concrete tends to shrink whenever its surfaces are exposed to air of
relatively low humidity. Drying shrinkage cracks can present as longitudinal cracks
(in the case of thin slabs and walls) or as a network of very fine, closely spaced
random cracks (surface crazing).
 Steel corrosion
 Alkali-aggregate reactions.
 Externally applied loads – these generate a system of internal compressive and tensile
stresses, in the members and components of the structure, as required to maintain
static equilibrium

b)

Plastic shrinkage cracks are typically short and random, forming a map pattern (crazing), a series of
parallel lines or over reinforcement.
- These cracks, together with those resulting from thermal effects (in the plastic state) are typically shallow and
are dormant.
- However, if a slab is significantly affected by plastic shrinkage cracking the cracks may continue through the
depth of the slab.

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Part 2 (30 Marks)

Question # 4 (10 Marks)

Explain the required steps for strengthening the illustrated brick wall to carry additional
vertical live Load.

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Solution
Removing the concrete cover ,cleaning the steel bars and -1
.coating them with epoxy
.Instaling dowels for the horizontal and vertical steel-2
.Instaling the new horizontal and vertical steel -3
Coating the surface with epoxy and pouring the concrete -4
.jacket

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Part 2 (30 Marks)
Question # 5 (10 Marks)

- List in detail the various parameters affecting the quality of concrete

construction.

Solution
 Poor placement practices, and poor-quality control lead to defects in concrete
 Poor workmanship may cause concrete structures deterioration
 Poor concrete quality may cause durability problems
 Poor welding techniques may cause cracks
 Poor quality of the fabricated details may cause stress concentrations

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Part 3 (30 Marks)

YOU HAVE TO ANSWER ALL GIVEN QUESTIONS IN PART 3
Question # 1 (10 Marks)

What are the main steps of repairing the following R.C. isolated footing?

Solution
.Excavating around the footing .1
.Cleaning and roughening the concrete surface .2
Installing dowels at 25-30cm spacing in both directions using .3
.an appropriate epoxy material
Fastening the new steel bars with the dowels using steel .4
.wires
The diameter and number of steel bars should be according to
.the design
Coating the footing surface with a bonding agent in order to .5
.achieve the required bond between old and new concrete
Pouring the new concrete before the bonding agent dries. The .6
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.new concrete should contain a non-shrinkage material

Part 3 (30 Marks)

Question # 2 (10 Marks)
Explain the following using clear neat sketches:
1- Concrete permeability
2- Phenolphthalein indicator test (carbonation test)
Solution
Permeability is the property that governs the rate of flow of a -1
fluid through the concrete. The rate of flow is higher when the
.permeability is higher
It allows transport of water, carbon dioxide, chloride ions,
oxygen, sulfate ions, and electrical current within concrete. This
may lead to degradation of concrete

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The most common way to determine the depth of -2

carbonation is the phenolphthalein indicator test method, which
.is regulated in (DIN) EN 14630:2006
The test method is based on the fact that phenolphthalein
solution does change its colour from colourless to pink above
pH 9. Usually the indicating solution contains 1 wt%
phenolphthalein solved in alcohol (70 vol%). This indicating
.fluid is sprayed on a freshly broken concrete surface
The required amount of indication fluid varies due to the
concrete porosity, so an absolute value cannot be given. The
amount of solution should be sufficient for an intensive pink
colour, which is automatically received on freshly broken
noncarbonated concrete. The carbonated concrete remains
.colourless

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Part 3 (30 Marks)

Question # 3 (10 Marks)
Draw clear neat setting out for the expected cracks in all following given members, then:
 Classify and give reasons for the cracks.
 Define the required steps for repairing the cracked cantilever in (b).

a)
Classify the cracks.

Plastic shrinkage cracks, and Plastic settlement cracks: -

 Plastic shrinkage cracks: are typically short and random, forming a map pattern (crazing), a series of parallel
lines or over reinforcement. - These cracks, together with those resulting from thermal effects (in the plastic
state) are typically shallow and are dormant.

 Plastic settlement cracks: occur opposite rigidly supported reinforcement or other embedded items. - They
may also occur at pronounced changes in section depth. - They present as cracks following the direction of
reinforcement on the tops of deep beams and slabs or stirrups in columns. - The cracks can be wide at the
surface but are rarely deep enough to affect the structural integrity.

Passive cracks, and active cracks: -

 Passive cracks dimensionally stable whereas active cracks continue to grow

.Reasons for the cracks

 Drying shrinkage – essentially the contraction that occurs when fresh concrete rapidly dries. Concrete tends
to shrink whenever its surfaces are exposed to air of relatively low humidity. Drying shrinkage cracks can
present as longitudinal cracks (in the case of thin slabs and walls) or as a network of very fine, closely spaced
random cracks (surface crazing).
 Steel corrosion
 Alkali-aggregate reactions.
 Externally applied loads – these generate a system of internal compressive and tensile stresses, in the
members and components of the structure, as required to maintain static equilibrium - Cracks resulting from
externally applied loads initially appear as hairline cracks and are harmless. However, as the reinforcement is
further stressed the initial cracks open up and progressively spread into wider cracks.

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b)
The required steps for repairing the cracked cantilever
1) Cleaning surfaces
2) Dowels inserting (8 mm diam).
 depth 50 mm
 spacing = 250 t0 500 mm with chemicals
3) Installing rft net in bending areas
4) Painting the upper surface of slab with chemical
5) Pouring of new concrete

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Part 4 (10 Marks)

Search information on the internet about:

Corrosion mechanism of steel reinforcement in concrete structures

Corrosion of reinforcing steel is now recognized as the major cause of degradation of

concrete structures in many parts of the world. Despite this, infrastructure expenditure is
being unreasonably decreased by sequestration and the incredible shrinking discretionary
budget. All components of our infrastructure including highways, airports, water supply,
waste treatment, energy supply, and power generation require significant investment and
are subjected to degradation by corrosion, which significantly reduces the service life,
reliability, functionality of structures and equipment, and safety. Corrosion of Steel in
Concrete Structures provides a comprehensive review of the subject, in addition to recent
advances in research and technological developments, from reinforcing materials to
measurement techniques and modelling.[1]
https://www.sciencedirect.com/book/9781782423812/corrosion-of-steel-in-concrete-
structures
Corrosion of reinforced bars in reinforced concrete structures is the main cause of
structural deterioration of bridge decks, tall buildings, tunnels and reinforced containers.
In order to evaluate the service life of reinforced concrete structures, the mechanisms of
corrosion of steel in concrete must be assessed and modelled. The present work deals
with a literature review on corrosion mechanisms happening during the life of a
reinforced concrete structure. Usually, the deterioration process begins with the “passive
state” of the steel, when aggressive reagents - mainly chloride and carbon dioxide,
responsible for a pH decrease onto the steel-concrete interface - are penetrating inside
the porous concrete. Then, a depassivation of the reinforcement is observed, depending
on [Cl-] and [OH-] present near the steel. Several chemical, physical and technical
parameters have to be considered for their influence on the depassivation threshold,
which significance is presently discussed. After the depassivation of the steel, the
corrosion rate increases significantly, and the growth of corrosion products at the

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steel-concrete interface lead to the cracking of concrete, loss
of mechanical properties of the structures, and finally its
possible destruction.[2]
Corrosion of reinforcement bars in reinforced concrete structures is the primary cause of
structural deterioration of bridge decks, tall buildings, tunnels and reinforced
containers. Generally, this composite material is able of withstanding a wide range of
environments for a certain period of time. In order to evaluate the service life, the
mechanisms of corrosion of steel in concrete must be assessed and modelled. As
concrete is porous and both moisture and oxygen can move through the pores and
micro-cracks in concrete, the basic requirements for the onset of active corrosion of mild
or high strength ferritic reinforcing steels are present. Active corrosion does not occur
quickly in most cases because the pores contain high levels of calcium, sodium and
potassium hydroxide, which maintain a pH between 12 and 13. At this range of alkalinity
the steel remain passivei, forming a dense gamma ferric oxide that is self maintaining and
prevents active corrosion. There are mainly two chemicals that penetrate the concrete and
promote the corrosion : chlorides and carbon dioxide. Usually, the deterioration process
associated has the following three stages :
• Initiation : during this long time the corrosion rate is very low despite of the ingress of
aggressive species from the environment to the steel.[2]
• Depassivation : this step happens when the conditions required for the onset of
corrosion are fulfilled thanks to the transport of aggressive species through concrete
cover. It’s know well-accepted that this depassivation is due either to the chloride
presence or to the carbonation phenomenon.
• Propagation : the reinforcement corrosion causes significant loss of section metal
bars. Internal micro cracking and spalling of the concrete cover appear. They are due to
the high tensile stresses generated by the expansive volume of the corrosion products.
Modelling the degradation of concrete means a quantification of each phase of the
corrosion process : ingress of the aggressive species, depassivation of the reinforcement,
kinetic of active corrosion, cracking of the concrete due to the expansive growth of
corrosion products. This widespread topic needs a multidisciplinary approach in order to
be modelled.[2]
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321128478_A_Review_on_Corrosion_Mec
hanisms_of_Reinforced_Concrete_Degradation

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Part 5 (15 Marks)

Conclusion:
-I have learnt from this course ……

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

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