Software Verification

PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000

REVISION NO.: 1

EN 2-2004 Example 004

P-M INTERACTION CHECK FOR COMPRESSION-CONTROLLED RECTANGULAR COLUMN

EXAMPLE DESCRIPTION
The Demand/Capacity ratio for a given axial loading and moment is tested in this
example. Detailed calculations are shown.

In this example, a reinforced concrete column is subjected to factored axial load N

= 10,000 kN and moments My_top = 200 kN-m, My_bottom = -140 kN-m, Mz_top = -160
kN-m, Mz_bottom = 140 kN-m. The column is pinned supported on the bottom and
restrained at the top from translation in the X and Y directions. This column is
reinforced with fourteen size-40 bars.

GEOMETRY, PROPERTIES AND LOADING

Z
N = 10,000 kN c = 60 mm

My_top = 200 kN-m c = 60 mm

Mz_top = -160 kN-m

h = 750 mm Y

A A 40 bar

L = 15200 mm b = 650 mm

6 2
Ec = 41x10 kN/m fck = 70 MPa
6 2 fyk = 500 MPa
My_bottom = -140 kN-m Es = 200x10 kN/m
Mz_bottom = 140 kN-m

Coefficients
𝛾𝑐 = 1.5 𝛼𝑐𝑐 = 0.85
𝛾𝑐𝐸 = 1.2 𝛼𝑒 = 15
𝛾𝑠 = 1.15 𝜑𝑒𝑓 = 1.21

EN 2-2004 Example 004 - 1

 Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 1

TECHNICAL FEATURES TESTED

➢ Tied reinforced concrete column design

RESULTS COMPARISON
Independent results are hand calculated and compared in the table below. The
results are shown for the minor axis of bending (Z-direction of bending) with the
governing permutation.

Important note: for the final biaxial bending ratio check, SAP2000 utilizes the
PMM interaction surface to determine the column demand/capacity ratio (See
Section 3.4.2.3 in the Concrete Frame Design Manual – Eurocode 2-2004 with 8-
2004). However, the independent results employ the simplified criterion provided
by Eurocode 2-2004 [Equation 5.39 in Section 5.8.9(4)]. As a result, modest
discrepancy is expected for the biaxial bending ratio between SAP2000 and
independent results.

Output Parameter Independent SAP2000 Ratio

Biaxial bending check
0.818 0.889 1.0868
(Nominal Curvature)
Biaxial bending check
0.322 0.58 1.8012
(Nominal Stiffness)
Imperfection moment, M imp (kN-m) 230.3 230.5 1.0009
Minimum moment, M min (kN-m) 216.7 216.7 1.0000
Second-order moment, M 2 (kN-m)
1726.4 1729.1 1.0016
(Nominal Curvature)
Final design moment, M Ed (kN-m)
-1996.7 -1999.6 1.0015
(Nominal Curvature)
Moment magnification factor, MMF
3.15 3.16 1.0032
(Nominal Stiffness)
Final design moment, M Ed (kN-m)
-851.5 -854.7 1.0038
(Nominal Stiffness)
Moment resistance, M Rd
2484.6 2484.6 1.000
(at N Ed = 10, 000 kN)

COMPUTER FILE: EN 2-2004 EX004

CONCLUSION
The computed results show an acceptable comparison with the independent results.

EN 2-2004 Example 004 - 2

 Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 1

HAND CALCULATION

The hand calculation considers nine (9) permutations in the design check for the section
at mid-height of the column, but only shows the details for three (3) permutations
including one with analysis moments, one with analysis moments plus imperfection
moment applied in the positive major axis of bending, and one with analysis moments,
imperfection moment, and second-order moments. Comparison between results in all
nine (9) permutations is made to determine the governing design.

Note:
a. The effective length, 𝑙𝑜 , is computed based on bracing condition and stiffness of the
structural members connected to the column top and bottom in the model. The value
of 𝑙𝑜 can be overwritten through the effective length factors in the View/Revise
Overwrites form of the program. For this example, the effective length factors in the
major and minor bending directions are assumed to be 0.93 and 0.91, respectively.

b. The radius of gyration of the cross section used in calculation of the slenderness ratio
only includes concrete without contribution of longitudinal reinforcement.

c. The slenderness limit ratio is calculated using first-order moments that include the
imperfection moment applied on each axis of bending one at a time.

1) Analysis moment (permutation #1)

Moment diagrams:
200 kN-m -160 kN-m

30 kN-m -10 kN-m

-140 kN-m 140 kN-m

Major Minor

EN 2-2004 Example 004 - 3

 Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 1

The calculation of the P-M interaction diagram on both axes of bending is carried out
similarly as shown in Example Ex003. The axial and moment capacity at the balance
point, and moment capacities at the applied axial load N = 10,000 kN are:
Pbal_Y = 6381.5 (kN)
Pbal_Z = 6185.2 (kN)
M Rd _Y = 2748.2 ( kN - m )
M Rd _ Z = 2484.6 ( kN - m )

Biaxial bending check:

 0.042 500
N Rd = Ac f cd + As f yd = 0.75 0.65 39.667 + 14 = 26.987 (MN) = 26987 (kN)
4 1.15
N Ed 10,000
= = 0.371
N Rd 26987
0.371 − 0.1
a= (1.5 −1) + 1 = 1.226
0.7 − 0.1
a a
 M Ed _ Z   M Ed _Y   10 1.226  30 1.226
  +   =   +  = 0.0051
 M Rd _ Z   M Rd _Y   2484.6   2748.2 

2) Analysis moment plus imperfection moment applied on the negative major axis of
bending (permutation #3)

Imperfection moments

m =1
 1  1
 m = 0.5 1 +  = 0.5 1 +  = 1
 m  1
2 2
h = = = 0.513 and 2   h  1   h = 2
3 3
l 15.2
 0 = 1 200
1 2
i = 0 h m = 1 = 0.00333
200 3
i l0 _Y i kY l 0.00333 0.93 15.2
ei _Y = = = = 0.02354 ( m )
2 2 2
M imp_Y = N ed ei_Y = 10 , 000 0.02354 = 235.4 (kN - m)

EN 2-2004 Example 004 - 4

 Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 1

e0 _Y = max 20mm, h ( 30 ) (
= max 20mm, 750mm
30 )
= 25 ( mm )
M min _Y = N ed e0 _Y = 10 , 000 0.025 = 250 (kN - m)

i l0 _ Z i kZ l 0.00333 0.91 15.2

ei _ Z = = = = 0.02303 ( m )
2 2 2
M imp_Z = N ed ei_Z = 10 , 000 0.02303 = 230.3 (kN - m)
e0 _Z = max 20mm, b ( 30 ) (
= max 20mm, 650mm
30 )= 21.67 ( mm )
M min _Z = N ed e0 _Z = 10 , 000 0.02167 = 216.7 (kN - m)

Since the imperfection moment is only applied on the negative major axis of bending,
the design moments are:
M Ed_Y = M analysis + M imp_Y  M min_Y = 250
=30 − 235.4 = −205.4  250  M Ed_Y = −250 (kN-m)
M Ed_Z = M analysis  M min_Z = 216.7
= − 10 <273  M Ed_Z = −216.7 (kN-m)
Biaxial bending check:
a a
 M Ed _ Z   M Ed _Y   216.7 1.226  250 1.226
  +   =   +  = 0.103
 M Rd _ Z   M Rd _Y   2484.6   2748.2 

3) Analysis moment plus imperfection moment applied in negative minor axis of

bending and second-order moment (permutation #9)

( )
M 02 _Y = max M Y _ top , M Y _ bottom = max ( 200 , −140 ) = 200 ( kN − m )
 M 02 _Y = 200 ( kN − m )

( )
M 01_Y = min M Y _ top , M Y _ bottom = min ( 200 , −140 ) = 140 ( kN − m )  M 01 = −140 (kN - m)
M 0 Ed_Y = 0.6M 02 _Y + 0.4M 01_Y  0.4M 02 _Y
= 0.6 200 + 0.4 ( −140 )  0.4 200
= 80 (kN - m)

 (  ) ( )
M 02 _Z = sign  max M Z _ top , M Z _ bottom  max M Z _ top , M Z _ bottom − M imp_Z

= −  max ( −160 , 140 )  − 230.3 = −390.3 ( kN − m )

EN 2-2004 Example 004 - 5

 Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 1

 ( )  ( )
M 01_Z = sign  min M Z _ top , M Z _ bottom  min M Z _ top , M Z _ bottom − M imp_Z

= min ( −160 , 140 ) − 230.3 = −90.3 ( kN − m )

M 0 Ed_Z = 0.6M 02 _Z + 0.4M 01_Z  0.4M 02 _Z
= 0.6 ( −390.3) + 0.4 ( −90.3)  0.4 ( −390.3 )
= -270.3 (kN - m)

Slenderness check
Radius of gyration:
A = h • b = 0.75 • 0.65 = 0.4875 (m 2 )
b • h 3 0.65 • 0.753
IY = = = 0.02285 (m 4 )
12 12
b• h 3
0.75 • 0.653
IZ = = = 0.01716 (m 4 )
12 12
I 0.02285
iY = Y = = 0.2165 (m)
A 0.4875
IZ 0.01716
iZ = = = 0.1876 (m)
A 0.4875

Effective length:
lo_Y = kY l = 0.93 15.2 = 14.136 (m)
lo_Z = kZ l = 0.91 15.2 = 13.832 (m)

Slenderness ratio:
l 14.136
Y = o_Y = = 65.3
iY 0.2165
l 13.832
Z = o_Z = = 73.7
iZ 0.1876

Limiting slenderness ratio:

f - 50 70 - 50
η = 1.0 - ck = 1.0 - = 0.9
200 200
f 70
fcd =  cc ck = 0.85 = 39.6667 (MPa)
c 1.5

EN 2-2004 Example 004 - 6

 Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 1

 0.042 500
As f yd 14
= = 4 1.15 = 0.3956
Ac f cd 0.75 0.65 39.6667
1MN
10 , 000kN
N ed 1000kN = 0.517
n= =
Ac f cd 0.75 0.65 39.6667
1 1
A= = = 0.805
1 + 0.2ef 1 + 0.2 1.21
B = 1 + 2 = 1 + 2 0.3956 = 1.3384
M 01_Y −140
rm_Y = = = −0.7
M 02 _Y 200
CY = 1.7 − rm_Y = 1.7 − ( −0.7 ) = 2.4
20 ABCY 20 0.805 1.3384 2.4
lim _Y = = = 71.9
n 0.517
M 01_Z −90.3
rm_Z = = = 0.2314
M 02 _Z −390.3
CZ = 1.7 − rm_Z = 1.7 − 0.2314 = 1.47
20 ABCZ 20 0.805 1.3384 1.47
lim _Z = = = 44.1
n 0.517

Slenderness condition:
Y = 65.3  71.9 = lim _Y  the column is NOT slender in Y - direction
Z = 73.7  44.1 = lim _Z  the column is slender in Z - direction

Second-order moment must be included in the final design moments in minor axis of
bending, and can be ignored in the major axis of bending

As the column is slender in minor axis of bending, the code allows two (2) different
methods to compute second-order moment including Nominal Curvature and
Nominal Stiffness. The following section 4 utilizes the Nominal Curvature method,
and the section 5 employs the Nominal Stiffness method.

EN 2-2004 Example 004 - 7

 Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 1

4) Final design moment (Nominal Curvature):

Pbal_Z 6185.2
nbal_Z = = 1000 = 0.32
Ac f cd 0.75 0.65 39.667
nu = 1 +  = 1 + 0.3956 = 1.3956
n −n 1.3956 − 0.517
K r_Z = u = = 0.8168
nu − nbal_Z 1.3956 − 0.32
fck Z 70 73.7
 Z = 0.35 + − = 0.35 + − = 0.2087
200 150 200 150
K _Z = 1 +  Z ef = 1 + 0.2087 1.21 = 1.25

  0.042  0.65  
14 2

I s_Z =  (Ai • d )= 2 5
2
 − 0.06  
i=1  4  2  
  0.042  0.65  
2

+ 2 2  − 0.06 − 0.17667   = 0.0009217 (m 4 )

 4  2  
 d2  0.042
As = 14 = 14 = 0.0176 (m 2 )
4 4
I s_Z 0.0009217
is_Z = = = 0.2288 (m)
As 0.0176
h 0.65
dZ = + iZ = + 0.2288 = 0.5538 (m)
2 2
Fyd 500 1.15
1  yd Es 200000 = 0.008723
= = =
r0 _Z 0.45d Z 0.45d Z 0.45 0.5538
1 1
= K r_Z K _Z = 0.8168 1.25 0.008723 = 0.008906
rZ r0 _Z

Since the first-order moment is double-curvature loading condition:

c =  2 = 9.87
1 1 1
e2 _Z = l02_Z = 0.008906 13.8322 = 0.17264 (m)
rZ c 9.87
M 2 _Z = Ned e2 _Z = 10,000 0.17264 = 1726.4 ( kN - m )

EN 2-2004 Example 004 - 8

 Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 1

Final design moments: (the second-order moment is added in the same direction as
M 0 Ed )
Since the column is not slender in the major axis of bending, equivalent moment is
not considered in the final design moment in the major axis of bending:
M Ed_Y = M analysis_Y  M min_Y = 250
=30  30  250  M Ed_Y = 250 (kN-m)
M Ed _ Z = M 0 Ed_Z + M 2 _Z  M min _Z = 216.7
= −270.3 − 1726.4 = −1996.7  −1996.7  250  M Ed _ Z = −1996.7 (kN - m)
Biaxial bending check:
a a
 M Ed _ Z   M Ed _Y   1996.7 1.226  250 1.226
  +   =   +  = 0.818
 M Rd _ Z   M Rd _Y   2484.6   2748.2 

5) Final design moment (Nominal Stiffness):

 0.042
14
As
= = 4 = 0.036  0.002  K s = 1
A 0.75 0.65
f
k1 = ck = 70 = 1.87
20 20
 73.7
k2 _Z = n Z  0.2 = 0.652 = 0.28  0.2  k2 _Z = 0.2
170 170
k1k2 _Z 1.87 0.2
Kc_Z = = = 0.17
1 + ef 1 + 1.21
Ecm 41 106
Ecd = = = 34.17 106 (kN / m 2 )
 cE 1.2
b • h3 0.75 0.653
I c_Z = = = 0.01716 (m 4 )
12 12

EI Z = Kc_Z Ecd I c_Z + K s Es I s_Z = 0.17 34.17 106 0.01716 + 1 200 106 0.0009217
= 2.84 105 (kN - m2 )
 2 EI Z  2 2.84 105
N B_Z = = = 14650 (kN)
l02_Z 13.8322

EN 2-2004 Example 004 - 9

 Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 1

Since the first-order moment is double-curvature loading condition:

c0 =  2 = 9.87
2
= =1
c0

Moment magnification factor:

MMFY = 1.0 since the column is NOT slender in major axis of bending.
 1
MMFY = 1 + = 1+ = 3.15
N B_Y
−1
14650 −1
N Ed 10,000

M Ed _Y = max M analysis_Y MMFY ;M min_Y  = max 30 1.0; 250 = 250 (kN - m)
M Ed _ Z = max  M 0 Ed_Z MMFZ ;M min_ Z  = max −270.3 3.15; 216.7 = −851.5 (kN - m)
a a
 M Ed _ Z   M Ed _Y   851.5 1.226  250 1.226
  +   =   +  = 0.322
 M Rd _ Z   M Rd _Y   2484.6   2748.2 

All four (4) axes of bending that the imperfection moment is applied on are positive
major, negative major, positive minor, and negative minor directions. Similar
calculations are carried out for the other permutations with the imperfection moment
applied in the other axes of bending one at a time. The final governing
demand/capacity ratio (D/C) turns out to be the permutation with the imperfection
moment applied in the negative minor axis of bending including analysis and second-
order moment.

D
For the Nominal Curvature method:   = 0.818
 C  NC
D
For the Nominal Stiffness method:   = 0.322
 C  NS

EN 2-2004 Example 004 - 10

 Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 1

Summary: shown for the governing permutation

Y-Axis Z-Axis
First-order moment
M 01 (kN-m) -140 -90.3
M 02 (kN-m) 200 -390.3
M 0 Ed (kN-m) 80 -270.3
Imperfection moment, M imp (kN-m) 235.4 230.3
Minimum moment, M min (kN-m) 250 216.7
Slenderness
Slenderness ratio,  65.3 73.7
Slenderness limit ratio, lim 71.9 44.1
Slenderness condition Short Slender
Second-order moment, M 2 (kN-m)
0.0 1726.4
(Nominal Curvature)
Final design moment, M Ed (kN-m)
250 -1996.7
(Nominal Curvature)
Moment magnification factor, MMF
1.0 3.15
(Nominal Stiffness)
Final design moment, M Ed (kN-m)
250 -851.5
(Nominal Stiffness)
Moment resistance, M Rd (at N Ed = 10, 000 kN) 2748.2 2484.6

EN 2-2004 Example 004 - 11

 Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 1

Comparison:

Important note: for the biaxial bending ratio checks, SAP2000 utilizes the PMM
interaction surface to determine the column demand/capacity ratio (See Section
3.4.2.3 in the Concrete Frame Design Manual – Eurocode 2-2004 with 8-2004).
However, the independent results employ the simplified criterion provided by
Eurocode 2-2004 [Equation 5.39 in Section 5.8.9(4)]. As a result, modest
discrepancy is expected for the biaxial bending ratio between SAP2000 and
independent results.

Z-direction (Minor axis): shown for the governing permutation

Hand Calculation SAP2000 Ratio

M 01 (kN-m) -90.3 -90.5 1.0022
M 02 (kN-m) -390.3 -390.5 1.0005
M 0 Ed (kN-m) -270.3 -270.5 1.0007
Imperfection moment, M imp (kN-m) 230.3 230.5 1.0009
Minimum moment, M min (kN-m) 216.7 216.7 1.0000
Slenderness ratio,  73.3 73.7 1.0054
Slenderness limit ratio, lim 44.1 44.0 1.0023
Second-order moment, M 2 (kN-m)
1726.4 1729.1 1.0016
(Nominal Curvature)
Final design moment, M Ed (kN-m)
-1996.7 -1999.6 1.0015
(Nominal Curvature)
Biaxial bending check
0.818 0.889 1.0868
(Nominal Curvature)
Moment magnification factor, MMF
3.15 3.16 1.0032
(Nominal Stiffness)
Final design moment, M Ed (kN-m)
-851.5 -854.7 1.0038
(Nominal Stiffness)
Biaxial bending check
0.322 0.58 1.8012
(Nominal Stiffness)
Moment resistance, M Rd
2484.6 2484.6 1.0000
(at N Ed = 10, 000 kN)

EN 2-2004 Example 004 - 12